\begin{thebibliography}{10}
\urlstyle{rm}
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  \def\url#1{\texttt{#1}}\fi
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\expandafter\ifx\csname doiprefix\endcsname\relax\def\doiprefix{DOI: }\fi
\providecommand{\bibinfo}[2]{#2}
\providecommand{\eprint}[2][]{\url{#2}}

\bibitem{10.3389/fevo.2021.617996}
\bibinfo{author}{Delisle, Z.~J.}, \bibinfo{author}{Flaherty, E.~A.}, \bibinfo{author}{Nobbe, M.~R.}, \bibinfo{author}{Wzientek, C.~M.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Swihart, R.~K.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Next-generation camera trapping: Systematic review of historic trends suggests keys to expanded research applications in ecology and conservation}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{Volume 9 - 2021}}, \doiprefix\url{10.3389/fevo.2021.617996} (\bibinfo{year}{2021}).

\bibitem{adam2024seaturtleid2022}
\bibinfo{author}{Adam, L.}, \bibinfo{author}{{\v{C}}erm{\'a}k, V.}, \bibinfo{author}{Papafitsoros, K.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Picek, L.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Seaturtleid2022: A long-span dataset for reliable sea turtle re-identification}.
\newblock In \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF winter conference on applications of computer vision}}, \bibinfo{pages}{7146--7156} (\bibinfo{year}{2024}).

\bibitem{adam2025wildlifereid}
\bibinfo{author}{Adam, L.}, \bibinfo{author}{{\v{C}}erm{\'a}k, V.}, \bibinfo{author}{Papafitsoros, K.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Picek, L.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Wildlifereid-10k: Wildlife re-identification dataset with 10k individual animals}.
\newblock In \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{2025 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW)}}, \bibinfo{pages}{2090--2100} (\bibinfo{organization}{IEEE}, \bibinfo{year}{2025}).

\bibitem{10.1644/11-MAMM-S-177.1}
\bibinfo{author}{Powell, R.~A.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Mitchell, M.~S.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{What is a home range?}}
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Journal of Mammalogy}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{93}}, \bibinfo{pages}{948--958}, \doiprefix\url{10.1644/11-MAMM-S-177.1} (\bibinfo{year}{2012}).
\newblock \eprint{https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article-pdf/93/4/948/2899018/93-4-948.pdf}.

\bibitem{crall2013hotspotter}
\bibinfo{author}{Crall, J.~P.}, \bibinfo{author}{Stewart, C.~V.}, \bibinfo{author}{Berger-Wolf, T.~Y.}, \bibinfo{author}{Rubenstein, D.~I.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Sundaresan, S.~R.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Hotspotter—patterned species instance recognition}.
\newblock In \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{2013 IEEE workshop on applications of computer vision (WACV)}}, \bibinfo{pages}{230--237} (\bibinfo{organization}{IEEE}, \bibinfo{year}{2013}).

\bibitem{Lowe2004}
\bibinfo{author}{Lowe, D.~G.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{International Journal of Computer Vision}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{60}}, \bibinfo{pages}{91--110}, \doiprefix\url{10.1023/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94} (\bibinfo{year}{2004}).

\bibitem{GUO2020101412}
\bibinfo{author}{Guo, S.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Automatic identification of individual primates with deep learning techniques}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{iScience}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{23}}, \bibinfo{pages}{101412}, \doiprefix\url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101412} (\bibinfo{year}{2020}).

\bibitem{yu2024addressing}
\bibinfo{author}{Yu, Y.}, \bibinfo{author}{Vidit, V.}, \bibinfo{author}{Davydov, A.}, \bibinfo{author}{Engilberge, M.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Fua, P.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Addressing the elephant in the room: Robust animal re-identification with unsupervised part-based feature alignment}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.13781}}}  (\bibinfo{year}{2024}).

\bibitem{hou2025openanimals}
\bibinfo{author}{Hou, S.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Openanimals: Revisiting person re-identification for animals towards better generalization}.
\newblock In \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision}}, \bibinfo{pages}{14369--14379} (\bibinfo{year}{2025}).

\bibitem{miewid}
\bibinfo{author}{Otarashvili, L.}, \bibinfo{author}{Subramanian, T.}, \bibinfo{author}{Holmberg, J.}, \bibinfo{author}{Levenson, J.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Stewart, C.~V.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Multispecies animal re-id using a large community-curated dataset}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.05602}}}  (\bibinfo{year}{2024}).

\bibitem{Cermak_2024_WACV}
\bibinfo{author}{\v{C}erm\'ak, V.}, \bibinfo{author}{Picek, L.}, \bibinfo{author}{Adam, L.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Papafitsoros, K.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{{WildlifeDatasets: An Open-Source Toolkit for Animal Re-Identification}}.
\newblock In \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)}}, \bibinfo{pages}{5953--5963} (\bibinfo{year}{2024}).

\bibitem{zhu2022pass}
\bibinfo{author}{Zhu, K.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Pass: Part-aware self-supervised pre-training for person re-identification}.
\newblock In \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{European conference on computer vision}}, \bibinfo{pages}{198--214} (\bibinfo{organization}{Springer}, \bibinfo{year}{2022}).

\bibitem{moskvyak2021keypoint}
\bibinfo{author}{Moskvyak, O.}, \bibinfo{author}{Maire, F.}, \bibinfo{author}{Dayoub, F.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Baktashmotlagh, M.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Keypoint-aligned embeddings for image retrieval and re-identification}.
\newblock In \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF winter conference on applications of computer vision}}, \bibinfo{pages}{676--685} (\bibinfo{year}{2021}).

\bibitem{moskvyak2020learning}
\bibinfo{author}{Moskvyak, O.}, \bibinfo{author}{Maire, F.}, \bibinfo{author}{Dayoub, F.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Baktashmotlagh, M.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Learning landmark guided embeddings for animal re-identification}.
\newblock In \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF winter conference on applications of computer vision workshops}}, \bibinfo{pages}{12--19} (\bibinfo{year}{2020}).

\bibitem{Shukla_2019_ICCV}
\bibinfo{author}{Shukla, A.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{A hybrid approach to tiger re-identification}.
\newblock In \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) Workshops}} (\bibinfo{year}{2019}).

\bibitem{huang2017densely}
\bibinfo{author}{Huang, G.}, \bibinfo{author}{Liu, Z.}, \bibinfo{author}{Van Der~Maaten, L.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Weinberger, K.~Q.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Densely connected convolutional networks}.
\newblock In \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition}}, \bibinfo{pages}{4700--4708} (\bibinfo{year}{2017}).

\bibitem{swin}
\bibinfo{author}{Liu, Z.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Swin transformer: Hierarchical vision transformer using shifted windows}.
\newblock In \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)}}, \bibinfo{pages}{10012--10022} (\bibinfo{year}{2021}).

\bibitem{arcface}
\bibinfo{author}{Deng, J.}, \bibinfo{author}{Guo, J.}, \bibinfo{author}{Xue, N.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Zafeiriou, S.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Arcface: Additive angular margin loss for deep face recognition}.
\newblock In \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)}} (\bibinfo{year}{2019}).

\bibitem{pmlr-v139-tan21a}
\bibinfo{author}{Tan, M.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Le, Q.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Efficientnetv2: Smaller models and faster training}.
\newblock In \bibinfo{editor}{Meila, M.} \& \bibinfo{editor}{Zhang, T.} (eds.) \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning}}, vol. \bibinfo{volume}{139} of \emph{\bibinfo{series}{Proceedings of Machine Learning Research}}, \bibinfo{pages}{10096--10106} (\bibinfo{publisher}{PMLR}, \bibinfo{year}{2021}).

\bibitem{10.1145/3746027.3758249}
\bibinfo{author}{Li, Y.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Metawild: A multimodal dataset for animal re-identification with environmental metadata}.
\newblock In \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{Proceedings of the 33rd ACM International Conference on Multimedia}}, MM '25, \bibinfo{pages}{13009–13015}, \doiprefix\url{10.1145/3746027.3758249} (\bibinfo{publisher}{Association for Computing Machinery}, \bibinfo{address}{New York, NY, USA}, \bibinfo{year}{2025}).

\bibitem{Kays2021}
\bibinfo{author}{Kays, R.}, \bibinfo{author}{Hody, A.}, \bibinfo{author}{Jachowski, D.~S.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Parsons, A.~W.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Empirical evaluation of the spatial scale and detection process of camera trap surveys}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Movement Ecology}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{9}}, \bibinfo{pages}{41}, \doiprefix\url{10.1186/s40462-021-00277-3} (\bibinfo{year}{2021}).

\bibitem{mac2019presence}
\bibinfo{author}{Mac~Aodha, O.}, \bibinfo{author}{Cole, E.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Perona, P.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Presence-only geographical priors for fine-grained image classification}.
\newblock In \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{Proceedings of the IEEE/cvf international conference on computer vision}}, \bibinfo{pages}{9596--9606} (\bibinfo{year}{2019}).

\bibitem{foreground-background}
\bibinfo{author}{Picek, L.}, \bibinfo{author}{Neumann, L.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Matas, J.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Animal identification with independent foreground and background modeling}.
\newblock In \bibinfo{editor}{Cremers, D.} \emph{et~al.} (eds.) \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{Pattern Recognition}}, \bibinfo{pages}{241--257} (\bibinfo{publisher}{Springer Nature Switzerland}, \bibinfo{address}{Cham}, \bibinfo{year}{2025}).

\bibitem{rosa2025gcn}
\bibinfo{author}{Rosa, M.~J.}, \bibinfo{author}{Abu~Baker, M.}, \bibinfo{author}{Tang, C.~M.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Littlemore, J.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Gcn-id: A benchmark dataset for great crested newt re-identification using ai foundation models}.
\newblock In \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{Proceedings of the BMVC}} (\bibinfo{year}{2025}).

\bibitem{Li2019AmurTR}
\bibinfo{author}{Li, S.}, \bibinfo{author}{Li, J.}, \bibinfo{author}{Tang, H.}, \bibinfo{author}{Qian, R.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Lin, W.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Atrw: A benchmark for amur tiger re-identification in the wild}.
\newblock In \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Multimedia}}, MM '20, \bibinfo{pages}{2590–2598}, \doiprefix\url{10.1145/3394171.3413569} (\bibinfo{publisher}{Association for Computing Machinery}, \bibinfo{address}{New York, NY, USA}, \bibinfo{year}{2020}).

\bibitem{bpct2022leopard}
\bibinfo{author}{{Botswana Predator Conservation Trust}}.
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Panthera pardus csv custom export} (\bibinfo{year}{2022}).
\newblock \bibinfo{note}{Retrieved from African Carnivore Wildbook on 2022-04-28}.

\bibitem{schneider2019past}
\bibinfo{author}{Schneider, S.}, \bibinfo{author}{Taylor, G.~W.}, \bibinfo{author}{Linquist, S.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Kremer, S.~C.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Past, present and future approaches using computer vision for animal re-identification from camera trap data}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Methods in Ecology and Evolution}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{10}}, \bibinfo{pages}{461--470} (\bibinfo{year}{2019}).

\bibitem{Osner_TrapTagger}
\bibinfo{author}{Osner, N.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{{TrapTagger}}.

\bibitem{sani2025activelearninganimalreidentification}
\bibinfo{author}{Sani, D.}, \bibinfo{author}{Khurana, M.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Anand, S.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Active learning for animal re-identification with ambiguity-aware sampling} (\bibinfo{year}{2025}).
\newblock \eprint{2511.06658}.

\bibitem{active-learning-camera-trap}
\bibinfo{author}{Norouzzadeh, M.~S.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{A deep active learning system for species identification and counting in camera trap images}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Methods in Ecology and Evolution}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{12}}, \bibinfo{pages}{150--161}, \doiprefix\url{https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13504} (\bibinfo{year}{2021}).
\newblock \eprint{https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/2041-210X.13504}.

\bibitem{jin2022fewerlabelssupportpair}
\bibinfo{author}{Jin, D.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Li, M.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Towards fewer labels: Support pair active learning for person re-identification} (\bibinfo{year}{2022}).
\newblock \eprint{2204.10008}.

\bibitem{liu2019deep}
\bibinfo{author}{Liu, Z.}, \bibinfo{author}{Wang, J.}, \bibinfo{author}{Gong, S.}, \bibinfo{author}{Lu, H.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Tao, D.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Deep reinforcement active learning for human-in-the-loop person re-identification}.
\newblock In \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF international conference on computer vision}}, \bibinfo{pages}{6122--6131} (\bibinfo{year}{2019}).

\bibitem{active-cluster}
\bibinfo{author}{Mallapragada, P.~K.}, \bibinfo{author}{Jin, R.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Jain, A.~K.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Active query selection for semi-supervised clustering}.
\newblock In \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{2008 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition}}, \bibinfo{pages}{1--4}, \doiprefix\url{10.1109/ICPR.2008.4761792} (\bibinfo{year}{2008}).

\bibitem{cons-dbscan}
\bibinfo{author}{Zhao, W.}, \bibinfo{author}{He, Q.}, \bibinfo{author}{Ma, H.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Shi, Z.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Effective semi-supervised document clustering via active learning with instance-level constraints}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Knowledge and Information Systems}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{30}}, \bibinfo{pages}{569--587}, \doiprefix\url{10.1007/s10115-011-0389-1} (\bibinfo{year}{2012}).

\bibitem{Miao2021}
\bibinfo{author}{Miao, Z.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Iterative human and automated identification of wildlife images}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Nature Machine Intelligence}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{3}}, \bibinfo{pages}{885--895}, \doiprefix\url{10.1038/s42256-021-00393-0} (\bibinfo{year}{2021}).

\bibitem{Bodesheim2022}
\bibinfo{author}{Bodesheim, P.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Pre-trained models are not enough: active and lifelong learning is important for long-term visual monitoring of mammals in biodiversity research---individual identification and attribute prediction with image features from deep neural networks and decoupled decision models applied to elephants and great apes}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Mammalian Biology}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{102}}, \bibinfo{pages}{875--897}, \doiprefix\url{10.1007/s42991-022-00224-8} (\bibinfo{year}{2022}).

\bibitem{counting-clusters}
\bibinfo{author}{Perez, G.}, \bibinfo{author}{Sheldon, D.}, \bibinfo{author}{Van~Horn, G.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Maji, S.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Human-in-the-loop visual re-id for population size estimation}.
\newblock In \emph{\bibinfo{booktitle}{European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)}} (\bibinfo{year}{2024}).

\bibitem{ren2024groundedsamassemblingopenworld}
\bibinfo{author}{Ren, T.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Grounded sam: Assembling open-world models for diverse visual tasks} (\bibinfo{year}{2024}).
\newblock \eprint{2401.14159}.

\end{thebibliography}