\documentclass{article} \usepackage[left=2.54cm,top=2.54cm,right=2.54cm,bottom=2.54cm]{geometry} \usepackage{setspace} \usepackage{pdflscape} \usepackage{tabularx} \doublespacing %\onehalfspacing %\usepackage[hang,flushmargin]{footmisc} %\usepackage{amssymb} %\usepackage{amsfonts} %\usepackage{amsmath} %\usepackage{natbib} %\bibpunct{(}{)}{;}{a}{,}{,} %\usepackage{hyperref} %\hypersetup{colorlinks=false, pdfborder={0 0 0}, breaklinks=true} %\usepackage[vertfit]{breakurl} %\usepackage{supertabular} %\usepackage[flushleft]{threeparttable} %\usepackage{rotating} %\usepackage{mathptmx} %\usepackage{mathptmx} %\usepackage{subfig} %\usepackage{tikz} %\usepackage{lipsum}% Just for this example %\usepackage{caption} %\usepackage{subcaption} %\usepackage[medium, compact]{titlesec} %\usepackage{lipsum} %\titleformat{\section}{\center\normalsection\scshape}{\thesection}{1em}{} %%\renewcommand\thesection{\thechapter\Roman{section}.} %\usepackage{titlesec} % \titlespacing*{\chapter}{0pt}{1in}{20pt} % \titleformat{\chapter}[display] % {\centering\normalfont\normalsize}{\MakeUppercase{\chaptertitlename} \thechapter}{0pt}{\small} % \titleformat{\subsection} % {\normalfont\normalsize\flushleft}{\textit{\Alph{subsection}}. }{0pt}\textit{{}} %\titleformat{\subsubsection} % {\normalfont\normalsize\flushleft}{}{0pt}\underline{{}} %\usepackage[labelsep=space]{caption} %\usepackage[labelfont=bf]{caption} %\usepackage[tablename=TABLE]{caption} %\usepackage[figurename=FIGURE]{caption} %\usepackage{fancyhdr} %\pagestyle{fancy} %\lhead{\textit{Preliminary and Incomplete - Please do not circulate without authors' permission}} %\rhead{} %\chead{} % Language setting % Replace `english' with e.g. `spanish' to change the document language \usepackage[english]{babel} \usepackage{natbib} % Set page size and margins % Replace `letterpaper' with`a4paper' for UK/EU standard size \usepackage[letterpaper,top=2cm,bottom=2cm,left=3cm,right=3cm,marginparwidth=1.75cm]{geometry} % Useful packages %\usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage[colorlinks=true, allcolors=blue]{hyperref} \begin{document} \title{Appendix for Zooming In or Left Out?: How COVID Changed Schooling, Screen, and Social Time for High School and College Students by Household Income} %Time Allocation of High School and College Students during Covid-19: \\ Heterogeneous Effects by Household Income} %Possible other title: Disparities in Time Use Among High School and College Students During Covid-19: The Role of Household Income% \author{Laura M. Crispin\footnote{corresponding author: lcrispin@sju.edu; Thank you to Kathryn Lynch, our research assistant, for her contributions to earlier versions of this paper. We thank Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia and all of the participants at the Western Economic Association 2024 Conference and Southern Economic Association 2024 Conference. All errors are our own.} \\ Elizabeth Mitchell} \maketitle \section{American Time Use Survey Variables} For our analysis, we use a sample of 15-25 year old students from the 2017-2022 American Time Use Survey. Our main time use variable of interest is education time (BLS\_EDUC), which includes education (060000) and travel related to education (180600). We decompose this into class time (BLS\_EDUC\_CLASS, 060100) and homework time (BLS\_EDUC\_HWORK, 060300), which includes homework and research. We also study work time (BLS\_WORK\_WORKING, 050100), sleep time (BLS\_PCARE\_SLEEP, 010100), and time spent in all leisure activities (BLS\_LEIS). For the later, we separate out several important components including screen time (television and movies (120303 and 120304), playing games (including computer games) (120307), and computer use for leisure (120308)), socializing time (BLS\_LEIS\_SOCCOM, including socializing and communicating (120100), attending or hosting social events (120200) and waiting involved with these two categories (120501 and 120502)), and sports and exercise time (BLS\_LEIS\_PARTSPORT, 130100). For each time use variable, we construct a binary variable for whether the respondent participated in any minutes of that activity on their diary day, which we use for our extensive margin analysis. We also construct a continuous measure for each equal to the number of minutes of that activity on their diary day, if they participated in the activity. We use this measure for our intensive margin analysis. \begin{table}[] \centering \caption{Summary Statistics for the Full Sample} \begin{tabular}{lll} Variable & Mean & Std. dev. \\ \hline & & \\ Education time & 236.18 & 235.71 \\ Class time & 134.04 & 178.55 \\ Homework time & 83.36 & 130.25 \\ Work time & 70.55 & 161.86 \\ Leisure time & 310.86 & 203.62 \\ Socializing time & 41.62 & 95.90 \\ Screen time & 186.67 & 175.71 \\ Exercise/sports time & 30.87 & 70.10 \\ Sleep time & 568.36 & 134.15 \\ Age & 18.49 & 2.81 \\ White & 0.54 & 0.5 \\ Black, non-Hispanic & 0.1 & 0.3 \\ Hispanic & 0.24 & 0.43 \\ Other race/ethnicity & 0.11 & 0.32 \\ Male & 0.49 & 0.5 \\ Female & 0.51 & 0.5 \\ Income: \$25K or less & 0.16 & 0.36 \\ Income: \$25K-\$49K & 0.16 & 0.37 \\ Income: \$50K-\$74K & 0.16 & 0.37 \\ Income: \$75K-\$99K & 0.14 & 0.35 \\ Income: \$100K+ & 0.38 & 0.49 \\ HS PT & 0.01 & 0.12 \\ HS FT & 0.49 & 0.5 \\ College PT & 0.1 & 0.3 \\ College FT & 0.39 & 0.49 \\ Not a holiday & 0.98 & 0.14 \\ Holiday & 0.02 & 0.14 \\ January & 0.1 & 0.3 \\ February & 0.08 & 0.28 \\ March & 0.09 & 0.29 \\ April & 0.08 & 0.28 \\ May & 0.07 & 0.26 \\ June & 0.06 & 0.23 \\ July & 0.06 & 0.24 \\ August & 0.08 & 0.27 \\ September & 0.08 & 0.27 \\ October & 0.1 & 0.29 \\ November & 0.09 & 0.29 \\ December & 0.1 & 0.3 \\ Northeast & 0.16 & 0.37 \\ Midwest & 0.24 & 0.43 \\ South & 0.34 & 0.47 \\ West & 0.26 & 0.44 \\ Metro., Central City & 0.28 & 0.45 \\ Metro., Not Central City & 0.48 & 0.5 \\ Metro., Not identified & 0.12 & 0.33 \\ Non-Metro & 0.1 & 0.3 \\ Not identified & 0.01 & 0.11 \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{l}{N = 2,495. Calculated using survey weights.} \\ \end{tabular} \end{table} \begin{table}[] \centering \caption{Difference in Means Test - Pre- and During Pandemic} \begin{tabular}{lcclccl} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Pre-Covid (N=1468)} & & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Covid (N=1027)} & Diff in means \\ \hline Variable & Mean & Std. dev. & & Mean & Std. dev. & \\ & & & & & & \\ \hline Age & 18.56 & 2.82 & & 18.41 & 2.80 & -0.15 \\ White & 0.55 & 0.50 & & 0.52 & 0.50 & -0.03 \\ Black, non-Hispanic & 0.10 & 0.30 & & 0.10 & 0.30 & 0.00 \\ Hispanic & 0.25 & 0.43 & & 0.24 & 0.43 & -0.01 \\ Other race/ethnicity & 0.10 & 0.29 & & 0.14 & 0.35 & 0.04*** \\ Male & 0.49 & 0.50 & & 0.49 & 0.50 & 0.00 \\ Female & 0.51 & 0.50 & & 0.51 & 0.50 & 0.00 \\ Income: \$25K or less & 0.16 & 0.37 & & 0.15 & 0.35 & -0.02 \\ Income: \$25K-\$49K & 0.17 & 0.37 & & 0.15 & 0.36 & -0.01 \\ Income: \$50K-\$74K & 0.18 & 0.38 & & 0.14 & 0.35 & -0.03 \\ Income: \$75K-\$99K & 0.15 & 0.35 & & 0.14 & 0.35 & 0.00 \\ Income: \$100K+ & 0.35 & 0.48 & & 0.41 & 0.49 & 0.06** \\ HS PT & 0.01 & 0.11 & & 0.02 & 0.13 & 0.00 \\ HS FT & 0.50 & 0.50 & & 0.48 & 0.50 & -0.02 \\ College PT & 0.10 & 0.30 & & 0.09 & 0.29 & -0.01 \\ College FT & 0.38 & 0.49 & & 0.41 & 0.49 & 0.03 \\ Northeast & 0.15 & 0.35 & & 0.18 & 0.38 & 0.03 \\ Midwest & 0.25 & 0.43 & & 0.23 & 0.42 & -0.02 \\ South & 0.34 & 0.47 & & 0.34 & 0.47 & 0.00 \\ West & 0.26 & 0.44 & & 0.25 & 0.44 & -0.01 \\ Metro., Central City & 0.28 & 0.45 & & 0.28 & 0.45 & 0.00 \\ Metro., Not Central City & 0.47 & 0.50 & & 0.50 & 0.50 & 0.03 \\ Metro., Not identified & 0.12 & 0.33 & & 0.12 & 0.33 & 0.00 \\ Non-Metro & 0.11 & 0.32 & & 0.09 & 0.28 & -0.02* \\ Not identified & 0.02 & 0.13 & & 0.01 & 0.09 & -0.01* \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{l}{Notes: *** .01; ** .05; *.10; All anaysis uses sample weights.} \end{tabular} \end{table} % Please add the following required packages to your document preamble: % \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % \useunder{\uline}{\ul}{} \begin{table}[] \centering \caption{Marginal Effects of Extensive Margin Estimates with Replicate Weights} \label{tab:Probit_RW} \scalebox{.80}{\begin{tabular}{lcccccccc} & (1) & (2) & (3) & (4) & (5) & (6) & (7) & (8) \\ & EDUC & CLASS & HWORK & WORK & LEISURE & SOCIAL & SCREEN & EXERCISE \\ \hline Covid Ind. & 0.00512 & -0.0186 & -0.00629 & 0.0168 & -0.00443 & -0.122*** & 0.0259 & -0.0271 \\ & (0.0209) & (0.0196) & (0.0231) & (0.0169) & (0.0115) & (0.0254) & (0.0182) & (0.0221) \\ Age & -0.00208 & -0.0113* & -0.00235 & 0.0266*** & -0.00281 & -0.00372 & -0.0109* & -0.00495 \\ & (0.00602) & (0.00587) & (0.00742) & (0.00440) & (0.00300) & (0.00648) & (0.00562) & (0.00574) \\ Black, non-Hispanic & 0.0158 & 0.0140 & 0.0237 & -0.0332 & 0.0204 & -0.0810** & 0.0305 & -0.0272 \\ & (0.0396) & (0.0417) & (0.0430) & (0.0328) & (0.0198) & (0.0399) & (0.0331) & (0.0319) \\ Hispanic & 0.00980 & -0.0204 & 0.0241 & -0.0511** & 0.0112 & -0.0286 & 0.0327 & 0.0269 \\ & (0.0298) & (0.0348) & (0.0298) & (0.0198) & (0.0144) & (0.0293) & (0.0245) & (0.0290) \\ Other race/ethnicity & 0.0474 & 0.0278 & 0.0579 & -0.0814*** & -0.0303 & -0.0230 & -0.0574* & -0.0247 \\ & (0.0351) & (0.0413) & (0.0384) & (0.0274) & (0.0222) & (0.0395) & (0.0343) & (0.0341) \\ Female & 0.00836 & 0.0144 & 0.0596*** & -0.0456** & -0.0280*** & 0.0274 & -0.0807*** & -0.0752*** \\ & (0.0194) & (0.0206) & (0.0210) & (0.0179) & (0.0106) & (0.0219) & (0.0203) & (0.0213) \\ Income: \$25K-\$49K & -0.0382 & -0.0414 & -0.0320 & 0.0124 & 0.00864 & 0.0155 & 0.0110 & 0.0351 \\ & (0.0336) & (0.0374) & (0.0423) & (0.0277) & (0.0194) & (0.0371) & (0.0302) & (0.0341) \\ Income: \$50K-\$74K & -0.0156 & 0.00418 & -0.0129 & 0.0379 & 0.0172 & 0.0526 & 0.0176 & 0.0299 \\ & (0.0339) & (0.0391) & (0.0383) & (0.0314) & (0.0215) & (0.0415) & (0.0331) & (0.0362) \\ Income: \$75K-\$99K & 0.0359 & 0.0239 & -0.0222 & 0.0471 & 0.000272 & 0.0443 & 0.000660 & 0.0463 \\ & (0.0353) & (0.0431) & (0.0416) & (0.0319) & (0.0204) & (0.0442) & (0.0347) & (0.0386) \\ Income: \$100K+ & -0.0101 & -0.0204 & 0.0309 & 0.0186 & 0.0201 & 0.0806** & -0.0139 & 0.0956*** \\ & (0.0321) & (0.0380) & (0.0343) & (0.0267) & (0.0171) & (0.0391) & (0.0300) & (0.0347) \\ HS FT & 0.0880 & 0.112 & 0.0279 & -0.328*** & 0.109 & 0.297*** & 0.0518 & 0.128* \\ & (0.0928) & (0.111) & (0.107) & (0.104) & (0.0906) & (0.0512) & (0.0972) & (0.0770) \\ College PT & -0.0911 & -0.126 & -0.0746 & -0.102 & 0.0816 & 0.207*** & 0.0754 & 0.0569 \\ & (0.101) & (0.114) & (0.113) & (0.112) & (0.0894) & (0.0631) & (0.104) & (0.0842) \\ College FT & 0.0581 & 0.0135 & 0.114 & -0.267** & 0.0886 & 0.253*** & 0.0575 & 0.0819 \\ & (0.0970) & (0.112) & (0.112) & (0.106) & (0.0897) & (0.0586) & (0.103) & (0.0780) \\ Holiday Ind & -0.229** & -0.415*** & -0.147* & -0.0342 & 0.0271 & 0.291*** & -0.00523 & -0.00589 \\ & (0.0888) & (0.0179) & (0.0805) & (0.0697) & (0.0303) & (0.0788) & (0.0757) & (0.0801) \\ Feb & 0.126*** & 0.129** & 0.0829 & 0.0188 & 0.0144 & -0.0579 & 0.0148 & 0.0530 \\ & (0.0465) & (0.0536) & (0.0545) & (0.0377) & (0.0298) & (0.0415) & (0.0440) & (0.0445) \\ Mar & 0.137*** & 0.0598 & 0.0743 & 0.0448 & 0.0313 & 0.0315 & 0.0630 & 0.00540 \\ & (0.0431) & (0.0482) & (0.0515) & (0.0438) & (0.0286) & (0.0518) & (0.0437) & (0.0458) \\ Apr & 0.0580 & 0.0377 & 0.0325 & 0.0159 & 0.0134 & -0.0859* & 0.0733 & 0.0170 \\ & (0.0459) & (0.0563) & (0.0565) & (0.0405) & (0.0364) & (0.0489) & (0.0476) & (0.0450) \\ May & -0.0687 & -0.0754 & -0.0432 & 0.00159 & 0.0223 & -0.000440 & 0.0673 & 0.0631 \\ & (0.0499) & (0.0526) & (0.0580) & (0.0347) & (0.0387) & (0.0532) & (0.0469) & (0.0461) \\ Jun & -0.227*** & -0.212*** & -0.202*** & 0.0387 & 0.0713*** & 0.0342 & 0.108*** & 0.0973* \\ & (0.0602) & (0.0590) & (0.0586) & (0.0501) & (0.0237) & (0.0553) & (0.0410) & (0.0549) \\ Jul & -0.408*** & -0.366*** & -0.327*** & 0.0422 & 0.0568** & 0.0463 & 0.0555 & 0.142** \\ & (0.0464) & (0.0436) & (0.0436) & (0.0408) & (0.0248) & (0.0595) & (0.0511) & (0.0555) \\ Aug & -0.184*** & -0.165*** & -0.184*** & 0.0214 & 0.0464** & -0.0446 & 0.130*** & 0.0892* \\ & (0.0551) & (0.0596) & (0.0487) & (0.0384) & (0.0228) & (0.0512) & (0.0395) & (0.0507) \\ Sep & 0.129*** & 0.104* & 0.160*** & -0.0103 & 0.0410 & -0.0801 & 0.0367 & 0.101** \\ & (0.0417) & (0.0540) & (0.0537) & (0.0429) & (0.0275) & (0.0505) & (0.0461) & (0.0503) \\ Oct & 0.102** & 0.0827 & 0.0779 & 0.0604 & 0.0149 & -0.0101 & 0.0133 & -0.0394 \\ & (0.0404) & (0.0506) & (0.0549) & (0.0384) & (0.0307) & (0.0530) & (0.0484) & (0.0370) \\ Nov & 0.123*** & 0.0372 & 0.158*** & 0.0227 & 0.0137 & -0.0147 & 0.0144 & -0.0447 \\ & (0.0419) & (0.0485) & (0.0531) & (0.0356) & (0.0311) & (0.0459) & (0.0500) & (0.0406) \\ Dec & -0.0815* & -0.0921* & -0.0578 & -0.0162 & 0.0421 & 0.119** & 0.0344 & 0.00441 \\ & (0.0488) & (0.0518) & (0.0492) & (0.0310) & (0.0288) & (0.0495) & (0.0536) & (0.0423) \\ Midwest & -0.0731** & -0.0948*** & -0.00580 & 0.0796*** & 0.00115 & -0.0216 & 0.0544* & -0.0442 \\ & (0.0348) & (0.0352) & (0.0411) & (0.0256) & (0.0171) & (0.0390) & (0.0313) & (0.0367) \\ South & -0.0689** & -0.0911*** & -0.0119 & 0.0351 & -0.00729 & -0.0392 & 0.00907 & 0.0196 \\ & (0.0287) & (0.0294) & (0.0375) & (0.0260) & (0.0169) & (0.0394) & (0.0301) & (0.0325) \\ West & -0.0186 & -0.0334 & 0.0536 & 0.0584** & -0.0160 & -0.00863 & 0.00841 & -0.0527 \\ & (0.0297) & (0.0342) & (0.0352) & (0.0274) & (0.0188) & (0.0399) & (0.0325) & (0.0350) \\ MSA & -0.0466* & -0.00420 & -0.0593** & -0.0172 & 0.00763 & 0.00235 & -0.00306 & 0.0260 \\ & (0.0263) & (0.0295) & (0.0273) & (0.0201) & (0.0127) & (0.0313) & (0.0229) & (0.0246) \\ MSA-not identified & -0.0628* & -0.0183 & -0.144*** & 0.0463 & 0.00469 & 0.0182 & 0.0111 & -0.0299 \\ & (0.0370) & (0.0412) & (0.0400) & (0.0344) & (0.0185) & (0.0395) & (0.0290) & (0.0356) \\ Non-metro & -0.0260 & 0.0474 & -0.0963** & 0.00736 & -0.0162 & -0.0840** & 0.0279 & -0.0323 \\ & (0.0355) & (0.0359) & (0.0472) & (0.0325) & (0.0230) & (0.0412) & (0.0336) & (0.0354) \\ MSA Status Unknown & 0.0690 & 0.0502 & -0.163 & 0.271** & -0.0566 & -0.0697 & -0.0684 & -0.141** \\ & (0.0925) & (0.0941) & (0.113) & (0.111) & (0.0571) & (0.101) & (0.0846) & (0.0636) \\ \hline \multicolumn{9}{l}{Notes: *** .01; ** .05; *.10; N = 2495; All analysis uses replicate weights.} \\ \end{tabular}} \end{table} % Please add the following required packages to your document preamble: % \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % \useunder{\uline}{\ul}{} \begin{table}[] \centering \caption{Marginal Effects of Intensive Margin Estimates with Replicate Weights} \label{tab:OLS_RW} \scalebox{.78}{\begin{tabular}{lccccccccc} & (1) & (2) & (3) & (4) & (5) & (6) & (7) & (8) & (9) \\ & EDUC & CLASS & HWORK & WORK & LEISURE & SOCIAL & SCREEN & EXERCISE & SLEEP \\ \hline Covid Ind. & -34.23*** & -17.63* & 2.964 & -2.792 & 19.10** & 1.099 & 37.26*** & 3.783 & 5.559 \\ & (12.21) & (9.482) & (8.420) & (17.04) & (8.651) & (10.80) & (8.642) & (8.262) & (7.093) \\ Age & 0.181 & -2.629 & 6.688** & 3.474 & -8.982*** & 2.032 & -7.826*** & -3.804* & -8.136*** \\ & (3.803) & (3.414) & (3.091) & (5.271) & (2.388) & (3.163) & (2.125) & (2.203) & (1.752) \\ Black, non-Hispanic & 11.14 & 21.35 & -13.97 & 64.39** & -22.26 & -7.597 & -1.724 & -13.95 & 0.143 \\ & (18.77) & (16.96) & (14.86) & (32.33) & (15.83) & (17.24) & (15.02) & (14.51) & (12.91) \\ Hispanic & -17.08 & 33.67*** & -32.64*** & 10.79 & 3.655 & -9.509 & 6.121 & -18.10* & 7.132 \\ & (15.11) & (10.95) & (11.41) & (23.34) & (11.41) & (11.92) & (10.83) & (10.26) & (8.414) \\ Other race/ethnicity & 32.15 & 4.997 & 41.22*** & -18.32 & -27.79 & 12.57 & -23.30 & -32.54*** & -6.651 \\ & (20.36) & (14.21) & (14.53) & (36.09) & (16.82) & (17.50) & (14.31) & (10.06) & (9.902) \\ Female & 27.54** & 17.31* & -2.203 & -28.87 & -67.41*** & 12.08 & -57.39*** & -25.95*** & 1.194 \\ & (10.69) & (8.950) & (9.057) & (18.40) & (8.722) & (9.617) & (8.263) & (8.191) & (6.001) \\ Income: \$25K-\$49K & -5.862 & -15.26 & 22.77 & 34.50 & 18.21 & 38.04* & 3.200 & -28.32* & -24.90** \\ & (21.58) & (16.89) & (19.39) & (33.43) & (14.91) & (20.33) & (13.39) & (16.78) & (11.05) \\ Income: \$50K-\$74K & 1.707 & -3.285 & -6.296 & 13.28 & 7.779 & -4.897 & -5.267 & -5.043 & -21.24** \\ & (18.84) & (15.05) & (18.73) & (30.93) & (13.80) & (16.02) & (13.32) & (18.45) & (10.62) \\ Income: \$75K-\$99K & 14.72 & 1.496 & 23.29 & -12.44 & 16.38 & -6.501 & 3.992 & -1.052 & -38.78*** \\ & (22.59) & (19.23) & (16.90) & (32.40) & (15.60) & (16.33) & (15.14) & (20.21) & (11.37) \\ Income: \$100K+ & -20.42 & -10.28 & -16.91 & 26.77 & 14.86 & -1.629 & -3.374 & -16.85 & -39.84*** \\ & (17.71) & (15.38) & (16.59) & (32.05) & (13.77) & (14.90) & (12.53) & (16.08) & (9.679) \\ HS FT & 121.5** & 37.02 & 45.33 & -0.143 & -25.50 & 95.15* & -57.62 & 45.71** & -41.37 \\ & (47.67) & (29.63) & (37.78) & (80.65) & (43.74) & (49.85) & (50.88) & (19.11) & (29.02) \\ College PT & -34.71 & -123.9*** & 87.23* & 122.9 & -11.54 & 72.25 & -20.30 & 46.87** & -15.88 \\ & (55.69) & (41.52) & (44.23) & (92.89) & (44.43) & (51.99) & (49.57) & (22.32) & (31.42) \\ College FT & 72.67 & -73.94** & 99.87*** & 57.41 & -3.522 & 130.9** & -36.89 & 44.27** & -17.40 \\ & (50.66) & (32.83) & (37.64) & (86.46) & (42.80) & (51.80) & (49.36) & (19.93) & (29.60) \\ Holiday Ind & -71.21 & -328.8*** & 105.7* & -15.15 & 86.98** & 57.68 & 37.77 & -50.08*** & 28.35 \\ & (55.62) & (35.47) & (55.53) & (57.95) & (37.19) & (45.84) & (32.05) & (16.26) & (21.81) \\ Feb & -7.354 & -41.19* & 14.16 & -38.14 & -15.61 & -13.50 & -22.03 & -11.07 & 8.406 \\ & (23.71) & (22.12) & (17.10) & (45.86) & (20.29) & (21.26) & (17.27) & (20.61) & (12.81) \\ Mar & -25.18 & -34.18 & 11.41 & -15.00 & -28.91 & -18.31 & -35.12* & -13.06 & -14.35 \\ & (27.28) & (21.34) & (20.10) & (50.51) & (20.72) & (22.70) & (18.44) & (14.70) & (12.25) \\ Apr & -44.52* & -42.43 & -11.03 & -86.24* & 2.409 & -33.39 & 5.692 & -11.63 & 3.988 \\ & (25.67) & (26.28) & (17.06) & (46.37) & (21.89) & (22.54) & (20.95) & (21.27) & (13.86) \\ May & -17.08 & -40.98** & 27.16 & -5.523 & 23.16 & 3.246 & -3.452 & -13.47 & 3.535 \\ & (23.70) & (19.87) & (20.05) & (52.54) & (19.44) & (23.76) & (19.46) & (15.21) & (15.29) \\ Jun & -116.4*** & -124.7*** & 28.38 & 0.570 & 70.26*** & 25.17 & 25.23 & 2.929 & 6.211 \\ & (32.49) & (33.13) & (23.06) & (53.25) & (25.41) & (22.44) & (24.11) & (24.38) & (16.67) \\ Jul & -145.7*** & -151.6** & -5.153 & 26.40 & 97.70*** & 26.69 & 48.86* & -29.30** & 0.508 \\ & (35.67) & (75.04) & (24.66) & (51.83) & (26.98) & (30.80) & (25.90) & (14.42) & (14.26) \\ Aug & -95.75*** & -102.1*** & 3.272 & 57.29 & 53.34** & -16.11 & 11.95 & -7.279 & 7.681 \\ & (32.41) & (26.81) & (24.19) & (46.32) & (21.10) & (26.14) & (19.76) & (15.74) & (14.53) \\ Sep & 17.39 & -32.44 & 29.79 & -45.38 & -38.30* & -33.33 & -43.12** & -15.61 & -6.305 \\ & (27.43) & (22.37) & (18.40) & (57.63) & (19.43) & (22.04) & (16.61) & (15.71) & (14.62) \\ Oct & -15.35 & -42.45* & 4.537 & -34.88 & -18.57 & -17.06 & -6.265 & -31.62* & -22.62* \\ & (22.55) & (21.76) & (20.54) & (40.55) & (19.14) & (22.14) & (19.14) & (17.52) & (12.92) \\ Nov & -24.73 & -40.12** & 2.489 & 3.924 & -27.33 & -20.10 & -20.10 & -37.97** & -7.854 \\ & (21.29) & (19.76) & (16.33) & (39.37) & (18.39) & (23.83) & (16.26) & (17.76) & (13.58) \\ Dec & -46.75* & -33.56 & 1.354 & -3.777 & 42.12** & 32.32 & 3.952 & -33.76** & -6.368 \\ & (26.32) & (24.16) & (22.97) & (43.25) & (20.11) & (26.60) & (20.20) & (14.92) & (14.16) \\ Midwest & -31.10 & -22.88 & 0.685 & -17.07 & 0.855 & -26.87 & -0.192 & 23.54* & 4.501 \\ & (18.97) & (15.45) & (16.02) & (29.47) & (14.12) & (17.06) & (12.70) & (12.47) & (10.32) \\ South & -25.15 & -6.592 & -11.01 & -28.64 & 10.22 & -10.94 & 4.642 & 6.071 & -7.164 \\ & (19.03) & (16.26) & (13.89) & (29.30) & (13.51) & (15.71) & (12.52) & (10.38) & (9.001) \\ West & -4.558 & -15.89 & 18.78 & -37.35 & -14.61 & -17.50 & -4.771 & 14.23 & -9.066 \\ & (19.05) & (15.98) & (16.06) & (25.64) & (14.39) & (16.00) & (13.31) & (9.894) & (9.671) \\ MSA & 18.49 & 12.88 & 19.74** & 49.90** & 5.408 & 29.45*** & -5.004 & -6.028 & 2.882 \\ & (14.72) & (11.06) & (9.822) & (21.51) & (11.34) & (10.85) & (9.498) & (9.062) & (7.970) \\ MSA-not identified & -17.87 & 24.43 & -16.71 & 51.18* & 14.61 & -2.050 & 26.12* & -12.08 & -15.21* \\ & (20.00) & (15.51) & (14.90) & (28.12) & (14.56) & (13.11) & (14.29) & (11.63) & (9.079) \\ Non-metro & 15.05 & 30.05* & -16.90 & 13.44 & 4.520 & 14.40 & 4.945 & 4.741 & -12.15 \\ & (21.76) & (17.39) & (18.02) & (35.73) & (16.56) & (18.60) & (14.97) & (20.41) & (11.46) \\ MSA Status Unknown & -10.79 & -22.18 & 39.71 & 6.478 & -25.19 & -69.50*** & 65.14 & 14.92 & -19.91 \\ & (27.89) & (25.08) & (46.91) & (37.47) & (40.64) & (22.09) & (49.49) & (94.56) & (17.94) \\ Constant & 321.1*** & 407.5*** & -31.25 & 228.9* & 510.3*** & -36.96 & 430.1*** & 182.3*** & 780.3*** \\ & (89.30) & (73.72) & (76.43) & (138.3) & (71.88) & (76.39) & (77.12) & (50.91) & (45.33) \\ \hline \multicolumn{10}{l}{*** p\textless{}0.01, ** p\textless{}0.05, * p\textless{}0.10. All analysis uses replicate weights.} \\ \end{tabular}} \end{table} \begin{landscape} \begin{table}[] \centering \caption{Marginal Effects of Interaction Estimates with Replicate Weights} \label{tab:OLSbyincome_RW} \begin{tabular}{lccccccccc} \hline & (1) & (2) & (3) & (4) & (5) & (6) & (7) & (8) & (9) \\ & EDUC & CLASS & HWORK & WORK & LEISURE & SOCIAL & SCREEN & EXERCISE & SLEEP \\ \hline \textbf{Panel A: Covid Indicator} & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \textbf{Extensive Margin} & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Low Income & -0.001 & -0.006 & 0.008 & -0.002 & 0.036 & -0.094* & 0.055 & -0.054 & \\ & (0.048) & (0.048) & (0.049) & (0.033) & (0.028) & (0.051) & (0.039) & (0.044) & \\ Mid-to-High Income & -0.014 & -0.041* & -0.016 & 0.023 & -0.011 & -0.127*** & 0.019 & -0.011 & \\ & (0.025) & (0.024) & (0.026) & (0.021) & (0.013) & (0.029) & (0.021) & (0.026) & \\ \hline \textbf{Intensive Margin} & & & & & & & & & \\ Low Income & -62.96** & -50.26** & -21.76 & 1.199 & 35.15** & 37.05 & 52.94*** & -35.13** & 9.174 \\ & (28.38) & (20.17) & (22.40) & (42.15) & (17.62) & (22.77) & (17.89) & (17.39) & (13.52) \\ Mid-to-High Income & -28.72** & -12.93 & 7.148 & -0.480 & 20.05* & -4.434 & 36.10*** & 8.543 & 2.898 \\ & (13.26) & (10.76) & (8.826) & (17.97) & (10.45) & (12.07) & (10.63) & (9.213) & (7.638) \\ \hline \textbf{Panel B: Two Covid Periods} & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \textbf{Intensive Margin} & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Early Pandemic Period & & & & & & & & & \\ Low Income & -0.022 & -0.103 & 0.0339 & -0.0174 & 0.067** & -0.011 & 0.128*** & -0.000 & \\ & (0.070) & (0.065) & (0.0685) & (0.0491) & (0.026) & (0.064) & (0.037) & (0.060) & \\ Mid-to-High Income & 0.010 & -0.052 & 0.0137 & 0.0296 & -0.022 & -0.199*** & 0.012 & 0.010 & \\ & (0.029) & (0.032) & (0.0350) & (0.0300) & (0.019) & (0.031) & (0.029) & (0.036) & \\ \hline Later Pandemic Period & & & & & & & & & \\ Low Income & 0.008 & 0.042 & -0.005 & 0.004 & 0.023 & -0.132** & 0.021 & -0.081* & \\ & (0.053) & (0.057) & (0.056) & (0.037) & (0.033) & (0.0581) & (0.050) & (0.047) & \\ Mid-to-High Income & -0.027 & -0.035 & -0.032 & 0.019 & -0.005 & -0.0862** & 0.022 & -0.023 & \\ & (0.030) & (0.028) & (0.032) & (0.024) & (0.014) & (0.0357) & (0.024) & (0.030) & \\ \hline \textbf{Extensive Margin} & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Early Pandemic Period & & & & & & & & & \\ Low Income & -105.1** & -86.24*** & -6.322 & -42.92 & 96.09*** & 79.36* & 79.67*** & -48.61*** & 22.23 \\ & (41.75) & (31.49) & (36.94) & (59.69) & (25.51) & (43.46) & (27.02) & (18.40) & (20.42) \\ Mid-to-High Income & -46.01*** & -15.49 & 10.72 & -9.862 & 28.72* & 5.037 & 55.37*** & 17.86 & 9.444 \\ & (16.77) & (16.26) & (12.84) & (23.92) & (15.31) & (15.40) & (14.79) & (12.89) & (9.537) \\ \hline Later Pandemic Period & & & & & & & & & \\ Low Income & -43.79 & -37.37* & -29.13 & 18.46 & 4.905 & 6.916 & 38.60* & -24.74 & 2.970 \\ & (32.26) & (21.95) & (22.64) & (44.72) & (20.60) & (25.27) & (20.24) & (20.62) & (15.21) \\ Mid-to-High Income & -18.54 & -11.41 & 4.944 & 5.216 & 15.44 & -8.121 & 25.61** & 2.713 & -0.715 \\ & (15.43) & (12.79) & (9.671) & (22.14) & (12.29) & (13.14) & (12.87) & (9.877) & (9.262) \\ \hline \multicolumn{10}{l}{Notes: *** .01; ** .05; *.10; N = 2495; All analysis uses replicate weights.} \\ \multicolumn{10}{l}{Low income is considered \$34,999 or lower (~25th percentile of the distribution).}\\ \multicolumn{10}{l}{Marginal effects are calculated from the OLS model including interactions between the covid indicator and } \\ \multicolumn{10}{l}{low income indicator along with all additional covariates.} \\ \end{tabular} \end{table} \end{landscape} \end{document}