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\begin{document}

\title{Appendix for Zooming In or Left Out?: How COVID Changed Schooling, Screen, and Social Time for High School and College Students by Household Income}
%Time Allocation of High School and College Students during Covid-19: \\ Heterogeneous Effects by Household Income}
%Possible other title:  Disparities in Time Use Among High School and College Students During Covid-19: The Role of Household Income%
\author{Laura M. Crispin\footnote{corresponding author: lcrispin@sju.edu; Thank you to Kathryn Lynch, our research assistant, for her contributions to earlier versions of this paper.  We thank Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia and all of the participants at the Western Economic Association 2024 Conference and Southern Economic Association 2024 Conference.  All errors are our own.}  \\ Elizabeth Mitchell}



\maketitle

\section{American Time Use Survey Variables}
For our analysis, we use a sample of 15-25 year old students from the 2017-2022 American Time Use Survey.

Our main time use variable of interest is education time (BLS\_EDUC), which includes education (060000) and travel related to education (180600).  We decompose this into class time (BLS\_EDUC\_CLASS, 060100) and homework time (BLS\_EDUC\_HWORK, 060300), which includes homework and research.

We also study work time (BLS\_WORK\_WORKING, 050100), sleep time (BLS\_PCARE\_SLEEP, 010100), and time spent in all leisure activities (BLS\_LEIS).  For the later, we separate out several important components including screen time (television and movies (120303 and 120304), playing games (including computer games) (120307), and computer use for leisure (120308)), socializing time (BLS\_LEIS\_SOCCOM, including socializing and communicating (120100), attending or hosting social events (120200) and waiting involved with these two categories (120501 and 120502)), and sports and exercise time (BLS\_LEIS\_PARTSPORT, 130100).

For each time use variable, we construct a binary variable for whether the respondent participated in any minutes of that activity on their diary day, which we use for our extensive margin analysis.  We also construct a continuous measure for each equal to the number of minutes of that activity on their diary day, if they participated in the activity.  We use this measure for our intensive margin analysis.

\begin{table}[]
\centering
   
    \caption{Summary Statistics for the Full Sample}
\begin{tabular}{lll}
Variable                 & Mean   & Std. dev. \\ \hline
                         &        &           \\
Education time           & 236.18 & 235.71    \\
Class time               & 134.04 & 178.55    \\
Homework time            & 83.36  & 130.25    \\
Work time                & 70.55  & 161.86    \\
Leisure time         & 310.86  & 203.62    \\
Socializing time         & 41.62  & 95.90     \\
Screen time         & 186.67  & 175.71    \\
Exercise/sports time         & 30.87 & 70.10   \\
Sleep time         & 568.36  & 134.15     \\
Age                      & 18.49  & 2.81      \\
White                    & 0.54   & 0.5       \\
Black, non-Hispanic      & 0.1    & 0.3       \\
Hispanic                 & 0.24   & 0.43      \\
Other race/ethnicity     & 0.11   & 0.32      \\
Male                     & 0.49   & 0.5       \\
Female                   & 0.51   & 0.5       \\
Income: \$25K or less    & 0.16   & 0.36      \\
Income: \$25K-\$49K      & 0.16   & 0.37      \\
Income: \$50K-\$74K      & 0.16   & 0.37      \\
Income: \$75K-\$99K      & 0.14   & 0.35      \\
Income: \$100K+          & 0.38   & 0.49      \\
HS PT                    & 0.01   & 0.12      \\
HS FT                    & 0.49   & 0.5       \\
College PT               & 0.1    & 0.3       \\
College FT               & 0.39   & 0.49      \\
Not a holiday            & 0.98   & 0.14      \\
Holiday                  & 0.02   & 0.14      \\
January                  & 0.1    & 0.3       \\
February                 & 0.08   & 0.28      \\
March                    & 0.09   & 0.29      \\
April                    & 0.08   & 0.28      \\
May                      & 0.07   & 0.26      \\
June                     & 0.06   & 0.23      \\
July                     & 0.06   & 0.24      \\
August                   & 0.08   & 0.27      \\
September                & 0.08   & 0.27      \\
October                  & 0.1    & 0.29      \\
November                 & 0.09   & 0.29      \\
December                 & 0.1    & 0.3       \\
Northeast                & 0.16   & 0.37      \\
Midwest                  & 0.24   & 0.43      \\
South                    & 0.34   & 0.47      \\
West                     & 0.26   & 0.44      \\
Metro., Central City     & 0.28   & 0.45      \\
Metro., Not Central City & 0.48   & 0.5       \\
Metro., Not identified   & 0.12   & 0.33      \\
Non-Metro                & 0.1    & 0.3       \\
Not identified           & 0.01   & 0.11     \\
\hline
\multicolumn{3}{l}{N = 2,495.  Calculated using survey weights.} \\
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[]
\centering
\caption{Difference in Means Test - Pre- and During Pandemic}
\begin{tabular}{lcclccl}
                         & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Pre-Covid   (N=1468)} &  & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Covid (N=1027)} & Diff in means \\
                         \hline
Variable                 & Mean              & Std. dev.            &  & Mean           & Std. dev.         &               \\
                         &                   &                      &  &                &                   &               \\
                         \hline
Age                      & 18.56             & 2.82                 &  & 18.41          & 2.80              & -0.15         \\
White                    & 0.55              & 0.50                 &  & 0.52           & 0.50              & -0.03         \\
Black, non-Hispanic      & 0.10              & 0.30                 &  & 0.10           & 0.30              & 0.00          \\
Hispanic                 & 0.25              & 0.43                 &  & 0.24           & 0.43              & -0.01         \\
Other race/ethnicity     & 0.10              & 0.29                 &  & 0.14           & 0.35              & 0.04***       \\
Male                     & 0.49              & 0.50                 &  & 0.49           & 0.50              & 0.00          \\
Female                   & 0.51              & 0.50                 &  & 0.51           & 0.50              & 0.00          \\
Income: \$25K or less    & 0.16              & 0.37                 &  & 0.15           & 0.35              & -0.02         \\
Income: \$25K-\$49K      & 0.17              & 0.37                 &  & 0.15           & 0.36              & -0.01         \\
Income: \$50K-\$74K      & 0.18              & 0.38                 &  & 0.14           & 0.35              & -0.03         \\
Income: \$75K-\$99K      & 0.15              & 0.35                 &  & 0.14           & 0.35              & 0.00          \\
Income: \$100K+          & 0.35              & 0.48                 &  & 0.41           & 0.49              & 0.06**        \\
HS PT                    & 0.01              & 0.11                 &  & 0.02           & 0.13              & 0.00          \\
HS FT                    & 0.50              & 0.50                 &  & 0.48           & 0.50              & -0.02         \\
College PT               & 0.10              & 0.30                 &  & 0.09           & 0.29              & -0.01         \\
College FT               & 0.38              & 0.49                 &  & 0.41           & 0.49              & 0.03          \\
Northeast                & 0.15              & 0.35                 &  & 0.18           & 0.38              & 0.03          \\
Midwest                  & 0.25              & 0.43                 &  & 0.23           & 0.42              & -0.02         \\
South                    & 0.34              & 0.47                 &  & 0.34           & 0.47              & 0.00          \\
West                     & 0.26              & 0.44                 &  & 0.25           & 0.44              & -0.01         \\
Metro., Central City     & 0.28              & 0.45                 &  & 0.28           & 0.45              & 0.00          \\
Metro., Not Central City & 0.47              & 0.50                 &  & 0.50           & 0.50              & 0.03          \\
Metro., Not identified   & 0.12              & 0.33                 &  & 0.12           & 0.33              & 0.00          \\
Non-Metro                & 0.11              & 0.32                 &  & 0.09           & 0.28              & -0.02*        \\
Not identified           & 0.02              & 0.13                 &  & 0.01           & 0.09              & -0.01*        \\
\hline
\multicolumn{7}{l}{Notes: *** .01; ** .05; *.10; All anaysis uses sample weights.}                                         
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

% Please add the following required packages to your document preamble:
% \usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
% \useunder{\uline}{\ul}{}
\begin{table}[]
\centering
   
    \caption{Marginal Effects of Extensive Margin Estimates with Replicate Weights}
    \label{tab:Probit_RW}

\scalebox{.80}{\begin{tabular}{lcccccccc}
                                                                & (1)       & (2)        & (3)       & (4)        & (5)        & (6)       & (7)        & (8)        \\
                                                                & EDUC      & CLASS      & HWORK     & WORK       & LEISURE    & SOCIAL    & SCREEN     & EXERCISE   \\ \hline
Covid Ind.                                                      & 0.00512   & -0.0186    & -0.00629  & 0.0168     & -0.00443   & -0.122*** & 0.0259     & -0.0271    \\
                                                                & (0.0209)  & (0.0196)   & (0.0231)  & (0.0169)   & (0.0115)   & (0.0254)  & (0.0182)   & (0.0221)   \\
Age                                                             & -0.00208  & -0.0113*   & -0.00235  & 0.0266***  & -0.00281   & -0.00372  & -0.0109*   & -0.00495   \\
                                                                & (0.00602) & (0.00587)  & (0.00742) & (0.00440)  & (0.00300)  & (0.00648) & (0.00562)  & (0.00574)  \\
Black, non-Hispanic                                             & 0.0158    & 0.0140     & 0.0237    & -0.0332    & 0.0204     & -0.0810** & 0.0305     & -0.0272    \\
                                                                & (0.0396)  & (0.0417)   & (0.0430)  & (0.0328)   & (0.0198)   & (0.0399)  & (0.0331)   & (0.0319)   \\
Hispanic                                                        & 0.00980   & -0.0204    & 0.0241    & -0.0511**  & 0.0112     & -0.0286   & 0.0327     & 0.0269     \\
                                                                & (0.0298)  & (0.0348)   & (0.0298)  & (0.0198)   & (0.0144)   & (0.0293)  & (0.0245)   & (0.0290)   \\
Other race/ethnicity                                            & 0.0474    & 0.0278     & 0.0579    & -0.0814*** & -0.0303    & -0.0230   & -0.0574*   & -0.0247    \\
                                                                & (0.0351)  & (0.0413)   & (0.0384)  & (0.0274)   & (0.0222)   & (0.0395)  & (0.0343)   & (0.0341)   \\
Female                                                          & 0.00836   & 0.0144     & 0.0596*** & -0.0456**  & -0.0280*** & 0.0274    & -0.0807*** & -0.0752*** \\
                                                                & (0.0194)  & (0.0206)   & (0.0210)  & (0.0179)   & (0.0106)   & (0.0219)  & (0.0203)   & (0.0213)   \\
Income: \$25K-\$49K                                             & -0.0382   & -0.0414    & -0.0320   & 0.0124     & 0.00864    & 0.0155    & 0.0110     & 0.0351     \\
                                                                & (0.0336)  & (0.0374)   & (0.0423)  & (0.0277)   & (0.0194)   & (0.0371)  & (0.0302)   & (0.0341)   \\
Income: \$50K-\$74K                                             & -0.0156   & 0.00418    & -0.0129   & 0.0379     & 0.0172     & 0.0526    & 0.0176     & 0.0299     \\
                                                                & (0.0339)  & (0.0391)   & (0.0383)  & (0.0314)   & (0.0215)   & (0.0415)  & (0.0331)   & (0.0362)   \\
Income: \$75K-\$99K                                             & 0.0359    & 0.0239     & -0.0222   & 0.0471     & 0.000272   & 0.0443    & 0.000660   & 0.0463     \\
                                                                & (0.0353)  & (0.0431)   & (0.0416)  & (0.0319)   & (0.0204)   & (0.0442)  & (0.0347)   & (0.0386)   \\
Income: \$100K+                                                 & -0.0101   & -0.0204    & 0.0309    & 0.0186     & 0.0201     & 0.0806**  & -0.0139    & 0.0956***  \\
                                                                & (0.0321)  & (0.0380)   & (0.0343)  & (0.0267)   & (0.0171)   & (0.0391)  & (0.0300)   & (0.0347)   \\
HS FT                                                           & 0.0880    & 0.112      & 0.0279    & -0.328***  & 0.109      & 0.297***  & 0.0518     & 0.128*     \\
                                                                & (0.0928)  & (0.111)    & (0.107)   & (0.104)    & (0.0906)   & (0.0512)  & (0.0972)   & (0.0770)   \\
College PT                                                      & -0.0911   & -0.126     & -0.0746   & -0.102     & 0.0816     & 0.207***  & 0.0754     & 0.0569     \\
                                                                & (0.101)   & (0.114)    & (0.113)   & (0.112)    & (0.0894)   & (0.0631)  & (0.104)    & (0.0842)   \\
College FT                                                      & 0.0581    & 0.0135     & 0.114     & -0.267**   & 0.0886     & 0.253***  & 0.0575     & 0.0819     \\
                                                                & (0.0970)  & (0.112)    & (0.112)   & (0.106)    & (0.0897)   & (0.0586)  & (0.103)    & (0.0780)   \\
Holiday Ind                                                     & -0.229**  & -0.415***  & -0.147*   & -0.0342    & 0.0271     & 0.291***  & -0.00523   & -0.00589   \\
                                                                & (0.0888)  & (0.0179)   & (0.0805)  & (0.0697)   & (0.0303)   & (0.0788)  & (0.0757)   & (0.0801)   \\
Feb                                                             & 0.126***  & 0.129**    & 0.0829    & 0.0188     & 0.0144     & -0.0579   & 0.0148     & 0.0530     \\
                                                                & (0.0465)  & (0.0536)   & (0.0545)  & (0.0377)   & (0.0298)   & (0.0415)  & (0.0440)   & (0.0445)   \\
Mar                                                             & 0.137***  & 0.0598     & 0.0743    & 0.0448     & 0.0313     & 0.0315    & 0.0630     & 0.00540    \\
                                                                & (0.0431)  & (0.0482)   & (0.0515)  & (0.0438)   & (0.0286)   & (0.0518)  & (0.0437)   & (0.0458)   \\
Apr                                                             & 0.0580    & 0.0377     & 0.0325    & 0.0159     & 0.0134     & -0.0859*  & 0.0733     & 0.0170     \\
                                                                & (0.0459)  & (0.0563)   & (0.0565)  & (0.0405)   & (0.0364)   & (0.0489)  & (0.0476)   & (0.0450)   \\
May                                                             & -0.0687   & -0.0754    & -0.0432   & 0.00159    & 0.0223     & -0.000440 & 0.0673     & 0.0631     \\
                                                                & (0.0499)  & (0.0526)   & (0.0580)  & (0.0347)   & (0.0387)   & (0.0532)  & (0.0469)   & (0.0461)   \\
Jun                                                             & -0.227*** & -0.212***  & -0.202*** & 0.0387     & 0.0713***  & 0.0342    & 0.108***   & 0.0973*    \\
                                                                & (0.0602)  & (0.0590)   & (0.0586)  & (0.0501)   & (0.0237)   & (0.0553)  & (0.0410)   & (0.0549)   \\
Jul                                                             & -0.408*** & -0.366***  & -0.327*** & 0.0422     & 0.0568**   & 0.0463    & 0.0555     & 0.142**    \\
                                                                & (0.0464)  & (0.0436)   & (0.0436)  & (0.0408)   & (0.0248)   & (0.0595)  & (0.0511)   & (0.0555)   \\
Aug                                                             & -0.184*** & -0.165***  & -0.184*** & 0.0214     & 0.0464**   & -0.0446   & 0.130***   & 0.0892*    \\
                                                                & (0.0551)  & (0.0596)   & (0.0487)  & (0.0384)   & (0.0228)   & (0.0512)  & (0.0395)   & (0.0507)   \\
Sep                                                             & 0.129***  & 0.104*     & 0.160***  & -0.0103    & 0.0410     & -0.0801   & 0.0367     & 0.101**    \\
                                                                & (0.0417)  & (0.0540)   & (0.0537)  & (0.0429)   & (0.0275)   & (0.0505)  & (0.0461)   & (0.0503)   \\
Oct                                                             & 0.102**   & 0.0827     & 0.0779    & 0.0604     & 0.0149     & -0.0101   & 0.0133     & -0.0394    \\
                                                                & (0.0404)  & (0.0506)   & (0.0549)  & (0.0384)   & (0.0307)   & (0.0530)  & (0.0484)   & (0.0370)   \\
Nov                                                             & 0.123***  & 0.0372     & 0.158***  & 0.0227     & 0.0137     & -0.0147   & 0.0144     & -0.0447    \\
                                                                & (0.0419)  & (0.0485)   & (0.0531)  & (0.0356)   & (0.0311)   & (0.0459)  & (0.0500)   & (0.0406)   \\
Dec                                                             & -0.0815*  & -0.0921*   & -0.0578   & -0.0162    & 0.0421     & 0.119**   & 0.0344     & 0.00441    \\
                                                                & (0.0488)  & (0.0518)   & (0.0492)  & (0.0310)   & (0.0288)   & (0.0495)  & (0.0536)   & (0.0423)   \\
Midwest                                                         & -0.0731** & -0.0948*** & -0.00580  & 0.0796***  & 0.00115    & -0.0216   & 0.0544*    & -0.0442    \\
                                                                & (0.0348)  & (0.0352)   & (0.0411)  & (0.0256)   & (0.0171)   & (0.0390)  & (0.0313)   & (0.0367)   \\
South                                                           & -0.0689** & -0.0911*** & -0.0119   & 0.0351     & -0.00729   & -0.0392   & 0.00907    & 0.0196     \\
                                                                & (0.0287)  & (0.0294)   & (0.0375)  & (0.0260)   & (0.0169)   & (0.0394)  & (0.0301)   & (0.0325)   \\
West                                                            & -0.0186   & -0.0334    & 0.0536    & 0.0584**   & -0.0160    & -0.00863  & 0.00841    & -0.0527    \\
                                                                & (0.0297)  & (0.0342)   & (0.0352)  & (0.0274)   & (0.0188)   & (0.0399)  & (0.0325)   & (0.0350)   \\
MSA                                                             & -0.0466*  & -0.00420   & -0.0593** & -0.0172    & 0.00763    & 0.00235   & -0.00306   & 0.0260     \\
                                                                & (0.0263)  & (0.0295)   & (0.0273)  & (0.0201)   & (0.0127)   & (0.0313)  & (0.0229)   & (0.0246)   \\
MSA-not identified                                              & -0.0628*  & -0.0183    & -0.144*** & 0.0463     & 0.00469    & 0.0182    & 0.0111     & -0.0299    \\
                                                                & (0.0370)  & (0.0412)   & (0.0400)  & (0.0344)   & (0.0185)   & (0.0395)  & (0.0290)   & (0.0356)   \\
Non-metro                                                       & -0.0260   & 0.0474     & -0.0963** & 0.00736    & -0.0162    & -0.0840** & 0.0279     & -0.0323    \\
                                                                & (0.0355)  & (0.0359)   & (0.0472)  & (0.0325)   & (0.0230)   & (0.0412)  & (0.0336)   & (0.0354)   \\
MSA Status Unknown                                              & 0.0690    & 0.0502     & -0.163    & 0.271**    & -0.0566    & -0.0697   & -0.0684    & -0.141**   \\
                                                                & (0.0925)  & (0.0941)   & (0.113)   & (0.111)    & (0.0571)   & (0.101)   & (0.0846)   & (0.0636)   \\ \hline
\multicolumn{9}{l}{Notes: *** .01; **   .05; *.10; N = 2495; All analysis uses replicate weights.} \\

\end{tabular}}
\end{table}

% Please add the following required packages to your document preamble:
% \usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
% \useunder{\uline}{\ul}{}
\begin{table}[]
\centering
   
    \caption{Marginal Effects of Intensive Margin Estimates with Replicate Weights}
    \label{tab:OLS_RW}

\scalebox{.78}{\begin{tabular}{lccccccccc}
                                  & (1)                    & (2)                    & (3)       & (4)     & (5)       & (6)       & (7)       & (8)       & (9)       \\
                                  & EDUC                   & CLASS                  & HWORK     & WORK    & LEISURE   & SOCIAL    & SCREEN    & EXERCISE  & SLEEP     \\ \hline
Covid Ind.                        & -34.23***              & -17.63*                & 2.964     & -2.792  & 19.10**   & 1.099     & 37.26***  & 3.783     & 5.559     \\
                                  & (12.21)                & (9.482)                & (8.420)   & (17.04) & (8.651)   & (10.80)   & (8.642)   & (8.262)   & (7.093)   \\
Age                               & 0.181                  & -2.629                 & 6.688**   & 3.474   & -8.982*** & 2.032     & -7.826*** & -3.804*   & -8.136*** \\
                                  & (3.803)                & (3.414)                & (3.091)   & (5.271) & (2.388)   & (3.163)   & (2.125)   & (2.203)   & (1.752)   \\
Black, non-Hispanic               & 11.14                  & 21.35                  & -13.97    & 64.39** & -22.26    & -7.597    & -1.724    & -13.95    & 0.143     \\
                                  & (18.77)                & (16.96)                & (14.86)   & (32.33) & (15.83)   & (17.24)   & (15.02)   & (14.51)   & (12.91)   \\
Hispanic                          & -17.08                 & 33.67***               & -32.64*** & 10.79   & 3.655     & -9.509    & 6.121     & -18.10*   & 7.132     \\
                                  & (15.11)                & (10.95)                & (11.41)   & (23.34) & (11.41)   & (11.92)   & (10.83)   & (10.26)   & (8.414)   \\
Other race/ethnicity              & 32.15                  & 4.997                  & 41.22***  & -18.32  & -27.79    & 12.57     & -23.30    & -32.54*** & -6.651    \\
                                  & (20.36)                & (14.21)                & (14.53)   & (36.09) & (16.82)   & (17.50)   & (14.31)   & (10.06)   & (9.902)   \\
Female                            & 27.54**                & 17.31*                 & -2.203    & -28.87  & -67.41*** & 12.08     & -57.39*** & -25.95*** & 1.194     \\
                                  & (10.69)                & (8.950)                & (9.057)   & (18.40) & (8.722)   & (9.617)   & (8.263)   & (8.191)   & (6.001)   \\
Income: \$25K-\$49K               & -5.862                 & -15.26                 & 22.77     & 34.50   & 18.21     & 38.04*    & 3.200     & -28.32*   & -24.90**  \\
                                  & (21.58)                & (16.89)                & (19.39)   & (33.43) & (14.91)   & (20.33)   & (13.39)   & (16.78)   & (11.05)   \\
Income: \$50K-\$74K               & 1.707                  & -3.285                 & -6.296    & 13.28   & 7.779     & -4.897    & -5.267    & -5.043    & -21.24**  \\
                                  & (18.84)                & (15.05)                & (18.73)   & (30.93) & (13.80)   & (16.02)   & (13.32)   & (18.45)   & (10.62)   \\
Income: \$75K-\$99K               & 14.72                  & 1.496                  & 23.29     & -12.44  & 16.38     & -6.501    & 3.992     & -1.052    & -38.78*** \\
                                  & (22.59)                & (19.23)                & (16.90)   & (32.40) & (15.60)   & (16.33)   & (15.14)   & (20.21)   & (11.37)   \\
Income: \$100K+                   & -20.42                 & -10.28                 & -16.91    & 26.77   & 14.86     & -1.629    & -3.374    & -16.85    & -39.84*** \\
                                  & (17.71)                & (15.38)                & (16.59)   & (32.05) & (13.77)   & (14.90)   & (12.53)   & (16.08)   & (9.679)   \\
HS FT                             & 121.5**                & 37.02                  & 45.33     & -0.143  & -25.50    & 95.15*    & -57.62    & 45.71**   & -41.37    \\
                                  & (47.67)                & (29.63)                & (37.78)   & (80.65) & (43.74)   & (49.85)   & (50.88)   & (19.11)   & (29.02)   \\
College PT                        & -34.71                 & -123.9***              & 87.23*    & 122.9   & -11.54    & 72.25     & -20.30    & 46.87**   & -15.88    \\
                                  & (55.69)                & (41.52)                & (44.23)   & (92.89) & (44.43)   & (51.99)   & (49.57)   & (22.32)   & (31.42)   \\
College FT                        & 72.67                  & -73.94**               & 99.87***  & 57.41   & -3.522    & 130.9**   & -36.89    & 44.27**   & -17.40    \\
                                  & (50.66)                & (32.83)                & (37.64)   & (86.46) & (42.80)   & (51.80)   & (49.36)   & (19.93)   & (29.60)   \\
Holiday Ind                       & -71.21                 & -328.8***              & 105.7*    & -15.15  & 86.98**   & 57.68     & 37.77     & -50.08*** & 28.35     \\
                                  & (55.62)                & (35.47)                & (55.53)   & (57.95) & (37.19)   & (45.84)   & (32.05)   & (16.26)   & (21.81)   \\
Feb                               & -7.354                 & -41.19*                & 14.16     & -38.14  & -15.61    & -13.50    & -22.03    & -11.07    & 8.406     \\
                                  & (23.71)                & (22.12)                & (17.10)   & (45.86) & (20.29)   & (21.26)   & (17.27)   & (20.61)   & (12.81)   \\
Mar                               & -25.18                 & -34.18                 & 11.41     & -15.00  & -28.91    & -18.31    & -35.12*   & -13.06    & -14.35    \\
                                  & (27.28)                & (21.34)                & (20.10)   & (50.51) & (20.72)   & (22.70)   & (18.44)   & (14.70)   & (12.25)   \\
Apr                               & -44.52*                & -42.43                 & -11.03    & -86.24* & 2.409     & -33.39    & 5.692     & -11.63    & 3.988     \\
                                  & (25.67)                & (26.28)                & (17.06)   & (46.37) & (21.89)   & (22.54)   & (20.95)   & (21.27)   & (13.86)   \\
May                               & -17.08                 & -40.98**               & 27.16     & -5.523  & 23.16     & 3.246     & -3.452    & -13.47    & 3.535     \\
                                  & (23.70)                & (19.87)                & (20.05)   & (52.54) & (19.44)   & (23.76)   & (19.46)   & (15.21)   & (15.29)   \\
Jun                               & -116.4***              & -124.7***              & 28.38     & 0.570   & 70.26***  & 25.17     & 25.23     & 2.929     & 6.211     \\
                                  & (32.49)                & (33.13)                & (23.06)   & (53.25) & (25.41)   & (22.44)   & (24.11)   & (24.38)   & (16.67)   \\
Jul                               & -145.7***              & -151.6**               & -5.153    & 26.40   & 97.70***  & 26.69     & 48.86*    & -29.30**  & 0.508     \\
                                  & (35.67)                & (75.04)                & (24.66)   & (51.83) & (26.98)   & (30.80)   & (25.90)   & (14.42)   & (14.26)   \\
Aug                               & -95.75***              & -102.1***              & 3.272     & 57.29   & 53.34**   & -16.11    & 11.95     & -7.279    & 7.681     \\
                                  & (32.41)                & (26.81)                & (24.19)   & (46.32) & (21.10)   & (26.14)   & (19.76)   & (15.74)   & (14.53)   \\
Sep                               & 17.39                  & -32.44                 & 29.79     & -45.38  & -38.30*   & -33.33    & -43.12**  & -15.61    & -6.305    \\
                                  & (27.43)                & (22.37)                & (18.40)   & (57.63) & (19.43)   & (22.04)   & (16.61)   & (15.71)   & (14.62)   \\
Oct                               & -15.35                 & -42.45*                & 4.537     & -34.88  & -18.57    & -17.06    & -6.265    & -31.62*   & -22.62*   \\
                                  & (22.55)                & (21.76)                & (20.54)   & (40.55) & (19.14)   & (22.14)   & (19.14)   & (17.52)   & (12.92)   \\
Nov                               & -24.73                 & -40.12**               & 2.489     & 3.924   & -27.33    & -20.10    & -20.10    & -37.97**  & -7.854    \\
                                  & (21.29)                & (19.76)                & (16.33)   & (39.37) & (18.39)   & (23.83)   & (16.26)   & (17.76)   & (13.58)   \\
Dec                               & -46.75*                & -33.56                 & 1.354     & -3.777  & 42.12**   & 32.32     & 3.952     & -33.76**  & -6.368    \\
                                  & (26.32)                & (24.16)                & (22.97)   & (43.25) & (20.11)   & (26.60)   & (20.20)   & (14.92)   & (14.16)   \\
Midwest                           & -31.10                 & -22.88                 & 0.685     & -17.07  & 0.855     & -26.87    & -0.192    & 23.54*    & 4.501     \\
                                  & (18.97)                & (15.45)                & (16.02)   & (29.47) & (14.12)   & (17.06)   & (12.70)   & (12.47)   & (10.32)   \\
South                             & -25.15                 & -6.592                 & -11.01    & -28.64  & 10.22     & -10.94    & 4.642     & 6.071     & -7.164    \\
                                  & (19.03)                & (16.26)                & (13.89)   & (29.30) & (13.51)   & (15.71)   & (12.52)   & (10.38)   & (9.001)   \\
West                              & -4.558                 & -15.89                 & 18.78     & -37.35  & -14.61    & -17.50    & -4.771    & 14.23     & -9.066    \\
                                  & (19.05)                & (15.98)                & (16.06)   & (25.64) & (14.39)   & (16.00)   & (13.31)   & (9.894)   & (9.671)   \\
MSA                               & 18.49                  & 12.88                  & 19.74**   & 49.90** & 5.408     & 29.45***  & -5.004    & -6.028    & 2.882     \\
                                  & (14.72)                & (11.06)                & (9.822)   & (21.51) & (11.34)   & (10.85)   & (9.498)   & (9.062)   & (7.970)   \\
MSA-not identified                & -17.87                 & 24.43                  & -16.71    & 51.18*  & 14.61     & -2.050    & 26.12*    & -12.08    & -15.21*   \\
                                  & (20.00)                & (15.51)                & (14.90)   & (28.12) & (14.56)   & (13.11)   & (14.29)   & (11.63)   & (9.079)   \\
Non-metro                         & 15.05                  & 30.05*                 & -16.90    & 13.44   & 4.520     & 14.40     & 4.945     & 4.741     & -12.15    \\
                                  & (21.76)                & (17.39)                & (18.02)   & (35.73) & (16.56)   & (18.60)   & (14.97)   & (20.41)   & (11.46)   \\
MSA Status Unknown                & -10.79                 & -22.18                 & 39.71     & 6.478   & -25.19    & -69.50*** & 65.14     & 14.92     & -19.91    \\
                                  & (27.89)                & (25.08)                & (46.91)   & (37.47) & (40.64)   & (22.09)   & (49.49)   & (94.56)   & (17.94)   \\
Constant                          & 321.1***               & 407.5***               & -31.25    & 228.9*  & 510.3***  & -36.96    & 430.1***  & 182.3***  & 780.3***  \\
                                  & (89.30)                & (73.72)                & (76.43)   & (138.3) & (71.88)   & (76.39)   & (77.12)   & (50.91)   & (45.33)   \\ \hline
\multicolumn{10}{l}{***   p\textless{}0.01, ** p\textless{}0.05, * p\textless{}0.10.  All analysis uses replicate weights.} \\
\end{tabular}}
\end{table}


\begin{landscape}
\begin{table}[]
\centering
   
    \caption{Marginal Effects of Interaction Estimates with Replicate Weights}
    \label{tab:OLSbyincome_RW}
\begin{tabular}{lccccccccc}
\hline
                             & (1)       & (2)       & (3)      & (4)      & (5)      & (6)       & (7)      & (8)       & (9)     \\
                             & EDUC      & CLASS     & HWORK    & WORK     & LEISURE  & SOCIAL    & SCREEN   & EXERCISE  & SLEEP   \\ \hline
\textbf{Panel A:  Covid Indicator}    &           &           &          &          &          &           &          &           &         \\ \hline
\textbf{Extensive Margin}    &           &           &          &          &          &           &          &           &         \\ \hline

Low Income                   & -0.001    & -0.006    & 0.008    & -0.002   & 0.036    & -0.094*   & 0.055    & -0.054    &         \\
                             & (0.048)   & (0.048)   & (0.049)  & (0.033)  & (0.028)  & (0.051)   & (0.039)  & (0.044)   &         \\
Mid-to-High Income           & -0.014    & -0.041*   & -0.016   & 0.023    & -0.011   & -0.127*** & 0.019    & -0.011    &         \\
                             & (0.025)   & (0.024)   & (0.026)  & (0.021)  & (0.013)  & (0.029)   & (0.021)  & (0.026)   &         \\ \hline
\textbf{Intensive Margin}                             &           &           &          &          &          &           &          &           &         \\
Low Income                   & -62.96**  & -50.26**  & -21.76   & 1.199    & 35.15**  & 37.05     & 52.94*** & -35.13**  & 9.174   \\
                             & (28.38)   & (20.17)   & (22.40)  & (42.15)  & (17.62)  & (22.77)   & (17.89)  & (17.39)   & (13.52) \\
Mid-to-High Income           & -28.72**  & -12.93    & 7.148    & -0.480   & 20.05*   & -4.434    & 36.10*** & 8.543     & 2.898   \\
                             & (13.26)   & (10.76)   & (8.826)  & (17.97)  & (10.45)  & (12.07)   & (10.63)  & (9.213)   & (7.638) \\ \hline
\textbf{Panel B:  Two Covid Periods}  &           &           &          &          &          &           &          &           &         \\ \hline
\textbf{Intensive Margin}             &           &           &          &          &          &           &          &           &         \\ \hline
Early Pandemic Period        &           &           &          &          &          &           &          &           &         \\
Low Income                   & -0.022    & -0.103    & 0.0339   & -0.0174  & 0.067**  & -0.011    & 0.128*** & -0.000    &         \\
                             & (0.070)   & (0.065)   & (0.0685) & (0.0491) & (0.026)  & (0.064)   & (0.037)  & (0.060)   &         \\
Mid-to-High Income           & 0.010     & -0.052    & 0.0137   & 0.0296   & -0.022   & -0.199*** & 0.012    & 0.010     &         \\
                             & (0.029)   & (0.032)   & (0.0350) & (0.0300) & (0.019)  & (0.031)   & (0.029)  & (0.036)   &         \\ \hline
Later Pandemic Period        &           &           &          &          &          &           &          &           &         \\
Low Income                   & 0.008     & 0.042     & -0.005   & 0.004    & 0.023    & -0.132**  & 0.021    & -0.081*   &         \\
                             & (0.053)   & (0.057)   & (0.056)  & (0.037)  & (0.033)  & (0.0581)  & (0.050)  & (0.047)   &         \\
Mid-to-High Income           & -0.027    & -0.035    & -0.032   & 0.019    & -0.005   & -0.0862** & 0.022    & -0.023    &         \\
                             & (0.030)   & (0.028)   & (0.032)  & (0.024)  & (0.014)  & (0.0357)  & (0.024)  & (0.030)   &         \\ \hline
\textbf{Extensive Margin}             &           &           &          &          &          &           &          &           &         \\ \hline
Early Pandemic Period        &           &           &          &          &          &           &          &           &         \\
Low Income                   & -105.1**  & -86.24*** & -6.322   & -42.92   & 96.09*** & 79.36*    & 79.67*** & -48.61*** & 22.23   \\
                             & (41.75)   & (31.49)   & (36.94)  & (59.69)  & (25.51)  & (43.46)   & (27.02)  & (18.40)   & (20.42) \\
Mid-to-High Income           & -46.01*** & -15.49    & 10.72    & -9.862   & 28.72*   & 5.037     & 55.37*** & 17.86     & 9.444   \\
                             & (16.77)   & (16.26)   & (12.84)  & (23.92)  & (15.31)  & (15.40)   & (14.79)  & (12.89)   & (9.537) \\ \hline
Later Pandemic Period        &           &           &          &          &          &           &          &           &         \\
Low Income                   & -43.79    & -37.37*   & -29.13   & 18.46    & 4.905    & 6.916     & 38.60*   & -24.74    & 2.970   \\
                             & (32.26)   & (21.95)   & (22.64)  & (44.72)  & (20.60)  & (25.27)   & (20.24)  & (20.62)   & (15.21) \\
Mid-to-High Income           & -18.54    & -11.41    & 4.944    & 5.216    & 15.44    & -8.121    & 25.61**  & 2.713     & -0.715  \\
                             & (15.43)   & (12.79)   & (9.671)  & (22.14)  & (12.29)  & (13.14)   & (12.87)  & (9.877)   & (9.262) \\ \hline
\multicolumn{10}{l}{Notes: *** .01; **   .05; *.10; N = 2495; All analysis uses replicate weights.} \\
\multicolumn{10}{l}{Low income is considered \$34,999 or lower (~25th percentile of the distribution).}\\
\multicolumn{10}{l}{Marginal effects are calculated from the OLS model including interactions between the covid indicator and }	\\ 
\multicolumn{10}{l}{low income indicator along with all additional covariates.} \\
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\end{landscape}


\end{document}