% --- 1. Core Disinformation & Deepfake Papers ---

@article{sharma2024,
  author    = {P. Sharma and others},
  title     = {Information Warfare in Modern Conflicts},
  journal   = {Journal of Defense Studies},
  year      = {2024}
}

@article{smith2023,
  author    = {J. Smith and others},
  title     = {VMID: Video Misinformation Detector},
  journal   = {IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security},
  year      = {2023}
}

@inproceedings{johnson2023,
  author    = {A. Johnson and others},
  title     = {COOLANT: Cross-modal Learning for News Truthfulness},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)},
  year      = {2023}
}

@inproceedings{brown2024,
  author    = {R. Brown and others},
  title     = {GAME-ON: Graph Attention for Misinformation Enhancement},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)},
  year      = {2024}
}

@inproceedings{davis2023,
  author    = {L. Davis and others},
  title     = {MCAN: Multimodal Co-Attention Network},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  year      = {2023}
}

@inproceedings{afchar2018,
  author    = {D. Afchar and V. Nozick and J. Yamagishi and I. Echizen},
  title     = {MesoNet: a Compact Facial Video Forgery Detection Network},
  booktitle = {IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS)},
  year      = {2018}
}

@article{xu2021,
  author    = {Y. Xu and others},
  title     = {M3-FEND: Multi-Modal Multi-Scale Fake News Detection},
  journal   = {IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security},
  year      = {2021}
}

@inproceedings{rossler2019,
  author    = {A. R\"ossler and D. Cozzolino and L. Verdoliva and C. Riess and J. Thies and M. Nie\ss{}ner},
  title     = {FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Images},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  year      = {2019}
}

% --- 2. Advanced Architectures (Bi-level, GNN, CLIP) ---

@inproceedings{zhang2023bilevel,
  author    = {X. Zhang and others},
  title     = {A bi-level multi-modal fake generative news detection framework},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
  year      = {2023}
}

@article{li2023survey,
  author    = {Y. Li and others},
  title     = {A Comprehensive Survey on AI in Counter-Terrorism and Cybersecurity: Challenges and Ethical Dimensions},
  journal   = {ACM Computing Surveys},
  year      = {2023}
}

@article{singh2024review,
  author    = {A. Singh and others},
  title     = {A Review of Deep Learning Techniques for Multimodal Fake News and Harmful Languages Detection},
  journal   = {IEEE Access},
  year      = {2024}
}

@inproceedings{wang2022crossmodal,
  author    = {L. Wang and others},
  title     = {Cross-modal Contrastive Learning for Multimodal Fake News},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)},
  year      = {2022}
}

@inproceedings{qian2023graph,
  author    = {T. Qian and others},
  title     = {Graph Attention Network Based Multimodal Fake News Detection},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)},
  year      = {2023}
}

@inproceedings{chen2023modality,
  author    = {R. Chen and others},
  title     = {Modality Interactive Mixture-of-Experts for Fake News Detection},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference (WWW)},
  year      = {2023}
}

@article{liu2022gnnmultimodal,
  author    = {S. Liu and others},
  title     = {Multimodal fake news detection using graph neural networks},
  journal   = {ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology},
  year      = {2022}
}

@article{wang2023clipguided,
  author    = {F. Wang and others},
  title     = {Multimodal Fake News Detection via CLIP-Guided Learning},
  journal   = {IEEE Transactions on Multimedia},
  year      = {2023}
}

% --- 3. Technical Models (Audio, Vision, Text) ---

@inproceedings{chollet2017xception,
  author    = {F. Chollet},
  title     = {Xception: Deep Learning with Depthwise Separable Convolutions},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
  year      = {2017}
}

@article{jung2022aasist,
  author    = {J. Jung and others},
  title     = {AASIST: Audio Anti-Spoofing Using Integrated Spectral-Temporal Graph Attention Networks},
  journal   = {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing},
  year      = {2022}
}

@inproceedings{radford2021clip,
  author    = {A. Radford and others},
  title     = {Learning Transferable Visual Models from Natural Language Supervision},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)},
  year      = {2021}
}

@article{wu2023clap,
  author    = {H. Wu and others},
  title     = {CLAP: Learning Audio-Text Embeddings with Large-Scale Contrastive Pre-Training},
  journal   = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.09866},
  year      = {2023}
}

@article{sanh2019distilbert,
  author    = {V. Sanh and others},
  title     = {DistilBERT: A Distilled Version of BERT},
  journal   = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.01108},
  year      = {2019}
}

@techreport{gemini2024,
  author    = {{Google DeepMind}},
  title     = {Gemini 2.0 Technical Report},
  institution = {Google},
  year      = {2024}
}

% --- 4. Datasets & Context ---

@inproceedings{wang2017liar,
  author    = {W. Y. Wang},
  title     = {Liar, Liar Pants on Fire: A New Benchmark Dataset for Fake News Detection},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)},
  year      = {2017}
}

@misc{isot2017,
  author    = {{ISOT Dataset Team}},
  title     = {ISOT Fake News Detection Dataset},
  howpublished = {Kaggle},
  note      = {Accessed: 2025},
  year      = {2017}
}

@article{fakenewsnet2018,
  author    = {J. Shu and H. Shu and H. Liu},
  title     = {FakeNewsNet: A Data Repository with News Content, Social Context, and Dynamic Information},
  journal   = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.01286},
  year      = {2018}
}

@article{dfdc2020,
  author    = {B. Dolhansky and others},
  title     = {The DeepFake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Dataset},
  journal   = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.07397},
  year      = {2020}
}

@article{anand2023mmmisinfo,
  author    = {P. Anand and others},
  title     = {Multi-modal Misinformation Detection Approaches: A Survey},
  journal   = {Information Fusion},
  volume    = {102},
  pages     = {102025},
  year      = {2023}
}

@article{shahi2021misinfo,
  author    = {G. Shahi and A. Dutta},
  title     = {False Information on Web and Social Media: A Survey},
  journal   = {IEEE Access},
  year      = {2021}
}

@inproceedings{pacheco2020covidmisinfo,
  author    = {D. Pacheco and others},
  title     = {Uncovering Coordinated Networks on Social Media: COVID-19 Misinformation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM)},
  year      = {2020}
}

@article{muller2019geopolitics,
  author    = {K. M\"uller and others},
  title     = {The Geopolitics of Information Warfare},
  journal   = {Journal of Conflict Resolution},
  year      = {2019}
}

@misc{pressfreedom2024,
  author    = {{Reporters Without Borders}},
  title     = {World Press Freedom Index},
  year      = {2024}
}

% --- 5. Libraries & Tools ---

@misc{serpapi2025,
  author    = {{SerpAPI}},
  title     = {Google Search API Documentation},
  howpublished = {\url{https://serpapi.com}},
  note      = {Accessed: 2025},
  year      = {2025}
}

@article{schulman2017ppo,
  author    = {J. Schulman and others},
  title     = {Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms},
  journal   = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.06347},
  year      = {2017}
}

@article{pedregosa2011sklearn,
  author    = {F. Pedregosa and others},
  title     = {Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python},
  journal   = {Journal of Machine Learning Research (JMLR)},
  year      = {2011}
}

@inproceedings{paszke2019pytorch,
  author    = {A. Paszke and others},
  title     = {PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)},
  year      = {2019}
}

@article{kingma2014adam,
  author    = {D. Kingma and J. Ba},
  title     = {Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization},
  journal   = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980},
  year      = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{snoek2012bayesopt,
  author    = {J. Snoek and H. Larochelle and R. P. Adams},
  title     = {Practical Bayesian Optimization of Machine Learning Algorithms},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)},
  year      = {2012}
}

@misc{opencv2025,
  author    = {{OpenCV Team}},
  title     = {OpenCV Library},
  howpublished = {\url{https://opencv.org}},
  note      = {Accessed: 2025},
  year      = {2025}
}

@misc{ffmpeg2025,
  author    = {{FFmpeg Developers}},
  title     = {FFmpeg Multimedia Framework},
  howpublished = {\url{https://ffmpeg.org}},
  note      = {Accessed: 2025},
  year      = {2025}
}

@misc{torchaudio2022,
  author    = {{Torchaudio Team}},
  title     = {Torchaudio Library},
  note      = {Accessed: 2025},
  year      = {2022}
}

@misc{tldextract2024,
  author    = {T. Tolhurst},
  title     = {tldextract: Accurate Domain Parsing for URL Intelligence},
  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/john-kurkowski/tldextract}},
  note      = {Accessed: 2025},
  year      = {2024}
}

@book{bishop2006,
  author    = {C. M. Bishop},
  title     = {Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year      = {2006}
}

@article{news18_rafale_2025,
  author    = {{News18}},
  title     = {China Targeted India With AI-Driven `Disinformation' On Rafale After Op Sindoor: US Report},
  journal   = {News18},
  year      = {2025},
  month     = {nov},
  note      = {[Online]. Available: https://www.news18.com}
}

@techreport{khan2025misinfo,
  author    = {N. Khan and K. Raj and Z. Khan},
  title     = {Inside the Misinformation and Disinformation War: An Analysis of the 2025 Indo-Pak Crisis},
  institution = {Center for the Study of Organized Hate (CSOH)},
  type      = {CSOH Special Report},
  year      = {2025},
  month     = {may},
  note      = {[Online]. Available: https://www.csohate.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Report\_CSOH\_Inside-the-Misinformation-and-Disinformation-War-.pdf}
}