| \n", " | dataset_name | \n", "model_name | \n", "param_size | \n", "temperature | \n", "prompt_path | \n", "question_csv | \n", "agent_id | \n", "token | \n", "question_nr | \n", "question | \n", "... | \n", "scoreB | \n", "scoreC | \n", "scoreD | \n", "lead | \n", "confidence | \n", "opinion | \n", "full_response | \n", "dataset | \n", "model_group | \n", "question_uid | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | \n", "LAAI | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "8b | \n", "0.2 | \n", "_prompt.txt | \n", "LAAI.csv | \n", "1 | \n", "R1 | \n", "1 | \n", "What can be considered the most decisive histo... | \n", "... | \n", "60.0 | \n", "75.0 | \n", "45.0 | \n", "A | \n", "90.0 | \n", "The latifundia system was the most decisive hi... | \n", "Scores: A=85, B=60, C=75, D=45\\nLead: A\\nConfi... | \n", "eng | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "eng:1 | \n", "
| 1 | \n", "LAAI | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "8b | \n", "0.2 | \n", "_prompt.txt | \n", "LAAI.csv | \n", "1 | \n", "R1 | \n", "2 | \n", "How did colonial “extractive” institutions inf... | \n", "... | \n", "85.0 | \n", "90.0 | \n", "60.0 | \n", "C | \n", "8.0 | \n", "Option C is most favorable because it reflects... | \n", "Scores: A=70, B=85, C=90, D=60\\nLead: C\\nConfi... | \n", "eng | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "eng:2 | \n", "
| 2 | \n", "LAAI | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "8b | \n", "0.2 | \n", "_prompt.txt | \n", "LAAI.csv | \n", "1 | \n", "R1 | \n", "3 | \n", "The relationship between land concentration an... | \n", "... | \n", "30.0 | \n", "40.0 | \n", "20.0 | \n", "A | \n", "90.0 | \n", "NaN | \n", "Scores: A=85, B=30, C=40, D=20\\nLead: A\\nConfi... | \n", "eng | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "eng:3 | \n", "
| 3 | \n", "LAAI | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "8b | \n", "0.2 | \n", "_prompt.txt | \n", "LAAI.csv | \n", "1 | \n", "R1 | \n", "4 | \n", "What role did the historical exclusion of indi... | \n", "... | \n", "60.0 | \n", "30.0 | \n", "40.0 | \n", "A | \n", "90.0 | \n", "NaN | \n", "Scores: A=95, B=60, C=30, D=40\\nLead: A\\nConfi... | \n", "eng | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "eng:4 | \n", "
| 4 | \n", "LAAI | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "8b | \n", "0.2 | \n", "_prompt.txt | \n", "LAAI.csv | \n", "1 | \n", "R1 | \n", "5 | \n", "The legacy of slavery in current income dispar... | \n", "... | \n", "70.0 | \n", "60.0 | \n", "30.0 | \n", "A | \n", "90.0 | \n", "NaN | \n", "Scores: A=85, B=70, C=60, D=30\\nLead: A\\nConfi... | \n", "eng | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "eng:5 | \n", "
5 rows × 25 columns
\n", "| \n", " | dataset | \n", "question_uid | \n", "question_nr | \n", "model_group | \n", "option | \n", "mean_raw | \n", "mean_centered | \n", "std_centered | \n", "n | \n", "se_centered | \n", "ci95_centered | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | \n", "eng | \n", "eng:1 | \n", "1 | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "A | \n", "85.75 | \n", "16.5875 | \n", "4.296665 | \n", "100 | \n", "0.429667 | \n", "0.842146 | \n", "
| 1 | \n", "eng | \n", "eng:1 | \n", "1 | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "B | \n", "63.50 | \n", "-5.6625 | \n", "3.330752 | \n", "100 | \n", "0.333075 | \n", "0.652827 | \n", "
| 2 | \n", "eng | \n", "eng:1 | \n", "1 | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "C | \n", "77.95 | \n", "8.7875 | \n", "3.837181 | \n", "100 | \n", "0.383718 | \n", "0.752087 | \n", "
| 3 | \n", "eng | \n", "eng:1 | \n", "1 | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "D | \n", "49.45 | \n", "-19.7125 | \n", "4.996384 | \n", "100 | \n", "0.499638 | \n", "0.979291 | \n", "
| 4 | \n", "eng | \n", "eng:1 | \n", "1 | \n", "deepseek-r1:8b | \n", "A | \n", "78.85 | \n", "28.0875 | \n", "12.434748 | \n", "100 | \n", "1.243475 | \n", "2.437211 | \n", "
| model_group | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "deepseek-r1:8b | \n", "dolphin3:8b | \n", "gemma3:12b | \n", "gpt-oss:20b | \n", "granite4:3b | \n", "lfm2.5-thinking:1.2b | \n", "ministral-3:8b | \n", "phi4-mini-reasoning:3.8b | \n", "qwen3:8b | \n", "rnj-1:8b | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| model_group | \n", "\n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " |
| cogito:8b | \n", "1.000 | \n", "0.627 | \n", "0.857 | \n", "0.702 | \n", "0.594 | \n", "0.689 | \n", "0.652 | \n", "0.708 | \n", "0.571 | \n", "0.701 | \n", "0.711 | \n", "
| deepseek-r1:8b | \n", "0.627 | \n", "1.000 | \n", "0.706 | \n", "0.680 | \n", "0.888 | \n", "0.582 | \n", "0.731 | \n", "0.852 | \n", "0.716 | \n", "0.863 | \n", "0.771 | \n", "
| dolphin3:8b | \n", "0.857 | \n", "0.706 | \n", "1.000 | \n", "0.675 | \n", "0.645 | \n", "0.677 | \n", "0.667 | \n", "0.719 | \n", "0.600 | \n", "0.715 | \n", "0.761 | \n", "
| gemma3:12b | \n", "0.702 | \n", "0.680 | \n", "0.675 | \n", "1.000 | \n", "0.667 | \n", "0.650 | \n", "0.608 | \n", "0.782 | \n", "0.655 | \n", "0.729 | \n", "0.765 | \n", "
| gpt-oss:20b | \n", "0.594 | \n", "0.888 | \n", "0.645 | \n", "0.667 | \n", "1.000 | \n", "0.481 | \n", "0.687 | \n", "0.840 | \n", "0.714 | \n", "0.800 | \n", "0.733 | \n", "
| granite4:3b | \n", "0.689 | \n", "0.582 | \n", "0.677 | \n", "0.650 | \n", "0.481 | \n", "1.000 | \n", "0.669 | \n", "0.637 | \n", "0.493 | \n", "0.604 | \n", "0.678 | \n", "
| lfm2.5-thinking:1.2b | \n", "0.652 | \n", "0.731 | \n", "0.667 | \n", "0.608 | \n", "0.687 | \n", "0.669 | \n", "1.000 | \n", "0.712 | \n", "0.557 | \n", "0.696 | \n", "0.671 | \n", "
| ministral-3:8b | \n", "0.708 | \n", "0.852 | \n", "0.719 | \n", "0.782 | \n", "0.840 | \n", "0.637 | \n", "0.712 | \n", "1.000 | \n", "0.697 | \n", "0.826 | \n", "0.807 | \n", "
| phi4-mini-reasoning:3.8b | \n", "0.571 | \n", "0.716 | \n", "0.600 | \n", "0.655 | \n", "0.714 | \n", "0.493 | \n", "0.557 | \n", "0.697 | \n", "1.000 | \n", "0.699 | \n", "0.666 | \n", "
| qwen3:8b | \n", "0.701 | \n", "0.863 | \n", "0.715 | \n", "0.729 | \n", "0.800 | \n", "0.604 | \n", "0.696 | \n", "0.826 | \n", "0.699 | \n", "1.000 | \n", "0.815 | \n", "
| rnj-1:8b | \n", "0.711 | \n", "0.771 | \n", "0.761 | \n", "0.765 | \n", "0.733 | \n", "0.678 | \n", "0.671 | \n", "0.807 | \n", "0.666 | \n", "0.815 | \n", "1.000 | \n", "
| \n", " | model_a | \n", "model_b | \n", "cosine_similarity | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|
| 12 | \n", "deepseek-r1:8b | \n", "gpt-oss:20b | \n", "0.888 | \n", "
| 17 | \n", "deepseek-r1:8b | \n", "qwen3:8b | \n", "0.863 | \n", "
| 1 | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "dolphin3:8b | \n", "0.857 | \n", "
| 15 | \n", "deepseek-r1:8b | \n", "ministral-3:8b | \n", "0.852 | \n", "
| 36 | \n", "gpt-oss:20b | \n", "ministral-3:8b | \n", "0.840 | \n", "
| 50 | \n", "ministral-3:8b | \n", "qwen3:8b | \n", "0.826 | \n", "
| 54 | \n", "qwen3:8b | \n", "rnj-1:8b | \n", "0.815 | \n", "
| 51 | \n", "ministral-3:8b | \n", "rnj-1:8b | \n", "0.807 | \n", "
| 38 | \n", "gpt-oss:20b | \n", "qwen3:8b | \n", "0.800 | \n", "
| 30 | \n", "gemma3:12b | \n", "ministral-3:8b | \n", "0.782 | \n", "
| 18 | \n", "deepseek-r1:8b | \n", "rnj-1:8b | \n", "0.771 | \n", "
| 33 | \n", "gemma3:12b | \n", "rnj-1:8b | \n", "0.765 | \n", "
| 26 | \n", "dolphin3:8b | \n", "rnj-1:8b | \n", "0.761 | \n", "
| 39 | \n", "gpt-oss:20b | \n", "rnj-1:8b | \n", "0.733 | \n", "
| 14 | \n", "deepseek-r1:8b | \n", "lfm2.5-thinking:1.2b | \n", "0.731 | \n", "
| \n", " | model_a | \n", "model_b | \n", "cosine_similarity | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|
| 34 | \n", "gpt-oss:20b | \n", "granite4:3b | \n", "0.481 | \n", "
| 42 | \n", "granite4:3b | \n", "phi4-mini-reasoning:3.8b | \n", "0.493 | \n", "
| 46 | \n", "lfm2.5-thinking:1.2b | \n", "phi4-mini-reasoning:3.8b | \n", "0.557 | \n", "
| 7 | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "phi4-mini-reasoning:3.8b | \n", "0.571 | \n", "
| 13 | \n", "deepseek-r1:8b | \n", "granite4:3b | \n", "0.582 | \n", "
| 3 | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "gpt-oss:20b | \n", "0.594 | \n", "
| 24 | \n", "dolphin3:8b | \n", "phi4-mini-reasoning:3.8b | \n", "0.600 | \n", "
| 43 | \n", "granite4:3b | \n", "qwen3:8b | \n", "0.604 | \n", "
| 29 | \n", "gemma3:12b | \n", "lfm2.5-thinking:1.2b | \n", "0.608 | \n", "
| 0 | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "deepseek-r1:8b | \n", "0.627 | \n", "
| 41 | \n", "granite4:3b | \n", "ministral-3:8b | \n", "0.637 | \n", "
| 20 | \n", "dolphin3:8b | \n", "gpt-oss:20b | \n", "0.645 | \n", "
| 28 | \n", "gemma3:12b | \n", "granite4:3b | \n", "0.650 | \n", "
| 5 | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "lfm2.5-thinking:1.2b | \n", "0.652 | \n", "
| 31 | \n", "gemma3:12b | \n", "phi4-mini-reasoning:3.8b | \n", "0.655 | \n", "
| \n", " | pct_variance_explained | \n", "
|---|---|
| PC1 | \n", "28.63 | \n", "
| PC2 | \n", "17.48 | \n", "
| PC3 | \n", "11.56 | \n", "
| PC4 | \n", "10.50 | \n", "
| PC5 | \n", "8.30 | \n", "
| PC6 | \n", "7.00 | \n", "
| PC7 | \n", "5.27 | \n", "
| PC8 | \n", "5.04 | \n", "
| PC9 | \n", "3.79 | \n", "
| PC10 | \n", "2.42 | \n", "
| PC11 | \n", "0.00 | \n", "
| \n", " | PC1 | \n", "PC2 | \n", "PC3 | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|
| model_group | \n", "\n", " | \n", " | \n", " |
| cogito:8b | \n", "-103.051 | \n", "-19.316 | \n", "17.129 | \n", "
| deepseek-r1:8b | \n", "95.008 | \n", "12.439 | \n", "23.081 | \n", "
| dolphin3:8b | \n", "-76.426 | \n", "-26.607 | \n", "57.907 | \n", "
| gemma3:12b | \n", "-34.553 | \n", "-69.111 | \n", "-82.322 | \n", "
| gpt-oss:20b | \n", "157.133 | \n", "2.624 | \n", "17.141 | \n", "
| granite4:3b | \n", "-142.343 | \n", "49.315 | \n", "-46.140 | \n", "
| lfm2.5-thinking:1.2b | \n", "-5.257 | \n", "182.714 | \n", "26.957 | \n", "
| ministral-3:8b | \n", "81.540 | \n", "0.214 | \n", "-98.088 | \n", "
| phi4-mini-reasoning:3.8b | \n", "-3.667 | \n", "-76.625 | \n", "93.692 | \n", "
| qwen3:8b | \n", "48.037 | \n", "-19.207 | \n", "3.444 | \n", "
| rnj-1:8b | \n", "-16.422 | \n", "-36.439 | \n", "-12.800 | \n", "
| \n", " | \n", " | PC1 | \n", "PC2 | \n", "PC3 | \n", "PC4 | \n", "PC5 | \n", "PC6 | \n", "PC7 | \n", "PC8 | \n", "PC9 | \n", "PC10 | \n", "PC11 | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| question_nr | \n", "option | \n", "\n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " |
| 9 | \n", "D | \n", "0.191 | \n", "0.016 | \n", "0.137 | \n", "0.075 | \n", "-0.114 | \n", "0.034 | \n", "-0.002 | \n", "-0.125 | \n", "0.043 | \n", "-0.103 | \n", "0.015 | \n", "
| 11 | \n", "D | \n", "0.172 | \n", "0.081 | \n", "0.261 | \n", "0.024 | \n", "-0.068 | \n", "0.062 | \n", "0.016 | \n", "-0.004 | \n", "0.024 | \n", "0.155 | \n", "0.063 | \n", "
| 13 | \n", "D | \n", "0.157 | \n", "-0.005 | \n", "0.034 | \n", "-0.077 | \n", "0.077 | \n", "0.102 | \n", "-0.004 | \n", "0.003 | \n", "-0.019 | \n", "0.034 | \n", "0.019 | \n", "
| 14 | \n", "D | \n", "0.152 | \n", "0.000 | \n", "0.100 | \n", "-0.111 | \n", "-0.065 | \n", "0.059 | \n", "0.023 | \n", "0.011 | \n", "0.004 | \n", "-0.141 | \n", "0.013 | \n", "
| 10 | \n", "D | \n", "0.136 | \n", "0.035 | \n", "0.015 | \n", "-0.157 | \n", "0.138 | \n", "0.023 | \n", "-0.079 | \n", "0.047 | \n", "0.017 | \n", "0.027 | \n", "0.095 | \n", "
| 52 | \n", "B | \n", "0.133 | \n", "0.047 | \n", "-0.025 | \n", "-0.073 | \n", "-0.002 | \n", "0.021 | \n", "-0.066 | \n", "0.016 | \n", "0.026 | \n", "-0.061 | \n", "-0.011 | \n", "
| 27 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.135 | \n", "-0.040 | \n", "-0.018 | \n", "0.026 | \n", "0.045 | \n", "0.054 | \n", "0.108 | \n", "-0.056 | \n", "-0.005 | \n", "-0.016 | \n", "-0.053 | \n", "
| 59 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.147 | \n", "-0.056 | \n", "0.027 | \n", "0.036 | \n", "0.131 | \n", "-0.034 | \n", "-0.004 | \n", "0.048 | \n", "-0.040 | \n", "0.028 | \n", "0.023 | \n", "
| 69 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.150 | \n", "-0.031 | \n", "0.056 | \n", "-0.056 | \n", "-0.040 | \n", "-0.059 | \n", "-0.036 | \n", "0.006 | \n", "0.062 | \n", "-0.018 | \n", "0.006 | \n", "
| 65 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.152 | \n", "0.017 | \n", "-0.002 | \n", "-0.163 | \n", "-0.032 | \n", "-0.088 | \n", "-0.087 | \n", "-0.041 | \n", "0.028 | \n", "-0.019 | \n", "0.028 | \n", "
| 52 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.173 | \n", "-0.040 | \n", "0.001 | \n", "-0.056 | \n", "0.039 | \n", "-0.097 | \n", "0.044 | \n", "-0.067 | \n", "-0.005 | \n", "0.007 | \n", "-0.006 | \n", "
| 79 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.197 | \n", "-0.042 | \n", "0.065 | \n", "-0.087 | \n", "-0.103 | \n", "0.134 | \n", "0.149 | \n", "-0.067 | \n", "0.096 | \n", "-0.066 | \n", "0.031 | \n", "
| \n", " | \n", " | PC1 | \n", "PC2 | \n", "PC3 | \n", "PC4 | \n", "PC5 | \n", "PC6 | \n", "PC7 | \n", "PC8 | \n", "PC9 | \n", "PC10 | \n", "PC11 | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| question_nr | \n", "option | \n", "\n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " |
| 81 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.078 | \n", "0.168 | \n", "0.064 | \n", "-0.058 | \n", "-0.096 | \n", "-0.052 | \n", "0.124 | \n", "0.110 | \n", "-0.178 | \n", "-0.069 | \n", "0.019 | \n", "
| 23 | \n", "B | \n", "-0.081 | \n", "0.134 | \n", "-0.037 | \n", "0.003 | \n", "0.051 | \n", "-0.093 | \n", "0.002 | \n", "0.006 | \n", "0.141 | \n", "-0.160 | \n", "-0.032 | \n", "
| 25 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.013 | \n", "0.129 | \n", "0.044 | \n", "-0.061 | \n", "0.044 | \n", "-0.024 | \n", "0.009 | \n", "-0.088 | \n", "-0.066 | \n", "-0.017 | \n", "0.075 | \n", "
| 63 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.017 | \n", "0.125 | \n", "-0.096 | \n", "-0.086 | \n", "-0.064 | \n", "0.013 | \n", "-0.062 | \n", "-0.071 | \n", "0.014 | \n", "-0.018 | \n", "0.021 | \n", "
| 80 | \n", "C | \n", "0.026 | \n", "0.120 | \n", "0.094 | \n", "0.030 | \n", "0.019 | \n", "-0.012 | \n", "0.054 | \n", "-0.000 | \n", "-0.006 | \n", "0.069 | \n", "0.002 | \n", "
| 53 | \n", "B | \n", "0.020 | \n", "0.114 | \n", "-0.047 | \n", "-0.003 | \n", "-0.038 | \n", "0.121 | \n", "0.019 | \n", "-0.080 | \n", "-0.176 | \n", "0.030 | \n", "0.003 | \n", "
| 23 | \n", "D | \n", "0.047 | \n", "-0.113 | \n", "-0.030 | \n", "0.050 | \n", "0.050 | \n", "0.032 | \n", "0.043 | \n", "0.074 | \n", "-0.091 | \n", "0.011 | \n", "-0.012 | \n", "
| 37 | \n", "D | \n", "0.004 | \n", "-0.114 | \n", "0.028 | \n", "0.008 | \n", "-0.000 | \n", "0.064 | \n", "-0.019 | \n", "0.018 | \n", "0.046 | \n", "0.032 | \n", "0.036 | \n", "
| 46 | \n", "D | \n", "0.030 | \n", "-0.115 | \n", "-0.012 | \n", "-0.049 | \n", "0.032 | \n", "0.061 | \n", "0.051 | \n", "0.082 | \n", "-0.054 | \n", "-0.081 | \n", "0.006 | \n", "
| 62 | \n", "D | \n", "0.028 | \n", "-0.120 | \n", "0.023 | \n", "-0.094 | \n", "0.020 | \n", "0.027 | \n", "0.113 | \n", "0.030 | \n", "-0.015 | \n", "0.040 | \n", "0.030 | \n", "
| 41 | \n", "D | \n", "0.002 | \n", "-0.124 | \n", "0.012 | \n", "0.002 | \n", "0.017 | \n", "-0.020 | \n", "-0.086 | \n", "-0.057 | \n", "-0.117 | \n", "-0.022 | \n", "-0.022 | \n", "
| 44 | \n", "D | \n", "0.044 | \n", "-0.136 | \n", "0.008 | \n", "-0.010 | \n", "-0.045 | \n", "0.037 | \n", "0.003 | \n", "-0.049 | \n", "0.031 | \n", "-0.034 | \n", "0.027 | \n", "
| \n", " | \n", " | PC1 | \n", "PC2 | \n", "PC3 | \n", "PC4 | \n", "PC5 | \n", "PC6 | \n", "PC7 | \n", "PC8 | \n", "PC9 | \n", "PC10 | \n", "PC11 | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| question_nr | \n", "option | \n", "\n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " |
| 11 | \n", "D | \n", "0.172 | \n", "0.081 | \n", "0.261 | \n", "0.024 | \n", "-0.068 | \n", "0.062 | \n", "0.016 | \n", "-0.004 | \n", "0.024 | \n", "0.155 | \n", "0.063 | \n", "
| 9 | \n", "D | \n", "0.191 | \n", "0.016 | \n", "0.137 | \n", "0.075 | \n", "-0.114 | \n", "0.034 | \n", "-0.002 | \n", "-0.125 | \n", "0.043 | \n", "-0.103 | \n", "0.015 | \n", "
| 75 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.107 | \n", "-0.026 | \n", "0.114 | \n", "-0.091 | \n", "0.098 | \n", "-0.012 | \n", "-0.094 | \n", "0.074 | \n", "-0.004 | \n", "-0.028 | \n", "-0.001 | \n", "
| 5 | \n", "D | \n", "0.013 | \n", "0.067 | \n", "0.112 | \n", "-0.006 | \n", "0.068 | \n", "0.010 | \n", "0.107 | \n", "-0.069 | \n", "0.028 | \n", "0.035 | \n", "0.046 | \n", "
| 53 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.089 | \n", "-0.019 | \n", "0.111 | \n", "0.011 | \n", "0.004 | \n", "-0.053 | \n", "-0.123 | \n", "0.051 | \n", "0.039 | \n", "-0.052 | \n", "-0.130 | \n", "
| 14 | \n", "B | \n", "-0.028 | \n", "-0.010 | \n", "-0.110 | \n", "0.093 | \n", "0.118 | \n", "-0.005 | \n", "0.057 | \n", "0.038 | \n", "-0.023 | \n", "0.042 | \n", "0.033 | \n", "
| 12 | \n", "C | \n", "-0.059 | \n", "-0.059 | \n", "-0.111 | \n", "-0.002 | \n", "-0.003 | \n", "-0.080 | \n", "0.037 | \n", "0.057 | \n", "0.002 | \n", "-0.060 | \n", "-0.010 | \n", "
| 9 | \n", "B | \n", "-0.046 | \n", "0.006 | \n", "-0.112 | \n", "0.084 | \n", "0.055 | \n", "0.060 | \n", "0.103 | \n", "0.182 | \n", "0.100 | \n", "0.001 | \n", "0.006 | \n", "
| 57 | \n", "B | \n", "0.030 | \n", "0.032 | \n", "-0.148 | \n", "0.054 | \n", "-0.151 | \n", "0.002 | \n", "0.076 | \n", "-0.080 | \n", "-0.167 | \n", "0.054 | \n", "-0.012 | \n", "
| 22 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.025 | \n", "-0.011 | \n", "-0.151 | \n", "-0.097 | \n", "-0.015 | \n", "0.019 | \n", "0.093 | \n", "0.064 | \n", "-0.142 | \n", "0.003 | \n", "-0.006 | \n", "
| 45 | \n", "B | \n", "-0.047 | \n", "-0.050 | \n", "-0.169 | \n", "0.157 | \n", "0.062 | \n", "-0.057 | \n", "0.021 | \n", "0.014 | \n", "0.032 | \n", "0.000 | \n", "0.015 | \n", "
| 11 | \n", "C | \n", "0.000 | \n", "-0.042 | \n", "-0.200 | \n", "0.022 | \n", "-0.008 | \n", "-0.026 | \n", "-0.039 | \n", "0.126 | \n", "-0.026 | \n", "-0.117 | \n", "-0.057 | \n", "
| \n", " | question_nr | \n", "option | \n", "loading | \n", "question | \n", "option_text | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 312 | \n", "79 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.197 | \n", "What is the risk of a social upheaval given cu... | \n", "Critical; persistent inequality directly leads... | \n", "
| 35 | \n", "9 | \n", "D | \n", "0.191 | \n", "The historical relationship between corruption... | \n", "Corruption is primarily a symptom of political... | \n", "
| 204 | \n", "52 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.173 | \n", "Climate change as a global factor deepening in... | \n", "Environmental disasters disproportionately aff... | \n", "
| 43 | \n", "11 | \n", "D | \n", "0.172 | \n", "The failure of import-substituting industriali... | \n", "The strategy itself was sound, but external de... | \n", "
| 51 | \n", "13 | \n", "D | \n", "0.157 | \n", "Urbanization and the emergence of informal set... | \n", "Informal settlements also functioned as spaces... | \n", "
| ... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "
| 217 | \n", "55 | \n", "B | \n", "0.001 | \n", "Tourism as a global pathway out of inequality: | \n", "It is an important source of foreign exchange ... | \n", "
| 42 | \n", "11 | \n", "C | \n", "0.000 | \n", "The failure of import-substituting industriali... | \n", "Due to inefficiency, industry failed to become... | \n", "
| 305 | \n", "77 | \n", "B | \n", "-0.000 | \n", "Do Latin American experiences with inequality ... | \n", "There are lessons regarding social safety nets... | \n", "
| 130 | \n", "33 | \n", "C | \n", "0.000 | \n", "How should the role of value-added tax (VAT) i... | \n", "For the sake of simplicity, a uniform low-rate... | \n", "
| 143 | \n", "36 | \n", "D | \n", "-0.000 | \n", "Inheritance tax as an instrument of equal oppo... | \n", "From an administrative perspective, it is diff... | \n", "
332 rows × 5 columns
\n", "| \n", " | question_nr | \n", "option | \n", "loading | \n", "question | \n", "option_text | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 320 | \n", "81 | \n", "A | \n", "0.168 | \n", "How suitable are large language models (LLMs) ... | \n", "Highly suitable, as they are capable of synthe... | \n", "
| 175 | \n", "44 | \n", "D | \n", "-0.136 | \n", "The centralization of the tax system: central ... | \n", "Revenue collection should remain centralized a... | \n", "
| 89 | \n", "23 | \n", "B | \n", "0.134 | \n", "Higher education and the reproduction of socia... | \n", "After obtaining a degree, career paths are det... | \n", "
| 96 | \n", "25 | \n", "A | \n", "0.129 | \n", "The relationship between education and crime i... | \n", "Schools often represent the only safe environm... | \n", "
| 248 | \n", "63 | \n", "A | \n", "0.125 | \n", "The role of trade unions in the modern Latin A... | \n", "They are essential for protecting workers’ rig... | \n", "
| ... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "
| 260 | \n", "66 | \n", "A | \n", "0.001 | \n", "Labor law flexibility versus worker protection: | \n", "Current regulations are often too weak, allowi... | \n", "
| 22 | \n", "6 | \n", "C | \n", "-0.000 | \n", "The economic legacy of 20th-century military d... | \n", "Industrialization efforts imposed during this ... | \n", "
| 55 | \n", "14 | \n", "D | \n", "0.000 | \n", "The historical accumulation of external debt: | \n", "In an inflationary environment, fixed-interest... | \n", "
| 13 | \n", "4 | \n", "B | \n", "0.000 | \n", "What role did the historical exclusion of indi... | \n", "Due to deficiencies in education and healthcar... | \n", "
| 270 | \n", "68 | \n", "C | \n", "0.000 | \n", "The impact of internal migration (rural to urb... | \n", "The process should be slowed by developing rur... | \n", "
332 rows × 5 columns
\n", "| \n", " | question_nr | \n", "option | \n", "loading | \n", "question | \n", "option_text | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 43 | \n", "11 | \n", "D | \n", "0.261 | \n", "The failure of import-substituting industriali... | \n", "The strategy itself was sound, but external de... | \n", "
| 42 | \n", "11 | \n", "C | \n", "-0.200 | \n", "The failure of import-substituting industriali... | \n", "Due to inefficiency, industry failed to become... | \n", "
| 177 | \n", "45 | \n", "B | \n", "-0.169 | \n", "The relationship between populism and tax policy: | \n", "Unsustainable social promises often lead to fi... | \n", "
| 84 | \n", "22 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.151 | \n", "The relationship between weak PISA results and... | \n", "The results demonstrate that schools are unabl... | \n", "
| 225 | \n", "57 | \n", "B | \n", "-0.148 | \n", "Technology transfer and the global system of i... | \n", "The protection of intellectual property is ess... | \n", "
| ... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "
| 204 | \n", "52 | \n", "A | \n", "0.001 | \n", "Climate change as a global factor deepening in... | \n", "Environmental disasters disproportionately aff... | \n", "
| 196 | \n", "50 | \n", "A | \n", "0.001 | \n", "The role of remittances in reducing poverty: | \n", "They constitute the most direct social safety ... | \n", "
| 182 | \n", "46 | \n", "C | \n", "-0.001 | \n", "What impact does foreign direct investment (FD... | \n", "Tax concessions and deregulation introduced to... | \n", "
| 231 | \n", "58 | \n", "D | \n", "-0.001 | \n", "The global demand side of international drug t... | \n", "The laundering of drug revenues through the fo... | \n", "
| 230 | \n", "58 | \n", "C | \n", "0.001 | \n", "The global demand side of international drug t... | \n", "Given the global failure of the War on Drugs, ... | \n", "
332 rows × 5 columns
\n", "| \n", " | question_nr | \n", "option | \n", "loading | \n", "question | \n", "option_text | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 256 | \n", "65 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.163 | \n", "The evaluation of the gig economy (e.g., Uber,... | \n", "It is a new form of exploitation (precariat), ... | \n", "
| 177 | \n", "45 | \n", "B | \n", "0.157 | \n", "The relationship between populism and tax policy: | \n", "Unsustainable social promises often lead to fi... | \n", "
| 39 | \n", "10 | \n", "D | \n", "-0.157 | \n", "The historical role of the Catholic Church in ... | \n", "The Church was often the only stable instituti... | \n", "
| 21 | \n", "6 | \n", "B | \n", "0.139 | \n", "The economic legacy of 20th-century military d... | \n", "The erosion of democratic institutions and pub... | \n", "
| 297 | \n", "75 | \n", "B | \n", "0.139 | \n", "The impact of remote work and digital nomadism... | \n", "It is a major opportunity for the region: skil... | \n", "
| ... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "
| 319 | \n", "80 | \n", "D | \n", "-0.001 | \n", "How objective is contemporary economic science... | \n", "The measurement of inequality inherently invol... | \n", "
| 80 | \n", "21 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.001 | \n", "How does the low social and financial recognit... | \n", "Talented young people avoid the teaching profe... | \n", "
| 311 | \n", "78 | \n", "D | \n", "-0.000 | \n", "The role of AI and Big Data in future economic... | \n", "AI should remain only a technical tool for sta... | \n", "
| 152 | \n", "39 | \n", "A | \n", "0.000 | \n", "The sustainability of public pension systems a... | \n", "The solidarity-based pay-as-you-go system shou... | \n", "
| 290 | \n", "73 | \n", "C | \n", "-0.000 | \n", "The relationship between unemployment benefits... | \n", "Instead of passive benefits, a “job search sup... | \n", "
332 rows × 5 columns
\n", "| \n", " | question_nr | \n", "option | \n", "loading | \n", "question | \n", "option_text | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 294 | \n", "74 | \n", "C | \n", "0.207 | \n", "The relationship between child labor and famil... | \n", "The real solution is increasing adult wages; i... | \n", "
| 225 | \n", "57 | \n", "B | \n", "-0.151 | \n", "Technology transfer and the global system of i... | \n", "The protection of intellectual property is ess... | \n", "
| 112 | \n", "29 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.149 | \n", "Why is university research and development (R&... | \n", "Because the absence of domestic innovation for... | \n", "
| 324 | \n", "82 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.147 | \n", "If an AI model systematically favors a particu... | \n", "It represents a serious algorithmic bias that ... | \n", "
| 39 | \n", "10 | \n", "D | \n", "0.138 | \n", "The historical role of the Catholic Church in ... | \n", "The Church was often the only stable instituti... | \n", "
| ... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "
| 61 | \n", "16 | \n", "B | \n", "0.001 | \n", "What is the main reason why education in Latin... | \n", "Early school dropout and the necessity of chil... | \n", "
| 327 | \n", "82 | \n", "D | \n", "-0.001 | \n", "If an AI model systematically favors a particu... | \n", "Models should not form opinions at all; they s... | \n", "
| 59 | \n", "15 | \n", "D | \n", "-0.001 | \n", "The absence of constitutional stability: | \n", "Political systems (e.g., presidential dominanc... | \n", "
| 11 | \n", "3 | \n", "D | \n", "0.000 | \n", "The relationship between land concentration an... | \n", "The sanctity of private property must prevail ... | \n", "
| 147 | \n", "37 | \n", "D | \n", "-0.000 | \n", "The role of corporate tax incentives in econom... | \n", "Rather than tax incentives, the quality of inf... | \n", "
332 rows × 5 columns
\n", "| \n", " | question_nr | \n", "option | \n", "loading | \n", "question | \n", "option_text | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 83 | \n", "21 | \n", "D | \n", "-0.235 | \n", "How does the low social and financial recognit... | \n", "The solution lies not only in higher salaries ... | \n", "
| 64 | \n", "17 | \n", "A | \n", "0.207 | \n", "How does the digital divide (access to the int... | \n", "It creates a “digital caste system” in which t... | \n", "
| 66 | \n", "17 | \n", "C | \n", "-0.195 | \n", "How does the digital divide (access to the int... | \n", "Technology is merely a tool; the real problem ... | \n", "
| 179 | \n", "45 | \n", "D | \n", "0.180 | \n", "The relationship between populism and tax policy: | \n", "Budgetary processes should be placed under the... | \n", "
| 176 | \n", "45 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.177 | \n", "The relationship between populism and tax policy: | \n", "The label “populist” is often used by defender... | \n", "
| ... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "
| 98 | \n", "25 | \n", "C | \n", "0.002 | \n", "The relationship between education and crime i... | \n", "Violence in schools and negative role models s... | \n", "
| 278 | \n", "70 | \n", "C | \n", "0.001 | \n", "Workplace discrimination (ethnic, gender, or s... | \n", "Discrimination often masks educational differe... | \n", "
| 38 | \n", "10 | \n", "C | \n", "0.001 | \n", "The historical role of the Catholic Church in ... | \n", "Church control over education long restricted ... | \n", "
| 155 | \n", "39 | \n", "D | \n", "0.001 | \n", "The sustainability of public pension systems a... | \n", "Flexible increases in the retirement age and t... | \n", "
| 242 | \n", "61 | \n", "C | \n", "-0.000 | \n", "What is the primary reason for the extremely h... | \n", "The low level of workforce skills means that m... | \n", "
332 rows × 5 columns
\n", "| \n", " | question_nr | \n", "option | \n", "loading | \n", "question | \n", "option_text | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 83 | \n", "21 | \n", "D | \n", "0.190 | \n", "How does the low social and financial recognit... | \n", "The solution lies not only in higher salaries ... | \n", "
| 58 | \n", "15 | \n", "C | \n", "0.160 | \n", "The absence of constitutional stability: | \n", "The legal system is overly complex and slow, f... | \n", "
| 241 | \n", "61 | \n", "B | \n", "-0.153 | \n", "What is the primary reason for the extremely h... | \n", "The rigidity of state regulation and the high ... | \n", "
| 295 | \n", "74 | \n", "D | \n", "0.151 | \n", "The relationship between child labor and famil... | \n", "Helping work in family farms may be natural in... | \n", "
| 312 | \n", "79 | \n", "A | \n", "0.149 | \n", "What is the risk of a social upheaval given cu... | \n", "Critical; persistent inequality directly leads... | \n", "
| ... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "
| 160 | \n", "41 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.001 | \n", "Social housing programs as instruments for red... | \n", "The state should directly launch large-scale p... | \n", "
| 142 | \n", "36 | \n", "C | \n", "0.001 | \n", "Inheritance tax as an instrument of equal oppo... | \n", "It may seem fair in principle, but in practice... | \n", "
| 2 | \n", "1 | \n", "C | \n", "0.001 | \n", "What can be considered the most decisive histo... | \n", "The Spanish and Portuguese mercantilist legacy... | \n", "
| 267 | \n", "67 | \n", "D | \n", "0.000 | \n", "Addressing youth unemployment (“NEETs” – young... | \n", "Teaching start-up culture and digital entrepre... | \n", "
| 145 | \n", "37 | \n", "B | \n", "-0.000 | \n", "The role of corporate tax incentives in econom... | \n", "They only make sense if they are strictly tied... | \n", "
332 rows × 5 columns
\n", "| \n", " | question_nr | \n", "option | \n", "loading | \n", "question | \n", "option_text | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8 | \n", "3 | \n", "A | \n", "0.190 | \n", "The relationship between land concentration an... | \n", "Radical, state-led redistribution of agricultu... | \n", "
| 33 | \n", "9 | \n", "B | \n", "0.182 | \n", "The historical relationship between corruption... | \n", "Weak oversight institutions and the lack of an... | \n", "
| 121 | \n", "31 | \n", "B | \n", "-0.157 | \n", "What degree of progressivity is necessary in p... | \n", "Moderate progressivity is justified, as it bal... | \n", "
| 276 | \n", "70 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.148 | \n", "Workplace discrimination (ethnic, gender, or s... | \n", "The Latin American labor market is not meritoc... | \n", "
| 319 | \n", "80 | \n", "D | \n", "0.140 | \n", "How objective is contemporary economic science... | \n", "The measurement of inequality inherently invol... | \n", "
| ... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "
| 106 | \n", "27 | \n", "C | \n", "-0.000 | \n", "The long-term effects of illiteracy (functiona... | \n", "Efforts to combat illiteracy should continue n... | \n", "
| 57 | \n", "15 | \n", "B | \n", "-0.000 | \n", "The absence of constitutional stability: | \n", "Due to the lack of a genuine social contract, ... | \n", "
| 240 | \n", "61 | \n", "A | \n", "0.000 | \n", "What is the primary reason for the extremely h... | \n", "The lack of formal jobs and structural poverty... | \n", "
| 318 | \n", "80 | \n", "C | \n", "-0.000 | \n", "How objective is contemporary economic science... | \n", "Economics is becoming increasingly objective t... | \n", "
| 234 | \n", "59 | \n", "C | \n", "-0.000 | \n", "Global inflationary effects and monetary depen... | \n", "To defend against imported global inflation, d... | \n", "
332 rows × 5 columns
\n", "| \n", " | question_nr | \n", "option | \n", "loading | \n", "question | \n", "option_text | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 320 | \n", "81 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.178 | \n", "How suitable are large language models (LLMs) ... | \n", "Highly suitable, as they are capable of synthe... | \n", "
| 209 | \n", "53 | \n", "B | \n", "-0.176 | \n", "The role of the IMF and the World Bank in mana... | \n", "These institutions represent the last line of ... | \n", "
| 210 | \n", "53 | \n", "C | \n", "0.175 | \n", "The role of the IMF and the World Bank in mana... | \n", "IMF policy prescriptions are overly standardiz... | \n", "
| 225 | \n", "57 | \n", "B | \n", "-0.167 | \n", "Technology transfer and the global system of i... | \n", "The protection of intellectual property is ess... | \n", "
| 112 | \n", "29 | \n", "A | \n", "0.147 | \n", "Why is university research and development (R&... | \n", "Because the absence of domestic innovation for... | \n", "
| ... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "
| 330 | \n", "83 | \n", "C | \n", "0.000 | \n", "Can AI propose new and innovative solutions fo... | \n", "No. AI is not creative; it merely extrapolates... | \n", "
| 328 | \n", "83 | \n", "A | \n", "0.000 | \n", "Can AI propose new and innovative solutions fo... | \n", "Yes. Through Big Data and complex systems mode... | \n", "
| 111 | \n", "28 | \n", "D | \n", "-0.000 | \n", "Women’s education and the gender income gap: | \n", "Promoting technological (STEM) careers among g... | \n", "
| 206 | \n", "52 | \n", "C | \n", "0.000 | \n", "Climate change as a global factor deepening in... | \n", "Environmental expectations imposed by the deve... | \n", "
| 217 | \n", "55 | \n", "B | \n", "0.000 | \n", "Tourism as a global pathway out of inequality: | \n", "It is an important source of foreign exchange ... | \n", "
332 rows × 5 columns
\n", "| \n", " | question_nr | \n", "option | \n", "loading | \n", "question | \n", "option_text | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 109 | \n", "28 | \n", "B | \n", "-0.190 | \n", "Women’s education and the gender income gap: | \n", "Although women are often more educated, labor ... | \n", "
| 113 | \n", "29 | \n", "B | \n", "-0.182 | \n", "Why is university research and development (R&... | \n", "Universities should serve as engines of local ... | \n", "
| 83 | \n", "21 | \n", "D | \n", "-0.163 | \n", "How does the low social and financial recognit... | \n", "The solution lies not only in higher salaries ... | \n", "
| 89 | \n", "23 | \n", "B | \n", "-0.160 | \n", "Higher education and the reproduction of socia... | \n", "After obtaining a degree, career paths are det... | \n", "
| 58 | \n", "15 | \n", "C | \n", "0.156 | \n", "The absence of constitutional stability: | \n", "The legal system is overly complex and slow, f... | \n", "
| ... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "
| 66 | \n", "17 | \n", "C | \n", "-0.001 | \n", "How does the digital divide (access to the int... | \n", "Technology is merely a tool; the real problem ... | \n", "
| 275 | \n", "69 | \n", "D | \n", "-0.000 | \n", "The threat of automation and artificial intell... | \n", "Technological adoption will be slower in the r... | \n", "
| 241 | \n", "61 | \n", "B | \n", "0.000 | \n", "What is the primary reason for the extremely h... | \n", "The rigidity of state regulation and the high ... | \n", "
| 177 | \n", "45 | \n", "B | \n", "0.000 | \n", "The relationship between populism and tax policy: | \n", "Unsustainable social promises often lead to fi... | \n", "
| 179 | \n", "45 | \n", "D | \n", "-0.000 | \n", "The relationship between populism and tax policy: | \n", "Budgetary processes should be placed under the... | \n", "
332 rows × 5 columns
\n", "| \n", " | question_nr | \n", "option | \n", "loading | \n", "question | \n", "option_text | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | \n", "1 | \n", "A | \n", "0.402 | \n", "What can be considered the most decisive histo... | \n", "The exclusionary landholding system (latifundi... | \n", "
| 1 | \n", "1 | \n", "B | \n", "0.295 | \n", "What can be considered the most decisive histo... | \n", "Political instability and persistent civil war... | \n", "
| 4 | \n", "2 | \n", "A | \n", "0.219 | \n", "How did colonial “extractive” institutions inf... | \n", "They created a narrow elite that continues to ... | \n", "
| 5 | \n", "2 | \n", "B | \n", "0.194 | \n", "How did colonial “extractive” institutions inf... | \n", "They suppressed the development of the rule of... | \n", "
| 197 | \n", "50 | \n", "B | \n", "0.189 | \n", "The role of remittances in reducing poverty: | \n", "Remittances create dependency, weaken domestic... | \n", "
| ... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "
| 267 | \n", "67 | \n", "D | \n", "0.001 | \n", "Addressing youth unemployment (“NEETs” – young... | \n", "Teaching start-up culture and digital entrepre... | \n", "
| 18 | \n", "5 | \n", "C | \n", "-0.000 | \n", "The legacy of slavery in current income dispar... | \n", "Historical disadvantages exist, but today econ... | \n", "
| 81 | \n", "21 | \n", "B | \n", "0.000 | \n", "How does the low social and financial recognit... | \n", "The political influence of teachers’ unions an... | \n", "
| 25 | \n", "7 | \n", "B | \n", "-0.000 | \n", "The impact of “Caudillismo” (the cult of the s... | \n", "This system strengthened client–patron relatio... | \n", "
| 136 | \n", "35 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.000 | \n", "The introduction of a wealth tax for the super... | \n", "It is an ethical and economic necessity in ord... | \n", "
332 rows × 5 columns
\n", "| \n", " | pc | \n", "question_nr | \n", "option | \n", "loading | \n", "question | \n", "option_text | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 158 | \n", "PC1 | \n", "1 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.033330 | \n", "What can be considered the most decisive histo... | \n", "The exclusionary landholding system (latifundi... | \n", "
| 281 | \n", "PC1 | \n", "1 | \n", "B | \n", "-0.007335 | \n", "What can be considered the most decisive histo... | \n", "Political instability and persistent civil war... | \n", "
| 229 | \n", "PC1 | \n", "1 | \n", "C | \n", "-0.017625 | \n", "What can be considered the most decisive histo... | \n", "The Spanish and Portuguese mercantilist legacy... | \n", "
| 78 | \n", "PC1 | \n", "1 | \n", "D | \n", "0.058289 | \n", "What can be considered the most decisive histo... | \n", "Unfavorable geographical conditions and the is... | \n", "
| 91 | \n", "PC1 | \n", "2 | \n", "A | \n", "-0.053780 | \n", "How did colonial “extractive” institutions inf... | \n", "They created a narrow elite that continues to ... | \n", "
| \n", " | pc | \n", "pct_variance_explained | \n", "theme | \n", "positive_pole_summary | \n", "negative_pole_summary | \n", "top_positive_items | \n", "top_negative_items | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | \n", "PC1 | \n", "28.63 | \n", "Structural-threat / exploitation framing vs so... | \n", "Less alarmist, more accommodationist or market... | \n", "More structurally critical, threat-focused, an... | \n", "Q9D (0.191): Corruption is primarily a symptom... | \n", "Q79A (-0.197): Critical; persistent inequality... | \n", "
| 1 | \n", "PC2 | \n", "17.48 | \n", "Social-institutional critique vs policy-design... | \n", "Stronger social and institutional claims, incl... | \n", "More implementation-minded, targeted, and effi... | \n", "Q81A (0.168): Highly suitable, as they are cap... | \n", "Q44D (-0.136): Revenue collection should remai... | \n", "
| 2 | \n", "PC3 | \n", "11.56 | \n", "External-shock / heterodox interpretation vs e... | \n", "More sympathetic to external-constraint and in... | \n", "More emphasis on inefficiency, fiscal discipli... | \n", "Q11D (0.261): The strategy itself was sound, b... | \n", "Q11C (-0.200): Due to inefficiency, industry f... | \n", "
| 3 | \n", "PC4 | \n", "10.50 | \n", "Institutional-discipline / opportunity framing... | \n", "Skeptical of populism; more institutionalist a... | \n", "More focused on exploitation, elite power, and... | \n", "Q45B (0.157): Unsustainable social promises of... | \n", "Q65A (-0.163): It is a new form of exploitatio... | \n", "
| 4 | \n", "PC5 | \n", "8.30 | \n", "Material poverty / wage-and-trade lens vs inno... | \n", "More emphasis on household income, fair trade,... | \n", "More emphasis on innovation systems, governanc... | \n", "Q74C (0.207): The real solution is increasing ... | \n", "Q57B (-0.151): The protection of intellectual ... | \n", "
| 5 | \n", "PC6 | \n", "7.00 | \n", "Structural exclusion + technocratic insulation... | \n", "More emphasis on entrenched exclusion and insu... | \n", "More emphasis on incentives, modernization, an... | \n", "Q17A (0.207): It creates a “digital caste syst... | \n", "Q21D (-0.235): The solution lies not only in h... | \n", "
| 6 | \n", "PC7 | \n", "5.27 | \n", "Regulatory-burden / historical explanation vs ... | \n", "More emphasis on burdensome regulation and lon... | \n", "More emphasis on legal complexity, implementat... | \n", "Q21D (0.190): The solution lies not only in hi... | \n", "Q61B (-0.153): The rigidity of state regulatio... | \n", "
| 7 | \n", "PC8 | \n", "5.04 | \n", "Radical historical-structural critique vs mode... | \n", "More radical, historical, and redistribution-o... | \n", "More moderate or policy-balancing reform persp... | \n", "Q3A (0.190): Radical, state-led redistribution... | \n", "Q31B (-0.157): Moderate progressivity is justi... | \n", "
| 8 | \n", "PC9 | \n", "3.79 | \n", "Critical developmentalism vs trust in technica... | \n", "More critical of global institutions and more ... | \n", "More confidence in technical expertise, IP pro... | \n", "Q53C (0.175): IMF policy prescriptions are ove... | \n", "Q81A (-0.178): Highly suitable, as they are ca... | \n", "
| 9 | \n", "PC10 | \n", "2.42 | \n", "Historical-political critique with epistemic m... | \n", "More historically grounded and skeptical of pu... | \n", "More favorable to technical-objective framing ... | \n", "Q15C (0.156): The legal system is overly compl... | \n", "Q28B (-0.190): Although women are often more e... | \n", "
| 10 | \n", "PC11 | \n", "0.00 | \n", "Economic-structure explanations vs sociopoliti... | \n", "More emphasis on labor-market structure, produ... | \n", "More emphasis on discrimination, insecurity, a... | \n", "Q1A (0.402): The exclusionary landholding syst... | \n", "Q51B (-0.153): This is the first step toward i... | \n", "
| \n", " | label | \n", "cluster | \n", "
|---|---|---|
| 0 | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 1 | \n", "dolphin3:8b | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 2 | \n", "granite4:3b | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 3 | \n", "deepseek-r1:8b | \n", "2 | \n", "
| 4 | \n", "gemma3:12b | \n", "2 | \n", "
| 5 | \n", "gpt-oss:20b | \n", "2 | \n", "
| 6 | \n", "ministral-3:8b | \n", "2 | \n", "
| 7 | \n", "phi4-mini-reasoning:3.8b | \n", "2 | \n", "
| 8 | \n", "qwen3:8b | \n", "2 | \n", "
| 9 | \n", "rnj-1:8b | \n", "2 | \n", "
| 10 | \n", "lfm2.5-thinking:1.2b | \n", "3 | \n", "
| \n", " | label | \n", "cluster | \n", "
|---|---|---|
| 0 | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 1 | \n", "dolphin3:8b | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 2 | \n", "granite4:3b | \n", "2 | \n", "
| 3 | \n", "deepseek-r1:8b | \n", "3 | \n", "
| 4 | \n", "gemma3:12b | \n", "3 | \n", "
| 5 | \n", "gpt-oss:20b | \n", "3 | \n", "
| 6 | \n", "ministral-3:8b | \n", "3 | \n", "
| 7 | \n", "phi4-mini-reasoning:3.8b | \n", "3 | \n", "
| 8 | \n", "qwen3:8b | \n", "3 | \n", "
| 9 | \n", "rnj-1:8b | \n", "3 | \n", "
| 10 | \n", "lfm2.5-thinking:1.2b | \n", "4 | \n", "
| \n", " | label | \n", "cluster | \n", "
|---|---|---|
| 0 | \n", "Q10C | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 1 | \n", "Q10D | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 2 | \n", "Q11C | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 3 | \n", "Q11D | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 4 | \n", "Q12D | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 5 | \n", "Q13C | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 6 | \n", "Q13D | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 7 | \n", "Q14B | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 8 | \n", "Q14D | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 9 | \n", "Q16B | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 10 | \n", "Q16C | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 11 | \n", "Q16D | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 12 | \n", "Q17D | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 13 | \n", "Q18C | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 14 | \n", "Q19C | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 15 | \n", "Q19D | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 16 | \n", "Q1D | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 17 | \n", "Q20A | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 18 | \n", "Q20D | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 19 | \n", "Q21C | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 20 | \n", "Q21D | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 21 | \n", "Q22C | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 22 | \n", "Q22D | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 23 | \n", "Q23C | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 24 | \n", "Q23D | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 25 | \n", "Q24A | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 26 | \n", "Q24B | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 27 | \n", "Q24D | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 28 | \n", "Q25D | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 29 | \n", "Q26B | \n", "1 | \n", "
| \n", " | cluster | \n", "label | \n", "question_nr | \n", "option | \n", "question | \n", "option_text | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q1D | \n", "1 | \n", "D | \n", "What can be considered the most decisive histo... | \n", "Unfavorable geographical conditions and the is... | \n", "
| 35 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q2D | \n", "2 | \n", "D | \n", "How did colonial “extractive” institutions inf... | \n", "They left behind an overregulated and centrali... | \n", "
| 55 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q3B | \n", "3 | \n", "B | \n", "The relationship between land concentration an... | \n", "The real solution is not redistribution but th... | \n", "
| 56 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q3C | \n", "3 | \n", "C | \n", "The relationship between land concentration an... | \n", "Land ownership is a secondary issue; moderniza... | \n", "
| 57 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q3D | \n", "3 | \n", "D | \n", "The relationship between land concentration an... | \n", "The sanctity of private property must prevail ... | \n", "
| 74 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q4B | \n", "4 | \n", "B | \n", "What role did the historical exclusion of indi... | \n", "Due to deficiencies in education and healthcar... | \n", "
| 75 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q4D | \n", "4 | \n", "D | \n", "What role did the historical exclusion of indi... | \n", "Poorly designed state integration programs and... | \n", "
| 93 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q5A | \n", "5 | \n", "A | \n", "The legacy of slavery in current income dispar... | \n", "The absence of compensation and access to capi... | \n", "
| 94 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q5B | \n", "5 | \n", "B | \n", "The legacy of slavery in current income dispar... | \n", "Labor market discrimination and educational se... | \n", "
| 116 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q6D | \n", "6 | \n", "D | \n", "The economic legacy of 20th-century military d... | \n", "Some dictatorships (e.g., Chile) laid the foun... | \n", "
| 134 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q7C | \n", "7 | \n", "C | \n", "The impact of “Caudillismo” (the cult of the s... | \n", "Populist leaders often adopted short-term popu... | \n", "
| 142 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q8B | \n", "8 | \n", "B | \n", "Why did Latin America diverge from the North A... | \n", "The Anglo-Saxon legal system (common law) was ... | \n", "
| 143 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q8C | \n", "8 | \n", "C | \n", "Why did Latin America diverge from the North A... | \n", "The northern Puritan ethic and early education... | \n", "
| 144 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q8D | \n", "8 | \n", "D | \n", "Why did Latin America diverge from the North A... | \n", "The United States opened earlier and more deci... | \n", "
| 145 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q9B | \n", "9 | \n", "B | \n", "The historical relationship between corruption... | \n", "Weak oversight institutions and the lack of an... | \n", "
| 146 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q9D | \n", "9 | \n", "D | \n", "The historical relationship between corruption... | \n", "Corruption is primarily a symptom of political... | \n", "
| 0 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q10C | \n", "10 | \n", "C | \n", "The historical role of the Catholic Church in ... | \n", "Church control over education long restricted ... | \n", "
| 1 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q10D | \n", "10 | \n", "D | \n", "The historical role of the Catholic Church in ... | \n", "The Church was often the only stable instituti... | \n", "
| 2 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q11C | \n", "11 | \n", "C | \n", "The failure of import-substituting industriali... | \n", "Due to inefficiency, industry failed to become... | \n", "
| 3 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q11D | \n", "11 | \n", "D | \n", "The failure of import-substituting industriali... | \n", "The strategy itself was sound, but external de... | \n", "
| 4 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q12D | \n", "12 | \n", "D | \n", "The historical “resource curse” associated wit... | \n", "The nationalization of natural resources often... | \n", "
| 5 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q13C | \n", "13 | \n", "C | \n", "Urbanization and the emergence of informal set... | \n", "Rural-urban migration occurred too rapidly for... | \n", "
| 6 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q13D | \n", "13 | \n", "D | \n", "Urbanization and the emergence of informal set... | \n", "Informal settlements also functioned as spaces... | \n", "
| 7 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q14B | \n", "14 | \n", "B | \n", "The historical accumulation of external debt: | \n", "Local elites financed their luxury consumption... | \n", "
| 8 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q14D | \n", "14 | \n", "D | \n", "The historical accumulation of external debt: | \n", "In an inflationary environment, fixed-interest... | \n", "
| 9 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q16B | \n", "16 | \n", "B | \n", "What is the main reason why education in Latin... | \n", "Early school dropout and the necessity of chil... | \n", "
| 10 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q16C | \n", "16 | \n", "C | \n", "What is the main reason why education in Latin... | \n", "Educational curricula are outdated and do not ... | \n", "
| 11 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q16D | \n", "16 | \n", "D | \n", "What is the main reason why education in Latin... | \n", "A degree alone is insufficient; income and emp... | \n", "
| 12 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q17D | \n", "17 | \n", "D | \n", "How does the digital divide (access to the int... | \n", "Market competition will eventually solve acces... | \n", "
| 13 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q18C | \n", "18 | \n", "C | \n", "What financing model should higher education f... | \n", "Resources should be redirected toward vocation... | \n", "
| 14 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q19C | \n", "19 | \n", "C | \n", "The role of early childhood development (nurse... | \n", "Direct financial support to parents and home-b... | \n", "
| 15 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q19D | \n", "19 | \n", "D | \n", "The role of early childhood development (nurse... | \n", "Flexible and affordable childcare systems shou... | \n", "
| 17 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q20A | \n", "20 | \n", "A | \n", "What is the primary cause of the Latin America... | \n", "The domestic economic structure does not offer... | \n", "
| 18 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q20D | \n", "20 | \n", "D | \n", "What is the primary cause of the Latin America... | \n", "The lack of domestic research and development ... | \n", "
| 19 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q21C | \n", "21 | \n", "C | \n", "How does the low social and financial recognit... | \n", "Low teacher salaries force educators to take s... | \n", "
| 20 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q21D | \n", "21 | \n", "D | \n", "How does the low social and financial recognit... | \n", "The solution lies not only in higher salaries ... | \n", "
| 21 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q22C | \n", "22 | \n", "C | \n", "The relationship between weak PISA results and... | \n", "Educational systems focus too heavily on theor... | \n", "
| 22 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q22D | \n", "22 | \n", "D | \n", "The relationship between weak PISA results and... | \n", "The lack of curricular flexibility and decentr... | \n", "
| 23 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q23C | \n", "23 | \n", "C | \n", "Higher education and the reproduction of socia... | \n", "University programs are overly focused on huma... | \n", "
| 24 | \n", "1 | \n", "Q23D | \n", "23 | \n", "D | \n", "Higher education and the reproduction of socia... | \n", "The excessive prestige of foreign degrees rela... | \n", "
| \n", " | label | \n", "cluster | \n", "
|---|---|---|
| 0 | \n", "Q17 | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 1 | \n", "Q26 | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 2 | \n", "Q27 | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 3 | \n", "Q28 | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 4 | \n", "Q50 | \n", "1 | \n", "
| ... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "
| 78 | \n", "Q69 | \n", "4 | \n", "
| 79 | \n", "Q7 | \n", "4 | \n", "
| 80 | \n", "Q70 | \n", "4 | \n", "
| 81 | \n", "Q75 | \n", "4 | \n", "
| 82 | \n", "Q79 | \n", "4 | \n", "
83 rows × 2 columns
\n", "| \n", " | label | \n", "cluster | \n", "
|---|---|---|
| 0 | \n", "Q17 | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 1 | \n", "Q26 | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 2 | \n", "Q27 | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 3 | \n", "Q28 | \n", "1 | \n", "
| 4 | \n", "Q50 | \n", "1 | \n", "
| ... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "
| 78 | \n", "Q65 | \n", "5 | \n", "
| 79 | \n", "Q68 | \n", "5 | \n", "
| 80 | \n", "Q69 | \n", "5 | \n", "
| 81 | \n", "Q70 | \n", "5 | \n", "
| 82 | \n", "Q75 | \n", "5 | \n", "
83 rows × 2 columns
\n", "| \n", " | label | \n", "cluster | \n", "question_nr | \n", "question | \n", "question_short | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | \n", "Q17 | \n", "1 | \n", "17 | \n", "How does the digital divide (access to the int... | \n", "How does the digital divide (access to the int... | \n", "
| 1 | \n", "Q26 | \n", "1 | \n", "26 | \n", "The perception of vocational training in the r... | \n", "The perception of vocational training in the r... | \n", "
| 2 | \n", "Q27 | \n", "1 | \n", "27 | \n", "The long-term effects of illiteracy (functiona... | \n", "The long-term effects of illiteracy (functiona... | \n", "
| 3 | \n", "Q28 | \n", "1 | \n", "28 | \n", "Women’s education and the gender income gap: | \n", "Women’s education and the gender income gap: | \n", "
| 4 | \n", "Q50 | \n", "1 | \n", "50 | \n", "The role of remittances in reducing poverty: | \n", "The role of remittances in reducing poverty: | \n", "
| ... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "... | \n", "
| 77 | \n", "Q68 | \n", "4 | \n", "68 | \n", "The impact of internal migration (rural to urb... | \n", "The impact of internal migration (rural to urb... | \n", "
| 78 | \n", "Q69 | \n", "4 | \n", "69 | \n", "The threat of automation and artificial intell... | \n", "The threat of automation and artificial intell... | \n", "
| 80 | \n", "Q70 | \n", "4 | \n", "70 | \n", "Workplace discrimination (ethnic, gender, or s... | \n", "Workplace discrimination (ethnic, gender, or s... | \n", "
| 81 | \n", "Q75 | \n", "4 | \n", "75 | \n", "The impact of remote work and digital nomadism... | \n", "The impact of remote work and digital nomadism... | \n", "
| 82 | \n", "Q79 | \n", "4 | \n", "79 | \n", "What is the risk of a social upheaval given cu... | \n", "What is the risk of a social upheaval given cu... | \n", "
83 rows × 5 columns
\n", "| question_nr | \n", "1 | \n", "2 | \n", "3 | \n", "... | \n", "81 | \n", "82 | \n", "83 | \n", "||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| option | \n", "A | \n", "B | \n", "C | \n", "D | \n", "A | \n", "B | \n", "C | \n", "D | \n", "A | \n", "B | \n", "... | \n", "C | \n", "D | \n", "A | \n", "B | \n", "C | \n", "D | \n", "A | \n", "B | \n", "C | \n", "D | \n", "
| model_group | \n", "\n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " | \n", " |
| cogito:8b | \n", "12.0000 | \n", "-5.8000 | \n", "10.4000 | \n", "-16.6000 | \n", "-0.8250 | \n", "9.6450 | \n", "-1.0950 | \n", "-7.7250 | \n", "34.5000 | \n", "3.8000 | \n", "... | \n", "-20.1625 | \n", "-1.1125 | \n", "11.0500 | \n", "6.1000 | \n", "0.7000 | \n", "-17.8500 | \n", "30.4250 | \n", "-7.1750 | \n", "-34.8750 | \n", "11.6250 | \n", "
| deepseek-r1:8b | \n", "24.1800 | \n", "3.3100 | \n", "-5.0600 | \n", "-22.4300 | \n", "-1.0825 | \n", "-1.3325 | \n", "14.9175 | \n", "-12.5025 | \n", "12.8125 | \n", "19.6125 | \n", "... | \n", "-12.5000 | \n", "-10.0500 | \n", "20.1875 | \n", "-5.9625 | \n", "4.4875 | \n", "-18.7125 | \n", "23.4750 | \n", "4.0250 | \n", "-26.9250 | \n", "-0.5750 | \n", "
| dolphin3:8b | \n", "11.6375 | \n", "-6.5625 | \n", "11.3375 | \n", "-16.4125 | \n", "11.6250 | \n", "5.4250 | \n", "-3.0750 | \n", "-13.9750 | \n", "19.8750 | \n", "7.9750 | \n", "... | \n", "-12.0750 | \n", "-19.2250 | \n", "11.5375 | \n", "-1.8125 | \n", "5.1375 | \n", "-14.8625 | \n", "24.1125 | \n", "-0.8875 | \n", "-30.9375 | \n", "7.7125 | \n", "
| gemma3:12b | \n", "20.0500 | \n", "-4.9500 | \n", "5.0500 | \n", "-20.1500 | \n", "-10.6125 | \n", "3.8875 | \n", "13.8875 | \n", "-7.1625 | \n", "-12.3500 | \n", "27.6500 | \n", "... | \n", "9.6000 | \n", "-3.4000 | \n", "-18.2375 | \n", "31.7625 | \n", "19.7125 | \n", "-33.2375 | \n", "22.2375 | \n", "-2.3125 | \n", "-32.1625 | \n", "12.2375 | \n", "
| gpt-oss:20b | \n", "1.1750 | \n", "-2.6250 | \n", "-0.6250 | \n", "2.0750 | \n", "-9.5475 | \n", "-6.4375 | \n", "20.7325 | \n", "-4.7475 | \n", "7.5750 | \n", "25.4950 | \n", "... | \n", "8.1625 | \n", "-18.3375 | \n", "20.3625 | \n", "-14.3875 | \n", "7.6125 | \n", "-13.5875 | \n", "28.9825 | \n", "1.0425 | \n", "-39.4875 | \n", "9.4625 | \n", "
5 rows × 332 columns
\n", "| \n", " | model_group | \n", "cosine_similarity_eng_vs_esp | \n", "correlation_eng_vs_esp | \n", "mean_abs_diff | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | \n", "gpt-oss:20b | \n", "0.9753 | \n", "0.9753 | \n", "2.9977 | \n", "
| 7 | \n", "ministral-3:8b | \n", "0.9357 | \n", "0.9357 | \n", "4.8551 | \n", "
| 9 | \n", "qwen3:8b | \n", "0.9337 | \n", "0.9337 | \n", "4.0883 | \n", "
| 1 | \n", "deepseek-r1:8b | \n", "0.9075 | \n", "0.9075 | \n", "5.4780 | \n", "
| 6 | \n", "lfm2.5-thinking:1.2b | \n", "0.8935 | \n", "0.8935 | \n", "6.2765 | \n", "
| 3 | \n", "gemma3:12b | \n", "0.8813 | \n", "0.8813 | \n", "5.6188 | \n", "
| 0 | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "0.8790 | \n", "0.8790 | \n", "5.6461 | \n", "
| 2 | \n", "dolphin3:8b | \n", "0.8579 | \n", "0.8579 | \n", "4.9790 | \n", "
| 10 | \n", "rnj-1:8b | \n", "0.8477 | \n", "0.8477 | \n", "5.7477 | \n", "
| 5 | \n", "granite4:3b | \n", "0.8389 | \n", "0.8389 | \n", "6.7751 | \n", "
| 8 | \n", "phi4-mini-reasoning:3.8b | \n", "0.7594 | \n", "0.7594 | \n", "6.2522 | \n", "
| \n", " | question_nr | \n", "cosine_similarity_eng_vs_esp | \n", "correlation_eng_vs_esp | \n", "mean_abs_diff | \n", "question | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | \n", "25 | \n", "0.5354 | \n", "0.5354 | \n", "12.8390 | \n", "The relationship between education and crime i... | \n", "
| 1 | \n", "8 | \n", "0.0809 | \n", "0.0809 | \n", "10.1955 | \n", "Why did Latin America diverge from the North A... | \n", "
| 2 | \n", "7 | \n", "0.2741 | \n", "0.2741 | \n", "9.0632 | \n", "The impact of “Caudillismo” (the cult of the s... | \n", "
| 3 | \n", "17 | \n", "0.6090 | \n", "0.6090 | \n", "8.9038 | \n", "How does the digital divide (access to the int... | \n", "
| 4 | \n", "45 | \n", "0.6634 | \n", "0.6634 | \n", "8.6731 | \n", "The relationship between populism and tax policy: | \n", "
| 5 | \n", "11 | \n", "0.7235 | \n", "0.7235 | \n", "7.9559 | \n", "The failure of import-substituting industriali... | \n", "
| 6 | \n", "59 | \n", "0.7769 | \n", "0.7769 | \n", "7.8087 | \n", "Global inflationary effects and monetary depen... | \n", "
| 7 | \n", "37 | \n", "0.8169 | \n", "0.8169 | \n", "7.4392 | \n", "The role of corporate tax incentives in econom... | \n", "
| 8 | \n", "41 | \n", "0.7840 | \n", "0.7840 | \n", "6.8389 | \n", "Social housing programs as instruments for red... | \n", "
| 9 | \n", "47 | \n", "0.8616 | \n", "0.8616 | \n", "6.7473 | \n", "The relationship between commodity dependence ... | \n", "
| 10 | \n", "21 | \n", "0.8327 | \n", "0.8327 | \n", "6.6073 | \n", "How does the low social and financial recognit... | \n", "
| 11 | \n", "80 | \n", "0.8530 | \n", "0.8530 | \n", "6.5394 | \n", "How objective is contemporary economic science... | \n", "
| 12 | \n", "57 | \n", "0.8122 | \n", "0.8122 | \n", "6.4582 | \n", "Technology transfer and the global system of i... | \n", "
| 13 | \n", "14 | \n", "0.7766 | \n", "0.7766 | \n", "6.4385 | \n", "The historical accumulation of external debt: | \n", "
| 14 | \n", "15 | \n", "0.6844 | \n", "0.6844 | \n", "6.3087 | \n", "The absence of constitutional stability: | \n", "
| 15 | \n", "30 | \n", "0.9085 | \n", "0.9085 | \n", "6.2952 | \n", "The reality of “lifelong learning” in Latin Am... | \n", "
| 16 | \n", "23 | \n", "0.7915 | \n", "0.7915 | \n", "6.1950 | \n", "Higher education and the reproduction of socia... | \n", "
| 17 | \n", "22 | \n", "0.5227 | \n", "0.5227 | \n", "6.1373 | \n", "The relationship between weak PISA results and... | \n", "
| 18 | \n", "4 | \n", "0.9224 | \n", "0.9224 | \n", "6.1335 | \n", "What role did the historical exclusion of indi... | \n", "
| 19 | \n", "34 | \n", "0.9187 | \n", "0.9187 | \n", "6.1062 | \n", "The relevance of introducing an unconditional ... | \n", "
| \n", " | model_group | \n", "share_same_lead | \n", "
|---|---|---|
| 1 | \n", "deepseek-r1:8b | \n", "0.8675 | \n", "
| 4 | \n", "gpt-oss:20b | \n", "0.8675 | \n", "
| 9 | \n", "qwen3:8b | \n", "0.8072 | \n", "
| 7 | \n", "ministral-3:8b | \n", "0.7952 | \n", "
| 3 | \n", "gemma3:12b | \n", "0.7229 | \n", "
| 0 | \n", "cogito:8b | \n", "0.7108 | \n", "
| 10 | \n", "rnj-1:8b | \n", "0.7108 | \n", "
| 2 | \n", "dolphin3:8b | \n", "0.6867 | \n", "
| 5 | \n", "granite4:3b | \n", "0.6506 | \n", "
| 8 | \n", "phi4-mini-reasoning:3.8b | \n", "0.5783 | \n", "
| 6 | \n", "lfm2.5-thinking:1.2b | \n", "0.3735 | \n", "
| \n", " | question_nr | \n", "share_same_lead | \n", "question | \n", "
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | \n", "11 | \n", "0.0909 | \n", "The failure of import-substituting industriali... | \n", "
| 1 | \n", "8 | \n", "0.1818 | \n", "Why did Latin America diverge from the North A... | \n", "
| 2 | \n", "7 | \n", "0.1818 | \n", "The impact of “Caudillismo” (the cult of the s... | \n", "
| 3 | \n", "15 | \n", "0.2727 | \n", "The absence of constitutional stability: | \n", "
| 4 | \n", "22 | \n", "0.3636 | \n", "The relationship between weak PISA results and... | \n", "
| 5 | \n", "45 | \n", "0.3636 | \n", "The relationship between populism and tax policy: | \n", "
| 6 | \n", "41 | \n", "0.3636 | \n", "Social housing programs as instruments for red... | \n", "
| 7 | \n", "17 | \n", "0.4545 | \n", "How does the digital divide (access to the int... | \n", "
| 8 | \n", "16 | \n", "0.4545 | \n", "What is the main reason why education in Latin... | \n", "
| 9 | \n", "14 | \n", "0.5455 | \n", "The historical accumulation of external debt: | \n", "
| 10 | \n", "38 | \n", "0.5455 | \n", "How can the problem of tax evasion and capital... | \n", "
| 11 | \n", "24 | \n", "0.5455 | \n", "What is the most effective way to develop digi... | \n", "
| 12 | \n", "21 | \n", "0.5455 | \n", "How does the low social and financial recognit... | \n", "
| 13 | \n", "23 | \n", "0.6364 | \n", "Higher education and the reproduction of socia... | \n", "
| 14 | \n", "74 | \n", "0.6364 | \n", "The relationship between child labor and famil... | \n", "
| 15 | \n", "25 | \n", "0.6364 | \n", "The relationship between education and crime i... | \n", "
| 16 | \n", "28 | \n", "0.6364 | \n", "Women’s education and the gender income gap: | \n", "
| 17 | \n", "72 | \n", "0.6364 | \n", "The best path toward formalizing the informal ... | \n", "
| 18 | \n", "47 | \n", "0.6364 | \n", "The relationship between commodity dependence ... | \n", "
| 19 | \n", "43 | \n", "0.6364 | \n", "The trade-off between military spending and th... | \n", "
| \n", " | pct_variance_explained | \n", "
|---|---|
| PC1 | \n", "28.63 | \n", "
| PC2 | \n", "17.48 | \n", "
| PC3 | \n", "11.56 | \n", "
| PC4 | \n", "10.50 | \n", "
| PC5 | \n", "8.30 | \n", "
| PC6 | \n", "7.00 | \n", "
| PC7 | \n", "5.27 | \n", "
| PC8 | \n", "5.04 | \n", "
| PC9 | \n", "3.79 | \n", "
| PC10 | \n", "2.42 | \n", "
| PC11 | \n", "0.00 | \n", "
| \n", " | pct_variance_explained | \n", "
|---|---|
| PC1 | \n", "27.19 | \n", "
| PC2 | \n", "15.85 | \n", "
| PC3 | \n", "13.64 | \n", "
| PC4 | \n", "9.94 | \n", "
| PC5 | \n", "9.13 | \n", "
| PC6 | \n", "7.20 | \n", "
| PC7 | \n", "6.24 | \n", "
| PC8 | \n", "4.62 | \n", "
| PC9 | \n", "3.72 | \n", "
| PC10 | \n", "2.46 | \n", "
| PC11 | \n", "0.00 | \n", "