Sunspot positions and areas from observations published in Memoires of the French Royal Academy of Sciences and reconstructed by Zolotova and Vokhmyanin (in Solar Physics, 2026, in press). The average uncertainty in sunspot area may reach a factor of three. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Data format: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Place - Location of the observer; YYYY - Year; MM - Month; DD - Day; HH - UT Hour; MI - Minute; G - Arbitrary number of sunspot group. These observations has a common group numbering (G) with the measurements by La Hire in 1684-1702; Sp - Arbitrary number of sunspot. These observations has a common sunspot numbering (Sp) with the measurements by La Hire in 1684-1702; BBB.BB - Heliographic latitude. Southern latitudes are negative; LLL.LL - Heliographic longitude in the Carrington rotation frame; B0 - Heliographic latitude of apparent disk center; L0 - Heliographic longitude of apparent disk center; P - Position angle; Rot - Rotation angle of solar axis in x-y plane. If the telescope mount was equatorial, then Rot = P. If it was the Alt-azimuth mount, Rot = P-q. q - Parallactic angle; Alt - Altitude; Azm - Azimuth; Area_w - Area of the whole sunspot in millionths of the solar hemisphere (msh); Area_u - Area of the sunspot umbra in millionths of the solar hemisphere (msh); Area_p - Area of the sunspot penumbra in millionths of the solar hemisphere (msh); alpha - Angular distance on the surface of the Sun from the center of the disk to the area-weighted position of the object; HH_l - Local Hour in the original note of the time of the observation given by the observer; MM_l - Minute of the original note of the time of the observation given by the observer. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sunspot parameters from measurements in La Hire, P.: 1703a, Observation D’une Tache qui à paru dans le Soleil au mois de Juillet 1703. à l’Observatoire Royale. Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci. Mem. Math. Phys., 129; La Hire, P.: 1703b, Observations De plusieurs Taches qui ont paru dans le Soleil au mois de Mai 1703. Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci. Mem. Math. Phys., 119; La Hire, P.: 1703c, Observations Des Taches du Soleil qui ont paru au mois de Mai & de Juin 1703. Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci. Mem. Math. Phys., 120; La Hire, P.: 1703d, Suite des observations De la Tache du Soleil qui a paru à la fin du mois de Mai, & au commencement du mois de Juin 1703. Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci. Mem. Math. Phys., 123; La Hire, P.: 1703e, Suite des observations De la Tache qui a paru dans le Soleil à la fin du mots de Mai, & dans le mois de Juin 1703. Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci. Mem. Math. Phys., 124. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Place YYYY MM DD HH MI G Sp BBB.BB LLL.LL B0 L0 P Rot q Alt Azm Area_w Area_u Area_p alpha HH_l MM_l Comment ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Paris Obs. 1703 6 19 7 51 22 251 -2.05 272.61 1.94 338.58 -8.22 -8.22 -45.45 36.93 96 NaN NaN NaN 66.08 8 0 From La Hire (1703, p. 123), we get B=-2.05 and L=272.61. From La Hire (1703, p. 124), we get B=-3.23 and L=272.79 Paris Obs. 1703 6 20 7 51 22 251 -2.32 273.35 2.05 325.35 -7.77 -7.77 -45.46 36.91 95.94 NaN NaN NaN 52.17 8 0 Paris Obs. 1703 6 21 11 53 22 251 -1.79 273.58 2.19 309.88 -7.25 -7.25 0.5 64.57 180.7 NaN NaN NaN 36.52 12 2 Paris Obs. 1703 6 22 7 51 22 251 -1.63 274.97 2.28 298.87 -6.87 -6.87 -45.48 36.85 95.84 NaN NaN NaN 24.22 8 0 Paris Obs. 1703 6 24 9 1 22 251 -1.42 275.15 2.52 271.75 -5.95 -5.95 -41.83 47.93 111.47 NaN NaN NaN 5.19 9 10 Paris Obs. 1703 6 25 7 11 22 251 -1.21 274.68 2.62 259.53 -5.52 -5.52 -45.74 30.16 88.05 NaN NaN NaN 15.62 7 20 Paris Obs. 1703 6 26 7 21 22 251 -0.86 274.05 2.73 246.2 -5.06 -5.06 -45.76 31.75 89.9 NaN NaN NaN 28.08 7 30 Paris Obs. 1703 6 27 11 51 22 251 -0.92 274.47 2.86 230.48 -4.52 -4.52 -0.75 64.48 178.96 NaN NaN NaN 44.14 12 0 Paris Obs. 1703 7 8 14 6 23 290 -18.47 47.95 4.04 83.65 0.6 0.6 36.32 53.11 236.31 NaN NaN NaN 41.75 14 15 Paris Obs. 1703 7 9 6 51 23 290 -18.39 47.7 4.11 74.41 0.92 0.92 -45.11 25.78 84.68 NaN NaN NaN 34.63 7 0 Paris Obs. 1703 7 10 11 51 23 290 -18.1 49.22 4.23 58.42 1.48 1.48 -1.59 63.44 177.76 NaN NaN NaN 24.1 12 0 Paris Obs. 1703 7 11 6 21 23 290 -17.94 51.83 4.3 48.22 1.83 1.83 -44.29 20.68 79.45 NaN NaN NaN 22.52 6 30 Paris Obs. 1703 7 12 6 51 23 290 -18.32 51.15 4.4 34.72 2.3 2.3 -44.97 25.44 84.89 NaN NaN NaN 27.9 7 0 Paris Obs. 1703 7 13 6 51 23 290 -18.4 50.64 4.49 21.48 2.75 2.75 -44.93 25.32 84.97 NaN NaN NaN 36.74 7 0 Paris Obs. 1703 7 14 10 21 23 290 -17.87 49.33 4.6 6.32 3.28 3.28 -29.06 57.02 136.7 NaN NaN NaN 48 10 30 Paris Obs. 1703 7 15 6 21 23 290 -18.44 49.1 4.68 355.3 3.65 3.65 -44.13 20.19 79.77 NaN NaN NaN 57.82 6 30 Paris Obs. 1703 7 16 13 21 23 290 -14.78 45.57 4.8 338.21 4.24 4.24 26.53 57.81 219.22 NaN NaN NaN 69.54 13 30 Paris Obs. 1703 7 17 21 51 23 290 -19.6 50.29! 4.92 320.29 4.84 4.84 20.66 -14.48 329.99 NaN NaN NaN 90! 22 0 (!) not measured, but calculated moment of crossing the limb XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sunspot parameters from measurements and engravings in Maraldi, J.P.: 1704, Observation de deux taches dans le Soleil. Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci. Mem. Math. Phys., 10. Maraldi, J.P.: 1704, Observation D’une Nouvelle Tache Dans le Soleil. Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci. Mem. Math. Phys., 131. Maraldi, J.P.: 1704, Retour Des Taches Observées dans le Soleil au commencement de Janvier. Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci. Mem. Math. Phys., 40. Maraldi, J.P.: 1704, Suite Des Observations Des Taches. Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci. Mem. Math. Phys., 12. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Place YYYY MM DD HH MI G Sp BBB.BB LLL.LL B0 L0 P Rot q Alt Azm Area_w Area_u Area_p alpha HH_l MM_l Comment ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bologna 1703 12 21 11! 15! 24 345 -10.5 128.83! -2.16 54.27 7.36 NaN 0.3 22.1 180.4 NaN NaN NaN NaN 12! 0! This observation was taken by Manfredi. According to Maraldi, Manfredi saw three sunspots near the western limb. (!) The longitude was calculated by us based on the assumption that the synodal period of rotation of sunspots is 27.5 days, as indicated by Maraldi and the sunspot longitude on 7 January was 127 deg. Bologna 1703 12 21 11! 15! 24 346 NaN NaN -2.16 54.27 7.36 NaN 0.3 22.1 180.4 NaN NaN NaN NaN 12! 0! Time is unknown. We assign noon Bologna 1703 12 21 11! 15! 24 347 NaN NaN -2.16 54.27 7.36 NaN 0.3 22.1 180.4 NaN NaN NaN NaN 12! 0! Paris Obs. 1704 1 7 11! 51! 25 349 -11.9 133.09 -4.12 190.05 -1 -1 -1.12 18.61 178.43 286 20 266 56.84 12! 0! Parameters reconstructed from the engraving published in Paris. For details see Fig. 3 in the article. (!) Time is unknown, we assign 12:00 of local time. Maraldi himself defined the sunspot latitude to be -9.5. Paris Obs. 1704 1 7 11! 51! 26 351 -8.27 238.82 -4.12 190.05 -1 -1 -1.12 18.61 178.43 203 18 185 48.64 12! 0! Paris Obs. 1704 1 8 11! 51! 25 349 -13.25 128.77 -4.23 176.88 -1.49 -1.49 -1.19 18.73 178.32 239 12 227 48.32 12! 0! Parameters reconstructed from the engraving published in Paris. For details see Fig. 3 in the article. (!) Time is unknown, we assign 12:00 of local time Paris Obs. 1704 1 8 11! 51! 26 351 -6.24 237.12 -4.23 176.88 -1.49 -1.49 -1.19 18.73 178.32 244 28 216 59.99 12! 0! Paris Obs. 1704 1 7 11! 51! 25 349 -12.59 130.39 -4.12 190.05 -1 -1 -1.12 18.61 178.43 874 84 790 59.51 12! 0! Parameters reconstructed from the engraving published in Amsterdam. For details see Fig. 3 in the article. (!) Time is unknown, we assign 12:00 of local time. Maraldi himself defined the sunspot latitude to be -9.5. Paris Obs. 1704 1 7 11! 51! 26 351 -8.73 234.09 -4.12 190.05 -1 -1 -1.12 18.61 178.43 526 83 443 43.98 12! 0! Paris Obs. 1704 1 8 11! 51! 25 349 -15.46 129.23 -4.23 176.88 -1.49 -1.49 -1.19 18.73 178.32 800 100 700 48.16 12! 0! Parameters reconstructed from the engraving published in Amsterdam. For details see Fig. 3 in the article. (!) Time is unknown, we assign 12:00 of local time Paris Obs. 1704 1 8 11! 51! 26 351 -6.38 234.46 -4.23 176.88 -1.49 -1.49 -1.19 18.73 178.32 708 110 598 57.34 12! 0! Paris Obs. 1704 1 10 NaN NaN 25 349 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 178 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Maraldi noticed a sunspot Paris Obs. 1704 1 11 11 51 25 349 -9.5! 128.38 -4.53 137.38 -2.95 -2.95 -1.41 19.15 178 NaN NaN NaN 10.07 12 0 (!) The latitude was calculated by Maraldi from the previous observations, but the longitude was measured Paris Obs. 1704 1 12 4 51 25 349 -9.5! 128.05! -4.61 128.05 -3.3 -3.3 -45.02 -27.35 92.49 NaN NaN NaN 4.49 5! 0! (!) This is not an actual observation, but Maradli's calculation when the spot crossed the central meridian. The latitude was calculated by Maraldi from the previous observations Paris Obs. 1704 1 16 NaN NaN 25 349 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Maraldi noticed two sunspot. He added that in the previous days there were three sunspots Paris Obs. 1704 1 16 NaN NaN 25 350 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Paris Obs. 1704 1 17 NaN NaN 25 349 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Maraldi noticed a sunspot Paris Obs. 1704 1 18 NaN NaN 25 349 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Maraldi noticed a sunspot. According to Maraldi, Manfredi also observed the sunspot near the western limb. Acad. Montp. 1704 1 25 11! 44! 27 368 NaN 242.81 -5.79 313.11 -9.5 -9.5 -2.7 27.19 176.47 NaN NaN NaN 69.63 12! 0! This observation was taken by M. de Plantade Conseiller in Academy De Montpellier. (!) Time is unknown, we assign 12:00 of local time. Maraldi also noted that this sunspot was observed by Manfredi Paris Obs. 1704 1 26 8 21 27 368 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 8 30 Maraldi (1704): "On 26 January at 8:30, when the Sun appeared through the clouds for a few minutes, we observed with a 3-foot telescope a fairly large sunspot near the eastern edge, but we had no time to determine its location or to see it with larger telescopes because of the clouds." Paris Obs. 1704 1 27 14 21 27 368 -10.38! 239.94 -5.95 285.34 -10.43 -10.43 22.62 15.94 213.68 NaN NaN NaN 45.11 14 30 (!) We believe there's a typo in the distance measurement from the southern limb. The original distance is 60 seconds, which would make the sunspot's latitude -18.78 degrees. If we take the distance as 70 seconds, the latitude would be -10.38 degrees. However, it is possible that there is no error and we are misunderstanding these measurements. Paris Obs. 1704 1 27 14 21 27 369 NaN NaN -5.95 285.34 -10.43 -10.43 22.62 15.94 213.68 NaN NaN NaN NaN 14 30 Maraldi reported two joined sunspots enveloped in penumbra Paris Obs. 1704 1 28 9 51 27 368 -12.31! 240.53! -6.01 274.64 -10.78 -10.78 -22.11 16.47 147.09 NaN NaN NaN 34.23 10 0 (!) We believe there's a typo in the distance measurement from the northern limb. The original distance is 60 seconds, which would make the sunspot's latitude -3.97 and the longitude of 239.42. If we take the distance as 70 seconds, the latitude would be -12.31 and the longitude 240.53. However, it is possible that there is no error and we are misunderstanding these measurements. Paris Obs. 1704 1 28 9 51 27 369 NaN NaN -6.01 274.64 -10.78 -10.78 -22.11 16.47 147.09 NaN NaN NaN NaN 10 0 Manfredi noticed that the umbra divided, but were still enveloped in penumbra Paris Obs. 1704 1 29 8 21 27 368 -11.38 237.95 -6.07 262.3 -11.18 -11.18 -33.21 6.66 127.65 NaN NaN NaN 24.63 8 30 Paris Obs. 1704 1 29 8 21 27 369 NaN NaN -6.07 262.3 -11.18 -11.18 -33.21 6.66 127.65 NaN NaN NaN NaN 8 30 Manfredi noticed the umbra divided into three almost equal parts, but were still enveloped in penumbra Paris Obs. 1704 1 29 8 21 27 371 NaN NaN -6.07 262.3 -11.18 -11.18 -33.21 6.66 127.65 NaN NaN NaN NaN 8 30 Paris Obs. 1704 1 30 8 51 27 368 -10.26 238.87 -6.14 248.85 -11.62 -11.62 -30.01 10.61 133.61 NaN NaN NaN 10.7 9 0 Paris Obs. 1704 1 31 0 51 27 368 NaN 240.08! -6.19 240.08 -11.9 -11.9 -14.18 -57.41 20.79 NaN NaN NaN 10.7 1 0 This is not an actual observation, but Maradli's calculation when the sunspot crossed the central meridian Bologna 1704 1 31 9 15 27 368 -11.5! NaN -6.21 235.47 -12.05 NaN -24.9 20.8 145.8 NaN NaN NaN NaN 10 0 According to Maraldi, this is how the sunspot was observed by Manfredi. Its latitude was noted to be -11 to -12 Paris Obs. 1704 1 31 NaN NaN 27 368 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Manfredi noted: These umbrae had moved considerably further apart from each other, but were still shrouded in the same penumbra. Paris Obs. 1704 1 31 NaN NaN 27 369 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Paris Obs. 1704 1 31 NaN NaN 27 371 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Paris Obs. 1704 2 1 8 21 27 368 -9.64 239.94 -6.27 222.8 -12.45 -12.45 -33.31 7.28 127.1 NaN NaN NaN 17.31 8 30 Manfredi noticed three sunspots were even further apart, and each had its own penumbra. The western spot was significantly larger than the others; it was surrounded by a larger penumbra, and this sunspot persisted to the end. The other two spots diminished and dissipated. Paris Obs. 1704 2 1 8 21 27 369 NaN NaN -6.27 222.8 -12.45 -12.45 -33.31 7.28 127.1 NaN NaN NaN NaN 8 30 Paris Obs. 1704 2 1 8 21 27 371 NaN NaN -6.27 222.8 -12.45 -12.45 -33.31 7.28 127.1 NaN NaN NaN NaN 8 30 Paris Obs. 1704 2 2 8 51 27 369 -9.63 240.11 -6.34 209.36 -12.87 -12.87 -30.14 11.28 133.09 NaN NaN NaN 30.62 9 0 Maraldi noted that he observed the eastern limb, but saw only faculae without any sunspots. Another latitude is -8.95 and another longitude is 239.17 Paris Obs. 1704 2 3 8 21 27 369 -9.06 239.14 -6.4 196.46 -13.27 -13.27 -33.38 7.73 126.73 NaN NaN NaN 42.35 8 30 Maraldi noted that he observed the eastern limb, but saw only faculae without any sunspots. Another latitude is -8.45 and another longitude is 238.33 Paris Obs. 1704 2 4 8 51 27 369 -8.18! 239.21! -6.46 183.02 -13.68 -13.68 -30.22 11.76 132.75 NaN NaN NaN 55.71 9 0 (!) We believe there is a typo in the distance measurement from the southern limb. The original distance is 30 seconds, which means the sunspot latitude will be from -22.88 to -23.06 and the longitude from 257.55 to 258.7. If we take the distance as 50 seconds, the latitude will be from-7.8 to -8.18 and the longitude from 238.68 to 239.21. Basing Cassini's theory, Maraldi himself defined the latitude of about -9. Paris Obs. 1704 2 4 8 51 28 380 NaN NaN -6.46 183.02 -13.68 -13.68 -30.22 11.76 132.75 NaN NaN NaN NaN 9 0 Maraldi also noticed six small sunspots near the eastern limb Paris Obs. 1704 2 4 8 51 28 381 NaN NaN -6.46 183.02 -13.68 -13.68 -30.22 11.76 132.75 NaN NaN NaN NaN 9 0 Paris Obs. 1704 2 4 8 51 28 382 NaN NaN -6.46 183.02 -13.68 -13.68 -30.22 11.76 132.75 NaN NaN NaN NaN 9 0 Paris Obs. 1704 2 4 8 51 28 383 NaN NaN -6.46 183.02 -13.68 -13.68 -30.22 11.76 132.75 NaN NaN NaN NaN 9 0 Paris Obs. 1704 2 4 8 51 28 384 NaN NaN -6.46 183.02 -13.68 -13.68 -30.22 11.76 132.75 NaN NaN NaN NaN 9 0 Paris Obs. 1704 2 4 8 51 28 385 NaN NaN -6.46 183.02 -13.68 -13.68 -30.22 11.76 132.75 NaN NaN NaN NaN 9 0 Paris Obs. 1704 2 5 8 36 27 369 -9.77 237.67 -6.52 169.99 -14.08 -14.08 -31.91 10.14 129.43 NaN NaN NaN 66.98 8 45 Another latitude is -9.45 and another longitude is 237.04 Paris Obs. 1704 2 5 8 36 28 380 -7.28 126 -6.52 169.99 -14.08 -14.08 -31.91 10.14 129.43 NaN NaN NaN 43.67 8 45 Another latitude is -7.84 and another longitude is 126.37 Paris Obs. 1704 2 7 11 51 28 380 -8.5 125.12 -6.63 141.88 -14.91 -14.91 -2.64 25.51 176.13 NaN NaN NaN 16.71 12 0 Another latitude is -9.08 and another longitude is 125.84 Paris Obs. 1704 2 9 NaN NaN 28 380 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN According to Maraldi, Group 28 was observed in Paris and Bologna. It passed the central meridian and disappeared. Paris Obs. 1704 2 10 11 51 29 386 -13! NaN -6.78 102.38 -16.04 -16.04 -2.68 26.46 176.05 NaN NaN NaN NaN 12 0 Maraldi noticed new sunspots (nouvelles Taches). "On 10 February, there were two sunspots. In the following days, three sunspots were observed. We found these last ones in a parallel which declines from the Sun's equator by 13 degrees towards the south", as we translated from French. Paris Obs. 1704 2 10 11 51 29 388 NaN NaN -6.78 102.38 -16.04 -16.04 -2.68 26.46 176.05 NaN NaN NaN NaN 12 0 Paris Obs. 1704 2 11 NaN NaN 29 386 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Maraldi noticed new sunspots (nouvelles Taches). "On 10 February, there were two sunspots. In the following days, three sunspots were observed. We found these last ones in a parallel which declines from the Sun's equator by 13 degrees towards the south", as we translated from French. Paris Obs. 1704 2 11 NaN NaN 29 388 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Paris Obs. 1704 2 11 NaN NaN 29 396 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN Paris Obs. 1704 3 19 7 51 30 397 -11.59 270.27 -6.93 323.9 -25.62 -25.62 -37.5 17.62 112.19 NaN NaN NaN 53.07 8 0 Another latitude is -11.92 and another longitude is 270.55 Paris Obs. 1704 3 19 7 51 30 398 NaN NaN -6.93 323.9 -25.62 -25.62 -37.5 17.62 112.19 NaN NaN NaN NaN 8 0 Maraldi noticed two separated umbra enveloped in penumbra Paris Obs. 1704 3 20 9 51 30 397 -11.2 272.06 -6.89 309.61 -25.75 -25.75 -24.71 33.88 140.51 NaN NaN NaN 37.31 10 0 Another latitude is -11.44 and another longitude is 272.44 Paris Obs. 1704 3 20 9 51 30 398 NaN NaN -6.89 309.61 -25.75 -25.75 -24.71 33.88 140.51 NaN NaN NaN NaN 10 0 Still two umbrae enveloped in penumbra Paris Obs. 1704 3 21 8 21 30 397 -10.49 271.99 -6.85 297.25 -25.86 -25.86 -35.39 22.81 118.25 NaN NaN NaN 25.22 8 30 Another latitude is -10.79 and another longitude is 272.37 Paris Obs. 1704 3 21 8 21 30 398 NaN NaN -6.85 297.25 -25.86 -25.86 -35.39 22.81 118.25 NaN NaN NaN NaN 8 30 Maraldi noted: The shape of the sunspot was almost the same as in previous days, except that a small area adjacent to the penumbra was visible Paris Obs. 1704 3 21 8 21 30 399 NaN NaN -6.85 297.25 -25.86 -25.86 -35.39 22.81 118.25 NaN NaN NaN NaN 8 30 Paris Obs. 1704 3 24 14 36 30 397 -10.33 272.06 -6.7 254.25 -26.2 -26.2 29.6 31.76 228.69 NaN NaN NaN 17.98 14 45 The sunspot diminished. Another latitude is -9.73 and another longitude is 272.52 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sunspot parameters from estimates in Cassini, J.: 1705, Observation Des Taches Qui ont paru au mois de Janvier de l’année 1705. Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci. Mem. Math. Phys., 55. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Place YYYY MM DD HH MI G Sp BBB.BB LLL.LL B0 L0 P Rot q Alt Azm Area_w Area_u Area_p alpha HH_l MM_l Comment ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Paris Obs. 1705 1 15 11 51 35 lead -7.55 270.66 -4.99 293.97 -5.24 -5.24 -1.73 19.95 177.54 NaN NaN NaN 23.31 12 0 Paris Obs. 1705 1 15 11 51 35 trail -11.58 265.74 -4.99 293.97 -5.24 -5.24 -1.73 19.95 177.54 NaN NaN NaN 28.68 12 0 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sunspot parameters from measurements in Cassini's observational journal and estimates in Memoires (1706), Sur Les Taches du Soleil. Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci. Mém. Math. Phys., 121. The author is unknown, but comparison with Cassini's journal reveals that the measurements in Memories were taken by Cassini. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Place YYYY MM DD HH MI G Sp BBB.BB LLL.LL B0 L0 P Rot q Alt Azm Area_w Area_u Area_p alpha HH_l MM_l Comment ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Paris Obs. 1706 4 6 11 50 43 458 -11.33 111.04 -5.97 169.11 -26.77 -26.77 -0.8 47.48 178.79 NaN NaN NaN 57.58 11 59 Paris Obs. 1706 6 19 11 52 45 467 -10 NaN 1.98 270.48 -8.03 -8.03 0.27 64.56 180.37 NaN NaN NaN 23.31 12 1 Paris Obs. 1706 9 14 11 45 46 468 -9.8 139.53 7.15 200.25 24.43 24.43 -0.3 44.62 179.55 NaN NaN NaN 62.8 11 54 Paris Obs. 1706 11 10 11 51 47 477 -10.26 102.65 2.94 168.34 22.93 22.93 2.87 23.87 184.17 NaN NaN NaN 66.71 12 0 (!) This measurement is from Cassini's journal. Paris Obs. 1706 11 13 10 31 47 477 -9.94! 101.57! 2.59 129.53 22.17 22.17 -11.31 21.63 163.51 NaN NaN NaN 30.53 10 40 (!) This measurement is from Cassini's journal. Sunspot measurement is incomplete Paris Obs. 1706 11 15 11 51 47 477 NaN 102.43! 2.35 102.43 21.6 21.6 2.72 22.53 183.92 NaN NaN NaN 12.41 12 0 (!) Calculation by Cassini Paris Obs. 1706 12 7 11 53 48 486 -6.93! NaN -0.43 172.49 13.64 13.64 1.78 18.42 182.5 NaN NaN NaN 56.07 12 2 (!) Measurements are incomplete Paris Obs. 1706 12 12 17 51 48 493 NaN 103.34! -1.1 103.34 11.32 11.32 43.76 -18.15 255.35 NaN NaN NaN 4.95 18 0 (!) Calculation by Cassini Paris Obs. 1706 12 17 11 51 48 486 -5.68 NaN -1.69 40.76 9.13 9.13 0.62 17.7 180.87 NaN NaN NaN 75.03 12 0 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sunspot parameters from estimates in Memoires (1707), Sur Des Taches du Soleil. Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci. Mem. Math. Phys., 106. The author is unknown, but it appears to be Cassini, as we infer from a comparison with his observational journals. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Place YYYY MM DD HH MI G Sp BBB.BB LLL.LL B0 L0 P Rot q Alt Azm Area_w Area_u Area_p alpha HH_l MM_l Comment ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Paris Obs. 1707 3 18 20 51 51 514 -9! 277.26! -6.97 277.26 -25.46 -25.46 32.8 -27.4 304.5 NaN NaN NaN NaN 21 0 This is not an actual observation, but a calculation. Memoires reported the sunspot declined -9 degrees Paris Obs. 1707 3 24 11 51 51 514 -6.5! NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 12 0 Memoires reported the sunspot declined from -6 to -7 Paris Obs. 1707 5 11 11 51 53 536 -6.5! 289.06! -2.67 289.06 -22.34 -22.34 1.35 58.86 181.96 NaN NaN NaN NaN 12 0 This is not an actual observation, but a calculation. The sunspot was observed on 15 May by Cassini B=-7.5 and L=288. Memoires reported the sunspot declined from -6 to -7 Paris Obs. 1707 10 2 23 50 55 539 -7.5! 178.51! 6.43 178.51 26.57 26.57 -2.27 -44.65 3.46 NaN NaN NaN NaN 23 59 This is not an actual observation, but a calculation. Memoires reported the sunspot declined from -7 to -8 Paris Obs. 1707 11 14 16 51 56 541 -12.5! 335.31! 2.47 335.31 21.89 21.89 40.49 -6.6 249.75 NaN NaN NaN NaN 17 0 This is not an actual observation, but a calculation. Memoires reported the sunspot declined from -12 to -13 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sunspot parameters from estimates in Memoires (1708), Sur Des Taches du Soleil. Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci. Mém. Math. Phys., 107. the author is unknown, but it seems to be La Hire. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Place YYYY MM DD HH MI G Sp BBB.BB LLL.LL B0 L0 P Rot q Alt Azm Area_w Area_u Area_p alpha HH_l MM_l Comment ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Paris Obs. 1708 8 12 6 21 60 553 -7 350.79! 6.71 350.79 15.51 15.51 -42.66 15.43 84.7 NaN NaN NaN 13.59 6 30 ! This is not an actual observation, but a calculation when the leading sunspot passed the central meridian. The latitude noted in Memoires Paris Obs. 1708 8 12 6 21 60 559 -6 NaN 6.71 350.79 15.51 15.51 -42.66 15.43 84.7 NaN NaN NaN 14.48 6 30 The latitude noted in Memoires Paris Obs. 1708 8 12 22 51 60 553 -7 NaN 6.74 341.7 15.75 15.75 11.56 -24.72 342.88 NaN NaN NaN 16.36 23 0 The latitude noted in Memoires Paris Obs. 1708 8 12 22 51 60 559 -6 341.7! 6.74 341.7 15.75 15.75 11.56 -24.72 342.88 NaN NaN NaN 13.28 23 0 ! This is not an actual observation, but a calculation when the trailing sunspot passed the central meridian. The latitude noted in Memoires Paris Obs. 1708 9 8 13 51 61 591 NaN 349.99! 7.23 349.99 23.37 23.37 25.79 39.48 221.2 NaN NaN NaN 9.02 14 0 ! This is not an actual observation, but a calculation when the sunspot passed the central meridian Paris Obs. 1708 11 16 19 51 62 594 -4.5 156.56! 2.13 156.56 21.05 21.05 42.62 -36.15 283.04 NaN NaN NaN 6.5 20 0 ! This is not an actual observation, but a calculation when the sunspot passed the central meridian. The latitude noted in Memoires Paris Obs. 1708 11 24 11! 51! 63 615 -6.5 NaN 1.17 55.51 18.55 18.55 2.27 20.37 183.23 NaN NaN NaN NaN 12! 0 In Memoires, there were noted two sunspots close to the eastern limb, the larger of which was the northernmost, its southern declination was between 6 and 7 degrees. Time is unknown Paris Obs. 1708 11 24 11! 51! 63 621 -6.5 NaN 1.17 55.51 18.55 18.55 2.27 20.37 183.23 NaN NaN NaN NaN 12! 0 Paris Obs. 1708 11 29 11! 51! 63 621 -6.5 349.62! 0.54 349.62 16.69 16.69 1.97 19.47 182.78 NaN NaN NaN 7.09 12! 0 ! This is not an actual observation, but a calculation when the sunspot passed the central meridian.The latitude noted in Memoires. Time is unknown XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sunspot parameters from estimates in Memories (1710) Sur Les Taches du Soleil. Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci. Mem. Math. Phys., 111. Memories represents a mix of estimates from La Hire's and Cassini's measurements; therefore, the author is unknown. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Place YYYY MM DD HH MI G Sp BBB.BB LLL.LL B0 L0 P Rot q Alt Azm Area_w Area_u Area_p alpha HH_l MM_l Comment ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Paris Obs. 1710 10 24 19 21 69 645 -12.5 184.93! 4.72 184.93 25.93 25.93 41 -26.2 282.5 NaN NaN NaN NaN 19 30 ! This is not an actual observation, but a calculation when the sunspot passed the central meridian. The latitude noted in Memoires Paris Obs. 1710 10 25 11! 51! 69 645 -12.5 NaN 4.66 175.87 23.06 23.06 2.79 28.94 184.16 NaN NaN NaN 21.37 12! 0 ! The time was not specified, we assign the time from La Hire's measurements. The latitude is estimated from the declination noted in Memoires Paris Obs. 1710 10 28 11! 51! 69 645 -4.8! NaN 4.36 136.32 22.64 22.64 2.82 27.91 184.17 NaN NaN NaN 53.4 12! 0 ! The time was not specified, we assign the time from La Hire's measurements. The latitude is estimated from the declination noted in Memoires