\begin{thebibliography}{10}
\urlstyle{rm}
\expandafter\ifx\csname url\endcsname\relax
  \def\url#1{\texttt{#1}}\fi
\expandafter\ifx\csname urlprefix\endcsname\relax\def\urlprefix{URL }\fi
\expandafter\ifx\csname doiprefix\endcsname\relax\def\doiprefix{DOI: }\fi
\providecommand{\bibinfo}[2]{#2}
\providecommand{\eprint}[2][]{\url{#2}}

\bibitem{maas2022traumatic}
\bibinfo{author}{Maas, A.~I.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Traumatic brain injury: progress and challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{The Lancet Neurology}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{21}}, \bibinfo{pages}{1004--1060} (\bibinfo{year}{2022}).

\bibitem{blennow2016traumatic}
\bibinfo{author}{Blennow, K.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Traumatic brain injuries}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Nature reviews Disease primers}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{2}}, \bibinfo{pages}{1--19} (\bibinfo{year}{2016}).

\bibitem{taylor2017traumatic}
\bibinfo{author}{Taylor, C.~A.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Traumatic brain injury--related emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths—united states, 2007 and 2013}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{MMWR. Surveillance Summaries}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{66}} (\bibinfo{year}{2017}).

\bibitem{khellaf2019recent}
\bibinfo{author}{Khellaf, A.}, \bibinfo{author}{Khan, D.~Z.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Helmy, A.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Recent advances in traumatic brain injury}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Journal of neurology}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{266}}, \bibinfo{pages}{2878--2889} (\bibinfo{year}{2019}).

\bibitem{williamson2023traumatic}
\bibinfo{author}{Williamson, C.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Rajajee, V.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Traumatic brain injury: Epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{UpToDate. UpToDate, Post TW. UpToDate, Waltham, MA}}}  (\bibinfo{year}{2023}).

\bibitem{wilson2017chronic}
\bibinfo{author}{Wilson, L.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{The chronic and evolving neurological consequences of traumatic brain injury}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{The Lancet Neurology}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{16}}, \bibinfo{pages}{813--825} (\bibinfo{year}{2017}).

\bibitem{shetty2016acr}
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\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Journal of the American College of Radiology}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{13}}, \bibinfo{pages}{668--679} (\bibinfo{year}{2016}).

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\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Emergency department management of traumatic brain injuries: A resource tiered review}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{African Journal of Emergency Medicine}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{10}}, \bibinfo{pages}{159--166} (\bibinfo{year}{2020}).

\bibitem{currie2016imaging}
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\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Postgraduate medical journal}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{92}}, \bibinfo{pages}{41--50} (\bibinfo{year}{2016}).

\bibitem{castillo2021effect}
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\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{The effect of clinical information on radiology reporting: a systematic review}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Journal of medical radiation sciences}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{68}}, \bibinfo{pages}{60--74} (\bibinfo{year}{2021}).

\bibitem{wallis2011radiology}
\bibinfo{author}{Wallis, A.} \& \bibinfo{author}{McCoubrie, P.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{The radiology report—are we getting the message across?}}
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Clinical radiology}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{66}}, \bibinfo{pages}{1015--1022} (\bibinfo{year}{2011}).

\bibitem{lee2017radiology}
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\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Radiology reports: what you think you’re saying and what they think you’re saying}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Current problems in diagnostic radiology}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{46}}, \bibinfo{pages}{186--195} (\bibinfo{year}{2017}).

\bibitem{ganeshan2018structured}
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\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Structured reporting in radiology}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Academic radiology}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{25}}, \bibinfo{pages}{66--73} (\bibinfo{year}{2018}).

\bibitem{willemink2020preparing}
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\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Preparing medical imaging data for machine learning}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Radiology}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{295}}, \bibinfo{pages}{4--15} (\bibinfo{year}{2020}).

\bibitem{mozayan2021practical}
\bibinfo{author}{Mozayan, A.}, \bibinfo{author}{Fabbri, A.~R.}, \bibinfo{author}{Maneevese, M.}, \bibinfo{author}{Tocino, I.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Chheang, S.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Practical guide to natural language processing for radiology}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Radiographics}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{41}}, \bibinfo{pages}{1446--1453} (\bibinfo{year}{2021}).

\bibitem{pereira2024automated}
\bibinfo{author}{Pereira, S.~C.}, \bibinfo{author}{Mendon{\c{c}}a, A.~M.}, \bibinfo{author}{Campilho, A.}, \bibinfo{author}{Sousa, P.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Lopes, C.~T.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Automated image label extraction from radiology reports—a review}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Artificial Intelligence in Medicine}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{149}}, \bibinfo{pages}{102814} (\bibinfo{year}{2024}).

\bibitem{zech2018natural}
\bibinfo{author}{Zech, J.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Natural language--based machine learning models for the annotation of clinical radiology reports}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Radiology}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{287}}, \bibinfo{pages}{570--580} (\bibinfo{year}{2018}).

\bibitem{neveditsin2025clinical}
\bibinfo{author}{Neveditsin, N.}, \bibinfo{author}{Lingras, P.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Mago, V.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Clinical insights: A comprehensive review of language models in medicine}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{PLOS Digital Health}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{4}}, \bibinfo{pages}{e0000800} (\bibinfo{year}{2025}).

\bibitem{wang2023pre}
\bibinfo{author}{Wang, B.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Pre-trained language models in biomedical domain: A systematic survey}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{ACM Computing Surveys}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{56}}, \bibinfo{pages}{1--52} (\bibinfo{year}{2023}).

\bibitem{lee2020biobert}
\bibinfo{author}{Lee, J.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Biobert: a pre-trained biomedical language representation model for biomedical text mining}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Bioinformatics}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{36}}, \bibinfo{pages}{1234--1240} (\bibinfo{year}{2020}).

\bibitem{gu2021domain}
\bibinfo{author}{Gu, Y.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Domain-specific language model pretraining for biomedical natural language processing}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare (HEALTH)}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{3}}, \bibinfo{pages}{1--23} (\bibinfo{year}{2021}).

\bibitem{alsentzer2019publicly}
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\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Publicly available clinical bert embeddings}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.03323}}}  (\bibinfo{year}{2019}).

\bibitem{yan2022radbert}
\bibinfo{author}{Yan, A.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Radbert: adapting transformer-based language models to radiology}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Radiology: Artificial Intelligence}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{4}}, \bibinfo{pages}{e210258} (\bibinfo{year}{2022}).

\bibitem{he2020deberta}
\bibinfo{author}{He, P.}, \bibinfo{author}{Liu, X.}, \bibinfo{author}{Gao, J.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Chen, W.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Deberta: Decoding-enhanced bert with disentangled attention}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.03654}}}  (\bibinfo{year}{2020}).

\bibitem{yasunaga2022linkbert}
\bibinfo{author}{Yasunaga, M.}, \bibinfo{author}{Leskovec, J.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Liang, P.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Linkbert: Pretraining language models with document links}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.15827}}}  (\bibinfo{year}{2022}).

\bibitem{gemmateam2024gemma2improvingopen}
\bibinfo{author}{Team, G.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Gemma 2: Improving open language models at a practical size} (\bibinfo{year}{2024}).
\newblock \eprint{2408.00118}.

\bibitem{jiang2023mistral7b}
\bibinfo{author}{Jiang, A.~Q.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Mistral 7b} (\bibinfo{year}{2023}).
\newblock \eprint{2310.06825}.

\bibitem{touvron2023llama}
\bibinfo{author}{Touvron, H.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Llama: Open and efficient foundation language models}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.13971}}}  (\bibinfo{year}{2023}).

\bibitem{qwen2025qwen25technicalreport}
\bibinfo{author}{Qwen} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Qwen2.5 technical report} (\bibinfo{year}{2025}).
\newblock \eprint{2412.15115}.

\bibitem{labrak2024biomistral}
\bibinfo{author}{Labrak, Y.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{title}{Biomistral: A collection of open-source pretrained large language models for medical domains} (\bibinfo{year}{2024}).
\newblock \eprint{2402.10373}.

\bibitem{xie2024me}
\bibinfo{author}{Xie, Q.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Me-llama: Foundation large language models for medical applications}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{Research square}}} \bibinfo{pages}{rs--3} (\bibinfo{year}{2024}).

\bibitem{han2023medalpaca}
\bibinfo{author}{Han, T.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Medalpaca--an open-source collection of medical conversational ai models and training data}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.08247}}}  (\bibinfo{year}{2023}).

\bibitem{hu2021lora}
\bibinfo{author}{Hu, E.~J.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Lora: Low-rank adaptation of large language models}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{arXiv preprint arXiv:2106.09685}}}  (\bibinfo{year}{2021}).

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\bibitem{friedman2004automated}
\bibinfo{author}{Friedman, C.}, \bibinfo{author}{Shagina, L.}, \bibinfo{author}{Lussier, Y.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Hripcsak, G.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Automated encoding of clinical documents based on natural language processing}}.
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\bibitem{cho2019biomedical}
\bibinfo{author}{Cho, H.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Lee, H.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Biomedical named entity recognition using deep neural networks with contextual information}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{BMC bioinformatics}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{20}}, \bibinfo{pages}{735} (\bibinfo{year}{2019}).

\bibitem{raza2022coquad}
\bibinfo{author}{Raza, S.}, \bibinfo{author}{Schwartz, B.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Rosella, L.~C.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{Coquad: a covid-19 question answering dataset system, facilitating research, benchmarking, and practice}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{BMC bioinformatics}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{23}}, \bibinfo{pages}{210} (\bibinfo{year}{2022}).

\bibitem{huang2024critical}
\bibinfo{author}{Huang, J.} \emph{et~al.}
\newblock \bibinfo{journal}{\bibinfo{title}{A critical assessment of using chatgpt for extracting structured data from clinical notes}}.
\newblock {\emph{\JournalTitle{NPJ digital medicine}}} \textbf{\bibinfo{volume}{7}}, \bibinfo{pages}{106} (\bibinfo{year}{2024}).

\bibitem{lee2013pseudo}
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\bibitem{tarvainen2017mean}
\bibinfo{author}{Tarvainen, A.} \& \bibinfo{author}{Valpola, H.}
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\bibitem{peng2019transfer}
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\end{thebibliography}
