Supplementary Data for the Northern California: Geophysical Modeling and Natural Hydrogen Production Estimates – PoNHy Model Output This file is the output of the PoNHy code, containing detailed results from a combined geophysical inversion and thermodynamic simulation to estimate the volume of serpentinized rocks, their petrophysical properties, and the potential H₂ generation in Northern California. It includes model configuration, flow and fracturing parameters, hydrogen production calculations without and with water solubility constraints, and a summary of efficiencies and annual production volumes under different scenarios. ====================================================================================================================================================== 1.0. DEEP FLOW TARGET ====================================================================================================================================================== 90.63% of samples meet or exceed the flow target. SUCCESS: The designed fault network can sustain the target flow of 2.00e+06 liters/day. ====================================================================================================================================================== 2.0. PERFORMING INVERSION ====================================================================================================================================================== Running inversion with SimPEG v0.22.2 simpeg.InvProblem is setting bfgsH0 to the inverse of the eval2Deriv. ***Done using the default solver Pardiso and no solver_opts.*** Alpha scales: [48842674.52775886, 0.0, 48772581.6727259, 0.0, 26803277.091745496, 0.0, 6620645984.555424, 0.0, 7761102126.2438755, 0.0, 5168690093.679209, 0.0] Initial data misfit scales: [0.03405813 0.96594187] model has any nan: 0 =============================== Projected GNCG =============================== # beta phi_d phi_m f |proj(x-g)-x| LS Comment ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- x0 has any nan: 0 0 3.61e-10 3.77e+07 4.27e+15 3.92e+07 9.61e+02 0 geophys. misfits: 57835.0 (target 12544.0 [False]); 194222.4 (target 12544.0 [False]) | smallness misfit: 6065033.1 (target: 860891.9 [False]) Beta cooling evaluation: progress: [ 57835. 194222.4]; minimum progress targets: [18816. 18816.] Decreasing beta to counter data misfit decrase plateau. mref changed in 182894 places 1 2.41e-10 1.90e+05 5.91e+13 2.04e+05 4.61e+02 0 geophys. misfits: 40564.8 (target 12544.0 [False]); 54006.9 (target 12544.0 [False]) | smallness misfit: 2649530.9 (target: 860891.9 [False]) Beta cooling evaluation: progress: [40564.8 54006.9]; minimum progress targets: [18816. 18816.] Decreasing beta to counter data misfit decrase plateau. mref changed in 40693 places 2 1.60e-10 5.35e+04 3.46e+13 5.91e+04 1.91e+02 0 Skip BFGS geophys. misfits: 29716.7 (target 12544.0 [False]); 27996.7 (target 12544.0 [False]) | smallness misfit: 2380574.4 (target: 860891.9 [False]) Beta cooling evaluation: progress: [29716.7 27996.7]; minimum progress targets: [18816. 18816.] Decreasing beta to counter data misfit decrase plateau. mref changed in 23191 places 3 1.07e-10 2.81e+04 3.15e+13 3.14e+04 1.49e+02 0 Skip BFGS geophys. misfits: 20883.0 (target 12544.0 [False]); 24689.3 (target 12544.0 [False]) | smallness misfit: 2638248.5 (target: 860891.9 [False]) Beta cooling evaluation: progress: [20883. 24689.3]; minimum progress targets: [18816. 18816.] Decreasing beta to counter data misfit decrase plateau. mref changed in 13124 places 4 7.13e-11 2.46e+04 3.05e+13 2.67e+04 1.23e+02 0 Skip BFGS geophys. misfits: 15243.3 (target 12544.0 [False]); 22781.3 (target 12544.0 [False]) | smallness misfit: 2415173.6 (target: 860891.9 [False]) Beta cooling evaluation: progress: [15243.3 22781.3]; minimum progress targets: [18816. 18816.] mref changed in 9073 places 5 7.13e-11 2.25e+04 3.22e+13 2.48e+04 9.21e+01 0 geophys. misfits: 15056.1 (target 12544.0 [False]); 10773.7 (target 12544.0 [True]) | smallness misfit: 1652013.0 (target: 860891.9 [False]) Updating scaling for data misfits by 1.164312786026799 New scales: [0.03943364 0.96056636] Beta cooling evaluation: progress: [15056.1 10773.7]; minimum progress targets: [18816. 18816.] mref changed in 9149 places 6 7.13e-11 1.09e+04 3.11e+13 1.32e+04 8.77e+01 0 geophys. misfits: 14013.9 (target 12544.0 [False]); 8536.1 (target 12544.0 [True]) | smallness misfit: 1542594.5 (target: 860891.9 [False]) Updating scaling for data misfits by 1.4695307426895245 New scales: [0.05689551 0.94310449] Beta cooling evaluation: progress: [14013.9 8536.1]; minimum progress targets: [18816. 18816.] mref changed in 548 places 7 7.13e-11 8.85e+03 3.04e+13 1.10e+04 1.20e+02 1 Skip BFGS geophys. misfits: 11285.6 (target 12544.0 [True]); 5877.7 (target 12544.0 [True]) | smallness misfit: 1757095.5 (target: 860891.9 [False]) Beta cooling evaluation: progress: [11285.6 5877.7]; minimum progress targets: [18816. 18816.] Warming alpha_pgi to favor clustering: 3.2456627750265516 mref changed in 3740 places 8 7.13e-11 6.19e+03 4.73e+13 9.56e+03 9.91e+01 1 Skip BFGS geophys. misfits: 12669.9 (target 12544.0 [False]); 5193.5 (target 12544.0 [True]) | smallness misfit: 1799209.6 (target: 860891.9 [False]) Updating scaling for data misfits by 2.4153057963830267 New scales: [0.12717903 0.87282097] Beta cooling evaluation: progress: [12669.9 5193.5]; minimum progress targets: [18816. 18816.] mref changed in 895 places 9 7.13e-11 6.14e+03 4.55e+13 9.39e+03 2.10e+02 1 Skip BFGS geophys. misfits: 10686.1 (target 12544.0 [True]); 4316.8 (target 12544.0 [True]) | smallness misfit: 1742861.6 (target: 860891.9 [False]) Beta cooling evaluation: progress: [10686.1 4316.8]; minimum progress targets: [18816. 18816.] Warming alpha_pgi to favor clustering: 6.620725893904693 mref changed in 249 places 10 7.13e-11 5.13e+03 8.85e+13 1.14e+04 1.13e+02 2 Skip BFGS geophys. misfits: 11179.2 (target 12544.0 [True]); 3708.4 (target 12544.0 [True]) | smallness misfit: 1449822.9 (target: 860891.9 [False]) Beta cooling evaluation: progress: [11179.2 3708.4]; minimum progress targets: [18816. 18816.] Warming alpha_pgi to favor clustering: 14.912241971566303 mref changed in 82 places 11 7.13e-11 4.66e+03 1.84e+14 1.78e+04 3.42e+02 2 Skip BFGS geophys. misfits: 17590.3 (target 12544.0 [False]); 3207.2 (target 12544.0 [True]) | smallness misfit: 1154629.2 (target: 860891.9 [False]) Updating scaling for data misfits by 3.9112551201674814 New scales: [0.36302091 0.63697909] Beta cooling evaluation: progress: [17590.3 3207.2]; minimum progress targets: [18816. 18816.] mref changed in 202 places 12 7.13e-11 8.43e+03 1.57e+14 1.96e+04 4.23e+02 1 geophys. misfits: 9698.0 (target 12544.0 [True]); 2610.8 (target 12544.0 [True]) | smallness misfit: 1113903.1 (target: 860891.9 [False]) Beta cooling evaluation: progress: [9698. 2610.8]; minimum progress targets: [18816. 18816.] Warming alpha_pgi to favor clustering: 45.468495150725225 mref changed in 480 places 13 7.13e-11 5.18e+03 5.43e+14 4.39e+04 5.40e+02 0 geophys. misfits: 27057.2 (target 12544.0 [False]); 2891.5 (target 12544.0 [True]) | smallness misfit: 889431.1 (target: 860891.9 [False]) Updating scaling for data misfits by 4.338180937961386 New scales: [0.71201257 0.28798743] Beta cooling evaluation: progress: [27057.2 2891.5]; minimum progress targets: [18816. 18816.] mref changed in 0 places 14 7.13e-11 2.01e+04 3.82e+14 4.73e+04 6.23e+02 0 geophys. misfits: 15029.3 (target 12544.0 [False]); 4221.5 (target 12544.0 [True]) | smallness misfit: 825379.9 (target: 860891.9 [True]) Updating scaling for data misfits by 2.9714287865780395 New scales: [0.88018905 0.11981095] Beta cooling evaluation: progress: [15029.3 4221.5]; minimum progress targets: [18816. 18816.] mref changed in 0 places 15 7.13e-11 1.37e+04 4.64e+14 4.68e+04 3.90e+02 0 geophys. misfits: 12304.4 (target 12544.0 [True]); 5501.9 (target 12544.0 [True]) | smallness misfit: 736729.4 (target: 860891.9 [True]) All targets have been reached Beta cooling evaluation: progress: [12304.4 5501.9]; minimum progress targets: [18816. 18816.] Warming alpha_pgi to favor clustering: 75.00928579947231 mref changed in 0 places Add mref to Smoothness. Changes in mref happened in 0.0 % of the cells ------------------------- STOP! ------------------------- 1 : |fc-fOld| = 0.0000e+00 <= tolF*(1+|f0|) = 3.9234e+06 1 : |xc-x_last| = 2.4353e+00 <= tolX*(1+|x0|) = 2.7958e+01 0 : |proj(x-g)-x| = 3.8911e+02 <= tolG = 1.0000e-01 0 : |proj(x-g)-x| = 3.8911e+02 <= 1e3*eps = 1.0000e-02 0 : maxIter = 25 <= iter = 16 ------------------------- DONE! ------------------------- ================================================================================================================================== 3. INVERSION CONFIGURATION SUMMARY ================================================================================================================================== --------------------------------------------------- Topography and Data Files ---------------------------------------------------- Topography file : /home/christiansen/Python/California/Data_small/Topo_data.txt Core cell size (dx, dy, dz) [m] : (1000.00, 1000.00, 500.00) -------------------------------------------------------- Model Parameters -------------------------------------------------------- Initial model : Used Initial model file : /home/christiansen/Python/California/Data_small/Initial_geology_small_20.csv ---------------------------------------------- Fracturing of the Serpentinite Rocks ---------------------------------------------- Fracture spacing in X [m] : 1.00 Fracture spacing in Y [m] : 1.00 Fracture spacing in Z [m] : 1.00 ====================================================================================================================================================== 4. SUMMARY OF VOLUMES AND DEGREE OF SERPENTINIZATION ====================================================================================================================================================== -------------------------------------------------------- Fracturing of the Serpentinite Rocks -------------------------------------------------------- Estimated volume of serpentinite rocks: 12328.00 km³ Estimated volume at correct temperature window (100 to 500°C): 11993.50 km³ Avg density: 2.61 g/cm³ Avg susceptibility: 0.079655 SI Partial volumes and serpentinization degree -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Temp Range Volume Depth Serp. Correction [°C] [km³] [m] [%] [-] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100_125 166 3000-3500 100 0.02 125_150 305 3500-4500 100 0.02 150_175 312 4500-5000 100 0.02 175_200 413 5000-5500 100 0.02 200_225 672 5500-6500 100 0.02 225_250 602 6500-7000 100 0.02 250_275 686 7000-8000 100 0.02 275_300 639 8000-8500 100 0.02 300_325 687 8500-9500 100 0.02 325_350 588 9500-10000 100 0.02 350_375 744 10000-11000 100 0.02 375_400 1693 11000-11500 100 0.02 400_425 1736 11500-12500 100 0.02 425_450 1335 12500-13000 100 0.02 450_475 951 13500-14000 100 0.02 475_500 461 14000-15000 100 0.02 Descriptions: Temp Range : Temperature interval associated with each block Volume : Volume of serpentinite rock at that temperature range Depth : Minimum and maximum depths corresponding to the temperature range Serp. [%] : Estimated percentage of rock affected by serpentinization Correction : Reduction factor to account for incomplete serpentinization [0–1] ----------------------------------------------------------- Average serpentinite rock data ----------------------------------------------------------- Estimated reduction of the blocks 'serpentinization degree': From inversion: Avg: 100.00% ================================================================================================================================== 5. ROCK DATABASE: Lithology: HZ1 | W/R Ratio = 0.2 ================================================================================================================================== Composition in %: Al2O3=3.13 CaO=1.25 CoO=0.00 Cr2O3=0.00 FeO=8.69 Fe2O3=0.00 H2O=0.00 K2O=0.00 MnO=0.00 MgO=43.53 Na2O=0.08 NiO=0.00 P2 O5=0.00 SiO2=43.33 TiO2=0.00 Reacting fluid: Pure water ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Temp Range Pressure mol/kg H₂ n_H₂ V_H₂ n_H₂O_sol ρ H₂O [°C] [bar] [mol/kg] [mol] [m³] [mol] [kg/m³] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100_125 296.7 2.10e-01 2.40e-02 2.88e+00 7.84e-01 961.6 125_150 361.9 2.33e-01 2.67e-02 2.67e+00 7.76e-01 946.7 150_175 431.3 2.74e-01 3.13e-02 3.30e+00 7.62e-01 925.3 175_200 499.4 2.80e-01 3.20e-02 2.95e+00 7.60e-01 907.4 200_225 578.1 2.86e-01 3.26e-02 2.73e+00 7.59e-01 888.5 225_250 660.3 2.91e-01 3.33e-02 2.57e+00 7.57e-01 868.8 250_275 735.1 3.01e-01 3.44e-02 2.76e+00 7.53e-01 841.1 275_300 830.2 3.05e-01 3.48e-02 2.62e+00 7.52e-01 819.7 300_325 944.5 1.23e-01 1.40e-02 9.87e-01 6.65e-01 797.9 325_350 1071.0 0.00e+00 0.00e+00 0.00e+00 4.64e-01 785.5 350_375 1198.3 0.00e+00 0.00e+00 0.00e+00 3.59e-01 764.5 375_400 1346.4 0.00e+00 0.00e+00 0.00e+00 3.57e-01 743.9 400_425 1498.4 0.00e+00 0.00e+00 0.00e+00 3.54e-01 734.5 425_450 1660.4 0.00e+00 0.00e+00 0.00e+00 3.38e-01 726.2 450_475 1829.8 0.00e+00 0.00e+00 0.00e+00 2.93e-01 708.7 475_500 2004.4 0.00e+00 0.00e+00 0.00e+00 2.33e-01 702.5 Descriptions: mol/kg rock : Hydrogen generated per unit mass of rock n_H₂ : Total hydrogen amount in moles V_H₂ : Total hydrogen volume in cubic meters n_H₂O_sol : Water moles incorporated into the solid phase (serpentinization) ρ H₂O : Water density at given pressure and temperature [kg/m³] --------------------------------------------------- Estimated front velocities --------------------------------------------------- Using reference bin: '300_325' (312.5 °C) Units of cm/day 100_125 : min = 8.62e-06, avg = 2.18e-05, max = 3.49e-05 125_150 : min = 9.58e-06, avg = 2.42e-05, max = 3.88e-05 150_175 : min = 1.13e-05, avg = 2.84e-05, max = 4.56e-05 175_200 : min = 1.15e-05, avg = 2.90e-05, max = 4.66e-05 200_225 : min = 1.17e-05, avg = 2.96e-05, max = 4.75e-05 225_250 : min = 1.20e-05, avg = 3.02e-05, max = 4.85e-05 250_275 : min = 1.24e-05, avg = 3.12e-05, max = 5.01e-05 275_300 : min = 1.25e-05, avg = 3.16e-05, max = 5.07e-05 300_325 : min = 5.04e-06, avg = 1.27e-05, max = 2.04e-05 325_350 : min = 0.00e+00, avg = 0.00e+00, max = 0.00e+00 350_375 : min = 0.00e+00, avg = 0.00e+00, max = 0.00e+00 375_400 : min = 0.00e+00, avg = 0.00e+00, max = 0.00e+00 400_425 : min = 0.00e+00, avg = 0.00e+00, max = 0.00e+00 425_450 : min = 0.00e+00, avg = 0.00e+00, max = 0.00e+00 450_475 : min = 0.00e+00, avg = 0.00e+00, max = 0.00e+00 475_500 : min = 0.00e+00, avg = 0.00e+00, max = 0.00e+00 ====================================================================================================================================================== 6.0. PARAMETERS FOR WATER FLOW & SERPENTINIZATION ====================================================================================================================================================== Target flow to sustain reaction: 2.00e+06 L/day Internal fracture spacing: 0.05 m Fracture permeability: 1.0e-20 m² Porosity at serpentinization front: 0.08 Serpentinite density: 2,910 kg/m³ Water-rock ratio (W/R): 0.20 Fault segment length (L_fault): 50,000 m Lithostatic reference density: 2700 kg/m³ Gravity acceleration: 9.81 m/s² Simulation duration: 1 year(s) Lithology code used: HZ1 Molar mass of H₂: 0.00201588 kg/mol Molar mass of H₂O: 0.01801528 kg/mol ====================================================================================================================================================== 7. H2 ESTIMATION NO SATURATION ====================================================================================================================================================== H₂ Generation Daily Parameters NOT considering water saturation >>> MIN CASE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Temp Pressure Solubility H2O front H2O abs H₂ Diss H₂ Gas Daily H₂ Daily H₂ Annual H₂ Sat ratio [°C] [MPa] [mol/kg] [kg/day] [kg/day] [mol/day] [mol/day] [mol/day] [kg/day] [ton/year] [-] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 100_125 29.67 1.53e-01 1.3e+05 7.1e+04 9.4e+03 1.0e+06 1.05e+06 2.11e+03 771.75 111.1 125_150 36.19 1.87e-01 2.7e+05 1.4e+05 2.3e+04 2.4e+06 2.38e+06 4.80e+03 1751.27 103.7 150_175 43.13 2.22e-01 3.1e+05 1.7e+05 3.2e+04 3.3e+06 3.37e+06 6.79e+03 2476.72 105.5 175_200 49.94 2.57e-01 4.1e+05 2.3e+05 4.8e+04 4.6e+06 4.65e+06 9.36e+03 3418.18 97.0 200_225 57.81 2.97e-01 6.7e+05 3.8e+05 8.8e+04 7.8e+06 7.88e+06 1.59e+04 5799.83 89.4 225_250 66.03 3.39e-01 6.0e+05 3.4e+05 8.7e+04 7.2e+06 7.33e+06 1.48e+04 5394.47 83.8 250_275 73.51 3.77e-01 6.9e+05 4.0e+05 1.1e+05 8.8e+06 8.92e+06 1.80e+04 6566.24 83.6 275_300 83.02 4.25e-01 6.3e+05 3.8e+05 1.1e+05 8.4e+06 8.54e+06 1.72e+04 6283.05 79.8 300_325 94.45 4.84e-01 2.7e+05 1.4e+05 5.8e+04 1.4e+06 1.48e+06 2.99e+03 1091.05 25.5 325_350 107.10 5.48e-01 - - - - - - - inf 350_375 119.83 6.13e-01 - - - - - - - inf 375_400 134.64 6.89e-01 - - - - - - - inf 400_425 149.84 7.66e-01 - - - - - - - inf 425_450 166.04 8.49e-01 - - - - - - - inf 450_475 182.98 9.35e-01 - - - - - - - inf 475_500 200.44 1.02e+00 - - - - - - - inf >>> AVG CASE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Temp Pressure Solubility H2O front H2O abs H₂ Diss H₂ Gas Daily H₂ Daily H₂ Annual H₂ Sat ratio [°C] [MPa] [mol/kg] [kg/day] [kg/day] [mol/day] [mol/day] [mol/day] [kg/day] [ton/year] [-] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 100_125 29.67 1.53e-01 3.3e+05 1.8e+05 2.4e+04 2.6e+06 2.65e+06 5.34e+03 1947.75 111.1 125_150 36.19 1.87e-01 6.7e+05 3.6e+05 5.8e+04 5.9e+06 6.01e+06 1.21e+04 4419.87 103.7 150_175 43.13 2.22e-01 7.9e+05 4.3e+05 8.1e+04 8.4e+06 8.50e+06 1.71e+04 6250.76 105.5 175_200 49.94 2.57e-01 1.0e+06 5.7e+05 1.2e+05 1.2e+07 1.17e+07 2.36e+04 8626.83 97.0 200_225 57.81 2.97e-01 1.7e+06 9.5e+05 2.2e+05 2.0e+07 1.99e+07 4.01e+04 14637.66 89.4 225_250 66.03 3.39e-01 1.5e+06 8.7e+05 2.2e+05 1.8e+07 1.85e+07 3.73e+04 13614.62 83.8 250_275 73.51 3.77e-01 1.7e+06 1.0e+06 2.7e+05 2.2e+07 2.25e+07 4.54e+04 16571.94 83.6 275_300 83.02 4.25e-01 1.6e+06 9.6e+05 2.7e+05 2.1e+07 2.16e+07 4.34e+04 15857.22 79.8 300_325 94.45 4.84e-01 6.7e+05 3.7e+05 1.5e+05 3.6e+06 3.74e+06 7.54e+03 2753.61 25.5 325_350 107.10 5.48e-01 - - - - - - - inf 350_375 119.83 6.13e-01 - - - - - - - inf 375_400 134.64 6.89e-01 - - - - - - - inf 400_425 149.84 7.66e-01 - - - - - - - inf 425_450 166.04 8.49e-01 - - - - - - - inf 450_475 182.98 9.35e-01 - - - - - - - inf 475_500 200.44 1.02e+00 - - - - - - - inf >>> MAX CASE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Temp Pressure Solubility H2O front H2O abs H₂ Diss H₂ Gas Daily H₂ Daily H₂ Annual H₂ Sat ratio [°C] [MPa] [mol/kg] [kg/day] [kg/day] [mol/day] [mol/day] [mol/day] [kg/day] [ton/year] [-] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 100_125 29.67 1.53e-01 5.3e+05 2.9e+05 3.8e+04 4.2e+06 4.25e+06 8.56e+03 3123.76 111.1 125_150 36.19 1.87e-01 1.1e+06 5.8e+05 9.3e+04 9.5e+06 9.63e+06 1.94e+04 7088.46 103.7 150_175 43.13 2.22e-01 1.3e+06 6.8e+05 1.3e+05 1.3e+07 1.36e+07 2.75e+04 10024.81 105.5 175_200 49.94 2.57e-01 1.7e+06 9.2e+05 1.9e+05 1.9e+07 1.88e+07 3.79e+04 13835.48 97.0 200_225 57.81 2.97e-01 2.7e+06 1.5e+06 3.6e+05 3.2e+07 3.19e+07 6.43e+04 23475.50 89.4 225_250 66.03 3.39e-01 2.4e+06 1.4e+06 3.5e+05 2.9e+07 2.97e+07 5.98e+04 21834.76 83.8 250_275 73.51 3.77e-01 2.8e+06 1.6e+06 4.3e+05 3.6e+07 3.61e+07 7.28e+04 26577.64 83.6 275_300 83.02 4.25e-01 2.6e+06 1.5e+06 4.3e+05 3.4e+07 3.46e+07 6.97e+04 25431.39 79.8 300_325 94.45 4.84e-01 1.1e+06 5.9e+05 2.4e+05 5.8e+06 6.00e+06 1.21e+04 4416.16 25.5 325_350 107.10 5.48e-01 - - - - - - - inf 350_375 119.83 6.13e-01 - - - - - - - inf 375_400 134.64 6.89e-01 - - - - - - - inf 400_425 149.84 7.66e-01 - - - - - - - inf 425_450 166.04 8.49e-01 - - - - - - - inf 450_475 182.98 9.35e-01 - - - - - - - inf 475_500 200.44 1.02e+00 - - - - - - - inf Descriptions: Temp : Temperature interval in degrees Celsius Pressure : Average pressure in megapascals Solubility : Estimated H₂ solubility in water at given pressure H2O front : Water at the reaction front) H2O abs : Total kg of water absorbed into the solid phase H₂ Diss : Max H₂ that water can dissolve H₂ Gas : Gaseous H₂ exceeding saturation limit (hypothetical value) Daily H₂ : Daily H₂ production per day in moles Daily H₂ : Daily H₂ production per day in kilograms Annual : Annual H₂ production in tons Sat ratio : Ratio between daily H₂ production and daily dissolution capacity. <1: unsaturated, =1: balanced, >1: excess H₂ Results for serpentinized rock mass without considering saturation of H2: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Temperature Range [°C] Rocks [kg/day] Category ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 100_500 1.67e+08 min 100_500 4.20e+08 avg 100_500 6.74e+08 max ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ESTIMATED H₂ GENERATION SUMMARY NO SATURATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Simulation duration: 1 years Total H₂ generated: 84,680.3 tons (33552.6–135808.0) Avg production efficiency: 100% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ====================================================================================================================================================== 8. H2 ESTIMATION WITH SATURATION ====================================================================================================================================================== H₂ Production for Simulation Period (1 years CONSIDERING water saturation and Target flow 2000000.0 L/day) Production is limited to water saturation >>> MIN CASE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Temp Flow Max Diff H2O Frac H2O H2O abs Solub. Eff H₂ Diss H₂ Gas H₂ Total Rocks W/R Limit [°C] [kg/day] [kg/day] [kg/day] [kg/day] [mol/kg] [%] [t] [t] [t] [kg/day] [-] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100_125 7.66e+04 1.876e-06 7.893e+04 1.852e+02 0.1534 0.71 5.48 - 5.48 3.55e+04 2.1604 rate 125_150 1.46e+05 8.174e-06 1.505e+05 3.779e+02 0.1867 0.74 12.96 - 12.96 7.56e+04 1.9337 rate 150_175 1.63e+05 1.908e-05 1.680e+05 4.125e+02 0.2221 0.71 17.51 - 17.51 8.68e+04 1.8786 rate 175_200 2.03e+05 4.665e-05 2.096e+05 5.704e+02 0.2568 0.75 25.79 - 25.79 1.25e+05 1.6252 rate 200_225 3.10e+05 1.277e-04 3.194e+05 9.606e+02 0.2970 0.80 46.43 - 46.43 2.21e+05 1.4041 rate 225_250 2.57e+05 1.794e-04 2.649e+05 8.666e+02 0.3389 0.83 44.96 - 44.96 2.10e+05 1.2260 rate 250_275 2.73e+05 3.119e-04 2.808e+05 9.566e+02 0.3770 0.83 54.18 - 54.18 2.45e+05 1.1145 rate 275_300 2.29e+05 3.969e-04 2.357e+05 8.591e+02 0.4255 0.84 52.68 - 52.68 2.35e+05 0.9751 rate 300_325 8.65e+04 2.131e-04 8.909e+04 7.760e+02 0.4838 2.13 23.26 - 23.26 2.58e+05 0.3356 sol 325_350 3.95e+04 1.318e-04 4.053e+04 - 0.5483 - - - - - - - 350_375 4.16e+04 1.843e-04 4.277e+04 - 0.6132 - - - - - - - 375_400 7.57e+04 4.236e-04 7.781e+04 - 0.6888 - - - - - - - 400_425 5.83e+04 4.026e-04 5.985e+04 - 0.7663 - - - - - - - 425_450 2.99e+04 2.481e-04 3.068e+04 - 0.8489 - - - - - - - 450_475 1.06e+04 1.039e-04 1.093e+04 - 0.9353 - - - - - - - 475_500 - - - - 1.0243 - - - - - - - >>> AVG CASE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Temp Flow Max Diff H2O Frac H2O H2O abs Solub. Eff H₂ Diss H₂ Gas H₂ Total Rocks W/R Limit [°C] [kg/day] [kg/day] [kg/day] [kg/day] [mol/kg] [%] [t] [t] [t] [kg/day] [-] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100_125 7.66e+04 1.876e-06 7.893e+04 1.251e+02 0.1534 0.36 7.05 - 7.05 4.57e+04 1.6771 sol 125_150 1.46e+05 8.174e-06 1.505e+05 2.513e+02 0.1867 0.37 16.53 - 16.53 9.64e+04 1.5155 sol 150_175 1.63e+05 1.908e-05 1.680e+05 2.706e+02 0.2221 0.35 22.15 - 22.15 1.10e+05 1.4857 sol 175_200 2.03e+05 4.665e-05 2.096e+05 3.686e+02 0.2568 0.37 32.28 - 32.28 1.57e+05 1.2987 sol 200_225 3.10e+05 1.277e-04 3.194e+05 6.114e+02 0.2970 0.39 57.48 - 57.48 2.73e+05 1.1343 sol 225_250 2.57e+05 1.794e-04 2.649e+05 5.428e+02 0.3389 0.40 55.01 - 55.01 2.57e+05 1.0021 sol 250_275 2.73e+05 3.119e-04 2.808e+05 5.872e+02 0.3770 0.40 65.55 - 65.55 2.96e+05 0.9214 sol 275_300 2.29e+05 3.969e-04 2.357e+05 5.161e+02 0.4255 0.40 62.90 - 62.90 2.80e+05 0.8166 sol 300_325 8.65e+04 2.131e-04 8.909e+04 4.609e+02 0.4838 1.00 27.40 - 27.40 3.04e+05 0.2848 sol 325_350 3.95e+04 1.318e-04 4.053e+04 - 0.5483 - - - - - - - 350_375 4.16e+04 1.843e-04 4.277e+04 - 0.6132 - - - - - - - 375_400 7.57e+04 4.236e-04 7.781e+04 - 0.6888 - - - - - - - 400_425 5.83e+04 4.026e-04 5.985e+04 - 0.7663 - - - - - - - 425_450 2.99e+04 2.481e-04 3.068e+04 - 0.8489 - - - - - - - 450_475 1.06e+04 1.039e-04 1.093e+04 - 0.9353 - - - - - - - 475_500 - - - - 1.0243 - - - - - - - >>> MAX CASE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Temp Flow Max Diff H2O Frac H2O H2O abs Solub. Eff H₂ Diss H₂ Gas H₂ Total Rocks W/R Limit [°C] [kg/day] [kg/day] [kg/day] [kg/day] [mol/kg] [%] [t] [t] [t] [kg/day] [-] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100_125 7.66e+04 1.876e-06 7.893e+04 9.503e+01 0.1534 0.24 7.60 - 7.60 4.92e+04 1.5571 sol 125_150 1.46e+05 8.174e-06 1.505e+05 1.901e+02 0.1867 0.25 17.76 - 17.76 1.04e+05 1.4111 sol 150_175 1.63e+05 1.908e-05 1.680e+05 2.039e+02 0.2221 0.24 23.72 - 23.72 1.18e+05 1.3869 sol 175_200 2.03e+05 4.665e-05 2.096e+05 2.765e+02 0.2568 0.25 34.48 - 34.48 1.67e+05 1.2159 sol 200_225 3.10e+05 1.277e-04 3.194e+05 4.565e+02 0.2970 0.26 61.20 - 61.20 2.91e+05 1.0652 sol 225_250 2.57e+05 1.794e-04 2.649e+05 4.043e+02 0.3389 0.27 58.39 - 58.39 2.72e+05 0.9442 sol 250_275 2.73e+05 3.119e-04 2.808e+05 4.393e+02 0.3770 0.26 69.36 - 69.36 3.13e+05 0.8706 sol 275_300 2.29e+05 3.969e-04 2.357e+05 3.908e+02 0.4255 0.26 66.39 - 66.39 2.96e+05 0.7737 sol 300_325 8.65e+04 2.131e-04 8.909e+04 3.591e+02 0.4838 0.65 28.83 - 28.83 3.19e+05 0.2707 sol 325_350 3.95e+04 1.318e-04 4.053e+04 - 0.5483 - - - - - - - 350_375 4.16e+04 1.843e-04 4.277e+04 - 0.6132 - - - - - - - 375_400 7.57e+04 4.236e-04 7.781e+04 - 0.6888 - - - - - - - 400_425 5.83e+04 4.026e-04 5.985e+04 - 0.7663 - - - - - - - 425_450 2.99e+04 2.481e-04 3.068e+04 - 0.8489 - - - - - - - 450_475 1.06e+04 1.039e-04 1.093e+04 - 0.9353 - - - - - - - 475_500 - - - - 1.0243 - - - - - - - Column meanings: Temp : Temperature range Flow Max : Max clean water allowed per day (scaled flow target) Diff H2O : Diffusive water inflow Frac H2O : Fracture (internal) water inflow H2O abs : Not saturated water absorbed by rock Solub : Hydrogen solubility in water Eff : Efficiency compared to unsaturated production H2 Diss : Dissolved hydrogen H2 Gas : Gaseous hydrogen H2 Total : Total hydrogen produced Rocks : Serpentinite mass available for reaction W/R ratio : Water-to-rock ratio Limit : Limiting factor (solubility, rate, or water availability) Results for serpentinized rock mass considering saturation of H2: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Temperature Range [°C] Rocks [kg/day] Category ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 100_500 6.81e+05 min 100_500 1.72e+06 avg 100_500 2.76e+06 max ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ FINAL ESTIMATED H₂ GENERATION SUMMARY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Simulation duration: 1.0 years Total H₂ generated: 346.3 tons (283.3–367.7) Avg production efficiency: 0.41% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ====================================================================================================================================================== 8. EXECUTION TIME ====================================================================================================================================================== The required time for execution was: 4:59:32 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Filterwarnings probably set to 'ignore'. You might consider to turn them on