{"text_format":"3","workbook":"xlsx","n_sheets":7,"sheets":["Note","Suppl. Table 5.  Lit. data","Suppl. Table 6. Coding metadata","Suppl. Table 7. Docs (n=233)","Suppl. Table 8. Docs (n=982)","Suppl. Table 9. Taxonomy","Suppl. Table 10. All effects"],"not_rendered":{"defined_names":5},"read":"whole","date_system":"1900"}

{"sheet":"Note","index":0,"n_rows":1,"n_cols":1,"rows_kept":1}
["This supplementary data contains an overview of all identified and relevant peer-reviewed articles (n=982) including their study type (Supplementary Table 8) and an overview of the articles eventually considered in the synthesis of this study (n=233) (Supplementary Table 7). The supplementary data (Supplementary Table 5) also contains all coded information that was used for the synthesis of this study, including brief descriptions of the individual coding items (Supplementary Table 6). The supplementary data also contains several coding items that were coded as part of ongoing work of the working group, which has not been explicitly used for the analysis and synthesis of this systematic mapping study. These additional coding items are shown without the respective contents in the supplementary data, as this ongoing work goes beyond the scope of this systematic map, and the information has not been sufficiently vetted yet to be included here. Further, an overview of the data used for the taxonomy is shown (Supplementary Table 9). An inventory of individual side effects is also provided (Supplementary Table 10)."]

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["authors","pub_tit","pub_year","pub_type","journal","study_area_n","study_area_cl","world_reg0","world_reg","study_area_des","area_scope","data_type","cdr_option","cdr_details","tillage","soil_cover","fertilizer","manure","pyrol_temp","pyrol_time","feedstock/sorbent","depl/rem_depth_cm","depl_orig_unit","depl_vol_best","depl_vol_lower","depl_vol_upper","depl_vol_+/-","rem_orig_unit","rem_net_gross","rem_vol_best","rem_vol_lower","rem_vol_upper","rem_vol_+/-","rem_base_best","rem_base_lower","rem_base_upper","rem_base_+/-","prim_effect_sphere","category_l0.1","category_l1","category_l2","category_l3","category_l4","inform_type","effect_type","effect_direc","effect_details","effect_mag_best","effect_mag_lower","effect_mag_upper","effect_mag_+/-","mag_spec","se_orig_unit","change_base_best","change_base_lower","change_base_upper","effect_sig","base_value_best","base_value_lower","base_value_upper","base_value_+/-","baseline","context/scenario","effect_depth_cm","period","excluded","excluded_with_reason","base_value2_best","base_value2_lower","base_value2_upper","base_value2_+/-","baseline2","authors_under review","article-title under review"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with miscanthus including SCS and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by wind","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by nuclear","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by energy mix in SSP2-1.9 (excluding energy from CDR)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by geothermal + excess heat","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by PV","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by natural gas + CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by wind + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by nuclear + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by SSP2-1.9 energy mix (excluding energy from CDR) + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by PV + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with miscanthus including SCS and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","DALYs","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Years of healthy life lost to due to premature mortality per million people per year (Impacts include: climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionization radiation, tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate matter formation, carcinogenic toxicity, non-carcinogenic toxicity, water consumption) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS)","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by wind + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Decrease in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by geothermal + excess heat","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Decrease in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by SSP2-1.9 energy mix (excluding energy from CDR) + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Decrease in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by wind","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Decrease in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by PV","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Decrease in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by energy mix in SSP2-1.9 (excluding energy from CDR)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Decrease in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by natural gas + CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Decrease in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by nuclear + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Decrease in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by nuclear","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Decrease in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by PV + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Decrease in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with miscanthus including SCS and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Decrease in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Increase in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Increase in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Increase in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Increase in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Increase in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with miscanthus including SCS and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Decrease in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Increase in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Increase in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Increase in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Increase in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Increase in Impact on terrestrial biosphere integrity as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by wind + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by geothermal + excess heat","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by SSP2-1.9 energy mix (excluding energy from CDR) + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by wind","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by PV","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by energy mix in SSP2-1.9 (excluding energy from CDR)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by natural gas + CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by nuclear + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by nuclear","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by PV + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with miscanthus including SCS and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with miscanthus including SCS and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on nitrogen flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by wind + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by geothermal + excess heat","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by SSP2-1.9 energy mix (excluding energy from CDR) + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by wind","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by PV","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by energy mix in SSP2-1.9 (excluding energy from CDR)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by natural gas + CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by nuclear + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by nuclear","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by PV + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with miscanthus including SCS and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with miscanthus including SCS and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ocean acidification as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by PV + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on phosphorus flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with miscanthus including SCS and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on phosphorus flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on phosphorus flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on phosphorus flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on phosphorus flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on phosphorus flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on phosphorus flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with miscanthus including SCS and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on phosphorus flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on phosphorus flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on phosphorus flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on phosphorus flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on phosphorus flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on phosphorus flows as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with miscanthus including SCS and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on stratospheric ozone depletion as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on stratospheric ozone depletion as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on stratospheric ozone depletion as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on stratospheric ozone depletion as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on stratospheric ozone depletion as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on stratospheric ozone depletion as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with miscanthus including SCS and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on stratospheric ozone depletion as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on stratospheric ozone depletion as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on stratospheric ozone depletion as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on stratospheric ozone depletion as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on stratospheric ozone depletion as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on stratospheric ozone depletion as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by wind + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by geothermal + excess heat","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by SSP2-1.9 energy mix (excluding energy from CDR) + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by wind","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by PV","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by energy mix in SSP2-1.9 (excluding energy from CDR)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by natural gas + CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by nuclear + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","High-temp liquid sorbent DACCS powered by nuclear","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low-temp solid sorbent DACCS powered by PV + heat pump","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with miscanthus including SCS and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects excluding the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with miscanthus including SCS and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with miscanthus including SCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Hybrid of BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) and low-temp solid sorbent DACCS (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cobo et al. ","Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with poplar (resulting in LUC) (CO2 is mineralized ex situ)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Impact on freshwater use as percentage of the safe operating zone boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis"," SSP2-1.9 without their BECCS and DACCS - otherwise identical to the SSP2-1.9 marker scenario (warming = 1.52 °C by 2100, 0.19 °C [0.11–0.26 °C] higher than with BECCS and DACCS) | Impacts on Earth-system processes expressed as a percentage of the size of the Safe Operating Space","Unless otherwise indicated, the results reported for HTLS-DACCS, LTSS-DACCS, BECCS0 and BEDACCS consider the average impacts of storage options: 1) sequestration at high pressures in geological formations, in situ mineral carbonation using (2) freshwater or (3) seawater, and (4) ex situ mineral carbonation | side effects including the environmental credits of the produced electricity and the byproducts of the ex situ mineralization in the BECCS scenarios","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Harris and Kountouris","Vertical Farming as a Game Changer for BECCS Technology Deployment",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with vertically farmed bioenergy crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","qualitative","negative","Increase ","Potentially negative energy balance: \"questions around the amount of energy invested vs. the amount of energy out.\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","\"conventional approach\" where bioenergy is farmed horizontally","BECCS with vertically farmed bioenergy crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Harris and Kountouris","Vertical Farming as a Game Changer for BECCS Technology Deployment",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with vertically farmed bioenergy crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","CDR readiness","Funding barrier","Investment risk","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","Potentially lower investment risk compared to baseline: \"Vertical farming bioenergy may offer a lower risk investment option in a transition towards a low carbon energy system and economy. As the frequency of crop-spoiling weather events increases, the investment risk in controlled environment agriculture decreases due to the guarantee of harvest.\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","\"conventional approach\" where bioenergy is farmed horizontally","BECCS with vertically farmed bioenergy crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Harris and Kountouris","Vertical Farming as a Game Changer for BECCS Technology Deployment",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with vertically farmed bioenergy crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","qualitative","positive","Decrease ","Potentially massive land saving: \"Given the productivity increase in leafy greens has been 5–10 times on the same land area, and 3–7 times the amount of land is required for conventional BECCS—utilising VFB [vertically farmed bioenergy] could allow us to meet the future BECCS demand on the same or less land that is currently being used for bioenergy globally.\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","\"conventional approach\" where bioenergy is farmed horizontally","BECCS with vertically farmed bioenergy crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","CI- cycling","CI- cycling","Chloride in water","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in soluble anion concentration (chloride) in simulated porewaters for Kettering loam amended with Biochar compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","0% biochar application","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","CI- cycling","CI- cycling","Chloride in water","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in soluble anion concentration (chloride) in simulated porewaters for Kettering loam amended with Biochar compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","0% biochar application","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","CI- cycling","CI- cycling","Chloride in water","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in soluble anion concentration (chloride) in simulated porewaters for Kettering loam amended with Biochar compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","0% biochar application","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","CI- cycling","CI- cycling","Chloride in water","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in soluble anion concentration (chloride) in simulated porewaters for Kettering loam amended with Biochar compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","0% biochar application","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Invertebrates","Invertebrates","Earthworm moisture","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in moisture content of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) after survival assay in biochar amended soil compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","0% biochar application","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Invertebrates","Invertebrates","Earthworm moisture","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in moisture content of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) after survival assay in biochar amended soil compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","0% biochar application","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Invertebrates","Invertebrates","Earthworm moisture","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in moisture content of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) after survival assay in biochar amended soil compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","0% biochar application","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Invertebrates","Invertebrates","Earthworm moisture","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in moisture content of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) after survival assay in biochar amended soil compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","0% biochar application","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on artificial OECD soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Invertebrates","Invertebrates","Earthworm moisture","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in moisture content of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) after survival assay in biochar amended soil compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","0% biochar application","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on artificial OECD soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm  | soil amendment on artificial OECD soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Invertebrates","Invertebrates","Earthworm moisture","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in moisture content of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) after survival assay in biochar amended soil compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","0% biochar application","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm  | soil amendment on artificial OECD soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on artificial OECD soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Invertebrates","Invertebrates","Earthworm moisture","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in moisture content of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) after survival assay in biochar amended soil compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","0% biochar application","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on artificial OECD soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on artificial OECD soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Invertebrates","Invertebrates","Earthworm moisture","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in moisture content of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) after survival assay in biochar amended soil compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","0% biochar application","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on artificial OECD soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","F- cycling","F- cycling","Fluoride in water","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in soluble anion concentration (Fluoride) in simulated porewaters for Kettering loam amended with Biochar compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","0% biochar application","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","F- cycling","F- cycling","Fluoride in water","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in soluble anion concentration (Fluoride) in simulated porewaters for Kettering loam amended with Biochar compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","0% biochar application","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","F- cycling","F- cycling","Fluoride in water","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in soluble anion concentration (Fluoride) in simulated porewaters for Kettering loam amended with Biochar compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","0% biochar application","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","F- cycling","F- cycling","Fluoride in water","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in soluble anion concentration (Fluoride) in simulated porewaters for Kettering loam amended with Biochar compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","0% biochar application","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","PO3-4 cycling","Phosphate in water","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in soluble anion concentration (Phosphate) in simulated porewaters for Kettering loam amended with Biochar compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","0% biochar application","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","PO3-4 cycling","Phosphate in water","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in soluble anion concentration (Phosphate) in simulated porewaters for Kettering loam amended with Biochar compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","0% biochar application","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","PO3-4 cycling","Phosphate in water","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in soluble anion concentration (Phosphate) in simulated porewaters for Kettering loam amended with Biochar compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","0% biochar application","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","PO3-4 cycling","Phosphate in water","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in soluble anion concentration (Phosphate) in simulated porewaters for Kettering loam amended with Biochar compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","0% biochar application","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Plants","Plants","Herbs diversity","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in Species diversity of herbs","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Plants","Plants","Herbs diversity","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in Species diversity of herbs","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Plants","Plants","Herbs diversity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Species diversity of herbs","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Plants","Plants","Herbs diversity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Species diversity of herbs","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","N content of tree leaves","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","N content of tree branches","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","N content of tree stem","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","N content of tree root","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in N content of herbs","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in N content of litter","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","N content of tree leaves","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","N content of tree branches","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","N content of tree stem","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","N content of tree root","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in N content of herbs","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in N content of litter","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","N content of tree leaves","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","N content of tree branches","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","N content of tree stem","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","N content of tree root","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in N content of herbs","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in N content of litter","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","N content of tree leaves","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","N content of tree branches","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","N content of tree stem","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","N content of tree root","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in N content of herbs","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in N content of litter","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in N content of soil at depth of 0-20 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in N content of soil at depth of 20-40 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in N content of soil at depth of 40-100 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in N content of soil at depth of 0-20 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in N content of soil at depth of 20-40 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in N content of soil at depth of 40-100 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in N content of soil at depth of 0-20 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in N content of soil at depth of 20-40 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in N content of soil at depth of 40-100 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in N content of soil at depth of 0-20 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in N content of soil at depth of 20-40 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in N content of soil at depth of 40-100 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Plant carbon","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in C content of herbs","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Plant carbon","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in C content of litter","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Plant carbon","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in C content of herbs","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Plant carbon","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in C content of litter","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Plant carbon","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in C content of herbs","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Plant carbon","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in C content of litter","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Plant carbon","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in C content of herbs","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Plant carbon","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in C content of litter","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Soil carbon","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in C content of soil at depth of 0-20 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Soil carbon","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in C content of soil at depth of 20-40 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Soil carbon","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in C content of soil at depth of 40-100 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Soil carbon","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in C content of soil at depth of 0-20 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Soil carbon","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in C content of soil at depth of 20-40 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Soil carbon","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in C content of soil at depth of 40-100 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Soil carbon","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in C content of soil at depth of 0-20 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Soil carbon","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in C content of soil at depth of 20-40 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Soil carbon","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in C content of soil at depth of 40-100 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Soil carbon","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in C content of soil at depth of 0-20 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Soil carbon","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in C content of soil at depth of 20-40 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of steeply sloping farmland with black locust","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Soil carbon","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in C content of soil at depth of 40-100 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1 to 2 year old abandoned farmland (considered as 'pre-afforestation sites')","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fajardy et al.","The economics of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) deployment in a 1.5 ◦C or 2 ◦C world ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","Multiple regions","Africa","continental","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy crop for BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Land demand for bioenergy crops for BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1.5C stabilization without BECCS ","BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C (P=>50%) preindustrial","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fajardy et al.","The economics of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) deployment in a 1.5 ◦C or 2 ◦C world ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","Multiple regions","Africa","continental","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy crop for BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Land demand for bioenergy crops for BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1.5C stabilization without BECCS ","BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C (P=>50%) preindustrial","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fajardy et al.","The economics of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) deployment in a 1.5 ◦C or 2 ◦C world ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","Southeast Asia","Indonesia","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy crop for BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Land demand for bioenergy crops for BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1.5C stabilization without BECCS ","BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C (P=>50%) preindustrial","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fajardy et al.","The economics of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) deployment in a 1.5 ◦C or 2 ◦C world ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","Southeast Asia","Indonesia","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy crop for BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Land demand for bioenergy crops for BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1.5C stabilization without BECCS ","BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C (P=>50%) preindustrial","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fajardy et al.","The economics of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) deployment in a 1.5 ◦C or 2 ◦C world ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","Multiple regions","Latin America excluding Mexico and Brazil","continental","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy crop for BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Land demand for bioenergy crops for BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1.5C stabilization without BECCS ","BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C (P=>50%) preindustrial","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fajardy et al.","The economics of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) deployment in a 1.5 ◦C or 2 ◦C world ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","Multiple regions","Latin America excluding Mexico and Brazil","continental","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy crop for BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Land demand for bioenergy crops for BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1.5C stabilization without BECCS ","BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C (P=>50%) preindustrial","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fajardy et al.","The economics of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) deployment in a 1.5 ◦C or 2 ◦C world ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","Other Eurasia","continental","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy crop for BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Land demand for bioenergy crops for BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1.5C stabilization without BECCS ","BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C (P=>50%) preindustrial","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fajardy et al.","The economics of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) deployment in a 1.5 ◦C or 2 ◦C world ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","Other Eurasia","continental","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy crop for BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Land demand for bioenergy crops for BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1.5C stabilization without BECCS ","BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C (P=>50%) preindustrial","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fajardy et al.","The economics of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) deployment in a 1.5 ◦C or 2 ◦C world ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","Multiple regions","Russia","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy crop for BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Land demand for bioenergy crops for BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1.5C stabilization without BECCS ","BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C (P=>50%) preindustrial","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fajardy et al.","The economics of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) deployment in a 1.5 ◦C or 2 ◦C world ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","Multiple regions","Russia","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy crop for BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Land demand for bioenergy crops for BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","1.5C stabilization without BECCS ","BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C (P=>50%) preindustrial","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water withdrawal compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2005 level","\"Mitigation scenario with a decarbonisation strategy that is largely based on conventional technologies (CCS and nuclear)\" | Using GCAM as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water withdrawal compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2006 level","\"Mitigation scenario with a decarbonisation strategy that is largely based on conventional technologies (CCS and nuclear)\" | Using IMAGE as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water withdrawal compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2007 level","\"Mitigation scenario with a decarbonisation strategy that is largely based on conventional technologies (CCS and nuclear)\" | Using POLES as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water withdrawal compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2008 level","\"Mitigation scenario with a decarbonisation strategy that is largely based on conventional technologies (CCS and nuclear)\" | Using REMIND as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water withdrawal compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2009 level","\"Mitigation scenario with a decarbonisation strategy that is largely based on conventional technologies (CCS and nuclear)\" | Using WITCH as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water withdrawal compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2010 level","\"Mitigation scenario with full technology availability\" | Using GCAM as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water withdrawal compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2011 level","\"Mitigation scenario with full technology availability\" |Using IMAGE as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water withdrawal compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2012 level","\"Mitigation scenario with full technology availability\" | Using POLES as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water withdrawal compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2013 level","\"Mitigation scenario with full technology availability\" | Using REMIND as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water withdrawal compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2014 level","\"Mitigation scenario with full technology availability\" | Using WITCH as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water withdrawal compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2015 level","\"Mitigation scenario relying heavily on CCS; limited deployment of renewable energy sources in combination with phase-out of nuclear power\" | Using GCAM as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water withdrawal compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2016 level","\"Mitigation scenario relying heavily on CCS; limited deployment of renewable energy sources in combination with phase-out of nuclear power\" | Using IMAGE as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water withdrawal compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2017 level","\"Mitigation scenario relying heavily on CCS; limited deployment of renewable energy sources in combination with phase-out of nuclear power\" | Using POLES as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water withdrawal compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2018 level","\"Mitigation scenario relying heavily on CCS; limited deployment of renewable energy sources in combination with phase-out of nuclear power\" | Using REMIND as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water withdrawal compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2019 level","\"Mitigation scenario relying heavily on CCS; limited deployment of renewable energy sources in combination with phase-out of nuclear power\" | Using WITCH as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water consumption compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2020 level","\"Mitigation scenario with a decarbonisation strategy that is largely based on conventional technologies (CCS and nuclear)\" | Using GCAM as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water consumption compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2021 level","\"Mitigation scenario with a decarbonisation strategy that is largely based on conventional technologies (CCS and nuclear)\" | Using IMAGE as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water consumption compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2022 level","\"Mitigation scenario with a decarbonisation strategy that is largely based on conventional technologies (CCS and nuclear)\" | Using POLES as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water consumption compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2023 level","\"Mitigation scenario with a decarbonisation strategy that is largely based on conventional technologies (CCS and nuclear)\" | Using REMIND as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water consumption compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2024 level","\"Mitigation scenario with a decarbonisation strategy that is largely based on conventional technologies (CCS and nuclear)\" | Using WITCH as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water consumption compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2025 level","\"Mitigation scenario with full technology availability\" | Using GCAM as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water consumption compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2026 level","\"Mitigation scenario with full technology availability\" |Using IMAGE as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water consumption compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2027 level","\"Mitigation scenario with full technology availability\" | Using POLES as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water consumption compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2028 level","\"Mitigation scenario with full technology availability\" | Using REMIND as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water consumption compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2029 level","\"Mitigation scenario with full technology availability\" | Using WITCH as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water consumption compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2030 level","\"Mitigation scenario relying heavily on CCS; limited deployment of renewable energy sources in combination with phase-out of nuclear power\" | Using GCAM as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water consumption compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2031 level","\"Mitigation scenario relying heavily on CCS; limited deployment of renewable energy sources in combination with phase-out of nuclear power\" | Using IMAGE as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water consumption compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2032 level","\"Mitigation scenario relying heavily on CCS; limited deployment of renewable energy sources in combination with phase-out of nuclear power\" | Using POLES as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water consumption compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2033 level","\"Mitigation scenario relying heavily on CCS; limited deployment of renewable energy sources in combination with phase-out of nuclear power\" | Using REMIND as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mouratiadou et al.","Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in water consumption compared to 2005 value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2034 level","\"Mitigation scenario relying heavily on CCS; limited deployment of renewable energy sources in combination with phase-out of nuclear power\" | Using WITCH as IAM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Heck et al.","Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to reconcile with planetary boundaries",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS: Biomass conversion from dedicated plantations to hydrogen (B2H2) | 90% capture rate","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Biosphere integrity (% 'biodiversity intactness index' loss) leading to exceedance of safe operating space of planetary boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2005 status","SSP1xRCP2.6 | Biomass conversion to hydrogen","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Heck et al.","Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to reconcile with planetary boundaries",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS: Biomass conversion from dedicated plantations to hydrogen (B2H2) | 90% capture rate","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Biosphere integrity (% 'biodiversity intactness index' loss) leading to exceedance of safe operating space of planetary boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2005 status","SSP1xRCP2.6 | Biomass conversion to liquid","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Heck et al.","Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to reconcile with planetary boundaries",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS: Biomass conversion from dedicated plantations to hydrogen (B2H2) | 90% capture rate","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Land system change (% forest loss) leading to exceedance of safe operating space of planetary boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2005 status","SSP1xRCP2.6 | Biomass conversion to hydrogen","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Heck et al.","Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to reconcile with planetary boundaries",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS: Biomass conversion from dedicated plantations to hydrogen (B2H2) | 90% capture rate","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Land system change (% forest loss) leading to exceedance of safe operating space of planetary boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2005 status","SSP1xRCP2.6 | Biomass conversion to liquid","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Heck et al.","Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to reconcile with planetary boundaries",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS: Biomass conversion from dedicated plantations to hydrogen (B2H2) | 90% capture rate","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Biochemical flows leading to exceedance of safe operating space of planetary boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2005 status","SSP1xRCP2.6 | Biomass conversion to hydrogen","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Heck et al.","Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to reconcile with planetary boundaries",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS: Biomass conversion from dedicated plantations to hydrogen (B2H2) | 90% capture rate","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen flow","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Biochemical flows leading to exceedance of safe operating space of planetary boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2005 status","SSP1xRCP2.6 | Biomass conversion to liquid","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Heck et al.","Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to reconcile with planetary boundaries",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS: Biomass conversion from dedicated plantations to hydrogen (B2H2) | 90% capture rate","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Freshwater use leading to exceedance of safe operating space of planetary boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2005 status","SSP1xRCP2.6 | Biomass conversion to hydrogen","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Heck et al.","Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to reconcile with planetary boundaries",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS: Biomass conversion from dedicated plantations to hydrogen (B2H2) | 90% capture rate","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Freshwater use leading to exceedance of safe operating space of planetary boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2005 status","SSP1xRCP2.6 | Biomass conversion to liquid","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Heikkinen et al. ","Climate change induces carbon loss of arable mineral soils in boreal conditions ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Finland","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration with diverse crops as cropping system","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Climatic condition","Climatic condition","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in soil organic carbon due to climate change (higher than the removal with SCS)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2009 soil conditions throughout Finland","Soil C loss (soil depth 0-15 cm) under 1 mm precipitation increase plus 1°C temperature increase (calculated based on average values from 2009-2019 E-OBS and FMI climate data)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Heikkinen et al. ","Climate change induces carbon loss of arable mineral soils in boreal conditions ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Finland","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration with perennial crops as cropping system","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Climatic condition","Climatic condition","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in soil organic carbon due to climate change (higher than the removal with SCS)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2009 soil conditions throughout Finland","Soil C loss (soil depth 0-15 cm) under 1 mm precipitation increase plus 1°C temperature increase (calculated based on average values from 2009-2019 E-OBS and FMI climate data)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Heikkinen et al. ","Climate change induces carbon loss of arable mineral soils in boreal conditions ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Finland","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration with rotational crops as cropping system","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Climatic condition","Climatic condition","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in soil organic carbon due to climate change (higher than the removal with SCS)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2009 soil conditions throughout Finland","Soil C loss (soil depth 0-15 cm) under 1 mm precipitation increase plus 1°C temperature increase (calculated based on average values from 2009-2019 E-OBS and FMI climate data)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Realmonte et al.","An inter-model assessment of the role of direct air capture in deep mitigation pathways",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS (combination of type 1 and 2 as in comment) in a NET portfolio (alongside BECCS and afforestation (+traditional CCS))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Heat input required to operate DACCS plats capturing 30 GtCO2/yr","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2016 Total Final Consumption as reported by the International Energy Agency","TIAM-Grantham modelling for 1.5°C | DACCS (combination of type 1 and 2 as in comment) in a NET portfolio (alongside BECCS and afforestation (+traditional CCS))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Realmonte et al.","An inter-model assessment of the role of direct air capture in deep mitigation pathways",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS (combination of type 1 and 2 as in comment) in a NET portfolio (alongside BECCS and afforestation (+traditional CCS))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Heat input required to operate DACCS plats capturing 30 GtCO2/yr","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2016 Total Final Consumption as reported by the International Energy Agency","TIAM-Grantham modelling for 2°C | DACCS (combination of type 1 and 2 as in comment) in a NET portfolio (alongside BECCS and afforestation (+traditional CCS))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Realmonte et al.","An inter-model assessment of the role of direct air capture in deep mitigation pathways",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS (type 2 only as in comment) in a NET portfolio (alongside BECCS and afforestation (+traditional CCS))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Heat input required to operate DACCS plats capturing 30 GtCO2/yr","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2016 Total Final Consumption as reported by the International Energy Agency","WITCH modelling| DACCS (type 2 only as in comment) in a NET portfolio (alongside BECCS and afforestation (+traditional CCS))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Realmonte et al.","An inter-model assessment of the role of direct air capture in deep mitigation pathways",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS (combination of type 1 and 2 as in comment) in a NET portfolio (alongside BECCS and afforestation (+traditional CCS))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Electricity input required to operate DACCS plats capturing 30 GtCO2/yr","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2016 Total Final electricity production as reported by the International Energy Agency","TIAM-Grantham modelling for 1.5°C | DACCS (combination of type 1 and 2 as in comment) in a NET portfolio (alongside BECCS and afforestation (+traditional CCS))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Realmonte et al.","An inter-model assessment of the role of direct air capture in deep mitigation pathways",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS (combination of type 1 and 2 as in comment) in a NET portfolio (alongside BECCS and afforestation (+traditional CCS))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Electricity input required to operate DACCS plats capturing 30 GtCO2/yr","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2016 Total Final electricity production as reported by the International Energy Agency","TIAM-Grantham modelling for 2°C | DACCS (combination of type 1 and 2 as in comment) in a NET portfolio (alongside BECCS and afforestation (+traditional CCS))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Realmonte et al.","An inter-model assessment of the role of direct air capture in deep mitigation pathways",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS (type 2 only as in comment) in a NET portfolio (alongside BECCS and afforestation (+traditional CCS))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Electricity input required to operate DACCS plats capturing 30 GtCO2/yr","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","2016 Total Final electricity production as reported by the International Energy Agency","WITCH modelling| DACCS (type 2 only as in comment) in a NET portfolio (alongside BECCS and afforestation (+traditional CCS))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Khorchani et al.","Carbon sequestration and water yield tradeoffs following restoration of abandoned agricultural lands in Mediterranean mountains",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Spain","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of abandoned cropland","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water use efficiency","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in water use efficiency compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","abandoned cropland land as t0 (afforestation vs. natural revegetation)","Low afforestation scenario (30.1% of catchment) without warming","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Khorchani et al.","Carbon sequestration and water yield tradeoffs following restoration of abandoned agricultural lands in Mediterranean mountains",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Spain","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of abandoned cropland","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water use efficiency","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in water use efficiency compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","abandoned cropland land as t0 (afforestation vs. natural revegetation)","Low afforestation scenario (30.1% of catchment) under 3C local warming","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Khorchani et al.","Carbon sequestration and water yield tradeoffs following restoration of abandoned agricultural lands in Mediterranean mountains",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Spain","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of abandoned cropland","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water use efficiency","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in water use efficiency compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","abandoned cropland land as t0 (afforestation vs. natural revegetation)","High afforestation scenario (61.1% of catchment) without warming","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Khorchani et al.","Carbon sequestration and water yield tradeoffs following restoration of abandoned agricultural lands in Mediterranean mountains",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Spain","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation of abandoned cropland","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water use efficiency","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in water use efficiency compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","abandoned cropland land as t0 (afforestation vs. natural revegetation)","High afforestation scenario (61.1% of catchment) under 3C local warming","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Realmonte et al.","An inter-model assessment of the role of direct air capture in deep mitigation pathways",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS in a NET portfolio (alongside BECCS and afforestation (+traditional CCS))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Markets & Prices","Costs & Prices","Commodity value","Commodity value change","qualitative","unclear","Not applicable","\"Hydroxide solutions [as CO2 sorbents] are currently obtained as a side- product of chlorine (Cl2) synthesis, which is the main market product. High DACCS deployment would reverse these roles, with sodium or potassium hydroxide becoming the most valuable output, thus disrupting the current market.\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Abatement costs to achieve climate target without DACCS","DACCS in a NET portfolio (alongside BECCS and afforestation (+traditional CCS))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Realmonte et al.","An inter-model assessment of the role of direct air capture in deep mitigation pathways",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS in a NET portfolio (alongside BECCS and afforestation (+traditional CCS))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Secondary additional energy demand: \"sodium hydroxide is produced through an energy intensive chloralkali process, so that an additional 2.2–3.8 GJ of electricity is required per ton of CO2 captured. This is more than twice the electricity required to operate DACCS plants.\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Abatement costs to achieve climate target without DACCS","DACCS in a NET portfolio (alongside BECCS and afforestation (+traditional CCS))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Realmonte et al.","An inter-model assessment of the role of direct air capture in deep mitigation pathways",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS in a NET portfolio (alongside BECCS and afforestation (+traditional CCS))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Markets & Prices","Costs & Prices","Abatement cost","Marginal abatement cost","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in marginal abatement costs: \"DACCS reduces the marginal abatement costs to achieve the climate target by between 60 to more than 90%\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Abatement costs to achieve climate target without DACCS","DACCS in a NET portfolio (alongside BECCS and afforestation (+traditional CCS))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Grant et al.","Confronting mitigation deterrence in low-carbon scenarios",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","CDR represented by (BECCS, DACCS & AR)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","CDR readiness","Technology maturity","Target failure","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in warming: Failed warming target in 2100 (1.75 °C) because assumed CDR does no materialize compared to baseline where CDR is available","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","achieved temperature target with available CDR","\"MitigationDeterrence_ContinuedFailure. Emission reductions in the 2020s assume future CDR which then fails to be deployed. TIAM-Grantham is run myopically, with decisions in each decade made on the anticipation of CDR deployment in the next, which then fails to materialise. This represents a future in which large-scale CDR deployment always remains 10 years away, mirroring hype cycles observed in other technical promises\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Wang et al.","Health co-benefits of achieving sustainable net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in California",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Net-zero scenario for California making use of BECCS (80% capture rate)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Unspecified pollution","Air quality","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Increase in air pollutant emissions in electricity generation (Nox) in BECCS-driven net-zero scenario compared to alternative renewable driven decarbonization scenario","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Alternative deep decarbonization scenario replacing BECCS with renewables: wind, solar, geothermal (83 MtCO2-eq residual emissions in 2050)","Net-zero scenario for California making use of BECCS (80% capture rate) | aligned with 2 °C warming-target","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Wang et al.","Health co-benefits of achieving sustainable net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in California",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Net-zero scenario for California making use of BECCS (80% capture rate)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Unspecified pollution","Air quality","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Increase in air pollutant emissions in electricity generation (ROG) in BECCS-driven net-zero scenario compared to alternative renewable driven decarbonization scenario","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Alternative deep decarbonization scenario replacing BECCS with renewables: wind, solar, geothermal (83 MtCO2-eq residual emissions in 2050)","Net-zero scenario for California making use of BECCS (80% capture rate) | aligned with 2 °C warming-target","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Wang et al.","Health co-benefits of achieving sustainable net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in California",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Net-zero scenario for California making use of BECCS (80% capture rate)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Unspecified pollution","Air quality","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Increase in air pollutant emissions in electricity generation (PM2.5) in BECCS-driven net-zero scenario compared to alternative renewable driven decarbonization scenario","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Alternative deep decarbonization scenario replacing BECCS with renewables: wind, solar, geothermal (83 MtCO2-eq residual emissions in 2050)","Net-zero scenario for California making use of BECCS (80% capture rate) | aligned with 2 °C warming-target","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Wang et al.","Health co-benefits of achieving sustainable net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in California",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Net-zero scenario for California making use of BECCS (80% capture rate)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Unspecified pollution","Air quality","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Increase in air pollutant emissions in electricity generation (NH3) in BECCS-driven net-zero scenario compared to alternative renewable driven decarbonization scenario","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Alternative deep decarbonization scenario replacing BECCS with renewables: wind, solar, geothermal (83 MtCO2-eq residual emissions in 2050)","Net-zero scenario for California making use of BECCS (80% capture rate) | aligned with 2 °C warming-target","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Wang et al.","Health co-benefits of achieving sustainable net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in California",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Net-zero scenario for California making use of BECCS (80% capture rate)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Unspecified pollution","Air quality","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Increase in air pollutant emissions in electricity generation (SOx) in BECCS-driven net-zero scenario compared to alternative renewable driven decarbonization scenario","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Alternative deep decarbonization scenario replacing BECCS with renewables: wind, solar, geothermal (83 MtCO2-eq residual emissions in 2050)","Net-zero scenario for California making use of BECCS (80% capture rate) | aligned with 2 °C warming-target","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Spence et al.","Exploring cross-national public support for the use of enhanced weathering as a land-based carbon dioxide removal strategy",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","Australia","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Acceptance of concept: Enhanced weathering with silicate minerals to agricultural land","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Percentage of people who were unsure whether to support EW or not","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","alternative would be no deployment of enhance weathering","Online survey on the perception an acceptance of enhanced weathering for climate change mitigation | participants all 18+ | sample n=1000 | broadly nationally representative","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Spence et al.","Exploring cross-national public support for the use of enhanced weathering as a land-based carbon dioxide removal strategy",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","Australia","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Acceptance of concept: Enhanced weathering with silicate minerals to agricultural land","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Percentage of people who said they would support the deployment of EW","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","alternative would be no deployment of enhance weathering","Online survey on the perception an acceptance of enhanced weathering for climate change mitigation | participants all 18+ | sample n=1000 | broadly nationally representative","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Spence et al.","Exploring cross-national public support for the use of enhanced weathering as a land-based carbon dioxide removal strategy",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","Australia","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Acceptance of concept: Enhanced weathering with silicate minerals to agricultural land","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Percentage of people who said they would not support the deployment of EW","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","alternative would be no deployment of enhance weathering","Online survey on the perception an acceptance of enhanced weathering for climate change mitigation | participants all 18+ | sample n=1000 | broadly nationally representative","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Spence et al.","Exploring cross-national public support for the use of enhanced weathering as a land-based carbon dioxide removal strategy",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Acceptance of concept: Enhanced weathering with silicate minerals to agricultural land","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Percentage of people who were unsure whether to support EW or not","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","alternative would be no deployment of enhance weathering","Online survey on the perception an acceptance of enhanced weathering for climate change mitigation | participants all 18+ | sample n=1000 | broadly nationally representative","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Spence et al.","Exploring cross-national public support for the use of enhanced weathering as a land-based carbon dioxide removal strategy",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Acceptance of concept: Enhanced weathering with silicate minerals to agricultural land","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Percentage of people who said they would support the deployment of EW","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","alternative would be no deployment of enhance weathering","Online survey on the perception an acceptance of enhanced weathering for climate change mitigation | participants all 18+ | sample n=1000 | broadly nationally representative","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Spence et al.","Exploring cross-national public support for the use of enhanced weathering as a land-based carbon dioxide removal strategy",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Acceptance of concept: Enhanced weathering with silicate minerals to agricultural land","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Percentage of people who said they would not support the deployment of EW","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","alternative would be no deployment of enhance weathering","Online survey on the perception an acceptance of enhanced weathering for climate change mitigation | participants all 18+ | sample n=1000 | broadly nationally representative","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Spence et al.","Exploring cross-national public support for the use of enhanced weathering as a land-based carbon dioxide removal strategy",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Acceptance of concept: Enhanced weathering with silicate minerals to agricultural land","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Percentage of people who were unsure whether to support EW or not","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","alternative would be no deployment of enhance weathering","Online survey on the perception an acceptance of enhanced weathering for climate change mitigation | participants all 18+ | sample n=1026 | broadly nationally representative","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Spence et al.","Exploring cross-national public support for the use of enhanced weathering as a land-based carbon dioxide removal strategy",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Acceptance of concept: Enhanced weathering with silicate minerals to agricultural land","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Percentage of people who said they would support the deployment of EW","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","alternative would be no deployment of enhance weathering","Online survey on the perception an acceptance of enhanced weathering for climate change mitigation | participants all 18+ | sample n=1026 | broadly nationally representative","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Spence et al.","Exploring cross-national public support for the use of enhanced weathering as a land-based carbon dioxide removal strategy",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Acceptance of concept: Enhanced weathering with silicate minerals to agricultural land","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Percentage of people who said they would not support the deployment of EW","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","alternative would be no deployment of enhance weathering","Online survey on the perception an acceptance of enhanced weathering for climate change mitigation | participants all 18+ | sample n=1026 | broadly nationally representative","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Resource Use Impact On Minerals And Metals","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Resource Use Impact On Minerals And Metals","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Minerals And Metals","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Resource Use Impact On Minerals And Metals","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Resource Use Impact On Minerals And Metals","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Resource Use Impact On Minerals And Metals","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Fossils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Resource Use Impact On Fossils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Fossils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Fossils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Fossils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Fossils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Ecotoxicity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Freshwater Ecotoxicity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Ecotoxicity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Ecotoxicity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Ecotoxicity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Ecotoxicity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Freshwater Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Freshwater Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Freshwater Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Ionising Radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Ionising Radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ionising Radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Ionising Radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Ionising Radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Ionising Radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Resource Use Impact On Land Use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Resource Use Impact On Land Use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Resource Use Impact On Land Use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Resource Use Impact On Land Use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Resource Use Impact On Land Use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Resource Use Impact On Land Use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Marine Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Marine Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Marine Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Marine Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Marine Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Marine Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Non-Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Non-Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Non-Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Non-Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Non-Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Non-Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Ozone formation","Ozone formation","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Photochemical Ozone Creation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Ozone formation","Ozone formation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Photochemical Ozone Creation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Ozone formation","Ozone formation","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Photochemical Ozone Creation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Ozone formation","Ozone formation","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Photochemical Ozone Creation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Ozone formation","Ozone formation","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Photochemical Ozone Creation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Ozone formation","Ozone formation","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Photochemical Ozone Creation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Unspecified pollution","Respiratory effect, inorganics","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Respiratory Effects, Inorganics","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Unspecified pollution","Respiratory effect, inorganics","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Respiratory Effects, Inorganics","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Unspecified pollution","Respiratory effect, inorganics","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Respiratory Effects, Inorganics","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Unspecified pollution","Respiratory effect, inorganics","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Respiratory Effects, Inorganics","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Unspecified pollution","Respiratory effect, inorganics","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Respiratory Effects, Inorganics","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Unspecified pollution","Respiratory effect, inorganics","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Respiratory Effects, Inorganics","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Ozone Layer Depletion","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Ozone Layer Depletion","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ozone Layer Depletion","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ozone Layer Depletion","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Ozone Layer Depletion","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ozone Layer Depletion","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial and freshwater acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater And Terrestrial Acidification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial and freshwater acidification","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Freshwater And Terrestrial Acidification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial and freshwater acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater And Terrestrial Acidification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial and freshwater acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater And Terrestrial Acidification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial and freshwater acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater And Terrestrial Acidification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial and freshwater acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater And Terrestrial Acidification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Terrestrial Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Terrestrial Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Terrestrial Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Terrestrial Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Terrestrial Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Terrestrial Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Dissipated Water","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Dissipated Water","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Dissipated Water","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Dissipated Water","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Dissipated Water","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from willow woodchips in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Dissipated Water","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: no information","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Minerals And Metals","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Resource Use Impact On Minerals And Metals","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Minerals And Metals","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Minerals And Metals","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Minerals And Metals","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Minerals And Metals","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Minerals And Metals","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Minerals And Metals","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Minerals And Metals","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Minerals And Metals","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Minerals And Metals","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Minerals And Metals","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Fossils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Resource Use Impact On Fossils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Fossils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Fossils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Fossils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Fossils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Fossils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Resource Use Impact On Fossils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Fossils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Fossils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Fossils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Fossils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Ecotoxicity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Freshwater Ecotoxicity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Ecotoxicity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Ecotoxicity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Ecotoxicity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Ecotoxicity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Ecotoxicity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Freshwater Ecotoxicity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Ecotoxicity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Ecotoxicity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Freshwater Ecotoxicity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Ecotoxicity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Freshwater Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Freshwater Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ionising Radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Ionising Radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ionising Radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Ionising Radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Ionising Radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Ionising Radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ionising Radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Ionising Radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ionising Radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ionising Radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ionising Radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Ionising Radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Resource Use Impact On Land Use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Resource Use Impact On Land Use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Land Use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Resource Use Impact On Land Use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Land Use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Land Use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Land Use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Resource Use Impact On Land Use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Land Use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Land Use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Land Use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Land Use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Marine Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Marine Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Marine Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Marine Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Marine Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Marine Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Marine Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Marine Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Marine Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Marine Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Marine Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Marine Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Non-Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Non-Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Non-Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Non-Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Non-Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Non-Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Non-Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Non-Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Non-Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Non-Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Non-Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Non-Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Ozone formation","Ozone formation","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Photochemical Ozone Creation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Ozone formation","Ozone formation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Photochemical Ozone Creation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Ozone formation","Ozone formation","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Photochemical Ozone Creation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Ozone formation","Ozone formation","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Photochemical Ozone Creation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Unspecified pollution","Respiratory effect, inorganics","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Respiratory Effects, Inorganics","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in mobile syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Unspecified pollution","Respiratory effect, inorganics","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Respiratory Effects, Inorganics","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial and freshwater acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater And Terrestrial Acidification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Terrestrial Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from logging residues in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Dissipated Water","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues  from tops and branches, otherwise left to decay in the forest ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood pellets in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues of the wood processing industry, otherwise combusted for district heating ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood pellets in electricity-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues of the wood processing industry, otherwise combusted for district heating ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood pellets in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Freshwater Ecotoxicity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues of the wood processing industry, otherwise combusted for district heating ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood pellets in electricity-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues of the wood processing industry, otherwise combusted for district heating ","Use for green roofing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood pellets in electricity-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Ionising Radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues of the wood processing industry, otherwise combusted for district heating ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood pellets in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Marine Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues of the wood processing industry, otherwise combusted for district heating ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood pellets in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Non-Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues of the wood processing industry, otherwise combusted for district heating ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood pellets in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Ozone formation","Ozone formation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Photochemical Ozone Creation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues of the wood processing industry, otherwise combusted for district heating ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood pellets in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Unspecified pollution","Respiratory effect, inorganics","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Respiratory Effects, Inorganics","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues of the wood processing industry, otherwise combusted for district heating ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood pellets in electricity-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Ozone Layer Depletion","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues of the wood processing industry, otherwise combusted for district heating ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood pellets in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Terrestrial Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues of the wood processing industry, otherwise combusted for district heating ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood pellets in electricity-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Dissipated Water","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: residues of the wood processing industry, otherwise combusted for district heating ","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from garden waste in electricity-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Resource Use Impact On Minerals And Metals","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: urban garden waste otherwise combusted for district heat production ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from garden waste in electricity-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: urban garden waste otherwise combusted for district heat production ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from garden waste in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Freshwater Ecotoxicity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: urban garden waste otherwise combusted for district heat production ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from garden waste in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Freshwater Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: urban garden waste otherwise combusted for district heat production ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from garden waste in electricity-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Ionising Radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: urban garden waste otherwise combusted for district heat production ","Use for tree planting","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from garden waste in electricity-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Resource Use Impact On Land Use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: urban garden waste otherwise combusted for district heat production ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from garden waste in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Non-Carcinogenic Effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: urban garden waste otherwise combusted for district heat production ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from garden waste in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Ozone formation","Ozone formation","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Photochemical Ozone Creation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: urban garden waste otherwise combusted for district heat production ","Use as biofilm carrier","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from garden waste in electricity-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Unspecified pollution","Respiratory effect, inorganics","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Respiratory Effects, Inorganics","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: urban garden waste otherwise combusted for district heat production ","Use for carbon-enhanced cement (Charcement) and the resulting concrete (Charcrete)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from garden waste in electricity-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Ozone Layer Depletion","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: urban garden waste otherwise combusted for district heat production ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from garden waste in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Terrestrial Eutrophication","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: urban garden waste otherwise combusted for district heat production ","Use for pig iron production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from garden waste in syngas-heated pyrolysis reactor","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Dissipated Water","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","An unspecified reference product used in the respective context instead of biochar. For sole biochar production following alternatives for feedstock were described: urban garden waste otherwise combusted for district heat production ","Use for soil landscaping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Knoblauch et al. ","Impact of biochar on nutrient supply, crop yield and microbial respiration on sandy soils of northern Germany",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Germany","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Application of digestate and low biochar on cornfield","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Biomass yield","quantitative","neutral","No Change","Change in Fresh biomass yield in winter season 12/13","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Application of digestate without Biochar","Application of digestate and low biochar on cornfield | Soil depth = 20 cm for biochar amendment and soil sampling ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Knoblauch et al. ","Impact of biochar on nutrient supply, crop yield and microbial respiration on sandy soils of northern Germany",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Germany","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Application of digestate and low biochar on cornfield","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","K & compounds","K cycling","Potassium in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in surface soil Potassium","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Application of digestate without Biochar","Application of digestate and low biochar on cornfield | Soil depth = 20 cm for biochar amendment and soil sampling ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Thamo et al.","Climate change reduces the mitigation obtainable from sequestration in an Australian farming system",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","Australia","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Reforestation for carbon sequestration: Mallee trees (Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. lissophloia) planted in block configuration","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Climatic condition","Climatic condition","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in sequestration potential for reforesting 20% of farming system area (3200 ha) under climate change compared to baseline climate (impact linked to tree growth)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Average baseline climate (1957-2010):  390 ppm CO2","Small climate change: 425 ppm | temperature increase = 0.5°C | farming system size=3200 ha | reforesting 20% of farming system area","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Thamo et al.","Climate change reduces the mitigation obtainable from sequestration in an Australian farming system",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","Australia","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Reforestation for carbon sequestration: Mallee trees (Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. lissophloia) planted in block configuration","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Climatic condition","Climatic condition","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in carbon sequestered under climate change compared to baseline climate for an give  carbon price - in this case: 50 $/t CO2 (based on economic attractiveness to sequester carbon) --> linked to Decrease in tree growth under climate change","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Average baseline climate (1957-2010):  390 ppm CO2","Extensive climate change: 575 ppm | temperature increase = 5.0°C | farming system size=3200 ha | implied carbon price = 50 $/t CO2","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded row as the in the described region of this modelling study there seems to be no respective CDR deployment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Thamo et al.","Climate change reduces the mitigation obtainable from sequestration in an Australian farming system",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","Australia","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Reforestation for carbon sequestration: Mallee trees (Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. lissophloia) planted in block configuration","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Climatic condition","Climatic condition","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in carbon sequestered under climate change compared to baseline climate for an give  carbon price - in this case: 80 $/t CO2 (based on economic attractiveness to sequester carbon) --> linked to Decrease in tree growth under climate change","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Average baseline climate (1957-2010):  390 ppm CO2","Small climate change: 425 ppm | temperature increase = 0.5°C | farming system size=3200 ha | implied carbon price = 80 $/t CO2","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Güner et al.","Effects of afforestation with different species on carbon pools and soil and forest floor properties ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Turkey","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil water","Soil water","Available soil water","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in available water in soil compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bare land adjacent to the afforested areas as control","Soil depth for side effect 20-30 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Güner et al.","Effects of afforestation with different species on carbon pools and soil and forest floor properties ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Turkey","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Ca cycling","Ca cycling","Calcium in soil","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in Ca compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bare land adjacent to the afforested areas as control","Soil depth for side effect 20-30 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Güner et al.","Effects of afforestation with different species on carbon pools and soil and forest floor properties ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Turkey","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","K & compounds","K cycling","Potassium in soil","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in K compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bare land adjacent to the afforested areas as control","Soil depth for side effect 20-30 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Güner et al.","Effects of afforestation with different species on carbon pools and soil and forest floor properties ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Turkey","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana Lamb. Holmboe)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil compaction","Soil compaction","Soil bulk density","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in bulk density compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bare land adjacent to the afforested areas as control","Soil depth for side effect 0-10 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Güner et al.","Effects of afforestation with different species on carbon pools and soil and forest floor properties ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Turkey","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana Lamb. Holmboe)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil composition","Soil composition","Soil lime content","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in total lime content compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bare land adjacent to the afforested areas as control","Soil depth for side effect 10-20 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Güner et al.","Effects of afforestation with different species on carbon pools and soil and forest floor properties ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Turkey","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil composition","Soil composition","Soil lime content","quantitative","neutral","No Change","Change in total lime content compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bare land adjacent to the afforested areas as control","Soil depth for side effect 20-30 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Güner et al.","Effects of afforestation with different species on carbon pools and soil and forest floor properties ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Turkey","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil composition","Soil composition","Soil silt content","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in silt content compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bare land adjacent to the afforested areas as control","Soil depth for side effect 20-30 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Tribouillois et al.","Cover crops mitigate direct greenhouse gases balance but reduce drainage under climate change scenarios in temperate climate with dry summers",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","France","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration using nonlegume cover crops in irrigated maize-maize crop system","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Evapotranspiration","Evapotranspiration","Evapotranspiration","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in mean annual actual evapotranspiration compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bare soil without cover crops in 45 year simulation","Legume cover crops: vetch; nonlegume cover crops: white mustard, Italian ryegrass, black oat | Cover crops were usually sown in late summer (Aug 20) | Cover crops were ploughed into the soil in late winter (Feb 15) during long fallow periods or in Oct, 15 days before sowing winter wheat","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Tribouillois et al.","Cover crops mitigate direct greenhouse gases balance but reduce drainage under climate change scenarios in temperate climate with dry summers",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","France","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration using nonlegume cover crops in rainfed wheat-sunflower crop system","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Evapotranspiration","Evapotranspiration","Evapotranspiration","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in annual actual evapotranspiration compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bare soil without cover crops in 45 year simulation","Legume cover crops: vetch; nonlegume cover crops: white mustard, Italian ryegrass, black oat | Cover crops were usually sown in late summer (Aug 20) | Cover crops were ploughed into the soil in late winter (Feb 15) during long fallow periods or in Oct, 15 days before sowing winter wheat","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Tribouillois et al.","Cover crops mitigate direct greenhouse gases balance but reduce drainage under climate change scenarios in temperate climate with dry summers",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","France","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration using legume cover crops in irrigated soybean-maize crop system","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Non-CO2 GHGs","Multi-gases","Multi-gases","Greenhouse gas balance","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in greenhouse gases balance compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bare soil without cover crops in 45 year simulation","Legume cover crops: vetch; nonlegume cover crops: white mustard, Italian ryegrass, black oat | Cover crops were usually sown in late summer (Aug 20) | Cover crops were ploughed into the soil in late winter (Feb 15) during long fallow periods or in Oct, 15 days before sowing winter wheat","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Tribouillois et al.","Cover crops mitigate direct greenhouse gases balance but reduce drainage under climate change scenarios in temperate climate with dry summers",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","France","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration using legume cover crops in rainfed pea-wheat-sorghum-sunflower-wheat crop system","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Non-CO2 GHGs","Multi-gases","Multi-gases","Greenhouse gas balance","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in greenhouse gases balance compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bare soil without cover crops in 45 year simulation","Legume cover crops: vetch; nonlegume cover crops: white mustard, Italian ryegrass, black oat | Cover crops were usually sown in late summer (Aug 20) | Cover crops were ploughed into the soil in late winter (Feb 15) during long fallow periods or in Oct, 15 days before sowing winter wheat","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Tribouillois et al.","Cover crops mitigate direct greenhouse gases balance but reduce drainage under climate change scenarios in temperate climate with dry summers",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","France","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration using legume cover crops in irrigated wheat-maize crop system","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen leaching","quantitative","neutral","No Change","Change in nitrogen leached compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bare soil without cover crops in 45 year simulation","Legume cover crops: vetch; nonlegume cover crops: white mustard, Italian ryegrass, black oat | Cover crops were usually sown in late summer (Aug 20) | Cover crops were ploughed into the soil in late winter (Feb 15) during long fallow periods or in Oct, 15 days before sowing winter wheat","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Tribouillois et al.","Cover crops mitigate direct greenhouse gases balance but reduce drainage under climate change scenarios in temperate climate with dry summers",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","France","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration using legume cover crops in rainfed pea-wheat-sorghum-sunflower-wheat crop system","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen leaching","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in nitrogen leached compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bare soil without cover crops in 45 year simulation","Legume cover crops: vetch; nonlegume cover crops: white mustard, Italian ryegrass, black oat | Cover crops were usually sown in late summer (Aug 20) | Cover crops were ploughed into the soil in late winter (Feb 15) during long fallow periods or in Oct, 15 days before sowing winter wheat","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Tribouillois et al.","Cover crops mitigate direct greenhouse gases balance but reduce drainage under climate change scenarios in temperate climate with dry summers",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","France","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration using nonlegume cover crops in irrigated wheat-maize crop system","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Non-CO2 GHGs","N2O emissions","N2O emissions","Soil nitrous oxide emissions","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in N2O emissions compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bare soil without cover crops in 45 year simulation","Legume cover crops: vetch; nonlegume cover crops: white mustard, Italian ryegrass, black oat | Cover crops were usually sown in late summer (Aug 20) | Cover crops were ploughed into the soil in late winter (Feb 15) during long fallow periods or in Oct, 15 days before sowing winter wheat","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Tribouillois et al.","Cover crops mitigate direct greenhouse gases balance but reduce drainage under climate change scenarios in temperate climate with dry summers",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","France","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration using legume cover crops in irrigated maize-maize crop system","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Drainage & runoff","Drainage & runoff","Water drainage","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in water drainage compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bare soil without cover crops in 45 year simulation","Legume cover crops: vetch; nonlegume cover crops: white mustard, Italian ryegrass, black oat | Cover crops were usually sown in late summer (Aug 20) | Cover crops were ploughed into the soil in late winter (Feb 15) during long fallow periods or in Oct, 15 days before sowing winter wheat","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Tribouillois et al.","Cover crops mitigate direct greenhouse gases balance but reduce drainage under climate change scenarios in temperate climate with dry summers",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","France","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration using nonlegume cover crops in irrigated soybean-maize crop system","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Drainage & runoff","Drainage & runoff","Water drainage","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in water drainage compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bare soil without cover crops in 45 year simulation","Legume cover crops: vetch; nonlegume cover crops: white mustard, Italian ryegrass, black oat | Cover crops were usually sown in late summer (Aug 20) | Cover crops were ploughed into the soil in late winter (Feb 15) during long fallow periods or in Oct, 15 days before sowing winter wheat","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["McGeever et al. ","Assessing the terrestrial capacity for Negative Emission Technologies in Ireland",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Ireland","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","BECCS, AR, Biochar","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Annual carbon emissions","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Annual carbon equivalent emissions reduced by replacing current agriculture practices to BECCS, AR or Biochar","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Base scenario: 16% of level 4 land (550.000ha) used for CDR | under the assumption that soils will saturate after 20 years","High-End scenario 2: 75% of level 4 land (1.004.407ha) used for CDR | under the assumption that soils will saturate after 20 years","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Li et al. ","Irreversibility of Marine Climate Change Impacts Under Carbon Dioxide Removal",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water quality","Water quality","Ocean oxygen","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in Global average ocean dissolved oxygen concentration (relative to year 1800)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Baseline level in 1800","RCP8.5 + 15GtC/year CDR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Li et al. ","Irreversibility of Marine Climate Change Impacts Under Carbon Dioxide Removal",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Temperature outcome","Ocean temperature","Ocean temperature","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Sea surface temperature change (relative to year 1800)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Baseline level in 1800","RCP6 + 9GtC/year CDR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Li et al. ","Irreversibility of Marine Climate Change Impacts Under Carbon Dioxide Removal",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Temperature outcome","Ocean temperature","Ocean temperature","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Global average ocean temperature change (relative to year 1800)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Baseline level in 1800","RCP8.5 + 15GtC/year CDR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Li et al. ","Irreversibility of Marine Climate Change Impacts Under Carbon Dioxide Removal",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Temperature outcome","Air temperature","Surface air temperature","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Surface air temperature change (relative to year 1800)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Baseline level in 1800","RCP8.5 + 15GtC/year CDR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Bello et al.","BECCS based on bioethanol from wood residues: Potential towards a carbon-negative transport and side effects",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Europe","continental","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioethanol with CCS from residual beechwood chips from sawmill and fuel use for transportation of passenger cars","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in marine eutrophication compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BAU: 100% Gasoline for transportation; Gasoline compression ignition, internal combustion engine vehicle","LCA: Bioethanol with CCS from residual beechwood chips from sawmill and fuel use for transportation: heating source in ethanol plan = sugar cane; fuel blend: 85% bioethanol, 15% gasoline; vehicle: spark ignition, internal combustion engine vehicle","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Pour et al.","Opportunities for application of BECCS in the Australian power sector",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","Australia","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS using Bagasse combusted in circulating fluidised beds","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Abiotic depletion","Abiotic depletion","Abiotic depletion","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Abiotic depletion per 1 KWh of electricity produced","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bioenergy without CCS","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Pour et al.","Opportunities for application of BECCS in the Australian power sector",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","Australia","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS using Landfill gas (from municipal solid waste) in a gas turbine","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Markets & Prices","Costs & Prices","Abatement cost","Cost of avoided CO2","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Cost of avoided CO2 emission","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bioenergy without CCS","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Pour et al.","Opportunities for application of BECCS in the Australian power sector",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","Australia","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS using Landfill gas (from municipal solid waste) in a gas turbine","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Human toxicity (non-cancer) per 1 KWh of electricity produced","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bioenergy without CCS","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Pour et al.","Opportunities for application of BECCS in the Australian power sector",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","Australia","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS using Forest residue combusted in circulating fluidised beds","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Ozone layer depletion per 1 KWh of electricity produced","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bioenergy without CCS","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Muri","The role of large-scale BECCS in the pursuit of the 1.5 degrees C target: an Earth system model perspective",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Global warming","Global warming","Global warming","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in temperature: Temperature difference from the 1,5°C target over the years 2035-2100","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Bioenergy without CCS","\"AbonCCS\" - \"increasing areas are used for biofuel harvest expansion start in year 2020 of RCP2.6, increasing until year 2100. Cropland that becomes abandoned and marginal land is here used for increased harvesting for BECCS\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Bright et al.","Evaluating the terrestrial carbon dioxide removal potential of improved forest management and accelerated forest conversion in Norway",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Norway","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation: Spruce planting on recently abandoned “other wooded land” and shrub/heathland areas potentially capable of sustaining forest growth (accelerated forest conversion) !Net CO2 source instead of sink in 2050!","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Albedo","Surface albedo","Surface albedo","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Increase in Offsetting effect in removal due to Decrease in surface albedo (difference between intervention and baseline)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","business-as-usual scenario (BAU) including natural forest expansion on recently abandoned non- forested area ","Afforestation: Spruce planting on recently abandoned “other wooded land” and shrub/heathland areas potentially capable of sustaining forest growth (accelerated forest conversion)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Lee et al. ","Fair distributions of carbon dioxide removal obligations and implications for effective national net-zero targets",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","BECCS as proxy for technological CDR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Burden sharing","Burden sharing","Burden sharing","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Increase in CDR burden: Shift in technological CDR burden sharing under equity approach compared to least-cost deployment assumed in models","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","CDR deployment in region under least-cost as in models","Equity approach \"ability to pay\" compared to least-cost CDR burden sharing | 8 scenarios from IMAGE and REMIND: SSP1-19-SPA0-V17, SSP2-LF-SPA2-V17, SSP1-19-SPA1-V17, SSP2-19-SPA2-V17, SSP5-19-SPA5-V17, SSP1-26-SPA1-V17, SSP2-26-SPA2-V17, SSP5-26-SPA5-V17 ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fajardy et al.","Investigating the BECCS resource nexus: delivering sustainable negative emissions",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","Brazil, China, EU, India, USA","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Intercontinental BECCS supply chain: Fleet of dedicated pulverised biomass thermal power plants (500 MW), combined with post-combustion amine-based carbon capture","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Land demand for removal of 50 MtCO2/yr under respective optimization scenario","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","compare to other optimization scenarios coded for this article","BECCS optimized supply chain for minimal global water use | pessimistic scenario: Upper bound values of the land use change emissions, biomass moisture content, carbon and energy intensities of chemicals and input products, fertiliser and chemical input rates, processing energy requirements, electricity carbon footprint, average power generation of the electricity are used. However, lower values for biomass yield per region, energy density and carbon content are used.","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fajardy et al.","Investigating the BECCS resource nexus: delivering sustainable negative emissions",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","Brazil, China, EU, India, USA","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Intercontinental BECCS supply chain: Fleet of dedicated pulverised biomass thermal power plants (500 MW), combined with post-combustion amine-based carbon capture","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Water demand for removal of 50 MtCO2/yr under respective optimization scenario","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","compare to other optimization scenarios coded for this article","BECCS optimized supply chain for minimal global water use | median scenario: average values of all parameters are used for the calculations","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fajardy et al.","Investigating the BECCS resource nexus: delivering sustainable negative emissions",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","Brazil, China, EU, India, USA","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Intercontinental BECCS supply chain with CO2 stored in the UK: Fleet of dedicated pulverised biomass thermal power plants (500 MW), combined with post-combustion amine-based carbon capture","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Water demand for removal under respective optimization scenario","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","compare to other optimization scenarios coded for this article","BECCS optimized global supply chain and CO2 storage in the UK for minimal water use | BECCS is deployed via dedicated energy crops from all land types, and agricultural residues from cropland","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Gao and DeLuca","Biochar alters nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in a western rangeland ecosystem",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Wood biochar applied at 20 t/ha","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Microorganisms","Microorganisms","Microbial biomass","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in soil microbial biomass compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control (no biochar or poultry litter amendment)","Wood biochar applied at 20 t/ha | late season","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Gao and DeLuca","Biochar alters nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in a western rangeland ecosystem",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Poultry litter based organic fertilizer: (2:4:3 N–P–K) applied at 70 kg N/ha (no biochar addition)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","NO3-N cycling","Nitrate nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in NO3--N compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control (no biochar or poultry litter amendment)","Poultry litter based organic fertilizer: (2:4:3 N–P–K) applied at 70 kg N/ha (no biochar addition) | late season","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Gao and DeLuca","Biochar alters nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in a western rangeland ecosystem",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Poultry litter based organic fertilizer: (2:4:3 N–P–K) applied at 70 kg N/ha (no biochar addition)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in soil Citrate-P compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control (no biochar or poultry litter amendment)","Poultry litter based organic fertilizer: (2:4:3 N–P–K) applied at 70 kg N/ha (no biochar addition) | early season","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Gao and DeLuca","Biochar alters nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in a western rangeland ecosystem",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar previously mixed with poultry litter before application (70 kg N/ha  + biochar 20 t/ha)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in soil CaCL2-P compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control (no biochar or poultry litter amendment)","Biochar previously mixed with poultry litter before application (70 kg N/ha  + biochar 20 t/ha) | early season","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Gao and DeLuca","Biochar alters nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in a western rangeland ecosystem",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Poultry litter based organic fertilizer: (2:4:3 N–P–K) applied at 70 kg N/ha (no biochar addition)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial pH","Soil pH","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in soil pH compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control (no biochar or poultry litter amendment)","Poultry litter based organic fertilizer: (2:4:3 N–P–K) applied at 70 kg N/ha (no biochar addition) | late season","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Vopravil et al. ","The impact of agricultural land afforestation on soil water content in Central Bohemia",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Czech Republic","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with Pedunculate oak + red oak + Norway maple","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil compaction","Soil compaction","Soil particle density","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Particle density at soil depth of 60cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control plot with agricultural use instead of AR","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Vopravil et al. ","The impact of agricultural land afforestation on soil water content in Central Bohemia",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Czech Republic","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with Scots Pine","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial pH","Soil pH","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in pH KCl value at soil depth of 60cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control plot with agricultural use instead of AR","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Vopravil et al. ","The impact of agricultural land afforestation on soil water content in Central Bohemia",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Czech Republic","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with Pedunculate oak + red oak + Norway maple","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil porosity","Soil porosity","Soil porosity","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in Total porosity at soil depth of 20cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control plot with agricultural use instead of AR","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Vopravil et al. ","The impact of agricultural land afforestation on soil water content in Central Bohemia",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Czech Republic","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with Scots Pine","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil water","Soil water","Soil water content","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in Maximum volumetric water content at soil depth of  60cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control plot with agricultural use instead of AR","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Haque et al.","Optimizing Inorganic Carbon Sequestration and Crop Yield With Wollastonite Soil Amendment in a Microplot Study",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","Canada","lab-scale","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced weathering with alkaline-earth silicate (Wollastonite) in soil; no plants in plot","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Ca cycling","Ca cycling","Calcium carbonate in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in calcium carbonate (CaCO3) accumulation compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","control plot without enhanced weathering and no plants","Enhanced weathering with alkaline-earth silicate (Wollastonite) in soil; no plants in plot | soil depth = 15 cm | n=15","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Haque et al.","Optimizing Inorganic Carbon Sequestration and Crop Yield With Wollastonite Soil Amendment in a Microplot Study",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","Canada","lab-scale","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced weathering with alkaline-earth silicate (Wollastonite) in soil; grown with Alfalfa plants","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Alfalfa yield","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in alfalfa above-ground dry biomass compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","control plot without enhanced weathering but alfalfa","Enhanced weathering with alkaline-earth silicate (Wollastonite) in soil; grown with Alfalfa plants | soil depth = 15 cm | n=15","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Haque et al.","Optimizing Inorganic Carbon Sequestration and Crop Yield With Wollastonite Soil Amendment in a Microplot Study",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","Canada","lab-scale","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced weathering with alkaline-earth silicate (Wollastonite) in soil; grown with Alfalfa plants","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Alfalfa yield","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in alfalfa above-ground dry biomass compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","control plot without enhanced weathering but alfalfa","Enhanced weathering with alkaline-earth silicate (Wollastonite) in soil; grown with Alfalfa plants | soil depth = 15 cm | n=15","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Haque et al.","Optimizing Inorganic Carbon Sequestration and Crop Yield With Wollastonite Soil Amendment in a Microplot Study",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","Canada","lab-scale","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced weathering with alkaline-earth silicate (Wollastonite) in soil; grown with soybean plants","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil composition","Soil composition","Calcimetry","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in calcimetry compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","control plot without enhanced weathering but soybean","Enhanced weathering with alkaline-earth silicate (Wollastonite) in soil; grown with soybean plants | soil depth = 15 cm | n=30","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Haque et al.","Optimizing Inorganic Carbon Sequestration and Crop Yield With Wollastonite Soil Amendment in a Microplot Study",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","Canada","lab-scale","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced weathering with alkaline-earth silicate (Wollastonite) in soil; grown with soybean plants","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Ca cycling","Ca cycling","Calcium carbonate in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in calcium carbonate (CaCO3) accumulation compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","control plot without enhanced weathering but soybean","Enhanced weathering with alkaline-earth silicate (Wollastonite) in soil; grown with soybean plants | soil depth = 15 cm | n=30","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Haque et al.","Optimizing Inorganic Carbon Sequestration and Crop Yield With Wollastonite Soil Amendment in a Microplot Study",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","Canada","lab-scale","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced weathering with alkaline-earth silicate (Wollastonite) in soil; grown with soybean plants","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Soybean yield","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in soybean plant height compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","control plot without enhanced weathering but soybean","Enhanced weathering with alkaline-earth silicate (Wollastonite) in soil; grown with soybean plants | soil depth = 15 cm | n=30","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Chen et al.","Competitive interaction with keystone taxa induced negative priming under biochar amendments",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar made of maize straw","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Microorganisms","Microorganisms","Microbial utilization of Amines","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in Utilization of amines","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control with neither biochar nor fertilizer","\"The biochar used in the experiment was produced from maize straw pyrolyzed at 450 °C for 48 h.\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Chen et al.","Competitive interaction with keystone taxa induced negative priming under biochar amendments",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar made of maize straw","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Microorganisms","Microorganisms","Microbial utilization of Phenolic acid","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in Utilization of phenolic acid","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control with neither biochar nor fertilizer","\"The biochar used in the experiment was produced from maize straw pyrolyzed at 450 °C for 48 h.\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Haque et al. ","Co-Benefits of Wollastonite Weathering in Agriculture: CO2 Sequestration and Promoted Plant Growth",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","Canada","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced weathering using Wollastonite minerals from Canadian Wollastonite's Ontario mine","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Bean yield","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Stem Width of Bean","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without application of wollastonite minerals","remov_vol: Total soil carbon content (%) | Pot experiment in growth tent at 24/19°C, light/dark cycle of 16/8h and humidity at 62%","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Soinne et al. ","Are there environmental or agricultural benefits in using forest residue biochar in boreal agricultural clay soil?",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Finland","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar made of chipped forest residue from thinnings and/or clear cuttings containing stems, branches, and small wood, but not stumps","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","NH4+ cycling","Ammonium leaching","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Ammonium content drainage water collected after rain simulation experiment in 2nd season after application","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without Biochar","Biochar made of chipped forest residue from thinnings and/or clear cuttings containing stems, branches, and small wood, but not stumps with max. heating temperature of 450°C // dry matter content of 59% // Deployment of BC on a clay soil field cultivated with oats in fall 2016, measurements in 2017 and 2018","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Soinne et al. ","Are there environmental or agricultural benefits in using forest residue biochar in boreal agricultural clay soil?",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Finland","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar made of chipped forest residue from thinnings and/or clear cuttings containing stems, branches, and small wood, but not stumps","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen leaching","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in Total Nitrogen in drainage water collected after rain simulation experiment in 2nd season after application","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without Biochar","Biochar made of chipped forest residue from thinnings and/or clear cuttings containing stems, branches, and small wood, but not stumps with max. heating temperature of 450°C // dry matter content of 59% // Deployment of BC on a clay soil field cultivated with oats in fall 2016, measurements in 2017 and 2018","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Soinne et al. ","Are there environmental or agricultural benefits in using forest residue biochar in boreal agricultural clay soil?",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Finland","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar made of chipped forest residue from thinnings and/or clear cuttings containing stems, branches, and small wood, but not stumps","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial pH","Soil pH","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in Soil pH at depth of 0-10cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without Biochar","Biochar made of chipped forest residue from thinnings and/or clear cuttings containing stems, branches, and small wood, but not stumps with max. heating temperature of 450°C // dry matter content of 59% // Deployment of BC on a clay soil field cultivated with oats in fall 2016, measurements in 2017 and 2018","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Hood-Nowotny et al.","The Impact of Biochar Incorporation on Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilizer Plant Uptake; An Opportunity for Carbon Sequestration in Temperate Agriculture",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Austria","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar made of hardwood (80% beech, 20% other hardwoods) + NPK fertilizer","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Barley yield","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Yield of spring barley","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without biochar","2011 spring barley harvest | + NPK fertilizer","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhou et al. ","Biochar amendment of chromium-polluted paddy soil suppresses greenhouse gas emissions and decreases chromium uptake by rice grain",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar made of rice straw","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Cr cycling","Cr cycling","Chromium in rice","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Total Cr content of rice grain","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","control without biochar application","Rice straw biochar produced under atmospheric pressure and under 500°C for | Application of biochar in plough layer (0-20cm) of paddy field (Oryza sativa L., cv.)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Lan et al.","High pyrolysis temperature biochars reduce nitrogen availability and nitrous oxide emissions from an acid soil",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","Australia","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar made of pine chips (pyrolyzed at 850°C)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","NH4-N cycling","Ammonia nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in Soil NH4-N dynamics after 90 sampling days","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without biochar application","Pot trial using surface soil (0-10cm) from a grazing grassland","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Lan et al.","High pyrolysis temperature biochars reduce nitrogen availability and nitrous oxide emissions from an acid soil",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","Australia","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar made of pine chips (pyrolyzed at 700°C)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Microorganisms","Microorganisms","Microbial biomass","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Microbial biomass N after 90 sampling days","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without biochar application","Pot trial using surface soil (0-10cm) from a grazing grassland","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Lan et al.","High pyrolysis temperature biochars reduce nitrogen availability and nitrous oxide emissions from an acid soil",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","Australia","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar made of pine chips (pyrolyzed at 600°C)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in plants","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in Plant N content","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without biochar application","Pot trial using surface soil (0-10cm) from a grazing grassland","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Lan et al.","High pyrolysis temperature biochars reduce nitrogen availability and nitrous oxide emissions from an acid soil",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","Australia","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar made of pine chips (pyrolyzed at 950°C)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in Soil total N","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without biochar application","Pot trial using surface soil (0-10cm) from a grazing grassland","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Lan et al.","High pyrolysis temperature biochars reduce nitrogen availability and nitrous oxide emissions from an acid soil",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","Australia","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar made of pine chips (pyrolyzed at 850°C) + N fertilizer at rate of 150kg/ha","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Plant dry biomass","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Plant dry biomass","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without biochar application","Pot trial using surface soil (0-10cm) from a grazing grassland","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Lan et al.","High pyrolysis temperature biochars reduce nitrogen availability and nitrous oxide emissions from an acid soil",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","Australia","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar made of pine chips (pyrolyzed at 700°C) + N fertilizer at rate of 150kg/ha","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Non-CO2 GHGs","N2O emissions","N2O emissions","Soil nitrous oxide emissions","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in cumulative N2O emissions","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without biochar application","Pot trial using surface soil (0-10cm) from a grazing grassland","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Knoblauch et al. ","Impact of biochar on nutrient supply, crop yield and microbial respiration on sandy soils of northern Germany",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Germany","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar application on fallow field","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Biomass yield","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Fresh biomass yield in winter season 12/13","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without biochar application","Biochar application on fallow field | Soil depth = 20 cm for biochar amendment and soil sampling ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Response of surface albedo and soil carbon dioxide fluxes to biochar amendment in farmland",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar made of Chinese chestnut wood applicated on bare soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil temperature","Soil temperature","Soil temperature","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in Mean daytime soil temperature at depth of 10cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without biochar application","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Response of surface albedo and soil carbon dioxide fluxes to biochar amendment in farmland",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar made of Chinese chestnut wood applicated on bare soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Albedo","Surface albedo","Surface albedo","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in surface Albedo of bare soil at same date as during wheat jointing stage (Feb 6)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without biochar application","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Response of surface albedo and soil carbon dioxide fluxes to biochar amendment in farmland",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar made of Chinese chestnut wood applicated on bare soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Albedo","Surface albedo","Surface albedo","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in surface Albedo during mature stage of plants (May 13)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without biochar application","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Rehrah et al.","Short-term greenhouse emission lowering effect of biochars from solid organic municipal wastes",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Qatar","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar made of municipal solid organic waste: hard material, pyrolyzed at 300°C, residence time 2h","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil macroaggregates","Soil macroaggregates","Soil macroaggregates","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Soil aggregate stability","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without biochar application","Incubation experiment in greenhouse settings using sandy soil from and in Qatar","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Rehrah et al.","Short-term greenhouse emission lowering effect of biochars from solid organic municipal wastes",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Qatar","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar made of municipal solid organic waste: hard material, pyrolyzed at 750°C, residence time 2h","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil macroaggregates","Soil macroaggregates","Soil macroaggregates","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in Soil aggregate stability","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without biochar application","Incubation experiment in greenhouse settings using sandy soil from and in Qatar","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Rehrah et al.","Short-term greenhouse emission lowering effect of biochars from solid organic municipal wastes",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Qatar","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar made of municipal solid organic waste: hard material, pyrolyzed at 500°C, residence time 4h","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil water","Soil water","Soil water holding capacity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Soil water-holding capacity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without biochar application","Incubation experiment in greenhouse settings using sandy soil from and in Qatar","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Faghih et al. ","Long-term charcoal-induced changes to soil properties in temperate regions of northern Iran",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Iran","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Charred refuse of charcoal production ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Fe","Fe cycling","Iron in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in Available Fe at soil depth of 20-40cm  ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without charcoal","Historically charcoal-enriched soils: Abandoned sites (for 120 years) where charcoal production took place, resulting in charcoal-enriched so","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Faghih et al. ","Long-term charcoal-induced changes to soil properties in temperate regions of northern Iran",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Iran","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Charred refuse of charcoal production ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Na cycling","Na cycling","Sodium in soil","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in Exchangeable Na at soil depth of 20-40cm  ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without charcoal","Historically charcoal-enriched soils: Abandoned sites (for 120 years) where charcoal production took place, resulting in charcoal-enriched so","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Faghih et al. ","Long-term charcoal-induced changes to soil properties in temperate regions of northern Iran",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Iran","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Charred refuse of charcoal production ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Zn cycling","Zn cycling","Zinc in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in Available Zn at soil depth of 20-40cm  ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without charcoal","Historically charcoal-enriched soils: Abandoned sites (for 120 years) where charcoal production took place, resulting in charcoal-enriched so","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Chahal et al. ","Cumulative impact of cover crops on soil carbon sequestration and profitability in a temperate humid climate",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","Canada","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","SCS using Oilseed Radish as Cover Crops in Field Site A","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Plant carbon","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Cumulative above-ground plant C (Cover Crop + Main Crop residue)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without Cover Crops","Long-term field experiment (9 years) - \"It takes several years (≥ 6-years) to detect changes in SOC stocks due to CCs\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Chahal et al. ","Cumulative impact of cover crops on soil carbon sequestration and profitability in a temperate humid climate",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","Canada","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","SCS using Cereal Rye as Cover Crops in Field Site B","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Tomato yield","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Marketable Yield of Tomato (Last harvest after Deployment of CC)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Control without Cover Crops","Long-term field experiment (9 years) - \"It takes several years (≥ 6-years) to detect changes in SOC stocks due to CCs\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fiorini et al.","Soil type and cropping system as drivers of soil quality indicators response to T no-till: A 7-year field study",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Italy","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","No tillage on clay loam soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil condition","Soil condition","Soil biological quality index","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in soil biological quality index compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Conventional agricultural practice: deep tillage (mouldboard ploughing or non-inversion deep tillage) and one/two passages with a rotating harrow at 15–20 cm depth","no tillage + \"high\" crop residues left on soil surface| soil depth for evaluation = 0-30 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Ma et al.","Assessing the impacts of agricultural managements on soil carbon stocks, nitrogen loss, and crop production – a modelling study in eastern Africa ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","East Africa","Ethiopia","continental","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Practices with optimal soil c management","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Maize yield","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in maize production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Conventional management in eastern Africa. Specs: no cover crop, 10% residue retention, tillage, N fertilizer and manure application","Soil depth 0-150 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Ma et al.","Assessing the impacts of agricultural managements on soil carbon stocks, nitrogen loss, and crop production – a modelling study in eastern Africa ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","East Africa","Kenya","continental","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Non-N-fixing cover crop (other specs: 10% residue retention, manure application, N fertilizer, tillage)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Maize yield","quantitative","neutral","No Change","Change in maize production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Conventional management in eastern Africa. Specs: no cover crop, 10% residue retention, tillage, N fertilizer and manure application","Soil depth 0-150 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Ma et al.","Assessing the impacts of agricultural managements on soil carbon stocks, nitrogen loss, and crop production – a modelling study in eastern Africa ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","East Africa","Kenya","continental","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Practices with optimal soil c management","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen loss","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Annual N loss","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Conventional management in eastern Africa. Specs: no cover crop, 10% residue retention, tillage, N fertilizer and manure application","Soil depth 0-150 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kumar et al.","Impact of zero-till residue management and crop diversification with legumes on soil aggregation and carbon sequestration",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","Central & South Asia","India","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Tillage practice: Puddled transplanted rice followed by zero tillage without crop residue in winter and summer crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil macroaggregates","Soil macroaggregates","Soil macroaggregates","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Formation of water stable macroaggregates compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Conventional practice in the region: Puddled transplanted rice (PTR) followed by conventional tillage (CT) without crop residue in winter and summer crops","soil depth=0-20 cm | Puddled transplanted rice followed by zero tillage without crop residue in winter and summer crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Parihar et al.","Long-term impact of conservation agriculture and diversified maize rotations on carbon pools and stocks, mineral nitrogen fractions and nitrous oxide fluxes in inceptisol of India",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","Central & South Asia","India","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","SCS through zero tillage in permanent raised bed","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","NH4-N cycling","Ammonia nitrogen in soil","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in NH4-N in soil ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Conventional tillage in flat bed","Field trials (2008-2013) with different cropping systems: maize, wheat, mungbean, chickpea, sesbania, mustard | GWP is still positive due to N2O emissions but in all cases lower than baseline GWP","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Parihar et al.","Long-term impact of conservation agriculture and diversified maize rotations on carbon pools and stocks, mineral nitrogen fractions and nitrous oxide fluxes in inceptisol of India",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","Central & South Asia","India","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","SCS through zero tillage in based flat bed","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Non-CO2 GHGs","N2O emissions","N2O emissions","Soil nitrous oxide emissions","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Total annual N2O-N emissions","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Conventional tillage in flat bed","Field trials (2008-2013) with different cropping systems: maize, wheat, mungbean, chickpea, sesbania, mustard | GWP is still positive due to N2O emissions but in all cases lower than baseline GWP","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Abdalla et al.","Controlled Grazing of Maize Residues Increased Carbon Sequestration in No-Tillage System: A Case of a Smallholder Farm in South Africa",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","Southern Africa","South Africa","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","SCS: No tillage with controlled grazing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil temperature","Soil temperature","Soil temperature","quantitative","neutral","No Change","Change in soil temperature compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Conventional tillage with free grazing","SCS: No tillage with controlled grazing | soil depth=0-5 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Iizumi and Wagai","Leveraging drought risk reduction for sustainable food, soil and climate via soil organic carbon sequestration",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil Carbon Sequestration without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water scarcity","Water scarcity","Drought","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Drought tolerance gap due to increase in soil organic carbon","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Drought tolerance gap at baseline soil organic carbon level","remov_vol: SOC target for drought risk reduction","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Parmar et al.","Hedge and Alder-Based Agroforestry Systems: Potential Interventions to Carbon Sequestration and Better Crop Productivity in Indian Sub-Himalayas",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","Central & South Asia","India","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Guava based agroforestry system  to accumulate SOC (with conventional tillage)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in nitrogen availability (depth 0-30 cm)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Fallow land without any trees","Soil depth 0-30 cm | maize–mustard–potato cropping pattern was followed in each of the three agroforestry systems ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Parmar et al.","Hedge and Alder-Based Agroforestry Systems: Potential Interventions to Carbon Sequestration and Better Crop Productivity in Indian Sub-Himalayas",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","Central & South Asia","India","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Hedge based agroforestry system to accumulate SOC (with conventional tillage)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus in soil","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in phosphorus availability (depth 0-30 cm)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Fallow land without any trees","Soil depth 0-30 cm | maize–mustard–potato cropping pattern was followed in each of the three agroforestry systems ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Schwärtzel et al.","How afforestation affects the water cycle in drylands: A process‐based comparative analysis",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with black locust in the 1970s (average height and DBH during study period = 11.8 m; 10.7 cm)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Evapotranspiration","Evapotranspiration","Evapotranspiration","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in evapotranspiration to the atmosphere on afforested site compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","grassland instead of forest","afforested site compared to adjacent grassland","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Schwärtzel et al.","How afforestation affects the water cycle in drylands: A process‐based comparative analysis",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with black locust in the 1970s (average height and DBH during study period = 11.8 m; 10.7 cm)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Evapotranspiration","Evapotranspiration","Evapotranspiration","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in evapotranspiration to the atmosphere on afforested site compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","grassland instead of forest","afforested site compared to adjacent grassland","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Yao et al.","Effects of soil erosion and reforestation on soil respiration, organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in an eroded area of Southern China",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Reforestation with Pinus massoniana on eroded land","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in total soil nitrogen stock compared to baseline value","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","highly eroded forest land","soil depth = 0-20 cm | high erosion: >50 Mg/ha/yr","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Yamagata et al.","Estimating water-food-ecosystem trade-offs for the global negative emission scenario (IPCC-RCP2.6)",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","General BECCS without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Water from other sources needed for irrigation (for food and bioenergy)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Irrigation water from \"other sources\" for food only (around year 2000)","RCP2.6 | 0,25 Bil. ha irrigated agricultural land used for Bio-crop production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on artificial OECD soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Invertebrates","Invertebrates","Earthworm size","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in mean mass per earthworm (Lubricus terrestris) in biochar amended soil compared to baseline  (positive values=net increase in mass, negative values=net decrease in mass)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","mean change in average mass of earthworm under: 0% biochar application","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on artificial OECD soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on artificial OECD soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Invertebrates","Invertebrates","Earthworm size","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in mean mass per earthworm (Lubricus terrestris) in biochar amended soil compared to baseline (positive values=net increase in mass, negative values=net decrease in mass)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","mean change in average mass of earthworm under: 0% biochar application","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on artificial OECD soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on artificial OECD soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Invertebrates","Invertebrates","Earthworm size","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in mean mass per earthworm (Eisenia fetida) in biochar amended soil compared to baseline (positive values=net increase in mass, negative values=net decrease in mass)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","mean change in average mass of earthworm under: 0% biochar application","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on artificial OECD soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Li et al.","Recovery of soil carbon and nitrogen stocks following afforestation with xerophytic shrubs in the Tengger Desert, North China",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with xerophytic shrubs","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil water","Soil water","Soil moisture","qualitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in soil moisture in topsoil through afforestation compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","mobile sand dunes without afforestation","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Gong et al.","No-tillage with rye cover crop can reduce net global warming potential and yield-scaled global warming potential in the long-term organic soybean field ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","Japan","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","No tillage and fallow","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil compaction","Soil compaction","Soil bulk density","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in bulk density compared to baseline (2.5-7.5 cm)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Mouldboard ploughing (tillage) and fallow","Depth 2.5-7.5 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Gong et al.","No-tillage with rye cover crop can reduce net global warming potential and yield-scaled global warming potential in the long-term organic soybean field ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","Japan","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","No tillage and hairy vetch as cover crop","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Non-CO2 GHGs","N2O emissions","N2O emissions","Soil nitrous oxide emissions","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in emission of N2O compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Mouldboard ploughing (tillage) and hairy vetch as cover crop","No tillage and hairy vetch as cover crop","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Gong et al.","No-tillage with rye cover crop can reduce net global warming potential and yield-scaled global warming potential in the long-term organic soybean field ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","Japan","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","No tillage and rye as cover crop","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil compaction","Soil compaction","Soil bulk density","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in bulk density compared to baseline (2.5-7.5 cm)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Mouldboard ploughing (tillage) and rye as cover crop","Depth 2.5-7.5 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Osuri et al. ","Greater stability of carbon capture in species-rich natural forests compared to species-poor plantations",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","Central & South Asia","India","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with Eucalyptus (mainly E. tereticornis and E. grandis)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Plants","Plants","Vegetation index","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in Average Enhanced Vegetation Index during dry season","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Native evergreen Forest","Field study and remote sensing analysis of native forests and plantations","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Roibas et al.","Using water scarcity footprint to choose the most suitable location for forest carbon sinks: A case study",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Spain","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation using Eucalyptus","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Precipitation","Precipitation","Precipitation","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Characterization factor CFWA (meant to address how green water flows affect precipitation)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Natural vegetation without AR","Carbon offsetting plantation for tuna canning production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Krause et al.","Large uncertainty in carbon uptake potential of land-based climate-change mitigation efforts",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation and avoided deforestation (at least the former is CDR)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Additional removal","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in carbon stored in litter and soil beyond storage of carbon in vegetation via afforestation (baseline refers to afforestation/Decrease in degradation related carbon storage in vegetation only)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no additional sequestration or carbon offsetting effects","Land use scenario input from MAgPIE to DGVM: LPJ-GUESS | The DGVM simulation aims to achieve cumulative carbon accumulation of ideally 130 C by the end of the century | temperature increase is 2°C by the end of the 21st cen- tury relative to the pre-industrial era","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Krause et al.","Large uncertainty in carbon uptake potential of land-based climate-change mitigation efforts",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Leakage","Unintended disturbance","Natural sink disturbance","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Decrease in carbon stored litter, soil and vegetation due to bioenergy/BECCS (baseline refers BECCS only)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no additional sequestration or carbon offsetting effects","Land use scenario input from MAgPIE to DGVM: LPJmL | The DGVM simulation aims to achieve cumulative carbon accumulation of ideally 130 C by the end of the century | temperature increase is 2°C by the end of the 21st cen- tury relative to the pre-industrial era","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Windisch et al. ","Accounting for local temperature effect substantially alters afforestation patterns ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","global","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with fast growing plantations no local biogeophysical induced temperature change considered (AR upscaling starting roughly around 2030)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Area required compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no afforestation","SSP3 (GHG price evolution in accordance with RCP2.6 SSP2) - local TCRE","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Qiu et al.","Improving Effects of Afforestation with Different Forest Types on Soil Nutrients and Bacterial Community in Barren Hills of North China ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Coniferous forests (\"removal value\" represents organic carbon)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","NH4+-N cycling","Ammonia nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) in soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no afforestation","topsoil of barren mountain shrub on hilly terrain","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Qiu et al.","Improving Effects of Afforestation with Different Forest Types on Soil Nutrients and Bacterial Community in Barren Hills of North China ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Mixed forests (\"removal value\" represents organic carbon)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Microorganisms","Microorganisms","Bacterial abundance in soil","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in soil bacterial OTUs abundance","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no afforestation","topsoil of barren mountain shrub on hilly terrain","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Qiu et al.","Improving Effects of Afforestation with Different Forest Types on Soil Nutrients and Bacterial Community in Barren Hills of North China ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Mixed forests (\"removal value\" represents organic carbon)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","NO3-N cycling","Nitrate nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no afforestation","lower soil of barren mountain shrub on hilly terrain","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Qiu et al.","Improving Effects of Afforestation with Different Forest Types on Soil Nutrients and Bacterial Community in Barren Hills of North China ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Broad-leaved forests (\"removal value\" represents organic carbon)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial pH","Soil pH","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in soil pH","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no afforestation","topsoil of barren mountain shrub on hilly terrain","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Huang et al.","The moderating or amplifying biophysical effects of afforestation on CO2-induced cooling depend on the local background climate regimes in China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation on Croplands","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Temperature outcome","Air temperature","Air temperature","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Temperature: Maximum annual air temperature difference compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No Afforestation (cropland)","AR for ecological conservation and restoration projects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Huang et al.","The moderating or amplifying biophysical effects of afforestation on CO2-induced cooling depend on the local background climate regimes in China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation on Croplands","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Temperature outcome","Air temperature","Air temperature","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in temperature: Maximum annual air temperature difference compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No Afforestation (cropland)","AR for ecological conservation and restoration projects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Huang et al.","The moderating or amplifying biophysical effects of afforestation on CO2-induced cooling depend on the local background climate regimes in China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation on Croplands","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Thermal impact","Thermal impact","Biophysical forcing","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Difference of the net biophysical forcing compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No Afforestation (cropland)","AR for ecological conservation and restoration projects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Huang et al.","The moderating or amplifying biophysical effects of afforestation on CO2-induced cooling depend on the local background climate regimes in China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation on Croplands","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Emissivity","Emissivity","Emissivity","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in emissivity compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No Afforestation (cropland)","AR for ecological conservation and restoration projects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Huang et al.","The moderating or amplifying biophysical effects of afforestation on CO2-induced cooling depend on the local background climate regimes in China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation on Croplands","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Surface radiation","Surface radiation","Net radiation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in net radiation compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No Afforestation (cropland)","AR for ecological conservation and restoration projects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Huang et al.","The moderating or amplifying biophysical effects of afforestation on CO2-induced cooling depend on the local background climate regimes in China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation on Croplands","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Albedo","Surface albedo","Surface albedo","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in albedo compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No Afforestation (cropland)","AR for ecological conservation and restoration projects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Huang et al.","The moderating or amplifying biophysical effects of afforestation on CO2-induced cooling depend on the local background climate regimes in China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation on Croplands","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Albedo","Surface albedo","Surface albedo","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in albedo compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No Afforestation (cropland)","AR for ecological conservation and restoration projects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Huang et al.","The moderating or amplifying biophysical effects of afforestation on CO2-induced cooling depend on the local background climate regimes in China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation on Grassland","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Temperature outcome","Air temperature","Air temperature","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in temperature: Mean annual air temperature difference compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No Afforestation (grassland)","AR for ecological conservation and restoration projects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Huang et al.","The moderating or amplifying biophysical effects of afforestation on CO2-induced cooling depend on the local background climate regimes in China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation on Grassland","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Temperature outcome","Air temperature","Air temperature","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in temperature: Maximum annual air temperature difference compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No Afforestation (grassland)","AR for ecological conservation and restoration projects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Huang et al.","The moderating or amplifying biophysical effects of afforestation on CO2-induced cooling depend on the local background climate regimes in China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation on Grassland","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Heat & Energy flux","Heat & Energy flux","Latent heat flux","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in Difference of the latent heat fluxes compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No Afforestation (grassland)","AR for ecological conservation and restoration projects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Huang et al.","The moderating or amplifying biophysical effects of afforestation on CO2-induced cooling depend on the local background climate regimes in China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation on Grassland","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Surface radiation","Surface radiation","Net radiation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in net radiation compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No Afforestation (grassland)","AR for ecological conservation and restoration projects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Huang et al.","The moderating or amplifying biophysical effects of afforestation on CO2-induced cooling depend on the local background climate regimes in China",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation on Grassland","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Albedo","Surface albedo","Surface albedo","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in albedo compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No Afforestation (grassland)","AR for ecological conservation and restoration projects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Chai et al. ","Does Caragana korshinskii plantation increase soil carbon continuously in a water-limited landscape on the Loess Plateau, China?",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation: Caragana korshinskii plantations in water-limited landscape on shrub-belt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in soil total nitrogen compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no afforestation (natural restored grassland)","evaluation 20 years after plantation on shrub-belt | soil depth 0-100 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Synchronous sequestration of organic carbon and nitrogen in mineral soils T after conversion agricultural land to forest",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation on abandoned farmlands with Robinia pseudoacacia","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in soil nitrogen stocks compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no afforestation on farmland","soil depth = 10-20 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Synchronous sequestration of organic carbon and nitrogen in mineral soils T after conversion agricultural land to forest",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation on abandoned farmlands with Robinia pseudoacacia","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil compaction","Soil compaction","Soil bulk density","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in bulk density compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no afforestation on farmland","soil depth = 10-20 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Rosa & Mazzotti","Potential for hydrogen production from sustainable biomass with carbon capture and storage ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Europe","continental","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS supply chain for hydrogen production from following sustainable biomass: crop residues ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy production","Energy production","Energy production","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Hydrogen production through BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS","Total European estimate of potential hydrogen production and CO2 removal of a BECCS supply chain from sustainable biomass in Europe with biogas upgrading and steam methane reforming","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Rosa & Mazzotti","Potential for hydrogen production from sustainable biomass with carbon capture and storage ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Latvia","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS supply chain for hydrogen production from following sustainable biomass: crop residues, household organic food waste, livestock manure","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy production","Energy production","Energy production","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Hydrogen production through BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS","Country level estimate of potential hydrogen production and CO2 removal of a BECCS supply chain from sustainable biomass in Europe with biogas upgrading and steam methane reforming","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Rosa & Mazzotti","Potential for hydrogen production from sustainable biomass with carbon capture and storage ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Norway","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS supply chain for hydrogen production from following sustainable biomass: crop residues, household organic food waste, livestock manure","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy production","Energy production","Energy production","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Hydrogen production through BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS","Country level estimate of potential hydrogen production and CO2 removal of a BECCS supply chain from sustainable biomass in Europe with biogas upgrading and steam methane reforming","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Hayman et al.","Regional variation in the effectiveness of methane-based and land-based climate mitigation options",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","Central America","Central America","continental","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Land demand for BECCS deployment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS (SSP2 baseline)","SSP2-1.9","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Hayman et al.","Regional variation in the effectiveness of methane-based and land-based climate mitigation options",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","Korea region","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Land demand for BECCS deployment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS (SSP2 baseline)","SSP2 conditions resulting in 2°C warming","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Hayman et al.","Regional variation in the effectiveness of methane-based and land-based climate mitigation options",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Rest of South Asia ","continental","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","neutral","No Change","Land demand for BECCS deployment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS (SSP2 baseline)","SSP2-1.9","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded row as the in the described region of this modelling study there seems to be no respective CDR deployment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Hayman et al.","Regional variation in the effectiveness of methane-based and land-based climate mitigation options",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","West Africa","Western Africa","continental","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Land demand for BECCS deployment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS (SSP2 baseline)","SSP2 conditions resulting in 2°C warming","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Donnison et al.","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win–wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services—size matters",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Agricultural output","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in value in terms of agricultural output compared to baseline (million pounds)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","greedy optimization: optimized bioenergy crop land-use based on minimizing market costs | BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant + 20% bioenergy crop yield increase) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Donnison et al.","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win–wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services—size matters",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Agricultural output","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in value in terms of agricultural output compared to baseline (million pounds)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","greedy optimization: optimized land- use based on maximizing welfare values, subject to the additional water stress and landscape constraints | BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant + 20% bioenergy crop yield increase) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Donnison et al.","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win–wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services—size matters",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Flood","Flood","Flood protection","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in value in terms of flood protection compared to baseline (million pounds)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","greedy optimization: optimized bioenergy crop land-use based on minimizing market costs | BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Donnison et al.","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win–wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services—size matters",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Flood","Flood","Flood protection","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in value in terms of flood protection compared to baseline (million pounds)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","greedy optimization: optimized land- use based on maximizing welfare values, subject to the additional water stress and landscape constraints | BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 200 km from plant + 20% bioenergy crop yield increase) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Donnison et al.","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win–wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services—size matters",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Flood","Flood","Flood protection","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in value in terms of flood protection compared to baseline (million pounds)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","greedy optimization: optimized bioenergy crop land-use based on minimizing market costs | BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 200 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Donnison et al.","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win–wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services—size matters",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Required land use on water-stressed land","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","greedy optimization: optimized bioenergy crop land-use based on minimizing market costs | BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Donnison et al.","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win–wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services—size matters",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Total required land use for this optimization setup and location","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","greedy optimization: optimized bioenergy crop land-use based on minimizing market costs | BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 200 km from plant + 20% bioenergy crop yield increase) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Donnison et al.","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win–wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services—size matters",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Required land use on water-stressed land","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","greedy optimization: optimized land- use based on maximizing welfare values, subject to the additional water stress and landscape constraints | BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 200 km from plant + 20% bioenergy crop yield increase) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Donnison et al.","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win–wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services—size matters",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","neutral","No Change","Required land use on water-stressed land","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","greedy optimization: optimized land- use based on maximizing welfare values, subject to the additional water stress and landscape constraints | BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant + 20% bioenergy crop yield increase) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Donnison et al.","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win–wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services—size matters",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Total required land use for this optimization setup and location","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","greedy optimization: optimized land- use based on maximizing welfare values, subject to the additional water stress and landscape constraints | BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 200 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Donnison et al.","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win–wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services—size matters",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Markets & Prices","Costs & Prices","Costs & Prices","Market cost ","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Decrease in value in terms of market cost compared to baseline (million pounds)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","greedy optimization: optimized bioenergy crop land-use based on minimizing market costs | BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Donnison et al.","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win–wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services—size matters",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Markets & Prices","Costs & Prices","Costs & Prices","Market cost ","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Decrease in value in terms of market cost compared to baseline (million pounds)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","greedy optimization: optimized bioenergy crop land-use based on minimizing market costs | BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant + 20% bioenergy crop yield increase) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Donnison et al.","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win–wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services—size matters",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Markets & Prices","Costs & Prices","Costs & Prices","Market cost ","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Decrease in value in terms of market cost compared to baseline (million pounds)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","greedy optimization: optimized bioenergy crop land-use based on minimizing market costs | BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 200 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Donnison et al.","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win–wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services—size matters",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Markets & Prices","Costs & Prices","Commodity value","Soil carbon value","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in value in terms of soil carbon compared to baseline (million pounds)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","greedy optimization: optimized land- use based on maximizing welfare values, subject to the additional water stress and landscape constraints | BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Donnison et al.","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win–wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services—size matters",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Markets & Prices","Costs & Prices","Commodity value","Soil carbon value","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in value in terms of soil carbon compared to baseline (million pounds)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","greedy optimization: optimized bioenergy crop land-use based on minimizing market costs | BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant + 20% bioenergy crop yield increase) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Donnison et al.","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win–wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services—size matters",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Markets & Prices","Costs & Prices","Commodity value","Soil carbon value","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in value in terms of soil carbon compared to baseline (million pounds)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","greedy optimization: optimized land- use based on maximizing welfare values, subject to the additional water stress and landscape constraints | BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 200 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Donnison et al.","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win–wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services—size matters",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Markets & Prices","Prosperity","Welfare","Welfare value","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in value in terms of welfare compared to baseline (million pounds)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","greedy optimization: optimized bioenergy crop land-use based on minimizing market costs | BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 200 km from plant + 20% bioenergy crop yield increase) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Donnison et al.","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win–wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services—size matters",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Markets & Prices","Prosperity","Welfare","Welfare value","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in value in terms of welfare compared to baseline (million pounds)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","greedy optimization: optimized land- use based on maximizing welfare values, subject to the additional water stress and landscape constraints | BECCS post-combustion plant with local biomass resources (max radius 100 km from plant + 20% bioenergy crop yield increase) | 500 MW gross energy production --> net electricity 3.72 TWh ( 85% load capacity factor; thermal efficiency = 33%)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Almena et al.","Carbon dioxide removal potential from decentralised bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and the relevance of operational choices",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","CHP process with post-combustion CCS utilising agricultural residues (wheat straw)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy production","Energy production","Energy production","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Energy production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","Baseline scenario targeting 30 MW electricity and 30 MW heat while removing the maximum ratio of CO2 (CCS yield 78% of flue gas)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Almena et al.","Carbon dioxide removal potential from decentralised bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and the relevance of operational choices",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Gasification unit using forest residues (white pellets) to produce hydrogen. Purity level suitable for fuel cell operation, involving pre-combustion CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy production","Energy production","Energy production","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Energy production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","Scenario with following energy source for powering the plant: power-to-gas using wind power","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Albanito et al.","Mitigation potential and environmental impact of centralized versus distributed BECCS with domestic biomass production in Great Britain",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Great Britain","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS plant (capture rate 90%) on arable land with domestic biomass in a distributed energy system","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water quality","Water quality","Water quality","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Decrease in water pollution from net N losses in LUC leaching and runoff of soil nitrate","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","BECCS plant (capture rate 90%) on arable land with domestic biomass in a distributed energy system","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Unlocking the potential of BECCS with indigenous sources of biomass at a national scale",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Biomass pulverised combustion plants: Indigenous virgin biomass + forest residue + imported pellets  (90% capture rate)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy production","Energy production","Energy production","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in available energy: Annual electricity/heat production via bioenergy from BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","Biomass pulverised combustion plants: Indigenous virgin biomass + forest residue + imported pellets  (90% capture rate)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Unlocking the potential of BECCS with indigenous sources of biomass at a national scale",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Biomass pulverised combustion plants: Indigenous virgin biomass + forest residue + crop residue + imported pellets  (90% capture rate)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in land demand for bioenergy for BECCS (refers to UK's total sustainably available land area for biomass plantations (excluding today's agricultural areas to avoid conflicts with food production)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no BECCS deployment","Biomass pulverised combustion plants: Indigenous virgin biomass + forest residue + crop residue + imported pellets  (90% capture rate)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Ghiat et al.","Biomass-based integrated gasification combined cycle with post-combustion CO2 recovery by potassium carbonate: Techno-economic and environmental analysis",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with post-combustion (Biomass-based integrated gasification combined cycle with post-combustion CO2 recovery by potassium carbonate)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy production","Energy production","Energy production","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Net energy produced per removal","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No BECCS deployment ","80 % capture rate | neutral emissions assumed from the biomass based integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Wang et al. ","Global cooling induced by biophysical effects of bioenergy crop cultivation",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","Area outside of bioenergy cultivation areas","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy crops for BECCS using: Switchgrass","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Aerodynamic resistance","Aerodynamic resistance","Aerodynamic resistance","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Temperature change outside of bioenergy cultivation regions due to: aerodynamic resistance","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No BECCS deployment | constant atmospheric CO2 concentration throughout 50 years of simulation, unchanged land cover (that of 2015)","assumed maximum global bioenergy cultivation ~465.6 Mha (mean value of IMAGE and MAgPIE, which were developed based on RCP 2.6 and SSP2 | simulation run over 50 years | impact values averaged over last 10 years of simulation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Wang et al. ","Global cooling induced by biophysical effects of bioenergy crop cultivation",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","Area outside of bioenergy cultivation areas","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy crops for BECCS using: Poplar&Willow","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Albedo","Surface albedo","Surface albedo","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Temperature change outside of bioenergy cultivation regions due to: Surface albedo","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No BECCS deployment | constant atmospheric CO2 concentration throughout 50 years of simulation, unchanged land cover (that of 2015)","assumed maximum global bioenergy cultivation ~465.6 Mha (mean value of IMAGE and MAgPIE, which were developed based on RCP 2.6 and SSP2 | simulation run over 50 years | impact values averaged over last 10 years of simulation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Wang et al. ","Global cooling induced by biophysical effects of bioenergy crop cultivation",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","Bioenergy cultivation areas","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy crops for BECCS using: Poplar&Willow","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Atmospheric circulation","Atmospheric circulation","Atmospheric circulation","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Temperature change in bioenergy cultivation regions due to: altered atmospheric circulation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No BECCS deployment | constant atmospheric CO2 concentration throughout 50 years of simulation, unchanged land cover (that of 2015)","assumed maximum global bioenergy cultivation ~465.6 Mha (mean value of IMAGE and MAgPIE, which were developed based on RCP 2.6 and SSP2 | simulation run over 50 years | impact values averaged over last 10 years of simulation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Wang et al. ","Global cooling induced by biophysical effects of bioenergy crop cultivation",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","Bioenergy cultivation areas","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy crops for BECCS using: Miscanthus","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Heat & Energy flux","Heat & Energy flux","Latent heat flux","quantitative","positive","Not applicable","Temperature change in bioenergy cultivation regions due to: Latent heat flux","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No BECCS deployment | constant atmospheric CO2 concentration throughout 50 years of simulation, unchanged land cover (that of 2015)","assumed maximum global bioenergy cultivation ~465.6 Mha (mean value of IMAGE and MAgPIE, which were developed based on RCP 2.6 and SSP2 | simulation run over 50 years | impact values averaged over last 10 years of simulation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Wang et al. ","Global cooling induced by biophysical effects of bioenergy crop cultivation",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Europe","continental","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy crops for BECCS using: Miscanthus","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Thermal impact","Thermal impact","Biophysical cooling","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Additional cooling: Biophysical impact of bioenergy crops for BECCS on temperature change (through altered atmospheric circulation, ground heat flux, longwave radiative emissivity of air, aerodynamic resistance, latent heat flux, surface downward shortwave radiation, and surface albedo)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No BECCS deployment | constant atmospheric CO2 concentration throughout 50 years of simulation, unchanged land cover (that of 2015)","assumed maximum global bioenergy cultivation ~465.6 Mha (mean value of IMAGE and MAgPIE, which were developed based on RCP 2.6 and SSP2 | simulation run over 50 years | impact values averaged over last 10 years of simulation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Wang et al. ","Global cooling induced by biophysical effects of bioenergy crop cultivation",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","global","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy crops for BECCS using: Miscanthus","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Heat & Energy flux","Heat & Energy flux","Ground heat flux","quantitative","positive","Not applicable","Global temperature change due to: Ground heat flux","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No BECCS deployment | constant atmospheric CO2 concentration throughout 50 years of simulation, unchanged land cover (that of 2015)","assumed maximum global bioenergy cultivation ~465.6 Mha (mean value of IMAGE and MAgPIE, which were developed based on RCP 2.6 and SSP2 | simulation run over 50 years | impact values averaged over last 10 years of simulation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Wang et al. ","Global cooling induced by biophysical effects of bioenergy crop cultivation",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","global","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy crops for BECCS using: Switchgrass","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Heat & Energy flux","Heat & Energy flux","Latent heat flux","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Global temperature change due to: Latent heat flux","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No BECCS deployment | constant atmospheric CO2 concentration throughout 50 years of simulation, unchanged land cover (that of 2015)","assumed maximum global bioenergy cultivation ~465.6 Mha (mean value of IMAGE and MAgPIE, which were developed based on RCP 2.6 and SSP2 | simulation run over 50 years | impact values averaged over last 10 years of simulation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Wang et al. ","Global cooling induced by biophysical effects of bioenergy crop cultivation",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","South America","continental","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy crops for BECCS using: Switchgrass","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Thermal impact","Thermal impact","Biophysical warming","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Additional warming: Biophysical impact of bioenergy crops for BECCS on temperature change (through altered atmospheric circulation, ground heat flux, longwave radiative emissivity of air, aerodynamic resistance, latent heat flux, surface downward shortwave radiation, and surface albedo)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No BECCS deployment | constant atmospheric CO2 concentration throughout 50 years of simulation, unchanged land cover (that of 2015)","assumed maximum global bioenergy cultivation ~465.6 Mha (mean value of IMAGE and MAgPIE, which were developed based on RCP 2.6 and SSP2 | simulation run over 50 years | impact values averaged over last 10 years of simulation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Alves et al.","Effect of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse biochar on soil properties and sugar beet production ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Brazil","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Sewage sludge biochar | Pyrolysis temperature 450 °C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Cd cycling","Cd cycling","Cadmium in soil","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Cd compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar amendment","before sugar beet cultivation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Alves et al.","Effect of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse biochar on soil properties and sugar beet production ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Brazil","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Mixed biochar (1:1 sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse | Pyrolysis temperature 450 °C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Ca cycling","Ca cycling","Calcium in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in Ca compared to baseline ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar amendment","after sugar beet cultivation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Alves et al.","Effect of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse biochar on soil properties and sugar beet production ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Brazil","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Sewage sludge biochar | Pyrolysis temperature 450 °C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Cr cycling","Cr cycling","Chromium in soil","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Cr compared to baseline ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar amendment","before sugar beet cultivation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Alves et al.","Effect of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse biochar on soil properties and sugar beet production ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Brazil","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Mixed biochar (1:1 sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse | Pyrolysis temperature 450 °C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Cu","Cu cycling","Copper in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in Cu compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar amendment","after sugar beet cultivation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Alves et al.","Effect of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse biochar on soil properties and sugar beet production ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Brazil","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Mixed biochar (1:1 sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse | Pyrolysis temperature 450 °C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Fe","Fe cycling","Iron in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in Fe compared to baseline ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar amendment","after sugar beet cultivation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Alves et al.","Effect of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse biochar on soil properties and sugar beet production ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Brazil","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Sewage sludge biochar | Pyrolysis temperature 450 °C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Mg","Mg cycling","Magnesium in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in Mg compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar amendment","after sugar beet cultivation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Alves et al.","Effect of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse biochar on soil properties and sugar beet production ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Brazil","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Mixed biochar (1:1 sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse | Pyrolysis temperature 450 °C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Ni cycling","Ni cycling","Nickel in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in Ni compared to baseline ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar amendment","after sugar beet cultivation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Alves et al.","Effect of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse biochar on soil properties and sugar beet production ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Brazil","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Sewage sludge biochar | Pyrolysis temperature 450 °C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in total N compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar amendment","after sugar beet cultivation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Alves et al.","Effect of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse biochar on soil properties and sugar beet production ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Brazil","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Sewage sludge biochar | Pyrolysis temperature 450 °C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","K & compounds","K cycling","Potassium in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in K compared to baseline ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar amendment","before sugar beet cultivation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Alves et al.","Effect of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse biochar on soil properties and sugar beet production ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Brazil","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Sewage sludge biochar | Pyrolysis temperature 450 °C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil cation exchange capacity","Soil cation exchange capacity","Soil cation exchange capacity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in cation exchange capacity compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar amendment","after sugar beet cultivation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Alves et al.","Effect of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse biochar on soil properties and sugar beet production ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Brazil","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Sewage sludge biochar | Pyrolysis temperature 450 °C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","S cycling","S cycling","Sulfur in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in S compared to baseline ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar amendment","before sugar beet cultivation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Bi et al.","Assessing the viability of soil successive straw biochar amendment based on a five-year column trial with six different soils: Views from crop production, carbon sequestration and net ecosystem economic benefits",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice straw biochar (Pyrolysis 500 °C, 8h) soil amendment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Multi-crop yield","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in net yield gain (= total gain - total costs)  compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar application","Quaternary red clay paddy soil | rice-wheat rotational cropping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Bi et al.","Assessing the viability of soil successive straw biochar amendment based on a five-year column trial with six different soils: Views from crop production, carbon sequestration and net ecosystem economic benefits",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice straw biochar (Pyrolysis 500 °C, 8h) soil amendment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Multi-crop yield","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in net yield gain (= total gain - total costs)  compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar application","Tertiary red sandstone upland soil | millet-wheat rotational cropping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Bi et al.","Assessing the viability of soil successive straw biochar amendment based on a five-year column trial with six different soils: Views from crop production, carbon sequestration and net ecosystem economic benefits",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice straw biochar (Pyrolysis 500 °C, 8h) soil amendment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil compaction","Soil compaction","Soil bulk density","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in soil bulk density compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar application","Quaternary red clay paddy soil | rice-wheat rotational cropping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Bi et al.","Assessing the viability of soil successive straw biochar amendment based on a five-year column trial with six different soils: Views from crop production, carbon sequestration and net ecosystem economic benefits",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice straw biochar (Pyrolysis 500 °C, 8h) soil amendment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil cation exchange capacity","Soil cation exchange capacity","Soil cation exchange capacity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in cation exchange capacity compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar application","Quaternary red clay paddy soil | rice-wheat rotational cropping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Bi et al.","Assessing the viability of soil successive straw biochar amendment based on a five-year column trial with six different soils: Views from crop production, carbon sequestration and net ecosystem economic benefits",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice straw biochar (Pyrolysis 500 °C, 8h) soil amendment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Non-CO2 GHGs","CH4 emissions","CH4 emissions","Soil methane emissions","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in soil CH4 emissions compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar application","Quaternary red clay upland soil | millet-wheat rotational cropping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Bi et al.","Assessing the viability of soil successive straw biochar amendment based on a five-year column trial with six different soils: Views from crop production, carbon sequestration and net ecosystem economic benefits",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice straw biochar (Pyrolysis 500 °C, 8h) soil amendment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Non-CO2 GHGs","N2O emissions","N2O emissions","Soil nitrous oxide emissions","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in soil N2O emissions compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar application","Yellow River alluvium upland soil | millet-wheat rotational cropping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Bi et al.","Assessing the viability of soil successive straw biochar amendment based on a five-year column trial with six different soils: Views from crop production, carbon sequestration and net ecosystem economic benefits",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice straw biochar (Pyrolysis 500 °C, 8h) soil amendment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil water","Soil water","Soil water holding capacity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in soil water holding capacity compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar application","Yellow River alluvium paddy soil | rice-wheat rotational cropping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Bi et al.","Assessing the viability of soil successive straw biochar amendment based on a five-year column trial with six different soils: Views from crop production, carbon sequestration and net ecosystem economic benefits",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice straw biochar (Pyrolysis 500 °C, 8h) soil amendment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Straw yield","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in grain weight compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar application","Yellow River alluvium paddy soil | rice-wheat rotational cropping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Bi et al.","Assessing the viability of soil successive straw biochar amendment based on a five-year column trial with six different soils: Views from crop production, carbon sequestration and net ecosystem economic benefits",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice straw biochar (Pyrolysis 500 °C, 8h) soil amendment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Straw yield","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in straw weight compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar application","Quaternary red clay paddy soil | rice-wheat rotational cropping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Invertebrates","Invertebrates","Earthworm behaviour","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in soil avoidance of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) after biochar amendment compared to baseline (positive values=avoidance; negative values=attraction)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar application","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on artificial OECD soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Invertebrates","Invertebrates","Earthworm survival","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in survival rate of earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) in biochar amended soil compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar application","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on artificial OECD soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on artificial OECD soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Invertebrates","Invertebrates","Earthworm survival","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in survival rate of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) in biochar amended soil compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar application","Biochar from rice husk (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on artificial OECD soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Elliston and Oliver","Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial pH","Soil pH","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in biochar amended soil pH compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar application","Biochar from wheat straw (Pyrolysis 550 °C), powder < 1mm | soil amendment on natural Kattering loam (Kettering, Northamptonshire)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Llovet et al.","Long-term effects of gasification biochar application on soil functions in a Mediterranean agroecosystem: Higher addition rates sequester more carbon but pose a risk to soil faunal communities ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Spain","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood chips (Pinus pnaster and P radiata) | Pyrolysis temperature = 600-900°C | also low tillage 20 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Invertebrates","Invertebrates","Maturity index","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in total average maturity index 2-5","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No biochar application","Biochar application 12t /ha","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Llovet et al.","Long-term effects of gasification biochar application on soil functions in a Mediterranean agroecosystem: Higher addition rates sequester more carbon but pose a risk to soil faunal communities ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Spain","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood chips (Pinus pnaster and P radiata) | Pyrolysis temperature = 600-900°C | also low  tillage 20 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Vertebrates","Vertebrates","Predator abundance","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in total average Predators abundance","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No biochar application","Biochar application 50t /ha","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Assessing the diverse environmental effects of biochar systems: An evaluation framework",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar as soil amendment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Flood","Flood","Flood protection","qualitative","positive","Increase ","Plant beds with biochar reduce load on storm water collection, which constitutes an insurance in strong flood events","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar deployment as soil amendment","information based on Stockholm Biochar Project (started in 2013)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cheng et al.","Slow pyrolysis as a platform for negative emissions technology: An integration of machine learning models, life cycle assessment, and economic analysis",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar with crop residues | slow pyrolysis temperature = 550 °C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy production","Energy production","Energy production","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Energy return on energy investment (net energy production)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar production","Biochar with crop residues | slow pyrolysis temperature = 550 °C | without substitution: \"the energy and GHGs emis- sions associated with each process were calculated by multiplying the required energy/materials and their corresponding energy/ emission factors. The energy output for each system was calculated by the energy content of exported heat. The carbon seques- tration from biochar utilization was calculated by multiplying the car- bon content in biochar (predicted by the RF model) and empirical biochar stability factors\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Yang et al.","Country-level potential of carbon sequestration and environmental benefits by utilizing crop residues for biochar implementation ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar produced from crop residues (mostly rice, wheat and corn) and application to soil (partly used as biogas/oil for fossil fuel offsetting)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in ozone depletion potential","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar production (to compare the different impacts of biochar on the environment, the impact values were normalized using the CML2001-Jan.2016 method in GaBi, and the world’s per capita emis- sions in 2000 (CML2001 - Jan.2016, World, year 2000) was adopted as the reference value)","LCA Biochar production from available crop residues (based on residue availability 2014 in China)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Roobroeck et al.","Biophysical potential of crop residues for biochar carbon sequestration, and co-benefits, in Uganda",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","East Africa","Uganda","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar in soils from crop residues | Millet-Groundnut crop rotation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Biomass demand","Biomass demand","Crop residues demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Crop residue use for biochar production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar soil amendment","Competitive crop residue use is low: 20% of straw and non-straw diverted","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Roobroeck et al.","Biophysical potential of crop residues for biochar carbon sequestration, and co-benefits, in Uganda",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","East Africa","Uganda","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar in soils from crop residues | Maize-Groundnut crop rotation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Multi-crop yield","qualitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in crop yield through biochar application (potential increase)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar soil amendment","Competitive crop residue use is high:  80% of straw and 50% of non-straw diverted","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Chiaramonti and Panoutsou","Policy measures for sustainable sunflower cropping in EU-MED marginal lands amended by biochar: case study in Tuscany, Italy",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Italy","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar soil amendment with and without compost (COMBI: 20% biochar and 80% compost mass fraction)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil water","Soil water","Soil moisture","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","Improved moisture retention through biochar application (alongside carbon sequestration)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar soil amendment","Biochar soil amendment with and without compost (COMBI: 20% biochar and 80% compost mass fraction)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Liu et al.","Successive straw biochar amendments reduce nitrous oxide emissions but do not improve the net ecosystem economic benefit in an alkaline sandy loam under a wheat–maize cropping system",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice-straw biochar pyrolysis at 500 °C for 8 h in a biogas–energy pyrolysis system | biochar soil amendment on alkaline sandy Ioamy soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil water","Soil water","Hydraulic conductivity","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar soil amendment","Rice-straw biochar pyrolysis at 500 °C for 8 h in a biogas–energy pyrolysis system | biochar soil amendment on alkaline sandy Ioamy soil | field experiment over 10 successive wheat and maize crop seasons (5 years in total)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Liu et al.","Successive straw biochar amendments reduce nitrous oxide emissions but do not improve the net ecosystem economic benefit in an alkaline sandy loam under a wheat–maize cropping system",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice-straw biochar pyrolysis at 500 °C for 8 h in a biogas–energy pyrolysis system | biochar soil amendment on alkaline sandy Ioamy soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in Total soil nitrogen compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar soil amendment","Rice-straw biochar pyrolysis at 500 °C for 8 h in a biogas–energy pyrolysis system | biochar soil amendment on alkaline sandy Ioamy soil | field experiment over 10 successive wheat and maize crop seasons (5 years in total)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Liu et al.","Successive straw biochar amendments reduce nitrous oxide emissions but do not improve the net ecosystem economic benefit in an alkaline sandy loam under a wheat–maize cropping system",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice-straw biochar pyrolysis at 500 °C for 8 h in a biogas–energy pyrolysis system | biochar soil amendment on alkaline sandy Ioamy soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil water","Soil water","Soil water holding capacity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in water holding capacity compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar soil amendment","Rice-straw biochar pyrolysis at 500 °C for 8 h in a biogas–energy pyrolysis system | biochar soil amendment on alkaline sandy Ioamy soil | field experiment over 10 successive wheat and maize crop seasons (5 years in total)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Hansson et al.","Biochar as multi‐purpose sustainable technology: experiences from projects in Tanzania ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","East Africa","Tanzania","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar produced in low-tech microgasifier stoves fuelled using dry harvest residues, e.g. coffee shells ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil condition","Soil condition","Unspecified soil effect","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","Potential to improve soil conditions compared to no biochar use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar use","Project 5, aim: biochar use for soil amendment and compost additive - climate change mitigation only secondary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Papageorgiou et al. ","Biochar produced from wood waste for soil remediation in Sweden: Carbon sequestration and other environmental impacts",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood waste for remediation of contaminated soils | Contaminated soil from Helsingborg is mixed with the biochar on-site and then used for for backfilling (94% of contaminated soil is mixed with 6% biochar) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in minerals and metals use compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No biochar use: Excavated contaminated sites in Helsingborg are backfilled with uncontaminated virgin material (crushed gravel) ","Contaminated soil from Helsingborg is mixed with the biochar (offside), and uncontaminated soil is transported to the excavation sites for backfilling (94% of contaminated soil is mixed with 6% biochar) After mixing, the remediated soil is transported to the surround- ing area for reuse. Transportation of materials with trucks (no biofuel). Fossil electricity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Papageorgiou et al. ","Biochar produced from wood waste for soil remediation in Sweden: Carbon sequestration and other environmental impacts",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood waste for remediation of contaminated soils | Contaminated soil from Helsingborg is mixed with the biochar on-site and then used for for backfilling (94% of contaminated soil is mixed with 6% biochar) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in freshwater eutrophication compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No biochar use: Excavated contaminated sites in Helsingborg are backfilled with uncontaminated virgin material (crushed gravel) ","Contaminated soil from Helsingborg is mixed with the biochar (offside), and uncontaminated soil is transported to the excavation sites for backfilling (94% of contaminated soil is mixed with 6% biochar) After mixing, the remediated soil is transported to the surround- ing area for reuse. Transportation of materials with trucks (no biofuel). Fossil electricity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Papageorgiou et al. ","Biochar produced from wood waste for soil remediation in Sweden: Carbon sequestration and other environmental impacts",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood waste for remediation of contaminated soils | Contaminated soil from Helsingborg is mixed with the biochar (offsite), and uncontaminated soil is transported to the excavation sites for backfilling (94% of contaminated soil is mixed with 6% biochar) After mixing, the remediated soil is transported to the surround- ing area for reuse.","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in land demand compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No biochar use: Excavated contaminated sites in Helsingborg are backfilled with uncontaminated virgin material (crushed gravel) ","Contaminated soil from Helsingborg is mixed with the biochar (offside), and uncontaminated soil is transported to the excavation sites for backfilling (94% of contaminated soil is mixed with 6% biochar) After mixing, the remediated soil is transported to the surround- ing area for reuse. Transport of materials with biodiesel","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Papageorgiou et al. ","Biochar produced from wood waste for soil remediation in Sweden: Carbon sequestration and other environmental impacts",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood waste for remediation of contaminated soils | Contaminated soil from Helsingborg is mixed with the biochar on-site and then used for for backfilling (94% of contaminated soil is mixed with 6% biochar) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Ozone formation","Ozone formation","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in photochemical ozone creation compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No biochar use: Excavated contaminated sites in Helsingborg are backfilled with uncontaminated virgin material (crushed gravel) ","Contaminated soil from Helsingborg is mixed with the biochar (offside), and uncontaminated soil is transported to the excavation sites for backfilling (94% of contaminated soil is mixed with 6% biochar) After mixing, the remediated soil is transported to the surround- ing area for reuse. Transportation of materials with trucks (no biofuel)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Papageorgiou et al. ","Biochar produced from wood waste for soil remediation in Sweden: Carbon sequestration and other environmental impacts",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood waste for remediation of contaminated soils | Contaminated soil from Helsingborg is mixed with the biochar (offsite), and uncontaminated soil is transported to the excavation sites for backfilling (94% of contaminated soil is mixed with 6% biochar) After mixing, the remediated soil is transported to the surround- ing area for reuse.","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","PAHs","PAHs","PAHs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in life cycle leaching compared to baseline for: Benzo(a)pyrene3","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No biochar use: Excavated contaminated sites in Helsingborg are backfilled with uncontaminated virgin material (crushed gravel) ","Contaminated soil from Helsingborg is mixed with the biochar (offside), and uncontaminated soil is transported to the excavation sites for backfilling (94% of contaminated soil is mixed with 6% biochar) After mixing, the remediated soil is transported to the surround- ing area for reuse. Transport of materials with biodiesel","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Papageorgiou et al. ","Biochar produced from wood waste for soil remediation in Sweden: Carbon sequestration and other environmental impacts",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood waste for remediation of contaminated soils | Contaminated soil from Helsingborg is mixed with the biochar on-site and then used for for backfilling (94% of contaminated soil is mixed with 6% biochar) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","PAHs","PAHs","PAHs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in life cycle leaching compared to baseline for: Pyrene2","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No biochar use: Excavated contaminated sites in Helsingborg are backfilled with uncontaminated virgin material (crushed gravel) ","Contaminated soil from Helsingborg is mixed with the biochar (offside), and uncontaminated soil is transported to the excavation sites for backfilling (94% of contaminated soil is mixed with 6% biochar) After mixing, the remediated soil is transported to the surround- ing area for reuse. Transport of materials with biodiesel","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Papageorgiou et al. ","Biochar produced from wood waste for soil remediation in Sweden: Carbon sequestration and other environmental impacts",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood waste for remediation of contaminated soils | Contaminated soil from Helsingborg is mixed with the biochar on-site and then used for for backfilling (94% of contaminated soil is mixed with 6% biochar) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","PAHs","PAHs","PAHs","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in life cycle leaching compared to baseline for: Chrysene3","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No biochar use: Excavated contaminated sites in Helsingborg are backfilled with uncontaminated virgin material (crushed gravel) ","Contaminated soil from Helsingborg is mixed with the biochar (offside), and uncontaminated soil is transported to the excavation sites for backfilling (94% of contaminated soil is mixed with 6% biochar) After mixing, the remediated soil is transported to the surround- ing area for reuse. Transport of materials with biodiesel","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Papageorgiou et al. ","Biochar produced from wood waste for soil remediation in Sweden: Carbon sequestration and other environmental impacts",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar from wood waste for remediation of contaminated soils | Contaminated soil from Helsingborg is mixed with the biochar (offsite), and uncontaminated soil is transported to the excavation sites for backfilling (94% of contaminated soil is mixed with 6% biochar) After mixing, the remediated soil is transported to the surround- ing area for reuse.","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Unspecified pollution","Respiratory effect, inorganics","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in respiratory effects (inorganics, disease incidences) compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No biochar use: Excavated contaminated sites in Helsingborg are backfilled with uncontaminated virgin material (crushed gravel) ","Contaminated soil from Helsingborg is mixed with the biochar (offside), and uncontaminated soil is transported to the excavation sites for backfilling (94% of contaminated soil is mixed with 6% biochar) After mixing, the remediated soil is transported to the surround- ing area for reuse. Transportation of materials with trucks (no biofuel). Fossil electricity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Faye et al.","Single Application of Biochar Increases Fertilizer Efficiency, C Sequestration, and pH over the Long-Term in Sandy Soils of Senegal",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","West Africa","Senegal","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice husk biochar | 10 kgN/ha | monocroping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Microorganisms","Microorganisms","Microbial activity","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in total microbial activity compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar, no fertilizer","Treatment start in 2012 | Rice husk biochar | 10 kgN/ha | monocropping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Faye et al.","Single Application of Biochar Increases Fertilizer Efficiency, C Sequestration, and pH over the Long-Term in Sandy Soils of Senegal",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","West Africa","Senegal","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice husk biochar + 50 kg/ha NPK + 33 kg/ha Urea | 32.68 kgN/ha | monocroping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Microorganisms","Microorganisms","Microbial activity","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in total microbial activity compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar, no fertilizer","Treatment start in 2012 | Rice husk biochar + 50 kg/ha NPK + 33 kg/ha Urea | 32.68 kgN/ha | monocropping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Faye et al.","Single Application of Biochar Increases Fertilizer Efficiency, C Sequestration, and pH over the Long-Term in Sandy Soils of Senegal",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","West Africa","Senegal","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice husk biochar + 50 kg/ha NPK + 33 kg/ha Urea + 5 t/ha cattle manure | 97.68 kgN/ha","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Microorganisms","Microorganisms","Microbial activity","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in total microbial activity compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar, no fertilizer","Treatment start in 2012 | Rice husk biochar + 50 kg/ha NPK + 33 kg/ha Urea + 5 t/ha cattle manure | 97.68 kgN/ha ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Faye et al.","Single Application of Biochar Increases Fertilizer Efficiency, C Sequestration, and pH over the Long-Term in Sandy Soils of Senegal",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","West Africa","Senegal","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice husk biochar + 50 kg/ha NPK + 33 kg/ha Urea + 5 t/ha cattle manure | 97.68 kgN/ha  | rotation croping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Millet grain yield","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in millet grain yield compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar, no fertilizer","Treatment start in 2012 | Rice husk biochar + 50 kg/ha NPK + 33 kg/ha Urea + 5 t/ha cattle manure | 97.68 kgN/ha | rotation cropping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Faye et al.","Single Application of Biochar Increases Fertilizer Efficiency, C Sequestration, and pH over the Long-Term in Sandy Soils of Senegal",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","West Africa","Senegal","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Typha australis biochar + 5t/ha cattle manure | 85 kgN/ha","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in soil N content in 2015 compared to baseline treatment in 2015","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar, no fertilizer","Typha australis biochar + 5t/ha cattle manure | 85 kgN/ha","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Faye et al.","Single Application of Biochar Increases Fertilizer Efficiency, C Sequestration, and pH over the Long-Term in Sandy Soils of Senegal",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","West Africa","Senegal","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice husk biochar | 10 kgN/ha","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in available P compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar, no fertilizer","Treatment start in 2012 | Rice husk biochar | 10 kgN/ha","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Faye et al.","Single Application of Biochar Increases Fertilizer Efficiency, C Sequestration, and pH over the Long-Term in Sandy Soils of Senegal",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","West Africa","Senegal","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice husk biochar | 20 kgN/ha","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in available P compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar, no fertilizer","Treatment start in 2012 | Rice husk biochar | 20 kgN/ha","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Faye et al.","Single Application of Biochar Increases Fertilizer Efficiency, C Sequestration, and pH over the Long-Term in Sandy Soils of Senegal",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","West Africa","Senegal","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice husk biochar | 10 kgN/ha | monocroping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in available P compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar, no fertilizer","Treatment start in 2012 | Rice husk biochar | 10 kgN/ha | monocropping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Faye et al.","Single Application of Biochar Increases Fertilizer Efficiency, C Sequestration, and pH over the Long-Term in Sandy Soils of Senegal",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","West Africa","Senegal","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice husk biochar + 50 kg/ha NPK + 33 kg/ha Urea + 5 t/ha cattle manure | 97.68 kgN/ha  | rotation croping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus in soil","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in available P compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar, no fertilizer","Treatment start in 2012 | Rice husk biochar + 50 kg/ha NPK + 33 kg/ha Urea + 5 t/ha cattle manure | 97.68 kgN/ha | rotation cropping","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Faye et al.","Single Application of Biochar Increases Fertilizer Efficiency, C Sequestration, and pH over the Long-Term in Sandy Soils of Senegal",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","West Africa","Senegal","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice husk biochar + 50 kg/ha NPK + 33 kg/ha Urea | 32.68 kgN/ha","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial pH","Soil pH","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in soil pH compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no biochar, no fertilizer","Treatment start in 2012 | Rice husk biochar + 50 kg/ha NPK + 33 kg/ha Urea | 32.68 kgN/ha","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Li et al.","Bioenergy Crops for Low Warming Targets Require Half of the Present Agricultural Fertilizer Use",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","global","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Maximum bioenergy crops for BECCS considering Miscanthus, switchgrass, eucalypt, poplar, and willow","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P2O5 demand","Phosphorus pentoxide demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Nutrient requirement to sustain the production: P2O5","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no bioenergy for BECCS","RCP2.6 consistent BECCS deployment | maximum deployment on marginal land","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Grant et al.","Confronting mitigation deterrence in low-carbon scenarios",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","CDR availability in models with discount rate 5% represented by (BECCS, DACCS & AR)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Moral hazard","Reduced action","Reduced action","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Decrease in effort on yearly CO2 emission reduction rate when CDR is available compared to no availability","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no CDR availability","1.75 °C scenario (P=66%): CDR availability in models with discount rate 5% represented by (BECCS, DACCS & AR)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Schwinger et al.","Possibility for strong northern hemisphere high- latitude cooling under negative emissions",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","Northern high-latitude (north of 40°N)","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Idealized, option unspecific CDR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Vertebrates","Vertebrates","Salmon","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Amplified northern high-latitude cooling due to CDR (and AMOC) might lead habitat shifts and growth changes of wild and farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no CDR deployment","timing of CDR deployment determines whether cooling due to AMOC gets amplified or balanced. Immediate deployment after reaching \"zero emission\" leads to stronger cooling than a deployment start that is delayed by 100 years","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fajardy et al.","The economics of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) deployment in a 1.5 ◦C or 2 ◦C world ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS deployment to stabilize at 2°C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Markets & Prices","Costs & Prices","Carbon price","Carbon price impact","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Impact on carbon price development","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no climate policy (similar SSP2)","BECCS deployment to stabilize at 2°C (P=>66%) compared to preindustrial","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fajardy et al.","The economics of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) deployment in a 1.5 ◦C or 2 ◦C world ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS deployment to stabilize at 2°C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Markets & Prices","Costs & Prices","Carbon price","Carbon price impact","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Impact on carbon price development","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no climate policy (similar SSP2)","BECCS deployment to stabilize at 2°C (P=>66%) compared to preindustrial","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fajardy et al.","The economics of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) deployment in a 1.5 ◦C or 2 ◦C world ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","Multiple regions","Russia","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy crop for BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Food price","Food price","Food price","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Food Price Index relative to food prices in 2015 (baseline also deviates from 2015 throughout the century)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no climate policy (similar SSP2)","BECCS deployment to stabilize at 1.5°C (P=>50%) preindustrial","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Chile","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + PV for electricity + Battery, CL","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Resource use impact on fossils for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + PV for electricity + Battery, CL","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Chile","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + electricity from the Grid, CL","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Ionising radiation for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + electricity from the Grid, CL","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Chile","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + PV for electricity + Battery, CL","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Marine eutrophication for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + PV for electricity + Battery, CL","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Chile","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + PV for electricity, CL","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Ozone formation","Ozone formation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Photochemical ozone formation for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + PV for electricity, CL","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Chile","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + electricity from the Grid, CL","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Terrestrial eutrophication for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + electricity from the Grid, CL","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Greece","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + PV for electricity + Battery, GR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Carcinogenic effects for DACCS per gross tonne CO2 captured","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + PV for electricity + Battery, GR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Greece","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, GR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Freshwater eutrophication for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, GR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Greece","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + electricity from the Grid, GR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Land use change (in points) for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + electricity from the Grid, GR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Greece","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, GR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Unspecified pollution","Respiratory effect, inorganics","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Respiratory effects, inorganics for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, GR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Greece","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + electricity from the Grid, GR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial and freshwater acidification","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Freshwater and terrestrial acidification for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + electricity from the Grid, GR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Island","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, IS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Resource use impact on fossils for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, IS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Island","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, IS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Land use change (in points) for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, IS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Jordan","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + PV for electricity, JO","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Minerals and metals use for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + PV for electricity, JO","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Jordan","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, JO","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Freshwater ecotoxicity for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, JO","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Jordan","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + electricity from the Grid, JO","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Land transformation for DACCS per gross tonne CO2 captured","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + electricity from the Grid, JO","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Jordan","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + PV for electricity, JO","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Non-carcinogenic effect for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + PV for electricity, JO","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Jordan","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, JO","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Ozone layer depletion for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, JO","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Jordan","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous heat from Fresnel solar-thermal heat collector + PV for electricity, JO","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Terrestrial eutrophication for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous heat from Fresnel solar-thermal heat collector + PV for electricity, JO","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","Mexico","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, MX","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","Fossil demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Resource use impact on fossils for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, MX","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","Mexico","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous heat from Fresnel solar-thermal heat collector + PV for electricity, MX","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Ionising radiation for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous heat from Fresnel solar-thermal heat collector + PV for electricity, MX","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","Mexico","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + PV for electricity, MX","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Marine eutrophication for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + PV for electricity, MX","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","Mexico","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, MX","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","Marine eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Marine eutrophication for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, MX","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","Mexico","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, MX","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Stratospheric ozone depletion","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Ozone layer depletion for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, MX","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","Mexico","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, MX","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Terrestrial eutrophication for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, MX","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Norway","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + electricity from the Grid, NO","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","Freshwater ecotoxicity","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Freshwater ecotoxicity for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + electricity from the Grid, NO","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Spain","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + PV for electricity, ES","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Minerals and metals use for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + PV for electricity, ES","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Spain","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous heat from Fresnel solar-thermal heat collector + PV for electricity, ES","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Carcinogenic effects for DACCS per gross tonne CO2 captured","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous heat from Fresnel solar-thermal heat collector + PV for electricity, ES","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Spain","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, ES","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","Freshwater eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Freshwater eutrophication for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, ES","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Spain","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + PV for electricity + Battery, ES","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Land transformation for DACCS per gross tonne CO2 captured","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + PV for electricity + Battery, ES","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Spain","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous heat from Fresnel solar-thermal heat collector + PV for electricity, ES","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Ozone formation","Ozone formation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Photochemical ozone formation for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous heat from Fresnel solar-thermal heat collector + PV for electricity, ES","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Spain","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + electricity from the Grid, ES","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","Terrestrial eutrophication","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Terrestrial eutrophication for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + electricity from the Grid, ES","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Switzerland","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, CH","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sb demand","Sb demand","Antimony demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Minerals and metals use for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, CH","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Switzerland","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + electricity from the Grid, CH","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Land use change (in points) for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Waste heat source for heat + electricity from the Grid, CH","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Switzerland","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, CH","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Water consumption for DACCS per tonne CO2 captured (gross)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS: Autonomous High temperature heat pump for heat (operated with electricity from the grid) + electricity from the Grid, CH","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Deutz and Bardow","Life-cycle assessment of an industrial direct air capture process based on temperature–vacuum swing adsorption",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS  with amine of silica absorbent (adsorbent consumption of 3 g adsorbent per kg CO2) | electricity from forcast for 2050 and heat from heat pump systems","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","Ionising radiation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in ionizing radiation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS powered by forecasted electricity mix in 2050","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Deutz and Bardow","Life-cycle assessment of an industrial direct air capture process based on temperature–vacuum swing adsorption",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS  with amine of silica absorbent (adsorbent consumption of 3 g adsorbent per kg CO2) | electricity from forcast for 2030 and heat from heat pump systems","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Non-carcinogenic effect","Non-carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in human toxicity (non-cancer)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS powered by forecasted electricity mix in 2050","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Deutz and Bardow","Life-cycle assessment of an industrial direct air capture process based on temperature–vacuum swing adsorption",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS  with amine of silica absorbent (adsorbent consumption of 3 g adsorbent per kg CO2) | electricity from forcast for 2050 and heat from heat pump systems","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial and freshwater acidification","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in terrestrial and freshwater acidification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS deployment","DACCS powered by forecasted electricity mix in 2050","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fuhrman et al.","The role of direct air capture and negative emissions technologies in the shared socioeconomic pathways towards +1.5 °C and +2 °C futures",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS deployment in mitigation scenario (alongside BECCS and Afforestation)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in primary energy consumption in this scenario with CDR portfolio including DACCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS: mitigation scenario without DACCS - only with BECCS and Afforestation","SSP4-1.9: mitigation scenario with DACCS (alongside BECCS and Afforestation) | gross CO2 removal withDACCS=8.5 GtCO2/yr; noDACCS=8.9 GtCO2/yr  ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fuhrman et al.","The role of direct air capture and negative emissions technologies in the shared socioeconomic pathways towards +1.5 °C and +2 °C futures",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS deployment in mitigation scenario (alongside BECCS and Afforestation)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in water consumption for bioenergy crops and DACCS in this scenario with CDR portfolio including DACCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no DACCS: mitigation scenario without DACCS - only with BECCS and Afforestation","SSP4-1.9: mitigation scenario with DACCS (alongside BECCS and Afforestation) | gross CO2 removal withDACCS=8.5 GtCO2/yr; noDACCS=8.9 GtCO2/yr  ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Demenois et al.","Barriers and Strategies to Boost Soil Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","France","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Identified SCS options: 1: \"Diversification of crops (linen, alfalfa, protein) to offer more autonomy to livestock breeding + improvement of grassland and development of agroforestry + improvement of soil cover and reduction of tillage; 2: Increase of the grassland area (including legumes); Increase of pasture; Valorization through high added value market; Evolution of herd genetics (mixed race with lower milk production); Introduction of hedges; Reduction of calving age (2 years)(context: polyculture-breeding in Meuse, France)\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","CDR readiness","Technology competitiveness","Technology competitiveness","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Economic barrier to successful deployment: \"Lack of competitiveness of self-produced legumes versus imported soybean for animal feed; Access to high added value market\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no deployment","Two day workshop on perception of barriers for \"4 per 1000 innovations\" 37 key informant participants: farmers, NGOs, agro-industries, administrations, donors, agricultural organizations, agricultural school teachers and researchers","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Demenois et al.","Barriers and Strategies to Boost Soil Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","West Africa","Senegal","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Identified SCS options: \"Intensification of organic wastes recycling through the production of compost, the use of sludge and methanisation; Use of organic fertilizers; Introduction/association of trees and shrubs; Use of biochar\" context: Peri-urban agriculture in Niayes","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Markets & Prices","Jobs & Livelihoods","Lack of workforce","Lack of Workforce","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Social barrier to successful deployment: \"Lack of workforce as composting is hard to implement and requires the control of the composting process\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no deployment","Two day workshop on perception of barriers for \"4 per 1000 innovations\" 37 key informant participants: farmers, NGOs, agro-industries, administrations, donors, agricultural organizations, agricultural school teachers and researchers","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Dooley et al.","Carbon-dioxide Removal and Biodiversity: A Threat Identification Framework",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Reforestation for CDR in general","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Land use impact on biodiversity","qualitative","unclear","Not applicable","Can have positive and negative impacts on biodiversity due to land use change","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no deployment","framework use to evaluate CDR based in literature","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Dooley et al.","Carbon-dioxide Removal and Biodiversity: A Threat Identification Framework",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Terrestrial enhanced weathering for CDR in general","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Pollution impact on biodiversity","qualitative","unclear","Not applicable","Can have positive and negative impacts on biodiversity due to impact on pollution ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no deployment","framework use to evaluate CDR based in literature","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Hanssen et al.","Global implications of crop-based bioenergy with carbon capture and storage for terrestrial vertebrate biodiversity",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","global","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Purpose-grown lignocellulosic crops ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Area required compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no deployment","deployed on land with the lowest biodiversity loss per negative emissions potential","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Hanssen et al.","Global implications of crop-based bioenergy with carbon capture and storage for terrestrial vertebrate biodiversity",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","global","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Purpose-grown lignocellulosic crops ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Area required compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no deployment","deployed on land with the lowest biodiversity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Hanssen et al.","Global implications of crop-based bioenergy with carbon capture and storage for terrestrial vertebrate biodiversity",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","global","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Purpose-grown lignocellulosic crops ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Vertebrates","Vertebrates","Vertebrate loss","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Loss of terrestrial vertebrate species compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no deployment","deployed on land with the lowest biodiversity loss per negative emissions potential","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Rueda et al.","Negative-emissions technology portfolios to meet the 1.5 ◦C target",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS maximum potential at fastest adoption rate","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Food price","Food price","Food price","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Score on overall economic side effects; e.g., on market opportunities and economic diversification or food prices: moderately positive","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no deployment","theoretical capacity and tendency of side effects (score from 1 worst- up to 10 best ; 5 is neutral) throughout the 21st century","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Sovacool et al. ","Risk–risk governance in a low-carbon future: Exploring institutional, technological, and behavioral tradeoffs in climate geoengineering pathways",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Applies to CDR in general","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Burden sharing","Burden sharing","Burden sharing","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Resource demanding CDR might be deployed largely in the Global South, leading to an unfair distribution of related burdens","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no deployment","Qualitative expert (n=125) interviews on CDR without specific scenario or context","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Sovacool et al. ","Risk–risk governance in a low-carbon future: Exploring institutional, technological, and behavioral tradeoffs in climate geoengineering pathways",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Unspecified which type of land-based EW","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","qualitative","negative","Increase ","Potential high water demand to control dust production of intense mining","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no deployment","Qualitative expert (n=125) interviews on CDR without specific scenario or context","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Bossio et al.","The role of soil carbon in natural climate solutions",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","global","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","SCS through optimal intensity of grazing: maximum deployment potential for 2030 under safeguards for food security, biodiversy and fibre --> limit where adverse effects are avoided","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Food production","qualitative","positive","Increase ","Potential benefits for food production under safeguard deployment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no deployment","maximum deployment potential for 2030 under safeguards for food security, biodiversity and fibre --> limit where adverse effects are avoided","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Anyanwu et al. ","In Vivo Genotoxicity of Rice Husk Biochar on Eudrilus eugeniae in Soil",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","lab-scale","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice Husk Biochar","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Invertebrates","Invertebrates","Earthworm survival","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in Survival rate of earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae) after 35 days","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No deployment of Biochar","1000g soil amended with 5% rice husk biochar (pyrolysis temperature > 480°C)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Anyanwu et al. ","In Vivo Genotoxicity of Rice Husk Biochar on Eudrilus eugeniae in Soil",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","lab-scale","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Rice Husk Biochar","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Invertebrates","Invertebrates","Earthworm survival","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in Survival rate of earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae) after 35 days","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No deployment of Biochar","1000g soil amended with 5% rice husk biochar (pyrolysis temperature > 480°C)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kelland et al.","Increased yield and CO2 sequestration potential with the C-4 cereal Sorghum bicolor cultivated in basaltic rock dust-amended agricultural soil",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","EW with crushed basalt on a Sorghum Bicolor field","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Sr cycling","Sr cycling","Strontium in plants","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Sr in Plant","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no deployment of EW","EW with crushed basalt on a Sorghum Bicolour field (\"amending a slightly acidic clay-loam soil with a high loading of coarse-grained basaltic rock dust\")","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Beerling et al.","Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Brazil ","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering (silicate)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Raw materials","Rocks","Silicate demand","Silicate demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Annual silicate demand for removal rate","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no enhanced weathering","1.5 GtC02 removal goal by 2050 | 2 °C target (by 2050) with 75% probability","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Beerling et al.","Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China ","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering (silicate)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Raw materials","Rocks","Silicate demand","Silicate demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Annual silicate demand for removal rate","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no enhanced weathering","1 GtC02 removal goal by 2050 | 2 °C target (by 2050) with 75% probability","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Beerling et al.","Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","France ","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering (silicate)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Raw materials","Rocks","Silicate demand","Silicate demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Annual silicate demand for removal rate","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no enhanced weathering","1.5 GtC02 removal goal by 2050 | 2 °C target (by 2050) with 75% probability","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Beerling et al.","Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","Southeast Asia","Indonesia ","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering (silicate)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Silicate rock deployment on national cropland (share of total national cropland)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no enhanced weathering","2 GtC02 removal goal by 2050 | 2 °C target (by 2050) with 75% probability","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Beerling et al.","Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","Mexico ","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering (silicate)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Silicate rock deployment on national cropland (share of total national cropland)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no enhanced weathering","1 GtC02 removal goal by 2050 | 2 °C target (by 2050) with 75% probability","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Beerling et al.","Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Spain ","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering (silicate)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Silicate rock deployment on national cropland (share of total national cropland)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no enhanced weathering","1 GtC02 removal goal by 2050 | 2 °C target (by 2050) with 75% probability","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Garcia et al.","Impacts of enhanced weathering on biomass production for negative emission technologies and soil hydrology",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced basalt rock weathering","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Ca cycling","Ca cycling","Calcium supply","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","\"the equilibrated supply of Ca, K, and Mg puts the use of basalt powder one step ahead of other rocks as a potential alternative to industrial fertilizers\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","Enhanced weathering with basalt and respective supply of nutrients to soils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Scotland","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial pH","Terrestrial acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in soil acidity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","10µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 10 µm | Scenario-low: CDR deployment volume reflects basalt extraction for a low extraction scenario","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Scotland","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial pH","Terrestrial acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in soil acidity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","10µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 10 µm | Scenario-medium: CDR deployment volume reflects basalt extraction for a medium extraction scenario","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Scotland","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial pH","Terrestrial acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in soil acidity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","10µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 10 µm | Scenario-high: CDR deployment volume reflects basalt extraction for a high extraction scenario","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Scotland","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial pH","Terrestrial acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in soil acidity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","100µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 100 µm | Scenario-medium: CDR deployment volume reflects basalt extraction for a medium extraction scenario","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Scotland","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial pH","Terrestrial acidification","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in soil acidity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","100µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 100 µm | Scenario-high: CDR deployment volume reflects basalt extraction for a high extraction scenario","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Energy demand for rock grinding","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","10µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 10 µm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Energy demand for rock grinding","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","100µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 100 µm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Energy demand for rock grinding","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","100µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 100 µm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Energy demand for rock grinding","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","100µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 100 µm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus supply","quantitative","neutral","No Change","Change in Supply of nutrients (average P release)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","10µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 10 µm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus supply","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Supply of nutrients (average P release)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","100µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 100 µm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus supply","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Supply of nutrients (average P release)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","10µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 10 µm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus supply","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Supply of nutrients (average P release)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","10µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 10 µm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus supply","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Supply of nutrients (average P release)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","100µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 100 µm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","K & compounds","K cycling","Potassium supply","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Supply of nutrients (average K release)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","100µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 100 µm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","K & compounds","K cycling","Potassium supply","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Supply of nutrients (average K release)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","10µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 10 µm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","K & compounds","K cycling","Potassium supply","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Supply of nutrients (average K release)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","100µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 100 µm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","K & compounds","K cycling","Potassium supply","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Supply of nutrients (average K release)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","10µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 10 µm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Non-CO2 GHGs","N2O emissions","N2O emissions","Soil nitrous oxide emissions","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in N2O emissions from soils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","10µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 10 µm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Non-CO2 GHGs","N2O emissions","N2O emissions","Soil nitrous oxide emissions","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in N2O emissions from soils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","10µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 10 µm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Non-CO2 GHGs","N2O emissions","N2O emissions","Soil nitrous oxide emissions","quantitative","neutral","No Change","Change in N2O emissions from soils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","100µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 100 µm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Non-CO2 GHGs","N2O emissions","N2O emissions","Soil nitrous oxide emissions","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in N2O emissions from soils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","10µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 10 µm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kantzas et al. ","Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced rock weathering on cropland using basalt","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Non-CO2 GHGs","N2O emissions","N2O emissions","Soil nitrous oxide emissions","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in N2O emissions from soils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no EW","100µm-Scenario for basalt rock size: 80% of the particles have a diameter of less than or equal to 100 µm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cerasoli et al.","Cloud cooling effects of afforestation and reforestation at midlatitudes",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","Northern Hemisphere","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation and Reforestation ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Albedo","Cloud albedo","Cloud albedo","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Increase in warming effect due to \"top of atmosphere albedo\" of forest land induced by clouds compared to no forest land (baseline) | positive values indicate warming, negatives indicate cooling","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no forest land: shrubs, savannas, grasslands","Afforestation and reforestation on Latitude: 60","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Crusius","\"Natural\" Climate Solutions Could Speed Up Mitigation, With Risks. Additional Options Are Needed.",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Natural Climate Solutions (Forests, Soils, Saltmarshes, Mangroves, Seagrasses)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Moral hazard","Reduced action","Reduced action","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Increase of cumulative and annual CO2 Emissions ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Cessation of natural climate solutions after 20/40 years (e.g., in response to drought, land use change or changes in natural resource policies)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Piikki et al. ","A Boundary Plane Approach to Map Hotspots for Achievable Soil Carbon Sequestration and Soil Fertility Improvement",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","East Africa","Kenya","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Unspecified soil carbon sequestration","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus in soil","qualitative","unclear","Decrease ","Negative correlation between SOC and soil P content","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Drake et al.","A simple model for assessing climate control trade-offs and responding to unanticipated climate outcomes",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as the article primarily discussed a developed model and no primary side effects of CDR deployment are described/found in the article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Realmonte et al.","An inter-model assessment of the role of direct air capture in deep mitigation pathways",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS in a NET portfolio (alongside BECCS and afforestation (+traditional CCS))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","CDR readiness","Technology trade-off","Technology trade-off","qualitative","unclear","Not applicable","DACCS impacts BECCS deployment: \"total amount of CDR increases in line with the number of options that are available. There is some substitution: BECCS is reduced by 20–37% in DAC scenarios.\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","DACCS in a NET portfolio (alongside BECCS and afforestation (+traditional CCS))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mills et al.","Barriers to and opportunities for the uptake of soil carbon management practices in European sustainable agricultural production",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Denmark","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration through adding legumes to crop rotation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Stakeholder perception","Stakeholder perception","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Barrier to adoption of practice from stakeholder perspective: \"Legumes not accepted as mandatory cover crops\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Interviews with stakeholders in case study region on SCS practices | General study info: consultation interviews and workshops performed in 5 case study areas across Europe | Interview participants: Denmark 7, Hungary, 5, Italy 9, Poland 18, Spain 11 | Workshop participants: Denmark 8, Hungary 20, Italy 7, Poland 21, Spain 10","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mills et al.","Barriers to and opportunities for the uptake of soil carbon management practices in European sustainable agricultural production",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Hungary, Poland, Spain","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration through zero/minimum tillage","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Stakeholder perception","Stakeholder perception","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Barrier to adoption of practice from stakeholder perspective: \"Small holding size restricts investment potential\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Interviews with stakeholders in case study region on SCS practices | General study info: consultation interviews and workshops performed in 5 case study areas across Europe | Interview participants: Denmark 7, Hungary, 5, Italy 9, Poland 18, Spain 11 | Workshop participants: Denmark 8, Hungary 20, Italy 7, Poland 21, Spain 10","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mills et al.","Barriers to and opportunities for the uptake of soil carbon management practices in European sustainable agricultural production",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Italy, Poland","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration through zero/minimum tillage","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Stakeholder perception","Stakeholder perception","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Barrier to adoption of practice from stakeholder perspective: \"Lack of demonstrations and real life examples of the practice and its potential benefits\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Interviews with stakeholders in case study region on SCS practices | General study info: consultation interviews and workshops performed in 5 case study areas across Europe | Interview participants: Denmark 7, Hungary, 5, Italy 9, Poland 18, Spain 11 | Workshop participants: Denmark 8, Hungary 20, Italy 7, Poland 21, Spain 10","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Mills et al.","Barriers to and opportunities for the uptake of soil carbon management practices in European sustainable agricultural production",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Spain","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration through adding legumes to crop rotation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Stakeholder perception","Stakeholder perception","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Barrier to adoption of practice from stakeholder perspective: \"Costs of higher management requirements and inputs\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Interviews with stakeholders in case study region on SCS practices | General study info: consultation interviews and workshops performed in 5 case study areas across Europe | Interview participants: Denmark 7, Hungary, 5, Italy 9, Poland 18, Spain 11 | Workshop participants: Denmark 8, Hungary 20, Italy 7, Poland 21, Spain 10","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cox and Edwards","Beyond carbon pricing: policy levers for negative emissions technologies",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Direct air capture with CCS in general","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","CDR readiness","Technology competitiveness","Technology competitiveness","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","DACCS highly dependent on high carbon prices (from an economic incentive perspective): \"DACS might be overly reliant on climate policies such as a high carbon price, because it only provides one core benefit – that of atmospheric carbon reduction.\" --> \" ‘technology-neutral’ market mechanisms do not seem to be working\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Jaswal and Singh","Biochar characteristics and its effect on soil physico-chemical properties",2018,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as this article is a review falsely labelled as a research article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Werner et al. ","Biogeochemical potential of biomass pyrolysis systems for limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees C",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar as a result of PyCCS (Pyrogenic carbon capture and storage)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Required conversion of natural vegetation for biomass plantation considering biomass production on 20% of tropical and subtropical cropland which is gained due to biochar-mediated productivity increases","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","PyCCS: pyrogenic carbon capture and storage (in this case: through Biochar) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Werner et al. ","Biogeochemical potential of biomass pyrolysis systems for limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees C",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar as a result of PyCCS (Pyrogenic carbon capture and storage)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Required conversion of natural vegetation for biomass plantation within areas of conservational interest considering biomass production on 20% of tropical and subtropical cropland which is gained due to biochar-mediated productivity increases","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","PyCCS: pyrogenic carbon capture and storage (in this case: through Biochar) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Pröll and Zerobin","Biomass-based negative emission technology options with combined heat and power generation",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Austria","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy with chemical looping combustion of solid biomass and CO2 compression + combined heat and power generation | CO2 capture rate =100% | Fuel power input = 66 MW","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Biomass demand","Biomass demand","Biomass demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Biomass input required for 1 kgCO2 removed","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Bioenergy with chemical looping combustion of solid biomass and CO2 compression + combined heat and power generation | CO2 capture rate =100% | Fuel power input = 66 MW","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cox et al. ","But They Told Us It Was Safe! Carbon Dioxide Removal, Fracking, and Ripple Effects in Risk Perceptions",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","England & Wales","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","EW concept in general","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Negative impact on trust in assurances of safety and efficacy of CO2 removal","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","study on deliberative workshops in Cardiff (capital city), Norwich (small university city) and Norfolk (arable agricultural area) designed to interrogate public attitudes to CDR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Hu et al. ","Can bioenergy carbon capture and storage aggravate global water crisis?",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with Miscanthus and/or switchgrass","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water quality","Water quality","Water quality","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","High amount of N fertilizer required for bioenergy crops threatens the global water quality","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","RCP2.6 | 100% post-combustion CO2 capture of Biofuel and CO2 capture in gasification process","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Schreyer et al.","Common but differentiated leadership: strategies and challenges for carbon neutrality by 2050 across industrialized economies",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","EU28","continental","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","CDR from: BECCS, DACCS in mitigation scenario","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Markets & Prices","Costs & Prices","Carbon price","Carbon price impact","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Impact of CDR availability on carbon price development in 2050 (compare different availabilities and prices to analyse impact)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Net-zero CO2 in 2050: Scenario without AFOLU CDR but BECCS and DACCS; no more than 15% emission reductions by CDR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Tribouillois et al.","Cover crops mitigate direct greenhouse gases balance but reduce drainage under climate change scenarios in temperate climate with dry summers",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","France","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration using legume cover crops in irrigated maize-maize crop system","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Cover crop mass","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Annual cover crop biomass","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Legume cover crops: vetch; nonlegume cover crops: white mustard, Italian ryegrass, black oat | Cover crops were usually sown in late summer (Aug 20) | Cover crops were ploughed into the soil in late winter (Feb 15) during long fallow periods or in Oct, 15 days before sowing winter wheat","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Tribouillois et al.","Cover crops mitigate direct greenhouse gases balance but reduce drainage under climate change scenarios in temperate climate with dry summers",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","France","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration using legume and nonlegume cover crops in rainfed pea-wheat-sorghum-sunflower-wheat crop system","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Cover crop mass","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Annual cover crop biomass","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Legume cover crops: vetch; nonlegume cover crops: white mustard, Italian ryegrass, black oat | Cover crops were usually sown in late summer (Aug 20) | Cover crops were ploughed into the soil in late winter (Feb 15) during long fallow periods or in Oct, 15 days before sowing winter wheat","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Branch and Wulfmeyer","Deliberate enhancement of rainfall using desert plantations",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Oman","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Desert Agroforestry with Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Precipitation","Precipitation","Precipitation","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in precipitation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Hong et al.","Divergent responses of soil organic carbon to afforestation",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as this study mostly finds that sequestration rates might have been to optimistc in previous studies while not disscussing side effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Leonzio et al.","Environmental performance of different sorbents used for direct air capture ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS with chemisorbent (cellulose-based amine sorbent)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Energy demand for DACCS plant","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Sorbent: APDES-NFC-FD (APDES = 3-aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, NFC = nanofibrillated cellulose)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Otto et al. ","Exploring Narratives on Negative Emissions Technologies in the Post-Paris Era",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Germany","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Negative emissions in general","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as this article is a review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fuhrman et al.","Food–energy–water implications of negative emissions technologies in a +1.5 °C future",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Mitigation scenario with BECCS, AR and DAC","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Additional energy consumption with DAC compared to low OS without DAC","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","GCAM 1.5 °C low OS: Mitigation scenario with BECCS , AR and DAC","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fuhrman et al.","Food–energy–water implications of negative emissions technologies in a +1.5 °C future",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Mitigation scenario with BECCS, AR and DAC","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Additional energy consumption with DAC compared to low OS without DAC","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","GCAM 1.5 °C low OS: Mitigation scenario with BECCS , AR and DAC","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fuhrman et al.","Food–energy–water implications of negative emissions technologies in a +1.5 °C future",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Mitigation scenario with BECCS and AR (excluding DAC): Bioelectricity CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy production","Energy production","Energy production","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Net energy production from BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","GCAM 1.5 °C low OS: Mitigation scenario with BECCS and AR (excluding DAC): Bioelectricity CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fuhrman et al.","Food–energy–water implications of negative emissions technologies in a +1.5 °C future",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Mitigation scenario with BECCS, AR and DAC","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Food price","Food price","Food price","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in global food prices compared to 2010 level","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","GCAM 1.5 °C low OS: Mitigation scenario with BECCS , AR and DAC","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fuhrman et al.","Food–energy–water implications of negative emissions technologies in a +1.5 °C future",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Mitigation scenario with BECCS and AR (excluding DAC): Bioelectricity CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in land demand for bioenergy crops relative to 2010","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","GCAM 1.5 °C low OS: Mitigation scenario with BECCS and AR (excluding DAC): Bioelectricity CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fuhrman et al.","Food–energy–water implications of negative emissions technologies in a +1.5 °C future",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Mitigation scenario with BECCS and AR (excluding DAC): Land use change","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in land demand for forest relative to 2010","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","GCAM 1.5 °C low OS: Mitigation scenario with BECCS and AR (excluding DAC): Land use change","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fuhrman et al.","Food–energy–water implications of negative emissions technologies in a +1.5 °C future",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Mitigation scenario with BECCS and AR (excluding DAC): Bioelectricity CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N demand","Nitrogen demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Fertilizer (N) demand for bioenergy crops (unclear whether all crops will be used for BECCS)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","GCAM 1.5 °C low OS: Mitigation scenario with BECCS and AR (excluding DAC): Bioelectricity CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fuhrman et al.","Food–energy–water implications of negative emissions technologies in a +1.5 °C future",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Mitigation scenario with BECCS and AR (excluding DAC): Bioelectricity CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Annual water consumption for BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","GCAM 1.5 °C low OS: Mitigation scenario with BECCS and AR (excluding DAC): Bioelectricity CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fuhrman et al.","Food–energy–water implications of negative emissions technologies in a +1.5 °C future",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Mitigation scenario with BECCS, AR and DAC: Bioelectricity CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Annual water consumption for BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","GCAM 1.5 °C low OS: Mitigation scenario with BECCS and AR (excluding DAC): Bioelectricity CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fuhrman et al.","Food–energy–water implications of negative emissions technologies in a +1.5 °C future",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Mitigation scenario with BECCS, AR and DAC: DAC","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Annual water consumption for DAC","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","GCAM 1.5 °C low OS: Mitigation scenario with BECCS and AR (excluding DAC): Bioelectricity CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fuhrman et al.","Food–energy–water implications of negative emissions technologies in a +1.5 °C future",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Mitigation scenario with BECCS, AR and DAC: Bioelectricity CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Annual water consumption for BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","GCAM 1.5 °C high OS: Mitigation scenario with BECCS and AR (excluding DAC): Bioelectricity CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fuhrman et al.","Food–energy–water implications of negative emissions technologies in a +1.5 °C future",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Mitigation scenario with BECCS, AR and DAC: DAC","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Annual water consumption for DAC","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","GCAM 1.5 °C high OS: Mitigation scenario with BECCS and AR (excluding DAC): Bioelectricity CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Stenzel et al. ","Freshwater requirements of large-scale bioenergy plantations for limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees C",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS using several unspecified crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Biomass demand","Biomass demand","Biomass demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Total biomass (for BECCS) yield","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Availability-constrained irrigation respecting environmental flow requirements | without irrigation expansion or technology upgrade | sequestration target of 255 Gt C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Stenzel et al. ","Freshwater requirements of large-scale bioenergy plantations for limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees C",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS using several unspecified crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Biomass demand","Biomass demand","Biomass demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Total biomass (for BECCS) yield","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Unconstrained irrigation withdrawals | with technology upgrade but without irrigation expansion | sequestration target of 355 Gt C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Stenzel et al. ","Freshwater requirements of large-scale bioenergy plantations for limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees C",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS using several unspecified crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Area needed for total biomass production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Rainfed only | with irrigation expansion but without technology upgrade | sequestration target of 255 Gt C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Stenzel et al. ","Freshwater requirements of large-scale bioenergy plantations for limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees C",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS using several unspecified crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Area needed for woody biomass production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Unconstrained irrigation withdrawals | with technology upgrade but without irrigation expansion | sequestration target of 355 Gt C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Stenzel et al. ","Freshwater requirements of large-scale bioenergy plantations for limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees C",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS using several unspecified crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Water withdrawal for irrigation (mean 2090-2099)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Unconstrained irrigation withdrawals | without irrigation expansion or technology upgrade | sequestration target of 255 Gt C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Stenzel et al. ","Freshwater requirements of large-scale bioenergy plantations for limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees C",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS using several unspecified crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Blue water consumption for irrigation (mean 2090-2099)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Unconstrained irrigation withdrawals | with irrigation expansion but without technology upgrade | sequestration target of 355 Gt C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Stenzel et al. ","Freshwater requirements of large-scale bioenergy plantations for limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees C",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS using several unspecified crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","neutral","No Change","Water withdrawal for irrigation (mean 2090-2099)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Rainfed only | with technology upgrade but without irrigation expansion | sequestration target of 355 Gt C","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Pereira et al.","From fAIrplay to climate wars: making climate change scenarios more dynamic, creative, and integrative",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as this article appears to not produce genuinely new findings on CDR side effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Ai et al.","Global bioenergy with carbon capture and storage potential is largely constrained by sustainable irrigation",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","2. generation bioenergy for BECCS with Miscanthus and switchgrass","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Land for bioenergy to achieve removal values excluding protected areas: WDPA areas, biodiversity sensitive and land degradation areas, wetlands, low-yield areas, desert climate. + no BECCS on pasturelands","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","bioenergy for BECCS: no bioenergy in protected areas nor on pastureland |fully irrigated  | ratio of captured carbon to the carbon content per unit of produced biofuel = 1.5","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Ai et al.","Global bioenergy with carbon capture and storage potential is largely constrained by sustainable irrigation",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","2. generation bioenergy for BECCS with Miscanthus and switchgrass","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","neutral","No Change","Water demand for bioenergy to achieve removal values excluding protected areas: WDPA areas, biodiversity sensitive and land degradation areas, wetlands, low-yield areas, desert climate. + including BECCS on pasturelands","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","bioenergy for BECCS: no bioenergy in protected areas but it can be in pastureland | only rain fed, no irrigation | ratio of captured carbon to the carbon content per unit of produced biofuel = 1.0","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cox et al.","Incumbency, Trust and the Monsanto Effect: Stakeholder Discourses on Greenhouse Gas Removal",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced weathering in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Stakeholder perception","Stakeholder perception","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"Techno-economic and environmental risks were overwhelmingly mentioned first and most explicitly, whereas social risks were mentioned more implicitly and much later in the conversation (if at all)\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Semi-structured interviews with 17 informed stakeholders from academia, policy/regulation, private sector and NGOs","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Reay","Land Use and Agriculture: Pitfalls and Precautions on the Road to Net Zero",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","SCS, BECCS, Biochar, EW, AR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as this article is only about net-zero rather than net-negative. Although some NETs are mentioned in this context, all side effects discussed are coming from cited references.","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Harper et al.","Land-use emissions play a critical role in land- based mitigation for Paris climate targets",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Land demand for bioenergy for BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","RCP2.6 compatible scenario from IMAGE","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cook-Patton et al. ","Lower cost and more feasible options to restore forest cover in the contiguous United States for climate mitigation",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA (contiguous)","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Restoration of forest cover","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","CDR readiness","Logistics barrier","Coordination challenge","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Negative aspects for feasibility: Limited coordination and information sharing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","\"we combined spatial analyses, forest growth and yield curves, economic analyses, and interviews with conservation practitioners to map more promising options for restoration of forest cover across the contiguous US as a potential climate change mitigation strategy.\" Interviews with 60 scientists and land managers within The Nature Conservancy and the US Forest Service --> \"feasibility interviews with experts\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Nissen et al.","Microbial Ecotoxicity of Biochars in Agricultural Soil and Interactions with Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Denmark","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Wheat straw biochar on agricultural soil | flash pyrolysis (750°C)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Ecotoxicity","Ecotoxicity","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Effect concentration EC50 for ecotoxicity of biochar to potential ammonia oxidation in agricultural soils | Effect concentrations are shown as weight (wt.) of biochar in percent of soil dry wt.","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Wheat straw biochar on agricultural soil | flash pyrolysis (750°C)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Nissen et al.","Microbial Ecotoxicity of Biochars in Agricultural Soil and Interactions with Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Denmark","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Wheat straw biochar on agricultural soil | slow pyrolysis (725°C) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Ecotoxicity","Ecotoxicity","Ecotoxicity","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Effect concentration EC50 for ecotoxicity of biochar to potential ammonia oxidation in agricultural soils | Effect concentrations are shown as weight (wt.) of biochar in percent of soil dry wt.","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Wheat straw biochar on agricultural soil | slow pyrolysis (725°C) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Li et al.","Optimal design of negative emission hybrid renewable energy systems with biochar production",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Philippines","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar as part of a negative emission hybrid renewable energy system","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as no side effects of biochar application are presented but only side effects of the entire 'negative emission hybrid renewable energy system' in which biochar application is not further specified","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Bellamy et al.","Perceptions of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage in different policy scenarios",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Percentage of participants who somewhat support or strongly support taxes for BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","n = 11 | \"Mandating BECCS\", coercive scenario: would involve governments taking away resources from fossil fuel energy companies or influencing them through rules and directives which mandate them to act in accordance with what is ordered. This would be done through imposing taxes and standards","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Bellamy et al.","Perceptions of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage in different policy scenarios",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Percentage of participants who somewhat oppose or strongly oppose standards for BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","n = 11 | \"Mandating BECCS\", coercive scenario: would involve governments taking away resources from fossil fuel energy companies or influencing them through rules and directives which mandate them to act in accordance with what is ordered. This would be done through imposing taxes and standards","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Möller","Political Perspectives on Geoengineering: Navigating Problem Definition and Institutional Fit",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","CDR in general","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as this article does not provide novel results directly linked to CDR side effects","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Vacek et al.","Production potential, biodiversity and soil properties of forest reclamations: Opportunities or risk of introduced coniferous tree species under climate change?",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Czech Republic","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with non-native coniferous trees: Picea pungens Engelm.","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Ca cycling","Ca cycling","Calcium in soil","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Calcium Ca in soil at the time of data collection (stand age = 48 year; collection = 2019-2020)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","48 years stand age on post-mining coal site","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Vacek et al.","Production potential, biodiversity and soil properties of forest reclamations: Opportunities or risk of introduced coniferous tree species under climate change?",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Czech Republic","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with native coniferous trees: Pinus sylvestris L.","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Fe","Fe cycling","Iron in soil","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Iron Fe in soil at the time of data collection (stand age = 48 year; collection = 2019-2020)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","48 years stand age on post-mining coal site","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Vacek et al.","Production potential, biodiversity and soil properties of forest reclamations: Opportunities or risk of introduced coniferous tree species under climate change?",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Czech Republic","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with non-native coniferous trees: Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Law- son","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Fe","Fe cycling","Iron in soil","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Iron Fe in soil at the time of data collection (stand age = 48 year; collection = 2019-2020)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","48 years stand age on post-mining coal site","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Vacek et al.","Production potential, biodiversity and soil properties of forest reclamations: Opportunities or risk of introduced coniferous tree species under climate change?",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Czech Republic","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with native coniferous trees: Larix decidua Mill.","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus in soil","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Phosphorus P in soil at the time of data collection (stand age = 48 year; collection = 2019-2020)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","48 years stand age on post-mining coal site","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Vacek et al.","Production potential, biodiversity and soil properties of forest reclamations: Opportunities or risk of introduced coniferous tree species under climate change?",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Czech Republic","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with non-native coniferous trees: Picea mariana [Mill.] Britt., Sterns & Poggenburg","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","K & compounds","K cycling","Potassium in soil","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Potassium K in soil at the time of data collection (stand age = 48 year; collection = 2019-2020)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","48 years stand age on post-mining coal site","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Vacek et al.","Production potential, biodiversity and soil properties of forest reclamations: Opportunities or risk of introduced coniferous tree species under climate change?",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Czech Republic","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with non-native coniferous trees: Picea pungens Engelm.","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Na cycling","Na cycling","Sodium in soil","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Sodium Na in soil at the time of data collection (stand age = 48 year; collection = 2019-2020)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","48 years stand age on post-mining coal site","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Vacek et al.","Production potential, biodiversity and soil properties of forest reclamations: Opportunities or risk of introduced coniferous tree species under climate change?",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Czech Republic","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with native coniferous trees: Pinus sylvestris L.","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial pH","Soil pH","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","pH value in CaCl2 at the time of data collection (stand age = 48 year; collection = 2019-2020)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","48 years stand age on post-mining coal site","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Vacek et al.","Production potential, biodiversity and soil properties of forest reclamations: Opportunities or risk of introduced coniferous tree species under climate change?",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Czech Republic","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with non-native coniferous trees: Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial pH","Soil pH","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","pH value in CaCl2 at the time of data collection (stand age = 48 year; collection = 2019-2020)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","48 years stand age on post-mining coal site","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Wenger et al.","Public Perception and acceptance of negative emission technologies - framing effects in Switzerland",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Switzerland","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","qualitative","unclear","Not applicable","moderate public acceptance across all five NETs","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","online survey with Swiss citizens of the German-speaking part of Switzerland (n=693)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cox et al.","Public perceptions of carbon dioxide removal in the United States and the United Kingdom",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","UK, USA","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","BECCS, DAC, EW","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Percentage of participants who somewhat disagree or strongly disagree on survey question: \"CDR-Technologies are being driven more by profit than by the public interest\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","n = 1000 | representative online survey conducted in Feb and March 2019","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cox et al.","Public perceptions of carbon dioxide removal in the United States and the United Kingdom",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","UK, USA","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","BECCS, DAC, EW","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Percentage of participants who neither agree nor disagree on survey question: \"There may be negative impacts of CDR-Technologies on the environment\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","n = 1026 | representative online survey conducted in Feb and March 2019","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Cox et al.","Public perceptions of carbon dioxide removal in the United States and the United Kingdom",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","UK, USA","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","BECCS, DAC, EW","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Percentage of participants who somewhat disagree or strongly disagree on survey question: \"It will be cheaper to use CDR-Technologies than to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","n = 1026 | representative online survey conducted in Feb and March 2019","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Wolske et al.","Public support for carbon dioxide removal strategies: the role of tampering with nature perceptions",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DAC in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Mean support for CDR technology (on seven-point semantic differential scale (1=low, 7=high))","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Trade-off \"Participants were shown a mock associated press article that described the basic concept of CDR followed by a description of [the specific CDR technology] and an illustration of the assigned CDR strategy. [...] The article continued to a second page that described some of the key trade-offs associated with that particular CDR strategy, incl. the cost per ton of stored CO2, benefits beyond CO2 capture, and potential concerns regarding either land use conflicts or the difficulty of deploying the technology at scale\" | Online survey with US adults (n = 980), conducted in July 2017, \"respondents recruited by survey sampling international, with quotas used to approximate the age, gender and education distributions found in the US census\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Wolske et al.","Public support for carbon dioxide removal strategies: the role of tampering with nature perceptions",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Perceived tampering with nature of CDR technology","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Participants with medium aversion of tampering with nature | Trade-off \"Participants were shown a mock associated press article that described the basic concept of CDR followed by a description of [the specific CDR technology] and an illustration of the assigned CDR strategy. [...] The article continued to a second page that described some of the key trade-offs associated with that particular CDR strategy, incl. the cost per ton of stored CO2, benefits beyond CO2 capture, and potential concerns regarding either land use conflicts or the difficulty of deploying the technology at scale\" | Online survey with US adults (n = 980), conducted in July 2017, \"respondents recruited by survey sampling international, with quotas used to approximate the age, gender and education distributions found in the US census\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Parson & Reynolds","Solar geoengineering: Scenarios of future governance challenges",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as this article is just the first part of a special collections that only deals with solar geoengineering ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Delina","Southeast Asian expert perceptions of solar radiation management techniques and carbon dioxide removal approaches: caution, ambivalence, risk precaution, and research directions",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","Southeast Asia","Southeast Asia","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","chemical-based and other DACCS approaches","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Expert perception","Expert perception","qualitative","unclear","Not applicable","One respondent suggested more research on these chemical-based and other DACCS approaches","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","\"Seventeen Southeast Asian climate and energy experts were recruited online through a snowball approach from July to September 2019. The same participants participated in the regional workshop supported by The World Academy of Sciences and SRMGI. The workshop required the experts to accomplish the online survey in advance. The survey was deployed in October 2019, a month ahead of the workshop. Section 3.2 describes the survey instrument in more detail.\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Jobin and Siegrist","Support for the Deployment of Climate Engineering: A Comparison of Ten Different Technologies",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Switzerland","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Perceived benefits","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","total participants: n = 1575 | participants for this technology: n = 153 | data collection in Nov 2018 using a market research company","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Liu and Li","Synergy and trade-off between carbon sequestration and soil water balance: impact of revegetation choices",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with a single tree species (R. pseudoacacia)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil water","Soil water","Soil moisture","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Soil moisture content at soil depth of 0-5cm (2014)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Liu and Li","Synergy and trade-off between carbon sequestration and soil water balance: impact of revegetation choices",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with mixed tree species (R. pseudoacacia and H. rhamnoides Linn)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil water","Soil water","Soil moisture","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Soil moisture content at soil depth of 10-20cm (2014)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Tagomori et al.","Techno-economic and georeferenced analysis of forestry residues-based Fischer-Tropsch diesel with carbon capture in Brazil",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Brazil","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Diesel biofuel production based on forestry residues (eucalyptus) conversion through Fischer-Tropsch synthesis with CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy production","Energy production","Energy production","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Biomass-based Diesel production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Diesel biofuel production based on forestry residues (eucalyptus) conversion through Fischer-Tropsch synthesis with CCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fajardy and Mac Dowell","The energy return on investment of BECCS: is BECCS a threat to energy security?",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS using domestic Miscanthus as feedstock","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy production","Energy production","Energy production","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Energy return on investment (EROI; ratio of the cumulative primary energy generated to the cumulative energy demand) of abated bioelectricity","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","use of domestic biomass pellets (UK) for BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fajardy and Mac Dowell","The energy return on investment of BECCS: is BECCS a threat to energy security?",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS using imported (from Louisiana, USA) Switchgrass as feedstock","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy production","Energy production","Energy production","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Energy return on investment (EROI; ratio of the cumulative primary energy generated to the cumulative energy demand)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","use of imported biomass pellets to UK for BECCS | imported from Louisiana USA","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kreuter & Lederer","The geopolitics of negative emissions technologies: learning lessons from REDD+ and renewable energy for afforestation, BECCS, and direct air capture",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Food price","Food price","Food price","qualitative","negative","Increase ","Potentially adverse impact on food prices","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Kreuter & Lederer","The geopolitics of negative emissions technologies: learning lessons from REDD+ and renewable energy for afforestation, BECCS, and direct air capture",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","qualitative","negative","Increase ","High water consumption for afforestation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Buck","The politics of negative emissions technologies and decarbonization in rural communities",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","CDR readiness","Technology trade-off","Technology trade-off","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Conflicts between different technologies incl. renewable energy ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Research based on semi-structured interviews and site visits","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Alcalde et al.","The potential for implementation of Negative Emission Technologies in Scotland",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Scotland","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","High application of unspecified soil carbon sequestration","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N demand","Nitrogen demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Nitrogen required","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","High application rate  ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Alcalde et al.","The potential for implementation of Negative Emission Technologies in Scotland",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Scotland","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Low application of unspecified soil carbon sequestration","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P demand","Phosphorus demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Phosphorus required","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Low application rate ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Alcalde et al.","The potential for implementation of Negative Emission Technologies in Scotland",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Scotland","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Low application of unspecified direct air capture","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","K & compounds","K demand","Potassium demand","quantitative","neutral","No Change","Potassium required","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Low application rate  | Not constrained by land area","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Alcalde et al.","The potential for implementation of Negative Emission Technologies in Scotland",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Scotland","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Low application of unspecified Biochar","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Albedo","Surface albedo","Surface albedo","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Surface albedo effect (unclear albedo before CDR deployment)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Low application rate ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Carlisle et al. ","The public remain uninformed and wary of climate engineering",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","Australia","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Climate engineering in general (BECCS, DACCS, EW, different forms of solar radiation management)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Attribute popularity among participants associated with climate engineering 1 out of 10 attributes): \"Artificial\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Survey on the attribute popularity for climate engineering approaches (10 attributes are tested for their public salience) | participants n=763","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Carlisle et al. ","The public remain uninformed and wary of climate engineering",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","Australia","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Climate engineering in general (BECCS, DACCS, EW, different forms of solar radiation management)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Attribute popularity among participants associated with climate engineering 1 out of 10 attributes): \"Quick fix\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Survey on the attribute popularity for climate engineering approaches (10 attributes are tested for their public salience) | participants n=unclear","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Carlisle et al. ","The public remain uninformed and wary of climate engineering",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","New Zealand","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Climate engineering in general (BECCS, DACCS, EW, different forms of solar radiation management)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Attribute popularity among participants associated with climate engineering 1 out of 10 attributes): \"Quick fix\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Survey on the attribute popularity for climate engineering approaches (10 attributes are tested for their public salience) | participants n=729","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Carlisle et al. ","The public remain uninformed and wary of climate engineering",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","New Zealand","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar as a general concept","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","positive","Not applicable","Net associations with CDR approach (negative values indicate primarily negative associations, positive values indicate primarily positive associations) --> a net positive variable is calculated as the sum of each respondents’ positive attribute associations minus the sum of their negative attribute associations for each approach. The principal analysis involves aggregating the net positive variable by individual technique, by CDR techniques, by SRM techniques or over all six climate engineering techniques to make each relevant comparison. To enable comparisons between samples of different sizes, the net positive value is converted into a percentage where appropriate","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Survey on net associations with technologies| The statistical properties of the net positive variable are examined using aggregation by respondent. The overall net positive variable can take any value between − 30 and 30 where ‘0’ represents net-zero positive associations (mean ranging from − 3.28 to − 4.86 across all countries, standard deviation ranging from 6.43 to 7.19)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Carlisle et al. ","The public remain uninformed and wary of climate engineering",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","UK","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Climate engineering in general (BECCS, DACCS, EW, different forms of solar radiation management)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Attribute popularity among participants associated with climate engineering 1 out of 10 attributes): \"Artificial\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Survey on the attribute popularity for climate engineering approaches (10 attributes are tested for their public salience) | participants n=751","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Carlisle et al. ","The public remain uninformed and wary of climate engineering",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Climate engineering in general (BECCS, DACCS, EW, different forms of solar radiation management)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Attribute popularity among participants associated with climate engineering 1 out of 10 attributes): \"Artificial\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Survey on the attribute popularity for climate engineering approaches (10 attributes are tested for their public salience) | participants n=746","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Markusson et al.","Towards a cultural political economy of mitigation deterrence by negative emissions technologies (NETs)",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Moral hazard","Reduced action","Reduced action","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","CDR might cause mitigation deterrence, here defined as \"the prospect of reduced or delayed mitigation resulting from the introduction or consideration of another climate intervention [here: CDR]\" - Mitigation deterrence itself might also cause harms, e.g. \"elevated GHG concentrations or greater climate risk [...] and reduced co-benefits or more serious negative side effects\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Vatani et al.","Tree species effects on albedo, soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in a temperate forest in Iran",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Iran","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Reforestation with chestnut-leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia C.A.M. macranthera F. & M.) ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen in soil","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Total nitrogen content in soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Plantations were reforested 22 years before sample taking after clearing during 1990s","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Vatani et al.","Tree species effects on albedo, soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in a temperate forest in Iran",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","West Asia","Iran","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Reforestation with alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial pH","Soil pH","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Soil pH","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Plantations were reforested 22 years before sample taking after clearing during 1990s","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Madhu et al.","Understanding environmental trade-offs and resource demand of direct air capture technologies through comparative life-cycle assessment",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS deployment powered by renewables (30 year evaluation horizon)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Al","Al demand","Aluminium demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Aluminium (Al) use, additional, from low carbon energy supply","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","BECCS deployment powered by renewables (30 year evaluation horizon)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Madhu et al.","Understanding environmental trade-offs and resource demand of direct air capture technologies through comparative life-cycle assessment",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS deployment powered by renewables (80 year evaluation horizon)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Cement demand","Cement demand","Cement demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Cement use, additional, from low carbon energy supply","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","BECCS deployment powered by renewables (80 year evaluation horizon)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Madhu et al.","Understanding environmental trade-offs and resource demand of direct air capture technologies through comparative life-cycle assessment",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS: High temperature aqueous solution | low-carbon energy supply","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Heavy metals","Fe","Fe demand","Iron demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Iron (Fe) use, additional, from low carbon energy supply","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","DACCS: High temperature aqueous solution | low-carbon energy supply","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Madhu et al.","Understanding environmental trade-offs and resource demand of direct air capture technologies through comparative life-cycle assessment",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS:  Temperature swing absorption | low-carbon energy supply","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Raw materials","Raw materials","Steel | Concrete | Aluminium | Copper","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Material use of steel, concrete, aluminium and copper","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","DACCS: High temperature aqueous solution | low-carbon energy supply","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Carrer et al.","What is the potential of cropland albedo management in the fight against global warming? A case study based on the use of cover crops",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","EU28","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration with unspecified cover crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Albedo","Surface albedo","Surface albedo","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Albedo-induced effect on radiative forcing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Adding cover crops during the first three months following the harvest of winter crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Carrer et al.","What is the potential of cropland albedo management in the fight against global warming? A case study based on the use of cover crops",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","EU28","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration with unspecified cover crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Albedo","Surface albedo","Surface albedo","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Albedo-induced effect on radiative forcing","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Adding cover crops during the first three months following the harvest of winter crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Carrer et al.","What is the potential of cropland albedo management in the fight against global warming? A case study based on the use of cover crops",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","EU28","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration with unspecified cover crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Albedo","Surface albedo","Surface albedo","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in surface albedo ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Adding cover crops during the first three months following the harvest of winter crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Carrer et al.","What is the potential of cropland albedo management in the fight against global warming? A case study based on the use of cover crops",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","EU28","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration with unspecified cover crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Albedo","Surface albedo","Surface albedo","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in surface albedo ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Adding cover crops during the first three months following the harvest of winter crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Vetter","With Power Comes Responsibility – A Rangelands Perspective on Forest Landscape Restoration",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation/Reforestation as a general concept for climate change mitigation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Commodification of nature","Commodification of nature","Commodification of nature","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"Progressive commodification of nature and top- down planning driven by international development agencies, national governments and commercial interests\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Dolan et al.","Land management and climate change determine second-generation bioenergy potential of the US Northern Great Plains",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy (for BECCS) with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy production","Energy production","Energy production","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Electricity generation capacity for the produced bioenergy crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information ","RCP2.6 | Conservation bioenergy crop deployment: no pasture land, no \"areas designated as Priority for Ecological Conservation (TNC)\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Dolan et al.","Land management and climate change determine second-generation bioenergy potential of the US Northern Great Plains",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy (for BECCS) with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy production","Energy production","Energy production","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Electricity generation capacity for the produced bioenergy crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information ","RCP2.6 | Aggressive bioenergy crop deployment: no pasture land, but including \"areas designated as Priority for Ecological Conservation (TNC)\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Dolan et al.","Land management and climate change determine second-generation bioenergy potential of the US Northern Great Plains",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy (for BECCS) with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy production","Energy production","Energy production","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Cumulative electricity generation capacity for the produced bioenergy crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information ","RCP8.5 | Aggressive bioenergy crop deployment: no pasture land, but including \"areas designated as Priority for Ecological Conservation (TNC)\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["McLaren","Quantifying the potential scale of mitigation deterrence from greenhouse gas removal techniques",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","global","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR based on cumulative IPCC estimate (5-95 percentile range) for 1.5 ^C no/low overshoot","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Moral hazard","Reduced action","Reduced action","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Amount of carbon at risk from mitigation deterrence type 3: mitigation foregone (assuming planned CDR of 199 (71-281) GtC throughout the 21st century)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no mitigation deterrence","1.5 °C no/low overshoot: Mitigation deterrence \"type 3: mitigation foregone\" (relates to moral hazard where non-CDR emission reductions measures are not scaled sufficiently because of reliance on future CDR)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Berthelin et al. ","Soil carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation: Mineralization kinetics of organic inputs as an overlooked limitation ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Addition of organic matter to soils to increase carbon sequestration","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Leakage","Microbe-mediated mineralization","Microbe-mediated mineralization","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Rapid microbially-mediated mineralization of organic matter in soils and consequent release of mineralized organic matter back to the atmosphere","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no release of stored organic carbon","carbon sequestration and release in temperate-zone top soils (0-30 cm) over a period of 7 years","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Capellesso et al. ","Co-benefits in biodiversity conservation and carbon stock during forest regeneration in a preserved tropical landscape ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Brazil","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Natural regeneration on abandoned land (above ground carbon)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Species diversity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in species richness per plot (615,75 m2) alongside carbon stock accumulation aboveground (quadratic relationship)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no specific information: development over time","Natural regeneration on deliberately abandoned land | forest regeneration age >80","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Capellesso et al. ","Co-benefits in biodiversity conservation and carbon stock during forest regeneration in a preserved tropical landscape ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Brazil","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Natural regeneration on abandoned land (above ground carbon)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Species diversity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Shannon species diversity per plot (615,75 m2) alongside carbon stock accumulation aboveground (quadratic relationship)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no specific information: development over time","Natural regeneration on deliberately abandoned land | forest regeneration age 35-55","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Capellesso et al. ","Co-benefits in biodiversity conservation and carbon stock during forest regeneration in a preserved tropical landscape ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","South America","South America","Brazil","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Natural regeneration on abandoned land (above ground carbon)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Species diversity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in the number of Endemic species richness per plot (615,75 m2) alongside carbon stock accumulation aboveground (linear relationship)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no specific information: development over time","Natural regeneration on deliberately abandoned land | forest regeneration age >80","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Small-scale biochar production on Swedish farms: A model for estimating potential, variability, and environmental performance",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar producing pyrolysis to contribute to farm level heat demand (161 MWh/yr)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Carcinogenic effect","Carcinogenic effect","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in carcinogenic effects compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","only electrical heaters","LCA for farm level: Pyrolysis with MioMaCon 50 kW;  electrical heaters","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Azzi et al.","Small-scale biochar production on Swedish farms: A model for estimating potential, variability, and environmental performance",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Sweden","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar producing pyrolysis to contribute to farm level heat demand (161 MWh/yr)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Ozone formation","Ozone formation","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in photochemical ozone creation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","only electrical heaters","LCA for farm level: Pyrolysis with MioMaCon 50 kW;  electrical heaters","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["St-Laurent et al.","What risks matter? Public views about assisted migration and other climate-adaptive reforestation strategies",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","Canada","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation by local tree breeding","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Proportion of people who oppose/strongly oppose this strategy","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Participants opinion concerning natural regeneration of forests for the respective question","Online survey (n=1923) among British Columbia's population conducted in between May 15 and May 30, 2017","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["St-Laurent et al.","What risks matter? Public views about assisted migration and other climate-adaptive reforestation strategies",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","Canada","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Reforestation with non-native species","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","quantitative","unclear","Not applicable","Proportion of people who do not view this strategy as an ethical issue","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Participants opinion concerning natural regeneration of forests for the respective question","Online survey (n=1923) among British Columbia's population conducted in between May 15 and May 30, 2021","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Hu et al. ","Can bioenergy carbon capture and storage aggravate global water crisis?",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with switchgrass","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","PO3-4 demand","Phosphate demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Phosphate demand for BECCS (fertilizer)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","phosphate fertilizer demand for BECCS without BECCS deployment","RCP2.6 |CO2 capture in gasification process of Biofuel production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Windisch et al. ","Accounting for local temperature effect substantially alters afforestation patterns ",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Africa","Multiple regions","Sub-Saharan Africa","continental","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with native forests with local biogeophysical induced temperature change considered (AR upscaling starting roughly around 2030)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Food price","Food price","Agricultural prices","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in agricultural prices in 2100 compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Price change of agricultural commodities due to afforestation without considering local biogeophysical induced temperature change  (relative to its value in 2010)","SSP2 (GHG price evolution in accordance with RCP2.6 SSP2) - local TCRE","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Vakilifard et al.","The role of enhanced rock weathering deployment with agriculture in limiting future warming and protecting coral reefs",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Terrestrial enhanced rock weathering on croplands","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Global warming","Global warming","Global warming","quantitative","positive","Not applicable","Increase in Probability of meeting the Paris agreement 1,5°C warming target by 2100","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","RCP2.6 without EW","RCP2.6 + EW as presented","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded effect as this links to the primary purpose of CDR and is thus no \"side effect\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Stenzel et al.","Irrigation of biomass plantations may globally increase water stress more than climate change",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Biomass with CCS | 45% of plantation area equipped for irrigation | with sustainable water management","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water scarcity","Water scarcity","Water stress","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in number of people experiencing high water stress (yearly mean in cell >40%) compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","RCP6: Climate change scenario without only marginal bioenergy (~30Mha in 2095)","Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP2b): Biomass with CCS | 45% of plantation area equipped for irrigation | with sustainable water management | removal refers to cumulative carbon harvest throughout the 21 century for respective irrigation level and water management; the respective baseline refers to 0% irrigation (only rainfed)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Stenzel et al.","Irrigation of biomass plantations may globally increase water stress more than climate change",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Biomass with CCS | 30% of plantation area equipped for irrigation | no sustainable water management","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water scarcity","Water scarcity","Water stress","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in area under high water stress (yearly mean in cell >40%) compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","RCP6: Climate change scenario without only marginal bioenergy (~30Mha in 2095)","Model GFDL-ESM2M: Biomass with CCS | 30% of plantation area equipped for irrigation | no sustainable water management | removal refers to cumulative carbon harvest throughout the 21 century for respective irrigation level and water management; the respective baseline refers to 0% irrigation (only rainfed)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Stenzel et al.","Irrigation of biomass plantations may globally increase water stress more than climate change",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Biomass with CCS | 45% of plantation area equipped for irrigation | with sustainable water management","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water scarcity","Water scarcity","Water stress","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in population under high water stress (yearly mean in cell >40%) compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","RCP6: Climate change scenario without only marginal bioenergy (~30Mha in 2095)","Model MIORC5: Biomass with CCS | 45% of plantation area equipped for irrigation | with sustainable water management | removal refers to cumulative carbon harvest throughout the 21 century for respective irrigation level and water management; the respective baseline refers to 0% irrigation (only rainfed)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Vaughan et al.","Evaluating the use of biomass energy with carbon capture and storage in low emission scenarios",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS using 50% energy crops and 50% agricultural and forestry residues","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in area used for food and feed crops","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Reference scenario: SSP2 | 6,5 W/m2 radiative forcing | Median temperature rise in 2100 3,7°C compared to pre-industrial level | \"reflecting a 'middle of the road' narrative of future global socio-economic trends as part of the Shared Socio-economic pathways without climate policy action","2,0°C | 50% probability | 3,4 W/m2 radiative forcing | Median temperature rise in 2100 2,0°C compared to pre-industrial level","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Vaughan et al.","Evaluating the use of biomass energy with carbon capture and storage in low emission scenarios",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS using 50% energy crops and 50% agricultural and forestry residues","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Decrease in area used for pasture","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Reference scenario: SSP2 | 6,5 W/m2 radiative forcing | Median temperature rise in 2100 3,7°C compared to pre-industrial level | \"reflecting a 'middle of the road' narrative of future global socio-economic trends as part of the Shared Socio-economic pathways without climate policy action","1,5°C | 66% probability | 2,0 W/m2 radiative forcing | Median temperature rise in 2100 1,3°C compared to pre-industrial level (with overshoot)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Tisserant et al.","Life-cycle assessment to unravel co-benefits and trade-offs of large-scale biochar deployment in Norwegian agriculture",2022,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Norway","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar production and application on barley cropland (Pyrolysis 500 °C)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial pH","Terrestrial acidification","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in Terrestrial Acidification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Reference system: management of 1 ha (one complete crop cycle) producing barley (no biochar)","biochar only","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Forbes et al. ","Diversity and abundance of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera in multiple-species reforestation plantings to offset emissions of carbon dioxide",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","Australia","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","AR with unknown species","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Invertebrates","Invertebrates","Coleoptera diversity","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Diversity (species richness) of Coleoptera (2015-2016 samplings)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","remnant forest (dominated by eucalyptus)","multiple-species reforestation plantings to offset CO2 emissions","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Garcia et al.","Impacts of enhanced weathering on biomass production for negative emission technologies and soil hydrology",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation scenario (unlimited N supply due to fertilization)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P demand","Phosphorus demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Decrease in Potential C sequestration due to gap in P supply [100 (16-227) MtP]","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","removal if P Gap is closed","RCP4.5 compatible afforestation scenario assuming unlimited N supply due to fertilization | mean wood and leaves P content | P supply scenario includes: atmospheric P deposition, P from (natural weathering)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fernandez & Daigneault","A double win: new pathways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve water quality in New Zealand",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","New Zealand","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with pine trees","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen leaching","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Decrease in Reduction of N leaching in freshwater","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Same policy but without Afforestation","Policy: Reducing gross GHGs and all four contaminants (Sediment, E.coli, N, P) by 30% - mitigation and afforestation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fernandez & Daigneault","A double win: new pathways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve water quality in New Zealand",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","New Zealand","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with pine trees","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","P & compounds","P cycling","Phosphorus leaching","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Increase in Reduction of P loss in freshwater","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Same policy but without Afforestation","Policy: Reducing N contamination by 30% - all mitigation and afforestation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fernandez & Daigneault","A double win: new pathways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve water quality in New Zealand",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Oceania","Oceania","New Zealand","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation with pine trees","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water quality","Water quality","Water quality","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Increase in Reduction of E.coli bacteria contamination in freshwater","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Same policy but without Afforestation","Policy: Reducing Sediment contamination by 30% - all mitigation and afforestation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Dolan et al.","Land management and climate change determine second-generation bioenergy potential of the US Northern Great Plains",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy (for BECCS) with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Biome productivity","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in net biome productivity compared to baseline (negative values indicate soil carbon losses) --> this seems to counteract potential removal from BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","scenario without bioenergy deployment (no land use change)","no climate change assumed | Conservation bioenergy crop deployment: no pasture land, no \"areas designated as Priority for Ecological Conservation (TNC)\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Dolan et al.","Land management and climate change determine second-generation bioenergy potential of the US Northern Great Plains",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy (for BECCS) with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Biome production","Biome productivity","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in net biome productivity compared to baseline (negative values indicate soil carbon losses) --> this seems to counteract potential removal from BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","scenario without bioenergy deployment (no land use change)","RCP2.6 | Aggressive bioenergy crop deployment including pasture land:  including pasture land and \"areas designated as Priority for Ecological Conservation (TNC)\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Dolan et al.","Land management and climate change determine second-generation bioenergy potential of the US Northern Great Plains",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy (for BECCS) with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Evapotranspiration","Evaporation","Evaporation","quantitative","unclear","Increase ","Increase in Cumulative evaporation compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","scenario without bioenergy deployment (no land use change)","RCP2.6 | Conservation bioenergy crop deployment: no pasture land, no \"areas designated as Priority for Ecological Conservation (TNC)\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Dolan et al.","Land management and climate change determine second-generation bioenergy potential of the US Northern Great Plains",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy (for BECCS) with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Drainage & runoff","Drainage & runoff","Runoff","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in Cumulative runoff and precipitation minus evapotranspiration compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","scenario without bioenergy deployment (no land use change)","no climate change assumed | Conservation bioenergy crop deployment: no pasture land, no \"areas designated as Priority for Ecological Conservation (TNC)\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Dolan et al.","Land management and climate change determine second-generation bioenergy potential of the US Northern Great Plains",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","USA","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Bioenergy (for BECCS) with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Drainage & runoff","Drainage & runoff","Runoff","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in Cumulative runoff and precipitation minus evapotranspiration compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","scenario without bioenergy deployment (no land use change)","RCP8.5 | Conservation bioenergy crop deployment: no pasture land, no \"areas designated as Priority for Ecological Conservation (TNC)\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Yao et al.","Effects of soil erosion and reforestation on soil respiration, organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in an eroded area of Southern China",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Reforestation with Pinus massoniana on eroded land","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil compaction","Soil compaction","Soil bulk density","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Soil bulk density compared to baseline (\"baseline\" suits as comparison, not clear whether this can be understood as \"starting point\" before reforestation occurred)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","severely eroded land (canopy cover <10%) | erosion modulus >50 Mg/ha/yr (1 Mg = 10^6 g","soil depth 0-20 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Yao et al.","Effects of soil erosion and reforestation on soil respiration, organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in an eroded area of Southern China",2019,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Reforestation with Pinus massoniana on eroded land","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial pH","Soil pH","quantitative","unclear","Decrease ","Decrease in Soil pH compared to baseline (\"baseline\" suits as comparison, not clear whether this can be understood as \"starting point\" before reforestation occurred)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","severely eroded land (canopy cover <10%) | erosion modulus >50 Mg/ha/yr (1 Mg = 10^6 g","soil depth 0-20 cm","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Incorporating health co-benefits into technology pathways to achieve China’s 2060 carbon neutrality goal: a modelling study",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","CDR-driven emission scenario for reaching China's carbon neutrality goal in 2060","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Unspecified pollution","Air pollution deaths","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in premature deaths compared to baseline (age 60-80)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SSP2 based reference scenario without climate policy | current legislation on air pollution control is assumed","CDR-driven emission reduction scenario (SSP2 based)  for reaching China's carbon neutrality goal in 2060 | current legislation on air pollution control is assumed","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Incorporating health co-benefits into technology pathways to achieve China’s 2060 carbon neutrality goal: a modelling study",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","CDR-driven emission scenario for reaching China's carbon neutrality goal in 2060","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Particulate matter","Particulate matter","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in particulate matter formation PM2.5 (population weighted national average concentrations) compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SSP2 based reference scenario without climate policy | current legislation on air pollution control is assumed","CDR-driven emission reduction scenario (SSP2 based)  for reaching China's carbon neutrality goal in 2060 | current legislation on air pollution control is assumed","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Incorporating health co-benefits into technology pathways to achieve China’s 2060 carbon neutrality goal: a modelling study",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","CDR-driven emission scenario for reaching China's carbon neutrality goal in 2060","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Unspecified pollution","Air pollution deaths","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in premature deaths compared to baseline (age 60-80)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SSP2 based reference scenario without climate policy | maximum feasible air pollution reduction is assumed","CDR-driven emission reduction scenario (SSP2 based)  for reaching China's carbon neutrality goal in 2060 | maximum feasible air pollution reduction is assumed","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Zhang et al.","Incorporating health co-benefits into technology pathways to achieve China’s 2060 carbon neutrality goal: a modelling study",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","CDR-driven emission scenario for reaching China's carbon neutrality goal in 2060","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Particulate matter","Particulate matter","quantitative","positive","Decrease ","Decrease in Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease incidents due to acute PM2.5 exposures in 2060 compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SSP2 based reference scenario without climate policy | maximum feasible air pollution reduction is assumed","CDR-driven emission reduction scenario (SSP2 based)  for reaching China's carbon neutrality goal in 2060 | maximum feasible air pollution reduction is assumed","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Doelman et al.","Afforestation for climate change mitigation: Potentials, risks and trade-offs",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Afforestation and BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Hunger","Hunger","Hunger","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in number of people at risk of hunger compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SSP2 baseline","SSP2-2.6-including AR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fuhrman et al.","The role of direct air capture and negative emissions technologies in the shared socioeconomic pathways towards +1.5 °C and +2 °C futures",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS deployment in mitigation scenario (alongside BECCS and Afforestation)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Water consumption for bioenergy crops and DACCS in this scenario with CDR portfolio including DACCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SSP5-1.9 not feasible without DACCS","SSP5-1.9: mitigation scenario with DACCS (alongside BECCS and Afforestation) | gross CO2 removal withDACCS=27 GtCO2/yr; noDACCS=no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Fan et al.","Stover retention rather than no-till decreases the global warming potential of rainfed continuous maize cropland",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","East Asia","China","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration through stover retention in Maize field","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Maize yield","quantitative","neutral","No Change","Change in Harvest Index (ratio of harvested grain yield to total shoot dry matter; mean 2011-2012)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Stover removal","No tillage","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Liu et al.","Influence of two management practices in the Canadian Prairies on radiative forcing ",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","Canada","local","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Change from summer fallow to annual crops on black soils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Albedo","Surface albedo","Surface albedo","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Decrease in local radiative forcing due to increase in albedo compared to baseline","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Summer fallow without annual crops","continuous management shift throughout the entire period | on black soils","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Hayman et al.","Regional variation in the effectiveness of methane-based and land-based climate mitigation options",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Central Europe","continental","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Water demand for BECCS deployment in 2060 compared to total water demand","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","total water demand in 2060 (all uses)","SSP2-2.6","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Hayman et al.","Regional variation in the effectiveness of methane-based and land-based climate mitigation options",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Asia","Multiple regions","Russia region","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Water demand for BECCS deployment in 2060 compared to total water demand","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","total water demand in 2060 (all uses)","SSP2-2.6","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Hayman et al.","Regional variation in the effectiveness of methane-based and land-based climate mitigation options",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","North America","North America","Northern Africa","continental","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","neutral","No Change","Water demand for BECCS deployment in 2060 compared to total water demand","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","total water demand in 2100 (all uses)","SSP2-2.6","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded row as the in the described region of this modelling study there seems to be no respective CDR deployment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Hayman et al.","Regional variation in the effectiveness of methane-based and land-based climate mitigation options",2021,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Europe","Europe","Ukraine Region ","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Water demand for BECCS deployment in 2060 compared to total water demand","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","total water demand in 2100 (all uses)","SSP2-2.6","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Heck et al.","Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to reconcile with planetary boundaries",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS: Biomass conversion from dedicated plantations to hydrogen (B2H2) | 90% capture rate","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Biosphere integrity (% 'biodiversity intactness index' loss) leading to exceedance of safe operating space of planetary boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Upper limit of safe operating space for this planetary boundary","SSP1xRCP2.6 | Prioritization of biodiversity conservation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Heck et al.","Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to reconcile with planetary boundaries",2018,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS: Biomass conversion from dedicated plantations to hydrogen (B2H2) | 90% capture rate","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Land system change (% forest loss) leading to exceedance of safe operating space of planetary boundary","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Upper limit of safe operating space for this planetary boundary","SSP1xRCP2.6 | Prioritization of freshwater conservation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Hu et al. ","Can bioenergy carbon capture and storage aggravate global water crisis?",2020,"Article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS with switchgrass","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Increase in global water demand compared to baseline (difference gives the sole demand for BECCS)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","water demand in 2100 for RCP2.6 with BECCS but excluding the water demand for BECCS","RCP2.6 |CO2 capture in gasification process of Biofuel production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","not applicable","not applicable"]
["Wang et al.","A global meta-analysis of the impacts of tree plantations on biodiversity",2022,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as this was falsely labeled an article while being a meta-analysis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Younis et al.","Advancements of nanotechnologies in crop promotion and soil fertility: Benefits, life cycle assessment, and legislation policies",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded because this is a review falsely labeled as article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Smith et al.","Biophysical and economic limits to negative CO2 emissions",2015,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS using forest residues (Pine)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy production","Energy production","Energy production","quantitative","positive","Increase ","Energy production through BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","BECCS using forest residues (Pine)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Smith et al.","Biophysical and economic limits to negative CO2 emissions",2015,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS using forest residues (boreal)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen loss","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Nitrogen depletion when biomass is removed from field or ecosystem: Nitrogen concentration in feedstock per tonne C removed","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","BECCS using forest residues (boreal)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Smith et al.","Biophysical and economic limits to negative CO2 emissions",2015,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS using forest residues (boreal)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Albedo","Surface albedo","Surface albedo","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in surface albedo ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","BECCS using forest residues (boreal summer)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sun et al.","Climate drives global soil carbon sequestration and crop yield changes under conservation agriculture",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","global","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","No tillage","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as this study appears to be a meta-analysis which was falsely labelled as review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Russel et al.","Ecosystem Impacts of Geoengineering: A Review for Developing a Science Plan",2011,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation/reforestation in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water cycle","Water cycle","Water cycle","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Afforestation and reforestation might change hydrological balance","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Lawrence et al.","Evaluating climate geoengineering proposals in the context of the Paris Agreement temperature goals",2018,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy production","Energy production","Energy production","qualitative","positive","Increase ","Potential to produce energy","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Shepherd","Geoengineering the climate: an overview and update",2012,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Mostly geoengineering --> no clear distinction between CDR and SRM","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Safety vs urgency","Safety vs urgency","Safety vs urgency","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","CDR need before uncertainties are resolved: \" unlikely that the uncertainties will be sufficiently resolved before the need for some form of geoengineering technology becomes urgent.\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life cycle assessment of carbon dioxide removal technologies: a critical review",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Competition over food","Competition over food","Competition over food","qualitative","negative","Increase ","Potential competition over food - mainly due to biomass utilization","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","Biochar soil amendment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Terlouw et al.","Life cycle assessment of carbon dioxide removal technologies: a critical review",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","Soil carbon sequestration in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","qualitative","negative","Increase ","Potential competition over water - \"mainly due intensive use of land and/or feedstock\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fuss et al.","Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy independence","Energy independence","Energy independence","qualitative","positive","Increase ","BECCS may provide socio-economic benefits in the form of energy independence","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fuss et al.","Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","SCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N cycling","Nitrogen leaching","qualitative","negative","Increase ","SCS may lead to N losses to water due to more N substrate for the mineralisation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fuss et al.","Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil water","Soil water","Soil water cycling","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","Improved water cycling in soil due to biochar amendment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fuss et al.","Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation and reforestation in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Nutrients & Minerals","Nutrients & Minerals","Unspecified nutrient","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","AR may improve nutrient cycling","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fuss et al.","Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Raw materials","Raw materials","Unspecified resources","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"Material/waste implications are not known but cannot be excluded\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fuss et al.","Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","SCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Soil condition","Soil condition","Soil condition","Unspecified soil effect","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","SCS may improve soil quality","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fuss et al.","Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation and reforestation in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water cycle","Water cycle","Water cycle","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","AR may improve water cycling","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fuss et al.","Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water quality","Water quality","Water quality","qualitative","negative","Decrease ","Potential water contamination linked to used fertilizers","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fuss et al.","Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","SCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water quality","Water quality","Water quality","qualitative","positive","Increase ","SCS may improve water quality","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Elbasiouny et al. ","Plant Nutrition under Climate Change and Soil Carbon Sequestration ",2022,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as this was falsely labeled an article while being a review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Wang et al. ","Polyaromatic hydrocarbons in biochars and human health risks of food crops grown in biochar-amended soils: A synthesis study",2019,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","China","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar in general","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as this article appears to be a review that was falsely labelled as research article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Ramos et al. ","Possibilities of using silicate rock powder: An overview",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Use of silicate rock powder","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as this article appears to be a review article which was falsely labelled as research article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Standish and Prober","Potential benefits of biodiversity to Australian vegetation projects registered with the Emissions Reduction Fund—is there a carbon-biodiversity trade-off?",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Australia ","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as this article appears to be a review that was falsely labelled as research article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Honegger et al.","Potential implications of carbon dioxide removal for the sustainable development goals ",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as this is a synthesis article, falsely being labelled as research article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","High latitudes","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation/reforestation at high latitudes","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Albedo","Surface albedo","Surface albedo","qualitative","negative","Decrease ","Afforestation/reforestation at high latitudes decreases albedo which could lead to net warming","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration 2019","A research agenda"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced weathering in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Air quality & condition","Air quality","Unspecified pollution","Air quality","qualitative","negative","Decrease ","Mining minerals for EW \"would create enormous volumes of dust and possible air pollution\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration 2019","A research agenda"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Biomass demand","Biomass demand","Biomass waste demand","qualitative","negative","Increase ","Half of the 10 GtCO2/yr that \"is to be fuelled exclusively with biomass waste\" --> \"this would necessitate the collection and delivery of all economically available agricultural, forestry, and municipal waste to a BECCS facility\" --> logistical challenges ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration 2019","A research agenda"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Safety vs urgency","Safety vs urgency","CDR induced catastrophes","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"Many geoengineering options [] can also result in their own host of environmental calamities\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced weathering in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","CDR readiness","Logistics barrier","Coordination challenge","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"EW storage is limited by logistical requirements (mining and transport) and ecological impacts rather than by mineral rock resource availability\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Energy demand per ton of CO2","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Creutzig et al.","The mutual dependence of negative emission technologies and energy systems"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS with low-temperature waste heat from renewables","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Energy use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Hanna et al. 2021","Emergency deployment of direct air capture as a response to the climate crisis"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS with low-temperature waste heat from renewables and combined cycle gas turbine plant","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Energy use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Hanna et al. 2021","Emergency deployment of direct air capture as a response to the climate crisis"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS with low-temperature heat pump from renewables","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Energy use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Hanna et al. 2021","Emergency deployment of direct air capture as a response to the climate crisis"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS with low-temperature heat pump from renewables and combined cycle gas turbine plant","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Energy use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Hanna et al. 2021","Emergency deployment of direct air capture as a response to the climate crisis"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS with low-temperature combustion from renewables","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Energy use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Hanna et al. 2021","Emergency deployment of direct air capture as a response to the climate crisis"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS with low-temperature combustion from renewables and combined cycle gas turbine plant","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Energy use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Hanna et al. 2021","Emergency deployment of direct air capture as a response to the climate crisis"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS with high-temperature hydrogen from renewables","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Energy use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Hanna et al. 2021","Emergency deployment of direct air capture as a response to the climate crisis"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS with high-temperature hydrogen from renewables and combined cycle gas turbine plant","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Energy use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Hanna et al. 2021","Emergency deployment of direct air capture as a response to the climate crisis"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS with high-temperature electric heat from renewables","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Energy use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Hanna et al. 2021","Emergency deployment of direct air capture as a response to the climate crisis"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS with high-temperature electric heat from renewables and combined cycle gas turbine plant","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Energy use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Hanna et al. 2021","Emergency deployment of direct air capture as a response to the climate crisis"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS with high-temperature gas (ref. 19) from renewables","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Energy use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Hanna et al. 2021","Emergency deployment of direct air capture as a response to the climate crisis"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS with high-temperature gas (ref. 19) from renewables and combined cycle gas turbine plant","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Energy use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Hanna et al. 2021","Emergency deployment of direct air capture as a response to the climate crisis"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS with high-temperature gas (ref. 18) from renewables","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Energy use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Hanna et al. 2021","Emergency deployment of direct air capture as a response to the climate crisis"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS with high-temperature gas (ref. 18) from renewables and combined cycle gas turbine plant","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Energy","Energy demand","Energy demand","Energy demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Energy use","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Hanna et al. 2021","Emergency deployment of direct air capture as a response to the climate crisis"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","AR and soil management","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Leakage","Extreme events ","Extreme events","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"AR and soil management risk deforestation, illegal logging, and unpredictable wildfires\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Biochar and AR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Food supply chain","Food supply chain","Food supply chain","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","\"Biochar and AR can lead to stronger bioeconomy knowledge networks that can help further regional cooperatives create robust food and fiber supply chains\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","In the context of \"geoengineering options can accrue significant benefits to host communities\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Buck et al. 2020","Adaptation and carbon removal"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation/reforestation in regions with limited rain","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Groundwater","Groundwater","Groundwater","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"Forests established in regions with limited rain could have adverse effects on streamflow, groundwater resources, as well as natural irrigation patterns\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration 2019","A research agenda"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","ILUC","ILUC","ILUC","qualitative","negative","Increase ","\"Indirect land use change as well as land ownership and access issues could relate to all geoengineering issues\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, Greenhouse Gas Removal","POSTNOTE Number 549"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Percentage of agricultural land needed for BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Buck et al. 2016","Rapid scale-up of negative emissions technologies: social barriers and social implications"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Percentage of arable plus permanent crop area needed for BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Buck et al. 2016","Rapid scale-up of negative emissions technologies: social barriers and social implications"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","qualitative","negative","Increase ","\"BECCS as well as afforestation and reforestation would have demands on land 2-4 times larger than land identified as abandoned or marginal\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land demand","Land demand","Land demand","qualitative","negative","Increase ","\"BECCS alone may require almost all current cropland area to meet climate targets\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Obersteiner et al.","How to spend a dwindling greenhouse gas budget"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","Land use impact on biodiversity","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","BECCS could lead to decimation of terrestrial species and \"forest losses that exacerbate species extinction\" because of land consumption","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Anderson and Peters","The trouble with negative emissions"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","N & compounds","N demand","Nitrogen demand","quantitative","negative","Increase ","Percentage of global annual nitrogen fertilizer production possibly consumed by BECCS deployment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Buck et al. 2016","Rapid scale-up of negative emissions technologies: social barriers and social implications"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","AR, SCS, EW, Biochar","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Nutrients & Minerals","Nutrients & Minerals","Nutrient retention","qualitative","positive","Increase ","CDR technologies mentioned can contribute to soil quality and nutrient retention (\"under appropriate management regimes that have significant agricultural or financial value in terms of better crop yields and contributions to local livelihoods\")","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","In the context of \"geoengineering options can accrue significant benefits to host communities\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Fuss et al. 2018","Negative emissions—Part 2: costs, potentials and side effects"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced weathering in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","qualitative","positive","Decrease ","EW \"could provide 'substantial' benefits in terms of neutralizing some of the acidification of the ocean caused by excess anthropogenic CO2\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","In the context of \"geoengineering options can accrue significant benefits to host communities\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","National Research Council, Climate Intervention 2015","Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Power imbalance","Power imbalance","Power imbalance","qualitative","negative","Increase ","\"The fact that many geoengineering technologies are being financed, experimented on, and deployed in wealthy and industrialized countries (the global north) rather than poorer and developing countries (the global south) raises concerns of colonialism and piracy\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Power imbalance","Power imbalance","Power imbalance","qualitative","negative","Increase ","\"Power over managing the global side effects of geoengineering rest in the handy of a few wealthy nations\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","Solvent-based DAC systems","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Production emissions","Production emissions","Production emissions","qualitative","negative","Increase ","Every solvent-based DAC system has both direct and embodied emissions, no current system is net-zero (\"even those powered by solar, wind, nuclear or geothermal\")","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","McQueen et al.","Analysis and quantification of negative emissions.” CDR primer"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Moral hazard","Reduced action","Reduced action","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"Many geoengineering options [...] can reduce efforts at climate mitigation\" ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Policy challenge","Regulation challenge","Regulation challenge","qualitative","neutral","Not applicable","Geoengineering relies on governance","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Safety vs urgency","Safety vs urgency","Safety vs urgency","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"Since we have no real-world experiences with massive, earth-encompassing human catalysed changes with these proposed technologies, we may find out that there are an array of unanticipated consequences that are more negative than the benefits\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","CDR as a general concept","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Safety vs urgency","Safety vs urgency","Safety vs urgency","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Finite limits and thresholds for carbon removal, capacity and storage","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","CDR as a general concept","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Policy challenge","Conflicting policies","SDGs","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","CDR \"can generate positive local and regional impacts on achieving various sustainable development targets via social, economic, political, and physical channels\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","In the context of \"geoengineering options can accrue significant benefits to host communities\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Honegger et al. 2020","Potential implications of carbon dioxide removal for the sustainable development goals"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Sequestration efficiency","Sequestration efficiency","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Sequestration efficiency","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Sequestration efficiency","Sequestration efficiency","quantitative","negative","Not applicable","Sequestration efficiency","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Markets & Prices","Jobs & Livelihoods","Source of income","Source of income","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","\"DAC and carbon sequestration can diversify livelihoods where minerals could be mined\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","In the context of \"geoengineering options can accrue significant benefits to host communities\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Buck et al. 2020","Adaptation and carbon removal"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","SCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Markets & Prices","Jobs & Livelihoods","Source of income","Source of income","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","\"SCS can create additional sources of on-farm revenue and better farming incomes\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","In the context of \"geoengineering options can accrue significant benefits to host communities\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Buck et al. 2020","Adaptation and carbon removal"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Stakeholder perception","Stakeholder perception","qualitative","unclear","Not applicable","Geoengineering might be \"more acceptable amongst powerful stakeholder groups than mitigation or adaption efforts are\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","CDR as a general concept","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","CDR readiness","Technology maturity","Technology immaturity","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"Potential uptake for NETs was 'substantially lower\" than the IAMs suggest\" as a result of immaturity of technologies and low cost effectiveness","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration 2019","A research agenda"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","AR, SCS, EW, Biochar","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Food & Yield","Yields","Yields","Unspecified crop yield","qualitative","positive","Increase ","CDR technologies mentioned can contribute to recreational opportunities (\"under appropriate management regimes that have significant agricultural or financial value in terms of better crop yields and contributions to local livelihoods\")","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","In the context of \"geoengineering options can accrue significant benefits to host communities\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Fuss et al. 2018","Negative emissions—Part 2: costs, potentials and side effects"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Leakage","Leakage","Unspecified leakage","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","General risk of impermanence and release of carbon for geoengineering options - \"Although permanence for carbon mineralization would be very high for mineralization of basalt or peridotite, geologically sequestered carbon can leak from saline aquifers\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced weathering in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Raw materials","Rocks","Waste rock","Waste rock","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"'Mining minerals that spontaneously bind CO2 would create enormous volumes of waste rock that may contaminate air and/or water'\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","AR, SCS, EW, Biochar","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water cycle","Water cycle","Water cycle","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","CDR technologies mentioned can contribute to water cycling and nutrient reteions (\"under appropriate management regimes that have significant agricultural or financial value in terms of better crop yields and contributions to local livelihoods\")","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","In the context of \"geoengineering options can accrue significant benefits to host communities\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Fuss et al. 2018","Negative emissions—Part 2: costs, potentials and side effects"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","AR, SCS, EW, Biochar","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Vertebrates","Vertebrates","Wildlife diversity","qualitative","positive","Increase ","CDR technologies mentioned can contribute to wildlife habitat and diversity (\"under appropriate management regimes that have significant agricultural or financial value in terms of better crop yields and contributions to local livelihoods\")","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","In the context of \"geoengineering options can accrue significant benefits to host communities\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Fuss et al. 2018","Negative emissions—Part 2: costs, potentials and side effects"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","Tropical areas","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation in tropical areas","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Cloud formation","Cloud formation","Cloud formation","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"In tropical areas, new forests could [...] emit volatile organic compounds, which increase cloud condensation nuclei and affect cloud formation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Russel et al.","Ecosystem impacts of geoengineering: a review for developing a science plan"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","Tropical areas","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation in tropical areas","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Heat & Energy flux","Heat & Energy flux","Energy balance disruption","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"In tropical areas, AR is likely to cause changes in local regional energy balances\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","Tropical areas","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation in tropical areas","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Leakage","Unintended disturbance","Natural sink disturbance","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"In tropical areas, AR is likely to have impacts on soil carbon storage\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","Tropical areas","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation in tropical areas","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Terrestrial pH","Soil pH","qualitative","unclear","Not applicable","\"In tropical areas, AR is likely to cause changes in soil chemistry and acidity\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","Tropical areas","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Afforestation in tropical areas","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water cycle","Water cycle","Water cycle","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"In tropical areas, AR is likely to cause changes in hydrology\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sovacool","Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Multiple regions","Multiple regions","USA, UK","national","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","In a survey among 3000 participants in the UK and US, \"people expressed more support and open-mindness [for geoengineering compared with mitigation or adaption]\", which therefore \"had the potential to counteract the political polarization over climate change\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Kahan et al. 2015","Geoengineering and climate change polarization: testing a two-channel model of science communication"]
["Haque et al. ","Risk assessment of Ni, Cr, and Si release from alkaline minerals during enhanced weathering",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","global","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced Weathering ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as this article appears to be a review that was falsely labelled as research article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Sacco et al.","Ten golden rules for reforestation to optimize carbon sequestration, biodiversity recovery and livelihood benefits",2021,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as this article appears to be a review article which was falsely labelled as research article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Keller et al.","The Effects of Carbon Dioxide Removal on the Carbon Cycle",2018,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as this article is a review falsely labelled as a research article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Pamplany et al.","The Ethics of Geoengineering: A Literature Review",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Commodification of nature","Commodification of nature","Commodification of nature","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"Earth is a self-regulating system for overall habitation. Any tampering with it, or intentional manipulation of its system would result in dangerous climate changes. A more inter-connected new view of science itself is necessary to account for the complex earth system\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Pamplany et al.","The Ethics of Geoengineering: A Literature Review",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Biodiversity","Biosphere integrity","Biosphere integrity","General biodiversity","qualitative","negative","Decrease ","CDR side effects include loss of biodiversity loss","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Pamplany et al.","The Ethics of Geoengineering: A Literature Review",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Acceptance","Technology perception","Public perception","General public perception","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"Geoengineering will also have some negative impact on the aesthetic appeal of nature and environment\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Pamplany et al.","The Ethics of Geoengineering: A Literature Review",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Human error","Human error","Human error","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"The feasibility of any project is further challenged by the possibility of human error\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Pamplany et al.","The Ethics of Geoengineering: A Literature Review",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Moral hazard","Lock-in","Lock-in","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"Long-term implementation makes it [geoengineering] irreversible\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Pamplany et al.","The Ethics of Geoengineering: A Literature Review",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Markets & Prices","Prosperity","Prosperity","Marine production","qualitative","negative","Decrease ","CDR side effects include Decrease in marine production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Pamplany et al.","The Ethics of Geoengineering: A Literature Review",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","pH change","pH change","Ocean pH","Ocean acidification","qualitative","negative","Increase ","CDR side effects include ocean acidification ","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Pamplany et al.","The Ethics of Geoengineering: A Literature Review",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Policy challenge","Law situation","Present law situation","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Present law situation might be \"inadequate\": \"Even a small scale CDR experiment conducted in Canada has violated international laws\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Pamplany et al.","The Ethics of Geoengineering: A Literature Review",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Policy challenge","Law situation","Present law situation","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Patent rights might be a challenge --> \"various individual researchers claiming patent for the same research\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Pamplany et al.","The Ethics of Geoengineering: A Literature Review",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Geopolitical interest","Profit motives","Profit motives","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"The possible commercialisation of the SRM and CDR technologies may compromise the genuine motivations around the usage of technology. Profit motives with the commercial imperative may potentially expose the technology to risks of unwarranted or prolonged periods of deployment\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Pamplany et al.","The Ethics of Geoengineering: A Literature Review",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Moral hazard","Reduced action","Reduced action","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"Geoengineering avoids the challenges of having to address the root causes of the climate problem\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Pamplany et al.","The Ethics of Geoengineering: A Literature Review",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Moral hazard","Reduced action","Reduced action","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"Applied to geoengineering, it is feared that geoengineering possibility will weaken the case of embracing alternative strategies like mitigation and adaptation\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Pamplany et al.","The Ethics of Geoengineering: A Literature Review",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Policy challenge","Regulation challenge","Regulation challenge","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"The questions of moral authority, instability of political institutions and political strategies, deliberate democratic engagement, political obliviousness, respect for sovereignty, unlikely international cooperation, problems of long-term control, public-engagement concerns, etc., are amongst the concerns raised in governance of geoengineering\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Pamplany et al.","The Ethics of Geoengineering: A Literature Review",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Safety vs urgency","Safety vs urgency","Safety vs urgency","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Reliance on simulations/models: Several challenges (\"Reliability of small-scale tests, the very possibility of tests, the propriety of “trial and error” method at such a larger scale, the application of do-no-harm principle and minimization principle, role of intent, nature of consent, alongside the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing and the Doctrine of Double Effect\") for real-life implementation at scale","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Pamplany et al.","The Ethics of Geoengineering: A Literature Review",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Safety vs urgency","Safety vs urgency","Safety vs urgency","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"Several claims associated with the feasibility of negative emission are not tested or proven\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Pamplany et al.","The Ethics of Geoengineering: A Literature Review",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Safety vs urgency","Safety vs urgency","Safety vs urgency","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"Huge uncertainties\" (e.g. \"Calculating the permanence of carbon sequestration, the fate of carbon in ocean and the P:N utilization ratio of eco-systems, the rate of carbon accumulation under difficult climates\") might have impact on CDR deployment","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Pamplany et al.","The Ethics of Geoengineering: A Literature Review",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Safety vs urgency","Safety vs urgency","Safety vs urgency","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"Developing a technology, using the present technical know-how, which may take several decades to be ready for deployment may not be compatible with the nature of geoengineering technology 50 years from now\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Pamplany et al.","The Ethics of Geoengineering: A Literature Review",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Policy challenge","Conflicting policies","SDGs","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","\"By avoiding the tragedy of the commons by averting the injustice from anthropogenic climate change, it [geoengineering] facilitates equity\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Pamplany et al.","The Ethics of Geoengineering: A Literature Review",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","Geoengineering (CDR+SRM)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Moral hazard","Sense of urgency","Sense of urgency","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","\"Some authors represent the position that geoengineering might even facilitate mitigation by triggering greater awareness with regards to climate change\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Toxicity & Radiation","Human toxicity","Human toxicity","Amines health impact","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Negative synergies between health and amine-based carbon capture solvents","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Burden sharing","Burden sharing","Burden sharing","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","CDR may impact human and indigenous rights and local communities --> \"this synergy is only addressed scantly\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Air quality & condition","Air quality","CO emissions","CO emissions","qualitative","negative","Increase ","Risk of release of carbon monoxide and particles from low-tech biochar production","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Downie et al.","Biochar as a Geoengineering Climate Solution: Hazard Identification and Risk Management"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water scarcity","Water scarcity","Drought","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","Biochar reduces the sensitivity of forests to the impacts of drought","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","AR in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Leakage","Extreme events","Extreme events","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","Forests reduce the sensitivity of biochar being flushed out during flooding","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Leakage","Extreme events ","Extreme events","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"Future events such as potential drought and wildfires, storm-felling, pests and illegal logging\" may cause a diagnostic and prognostic uncertainty","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","AR, Biochar, BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Production emissions","Production emissions","Forestry practice","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Demand for negative emissions through harvested wood products, biochar or BECCS could become drive of unsustainable land use and forestry practices --> \"carbon negativity of these NETs, over time, could be questioned\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Policy challenge","Jurisdictional boundaries","Jurisdictional boundaries","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"NETs involve activities spanning several jurisdictions\", e.g. export/import of CO2 or biomass or storage in specific locations","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land use conflict","Land use conflict","Land use conflict","qualitative","negative","Increase ","\"Substantial negative synergies between large-scale BECCS deployment and adaptive capacity, desertification and land degradation, and food security\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","IPCC","Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","Large-scale global deployment of BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land use conflict","Land use conflict","Land use conflict","qualitative","negative","Increase ","Negative impact on food security due to land-use trade-offs","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Large-scale global deployment of Biochar","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land use conflict","Land use conflict","Land use conflict","qualitative","negative","Increase ","Negative impact on food security due to land-use trade-offs","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Large-scale global deployment of AR","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Land use","Land use conflict","Land use conflict","Land use conflict","qualitative","negative","Increase ","Negative impact on food security due to land-use trade-offs","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","DACCS and BECCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Production emissions","Production emissions","Production emissions","qualitative","negative","Increase ","The need to power CDR may result in indirect emissions (\"emissions that area accounted for elsewhere in the system but that are a direct consequence of activities associated with creating a negative emission\"): DACCS and BECCS require high amounts of energy for capture, compression and cooling, transport and storage","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced weathering in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Production emissions","Production emissions","Production emissions","qualitative","negative","Increase ","The need to power CDR may result in indirect emissions (\"emissions that area accounted for elsewhere in the system but that are a direct consequence of activities associated with creating a negative emission\"): EW typically requires energy for crushing and transporting minerals","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","BECCS and DACCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Moral hazard","Reduced action","Reduced action","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"BECCS and DACCS may strengthen the case for fossil CCS through the potential benefits of scale associated with shared infrastructure. This position, however, is also criticised for its potential to prolong the fossil era\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Policy response","Policy challenge","Conflicting policies","SDGs","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","\"Synergies [between CDR and SDGs] in areas such as poverty eradication, [...] equality and among countries, gender\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Joshi et al.","Consequence analysis of accidental release of supercritical carbon dioxide from high pressure pipelines"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Non-CO2 GHGs","N2O emissions","N2O emissions","Soil nitrous oxide emissions","qualitative","positive","Decrease ","Biochar application may reduce emissions of other GHGs, such as N2O","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Meyer et al.","Albedo Impact on the Suitability of Biochar Systems to Mitigate Global Warming"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Sink saturation","Soil saturation","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"Some NETs store carbon in structures that over time tend to become saturated, for example, carbon stored in forests, agricultural soils, construction materials, and even geological formations\" --> limiting sequestration potential","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","SCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Sequestration dynamics","Sink saturation","Soil saturation","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Sink saturation for SCS occurs after 10-100 years (depending on SCS option, soil type and climate zone) --> limiting sequestration potential","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Smith","Soil carbon sequestration and biochar as negative emission technolo"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Economic prosperity & well-being","Markets & Prices","Jobs & Livelihoods","Source of income","Source of income","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","Biochar offers market opportunities through being sold as soil amendment or recovering excess heat from pyrolysis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","BECCS and DACCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Leakage","Geological storage leakage","Storage leakage","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Risk of abrupt release of large amounts of CO2 from transport or storage associated with BECCS and DACCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Joshi et al.","Consequence analysis of accidental release of supercritical carbon dioxide from high pressure pipelines"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Biochar","Biochar in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Albedo","Surface albedo","Surface albedo","quantitative","negative","Decrease ","Decrease in overall climate benefit due to albedo change (∆α) based of field laboratory tests of samples from a German biochar field combined with modelling","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Meyer et al. 2012","Albedo Impact on the Suitability of Biochar Systems to Mitigate Global Warming"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","SCS and DACCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Albedo","Surface albedo","Surface albedo","qualitative","neutral","No Change","\"Other NETs are associated with no albedo change, such as enhanced SCS through no-till agriculture and DACCS\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Smith","Soil carbon sequestration and biochar as negative emission technolo"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","Boreal re- and afforestation","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Thermal impact","Albedo","Surface albedo","Surface albedo","qualitative","negative","Decrease ","High latitude boreal re- and afforestation are partly counterproductive due to reduced albedo","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Fuss et al.","Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","BECCS and DACCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","CDR readiness","Technology competitiveness","System integration","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Integration into existing ecotechnical systems constitutes a \"challenge\" to BECCS and DACCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Fajardy et al.","Negative Emissions: Priorities for Research and Policy Design"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","CDR readiness","Technology trade-off","Technology trade-off","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","NETs may limit their potential by rivalling, \"such as competition for biomass resources for re-/afforestation, SCS, for use in BECCS, or for biochar production\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Fuss et al.","Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","BECCS and DACCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Leakage","Transportation leakage","Transportation leakage","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","Risk of abrupt release of large amounts of CO2 from transport or storage associated with BECCS and DACCS","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Joshi et al.","Consequence analysis of accidental release of supercritical carbon dioxide from high pressure pipelines"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","General CDR without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Implementation challenges","Efficacy threats","Leakage","Leakage","Unspecified leakage","qualitative","negative","Not applicable","\"NETs may suffer from the physical leakage of carbon dioxide\"","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","BECCS","BECCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Nutrients & Minerals","Nutrients & Minerals","Unspecified nutrient","qualitative","negative","Decrease ","\"If biomass is harvested and transported away from its production site, nutrients will also be removed","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","EW","Enhanced weathering in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Nutrients & Minerals","Nutrients & Minerals","Nutrients & Minerals","Unspecified nutrient","qualitative","positive","Increase ","Land-based EW may add essential minerals to soil","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","ten Berge et al.","Olivine weathering in soil, and its e ects on growth and nutrient uptake in Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.): A pot experiment"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","AR in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water cycle","Water cycle","Water cycle","qualitative","positive","Not applicable","Forests provide ecosystem services that have positive effects on water cycle","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","DACCS and EW","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","qualitative","negative","Increase ","\"Estimates of water required per t Ceq removed by DAC and EW are an order of magnitude or more lower than for BECCS\" (Smith et al., p. 44, see column AK)","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Smith et al.","Biophysical and economic limits to negative CO2 emissions"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","DACCS","DACCS in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","qualitative","negative","Increase ","DACCS may require small but substantial water input","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Stanners et al.","Frameworks for environmental assessment and indicators at the EEA"]
["Fridahl et al.","Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","No region info","No region info","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","AR","AR in general without specification","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Environmental & human health","Water cycle","Water demand","Water demand","Water demand","qualitative","negative","Increase ","Afforestation is evaluated as water intensive","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no",null,"Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Tsipiras & Grant","What do we mean when we talk about the moral hazard of geoengineering?",2022,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Unspecified/multiple CDR","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as this was falsely labeled an article while being a review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]
["Waqas et al.","When does nutrient management sequester more carbon in soils and produce high and stable grain yields in China?",2020,"Review","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","China","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","SCS","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","yes","Excluded as this article is a meta-analysis that was falsely labelled as a research article","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","Information coded but not evaluated for the here performed synthesis","no information","no information"]

{"sheet":"Suppl. Table 6. Coding metadata","index":2,"n_rows":74,"n_cols":2,"rows_kept":74}
["authors","Authors of document"]
["pub_tit","Publication title of document"]
["pub_year","Publication year of document"]
["pub_type","Publication type of document"]
["journal","Journal in which document was published"]
["study_area_n","Name of study area"]
["study_area_cl","Study area climate"]
["world_reg0","Information on world regions which was used for the synthesis (based on the other two region related items and then updated for plotting)"]
["world_reg","World region based on \"study_are_des\""]
["study_area_des","Study area description: Which country or region?"]
["area_scope","Scope of study area for side effect under review (one study can have different scopes)"]
["data_type","Type of data in the document (based on the provided dropdown options)"]
["cdr_option","CDR option described in document"]
["cdr_details","More details on CDR option as described in document (e.g., feedstock or pyrolysis temperature)"]
["tillage","Relevant for-tillage related CDR options | Which type of tillage applied? | This information is potentially less comprehensive as it was compiled from other cells in the end (not systematically coded from the beginning)"]
["soil_cover","Relevant for soil cover management related CDR options | Which type of soil cover management applied? | This information is potentially less comprehensive as it was compiled from other cells in the end (not systematically coded from the beginning)"]
["fertilizer","Relevant for fertilizer related CDR options | Which type of fertilizer applied? | This information is potentially less comprehensive as it was compiled from other cells in the end (not systematically coded from the beginning)"]
["manure","Relevant for manure related CDR options | Manure applied? | This information is potentially less comprehensive as it was compiled from other cells in the end (not systematically coded from the beginning)"]
["pyrol_temp","Relevant for pyrolysis related CDR options | Which pyrolysis temperature applied? | This information is potentially less comprehensive as it was compiled from other cells in the end (not systematically coded from the beginning)"]
["pyrol_time","Relevant for pyrolysis related CDR options | Which pyrolysis duration applied? | This information is potentially less comprehensive as it was compiled from other cells in the end (not systematically coded from the beginning)"]
["feedstock/sorbent","Relevant for feedstock/sorbent dependent CDR options | Which feedstock/sorbent used? | This information is potentially less comprehensive as it was compiled from other cells in the end (not systematically coded from the beginning)"]
["depl/rem_depth_cm","Relevant for soil depth related CDR options | Which soil depth (cm) is considered for deployment/removal? | This information is potentially less comprehensive as it was compiled from other cells in the end (not systematically coded from the beginning)"]
["cdr_orig_unit","Original deployment unit as in document"]
["depl_vol_best","Deployment volume as in document: central estimate given in article"]
["depl_vol_lower","Deployment volume as in document: lower estimate given in article"]
["depl_vol_upper","Deployment volume as in document: upper estimate given in article"]
["depl_vol_+/-","Deployment volume as in document: Plus/minus range from central estimate given in article"]
["rem_orig_unit","Original unit of atmospheric CO2 removal as described in document"]
["rem_net_gross","Does the presented removal volume represent gross or net removal of the respective negative emission technology? (we are primarily interested in net removal per respective CDR option)"]
["rem_vol_best","Central estimate given in article for carbon (dioxide) removal (report net removal values always as positives)"]
["rem_vol_lower","Lower estimate given in article for carbon (dioxide) removal (report net removal values always as positives)"]
["rem_vol_upper","Upper estimate given in article for carbon (dioxide) removal (report net removal values always as positives)"]
["rem_vol_+/-","Plus/minus range from central estimate given in article for carbon (dioxide) removal (report net removal values always as positives)"]
["rem_base_best","Central estimate given in article | CO2/carbon removal/content without CDR (baseline condition). Mostly relevant when no removal rates are given but storage values, e.g., organic carbon content in soil. If CO2 is not removed but added to the atmosphere report values as negatives!"]
["rem_base_lower","Lower estimate given in article | CO2/carbon removal/content without CDR (baseline condition). Mostly relevant when no removal rates are given but storage values, e.g., organic carbon content in soil. If CO2 is not removed but added to the atmosphere report values as negatives!"]
["rem_base_upper","Upper estimate given in article | CO2/carbon removal/content without CDR (baseline condition). Mostly relevant when no removal rates are given but storage values, e.g., organic carbon content in soil. If CO2 is not removed but added to the atmosphere report values as negatives!"]
["rem_base_+/-","Plus/minus range given from central estimate in article | CO2/carbon removal/content without CDR (baseline condition). Mostly relevant when no removal rates are given but storage values, e.g., organic carbon content in soil. If CO2 is not removed but added to the atmosphere report values as negatives!"]
["prim_effect_sphere","Primary effect sphere: Which sphere does a side effect primarily belong to: anthrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere or multi-sphere (no clear primary sphere)"]
["category_l0.1","Side effect category level 0.1: Economic prosperity & well-being, Environmental & human health, Implementation challenges"]
["category_l1","Side effect category level 1: more generic"]
["category_l2-3","Side effect category level 2 and 3: slightly broader than l4 but more specific than l1 --> 2 is broader than 3"]
["category_l4","Side effect category level 4: more specific"]
["inform_type","Type of side effect information (based on the provided dropdown options)"]
["effect_type","Type of effect in terms of positive or negative "]
["effect_direc","Direction of effect in terms of increase, decrease or no change (the described effect directions link to category_l4)"]
["effect_details","More details on side effect as described in document"]
["effect_mag_best","Details on side effect magnitude compared to baseline as described in document: central estimate given in article"]
["effect_mag_lower","Details on side effect magnitude compared to baseline as described in document: lower estimate given in article"]
["effect_mag_upper","Details on side effect magnitude compared to baseline as described in document: upper estimate given in article"]
["effect_mag_+/-","Details on side effect magnitude compared to baseline as described in document: plus/minus range given in article"]
["mag_spec","Is the magnitude presented as absolute measured value or as additional effect (difference) already compared to the baseline value?"]
["se_orig_unit","Original side effect unit as in document"]
["change_base_best","Central change factor as given in article or calculated based on central effect size and baseline | Effect change after CDR deployment compared to baseline as change factor with two digits (if necessary change from % to factor: 33% increase = 1.33) Converter: https://rechneronline.de/anteil/percent-factor.php "]
["change_base_lower","Lower end change factor as given in article"]
["change_base_upper","Upper end change factor as given in article"]
["effect_sig","Statistical significance of side effect (p-value)"]
["base_value_best","Baseline value: central estimate given in article (multiple baselines possible)"]
["base_value_lower","Baseline value: lower estimate given in article"]
["base_value_upper","Baseline value: upper estimate given in article"]
["base_value_+/-","Baseline value: plus/minus range given in article"]
["baseline","The baseline an identified side effect is compared to (e.g., effect of biochar application on soil condition vs. soil condition without biochar application) (multiple baselines possible - see pink columns in database)"]
["context/scenario","More details on context of CDR deployment and side effect. Specify underlying scenario if several scenarios are documented"]
["effect_depth_cm","Relevant for soil depth related side effects |Which soil depth (cm) is considered for the side effect? | Potentially less comprehensive information as this was compiled from other cells in the end (not systematically coded from the beginning)"]
["period","The period or time considered for studying side effects"]
["base_value2","The numeric value of the second baseline (if available and relevant to the overall understanding)"]
["base_value2_best","The numeric central value of the second baseline (if available and relevant to the overall understanding)"]
["base_value2_lower","The numeric lower value of the second baseline (if available and relevant to the overall understanding)"]
["base_value2_upper","The numeric upper value of the second baseline (if available and relevant to the overall understanding)"]
["base_value2_+/-","The plus/minus range of the central value of the second baseline (if available and relevant to the overall understanding)"]
["baseline2","The second baseline an identified side effect is compared to (if available and relevant to the overall understanding)"]
["excluded","State \"yes\" if full text or row was excluded from the synthesis. State \"no\" if full text or row was considered in the synthesis"]
["excluded_with_reason","Provide a short explanation why a full text or row has been excluded (only relevant if previous coding item is \"yes\")"]
["authors_under review","State first author et al. of research article when coding information from a review article that explicitly mentions a research article as reference for a discussed side effect"]
["article-title under review","State title of research article when coding information from a review article that explicitly mentions a research article as reference for a discussed side effect"]

{"sheet":"Suppl. Table 7. Docs (n=233)","index":3,"n_rows":234,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":234}
["title","abstract","year","author","keywords","doi","article type","journal"]
["Infrequent compost applications increased plant productivity and soil organic carbon in irrigated pasture but not degraded rangeland","Improved agricultural soil management can facilitate the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to help keep planetary warming at or below 2 ¬∞C as outlined in the Paris Agreement. The application of compost to agricultural soils increases soil carbon by directly fertilizing the soil with carbon (no net carbon dioxide removal), and by stimulating plant productivity and plant-derived carbon inputs (net carbon dioxide removal). In semi-arid managed grasslands, it is unclear how compost application may impact plant production and soil carbon stocks. We conducted a multi-year experiment measuring plant and soil carbon and nitrogen responses following additions of compost in two adjacent semi-arid grasslands: an irrigated cool season perennial pasture and a degraded rangeland. Compost application altered plant production and soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in the irrigated pasture, but not in the degraded rangeland. Aboveground biomass increased approximately 40% under the compost amendment in the irrigated pasture, while belowground biomass only differed between treatments in the first experimental year. Over eight years, soil organic carbon stocks increased 0.6 Mg OC ha-1 yr-1 in the 0‚Äì10 cm depth of the irrigated pasture, which was a net increase of 0.3 Mg OC ha-1 yr-1 after accounting for the carbon supplied by the compost. Soil inorganic carbon was highly variable at both experimental sites contributing to about half or more of total soil carbon at depth. Soil inorganic carbon decreased over the 8 year study period through the entire profile (0‚Äì50 cm) in the compost amended irrigated pasture (P = 0.01) and but not in the other systems, demonstrating the importance of accounting for soil inorganic carbon in carbon stock change estimates under improved soil management practices in semi-arid climates. We conclude that moderate, infrequent applications of high-quality compost to irrigated pastures can promote plant productivity and soil organic carbon, but degraded rangelands may be less responsive to this practice. ¬© 2022 Elsevier B.V.",2022,"McClelland, S.C.; <br>Cotrufo, M.F.; <br>Haddix, M.L.; <br>Paustian, K.; <br>Schipanski, M.E.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.107969","Article","Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."]
["Development of phosphorus composite biochar for simultaneous enhanced carbon sink and heavy metal immobilization in soil","As a porous and carbon material, biochar is focused on respectively in sequestrating carbon and stabilizing metals in soil, while few studies attempted to design biochar for simultaneously achieving these two targets. This study proposed to produce phosphorus-composite biochar for synchronously enhancing carbon sequestration and heavy metals immobilization. Two phosphorus materials from tailings, Ca(H2PO4)2 and Ca5(PO4)3(OH), were selected as modifier to load into biomass prior to pyrolysis. Results showed that incorporating P not only increased pyrolytic C retention in biochar by 36.1‚Äì50.1%, but also obtained biochar with higher stability by chemically formation of C[sbnd]O[sbnd]P, C-PO3 and C2-PO2. After 90-day incubation with soil, more C was sequestrated in the P-biochar amended soil (59.6‚Äì67.0%) than those pristine biochar (43.2‚Äì46.6%). Highly soluble Ca(H2PO4)2 was more efficient than Ca5(PO4)3(OH) in this regard. Meanwhile, these P-composite biochar exhibited more Pb/Cd immobilization (31.3‚Äì92.3%) compared with the pristine biochar (9.5‚Äì47.2%), which was mainly due to the formation of stable precipitates Pb5(PO4)3Cl and Cd3(PO4)2, especially for Ca5(PO4)3(OH) modification. Additionally, P-composite biochar ‚Äúintelligently‚Äù altered soil microbial community, i.e., they suppressed Actinobacteria proliferation, which is correlated to carbon degradation, while promoted Proteobacteria growth, facilitating phosphate dissolution for ready reaction with heavy metals to form precipitate, benefiting the Pb and Cd immobilization. A dual functions biochar was engineered via simply loading phosphorous prior to pyrolysis and simultaneously enhanced carbon sequestration and heavy metal immobilization. ¬© 2022 Elsevier B.V.",2022,"Luo, Y.; <br>Li, Z.; <br>Xu, H.; <br>Xu, X.; <br>Qiu, H.; <br>Cao, X.; <br>Zhao, L.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154845","Article","Sci. Total Environ."]
["Recovery of soil carbon and nitrogen stocks following afforestation with xerophytic shrubs in the Tengger Desert, North China","Afforestation, as a key measure to curb land degradation and to drive the changes in soil C and N stocks and cycles, has been increasingly implemented in drylands worldwide. However, the long-term effects of this restoration practice on C accumulation in soil are still uncertain, especially because C-N interactions are poorly understood, which constrains the accurate assessment of potential soil C sequestration. In this study, we investigated the soil organic C (SOC) and soil total N (STN) storage in artificial shrublands in chronosequences in the Tengger Desert to address the hypothesis that afforestation with xerophytic shrubs significantly enhanced SOC and STN stocks in desert regions and that SOC and STN stocks would be positively correlated during the restoration processes. Our results showed that afforestation significantly enhanced SOC and STN accumulation. The SOC and STN stocks in 17-, 52- and 60-year-old artificial shrublands were 1.22, 2.67, 2.80 and 1.21, 2.33, 2.47 times greater than those in mobile sand dunes, respectively, with increased rates of 5.61 g C m‚àí2 yr‚àí1, 14.25 g C m‚àí2 yr‚àí1 and 13.30 g C m‚àí2 yr‚àí1 and 1.27 g N m‚àí2 yr‚àí1, 2.61 g N m‚àí2 yr‚àí1 and 2.50 g N m‚àí2 yr‚àí1, respectively. The significant enhancement of SOC and STN stocks primarily occurred in the upper 0‚Äì20 cm soil layer. SOC stocks were positively correlated with STN stocks and the C:N ratio, and the regression slopes increased with vegetation age, indicating a coupling relationship between SOC and STN stocks. Additionally, this finding suggests that the increase in STN stocks was slower than that of SOC during restoration, leading to an asynchrony in N supply and the demand and subsequent N limitations on SOC accumulation. It would take approximately 139 and 177 years to fully recover SOC and STN stocks in the 100 cm soil profile, respectively, in mobile sand dunes through afforestation with xerophytic shrubs in the Tengger Desert, which implied that afforestation-induced soil quality improvements were a long-term process and that soil conservation was a key issue in water-limited ecosystems; therefore, optimized management strategies are urgently needed. ¬© 2022 Elsevier B.V.",2022,"Li, X.; <br>Li, Y.; <br>Xie, T.; <br>Chang, Z.; <br>Li, X.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106277","Article","Catena"]
["Spring pasture renewal involving full inversion tillage and a summer crop can facilitate soil C storage, improve crop yields and lower N leaching","Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in pastoral soils could offset net greenhouse gas emissions by reducing global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and, thereby, slow climate warming. Long-term pastures typically have topsoils (0‚Äì10 cm) rich in SOC, with subsoils (10‚Äì30 cm) storing less than half as much SOC. In New Zealand, lowland farmers are advised to renew (reseed) their pastures every 7‚Äì10 years to improve pasture production. Renewal typically involves desiccating the old pasture followed by shallow tillage (or direct drilling) to establish a short season forage crop as a weed break, then direct drilling new pasture species. Minimum till at renewal maintains the vertical stratification of SOC, limiting the scope to increase SOC stocks under new pasture. During the spring of 2016 and 2017, two independent trials were established, on an Alfisol (trial 1) and on an Andisol (trial 2), to assess the effects of establishing a summer Brassica crop with either full inversion tillage (FIT; 30 cm furrow depth, as a one-off or infrequent (every 25‚Äì30 years) management), shallow tillage or no-till (direct drill) on SOC stocks and crop/pasture agronomic performance. In autumn, new pasture species were direct drilled into the stubble of the summer forage crop. Changes in SOC vertical distribution, plant growth, herbage quality (at both trials) and nitrogen (N) leaching (trial 1 only) were monitored. At both trials, FIT effectively buried SOC below 0‚Äì10 cm depth and increased crop yields compared to no-till treatment. After re-grassing pasture production was similar among all treatments. In trial 1, N leaching losses were 42% lower under FIT than under no-till. These results highlight the potential agronomic and environmental benefits of pasture renewal including FIT. Economic and N cycling benefits depend on the timely inclusion of a crop phase. ¬© 2022 Elsevier B.V.",2022,"Calvelo-Pereira, R.; <br>Hedley, M.J.; <br>Hanly, J.A.; <br>Beare, M.H.; <br>McNally, S.R.; <br>Bretherton, M.R.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2022.105347","Article","Soil Tillage Res."]
["Biochar promotes soil organic carbon sequestration and reduces net global warming potential in apple orchard: A two-year study in the Loess Plateau of China","The Loess Plateau is China's primary apple-growing area, and the orchard is a significant source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions due to high nitrogen fertilizer input. Thus, a two-year field study was carried out to investigate the effects of apple wood derived biochar on GHGs emissions during apple orchard production, including soil organic carbon sequestration (SOCSR) and net global warming potential (NGWP) assessments. There are four treatments in this study: 20 t ha(-1) biochar in a non-fertilized plot (B); no biochar in a fertilized plot (F); 20 t ha(-1) biochar in a fertilized plot (FB); no biochar in a non-fertilized plot (CK). Results showed that the combined application of biochar and fertilizer stimulated CO2 emissions by 9.25% and 8.39% than either biochar or fertilizer alone. Meanwhile, biochar in fertilized plot increased annual N2O emissions by 32.6% as compared to fertilized plot without biochar amendment. Compared with CK, biochar had no significant effect on GHG emissions in unfertilized plot. The N2O emission factor of FB and F were 0.91% and 0.45% respectively in 2017-2018 and they were both 0.34% in 2018-2019. Moreover, compared with CK, the FB and B treatments increased the SOCSR by 316.52% and 354.78%, while, decreased the NGWP by 368.93% and 480.91%, respectively. Thus, biochar application may help reduce the impact of apple production on climate change by sequestering more soil organic carbon and decreasing the NGWP. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.",2022,"Han, JL; <br>Han, JL; <br>Zhang, AF; <br>Zhang, AF; <br>Kang, YH; <br>Kang, YH; <br>Han, JQ; <br>Han, JQ; <br>Yang, B; <br>Hussain, Q; <br>Wang, XD; <br>Wang, XD; <br>Zhang, M; <br>Zhang, M; <br>Khan, MA","Wood biochar; Greenhouse gases; Carbon sequestration; Apple orchard; Net global warming potential","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150035","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT"]
["Climate impact from agricultural management practices in the Canadian Prairies: Carbon equivalence due to albedo change","It is generally accepted that land use and land management practices impact climate change through sequestration of carbon in soils, but modulation of surface energy budget can also be important. Using Landsat data to characterize cropland albedos in Canada's three prairie soil zones, this study estimates the atmospheric carbon equivalent drawdown of albedo radiative forcing for three management practices: 1) moving from conventional tillage to no-till, 2) eliminating summer fallow in crop rotations, and 3) growing crops with higher albedos. In a 50-year time horizon, conversion from conventional tillage to no-till results in a total equivalent atmospheric CO2 (CO2-eq) drawdown of 1.0-1.5 kg m(-2), and conversion from summer fallow to crops results in CO2-eq drawdown of 1.1-2.4 kg m(-2). Conversion of summer fallow to crops results in different magnitudes of CO2-eq drawdown depending on specific crops. Lentils, peas, and canola have relatively higher albedo than that of spring wheat and flax; hence, a larger magnitude of CO2-eq drawdown results when they replace summer fallow in the rotation. For the management changes from 1990 to 2019 for the whole Canadian Prairies, albedo changes induced a CO2-eq drawdown of about 179.3 +/- 20.9 Tg due to increased area of no-till, and 101.6 +/- 9.5 Tg due to reduced area under fallow. The study shows that the magnitudes of CO2-eq drawdown due to albedo change are comparable to that due to soil carbon sequestration. Therefore, it is important to account for cropland albedo changes in assessing the potential of agricultural management practices to mitigate climate change.",2022,"Liu, JG; <br>Desjardins, RL; <br>Wang, SS; <br>Worth, DE; <br>Qian, BD; <br>Shang, JL","Albedo; Radiative forcing; Tillage; Summer fallow; Carbon sequestration; Remote sensing","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113938","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT"]
["Contrasting effects of eucalyptus, pine and oak plantations on nest predation risk in Mediterranean grasslands","Large scale afforestation (i.e., establishment of forests on farmland, grassland and other land not previously forested) is increasingly regarded as a cost-effective option to mitigate climate change by promoting carbon sequestration. However, this strategy can have negative biodiversity impacts, potentially causing the loss and fragmentation of open habitats of conservation value, as well as edge effects that can extend well beyond forest boundaries. Mitigating impacts of afforestation programs thus requires a detailed understanding of the mechanisms whereby they affect biodiversity, particularly where new plantations are established close to areas important for open habitat species. Here, we examined how afforestation with oak, pine or eucalyptus trees, commonly planted in Mediterranean Europe, may have distinct effects on nest predation risk of grassland birds in southern Portugal. We used artificial nests with quail eggs and camera traps to: (i) identify nest predators and estimate predation risk of ground-nesting birds in grasslands adjacent to oak, pine and eucalyptus plantations across a distance gradient (0 m to 300 m) from the plantation edge; and (ii) examine how predation risk was influenced by avian predator abundance, sward height and vegetation clearing for photo-monitoring (nest-site manipulation), and their interactions with plantation type. Carrion crow was by far the main egg predator identified, followed by Montagu's harrier, raven and magpie. Overall, nest predation risk and predator abundance were higher around eucalyptus plantations, compared to either pine or oak plantations. Predation decreased with increasing sward height, but this effect was less noticeable when vegetation around nests was cleared. In pine and oak plantations, predation risk was slightly higher close to edges, and decreased with distance from the edge. Conversely, in eucalyptus plantations predation was lower close to edges, and increased with distance to edges. Distance effects around eucalyptus plantation were, however, absent in manipulated nests. Overall, results show that afforestation with different tree species has distinct impacts on predation risk of artificial nests in Mediterranean farmland. This is probably a consequence of an increasing structural complexity of the plantations, from oak to eucalyptus, driven by differences in tree growth rates and undergrowth cover. These findings suggest that farmland afforestation should favour agro-forest plantations with slow growing species (oak and pine) to mitigate negative effects on breeding grassland birds in adjacent open habitats. ¬© 2022 Elsevier B.V.",2022,"Faria, J.; <br>S√°nchez-Oliver, J.S.; <br>Beja, P.; <br>Moreira, F.; <br>Catry, I.; <br>Vasconcelos, S.; <br>Pina, S.; <br>Rotenberry, J.T.; <br>Reino, L.; <br>Santana, J.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120116","Article","For. Ecol. Manage."]
["Global implications of crop-based bioenergy with carbon capture and storage for terrestrial vertebrate biodiversity","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) based on purpose-grown lignocellulosic crops can provide negative CO2 emissions to mitigate climate change, but its land requirements present a threat to biodiversity. Here, we analyse the implications of crop-based BECCS for global terrestrial vertebrate species richness, considering both the land-use change (LUC) required for BECCS and the climate change prevented by BECCS. LUC impacts are determined using global-equivalent, species-area relationship-based loss factors. We find that sequestering 0.5-5 Gtonne of CO2 per year with lignocellulosic crop-based BECCS would require hundreds of Mha of land, and commit tens of terrestrial vertebrate species to extinction. Species loss per unit of negative emissions decreases with: (i) longer lifetimes of BECCS systems, (ii) less overall deployment of crop-based BECCS and (iii) optimal land allocation, that is prioritizing locations with the lowest species loss per negative emission potential, rather than minimizing overall land use or prioritizing locations with the lowest biodiversity. The consequences of prevented climate change for biodiversity are based on existing climate response relationships. Our tentative comparison shows that for crop-based BECCS considered over 30 years, LUC impacts on vertebrate species richness may outweigh the positive effects of prevented climate change. Conversely, for BECCS considered over 80 years, the positive effects of climate change mitigation on biodiversity may outweigh the negative effects of LUC. However, both effects and their interaction are highly uncertain and require further understanding, along with the analysis of additional species groups and biodiversity metrics. We conclude that factoring in biodiversity means lignocellulosic crop-based BECCS should be used early to achieve the required mitigation over longer time periods, on optimal biomass cultivation locations, and most importantly, as little as possible where conversion of natural land is involved, looking instead to sustainably grown or residual biomass-based feedstocks and alternative strategies for carbon dioxide removal.",2022,"Hanssen, SV; <br>Steinmann, ZJN; <br>Steinmann, ZJN; <br>Daioglou, V; <br>Daioglou, V; <br>Cengic, M; <br>Van Vuuren, DP; <br>Van Vuuren, DP; <br>Huijbregts, MAJ","BECCS; biodiversity; biomass; climate change; land-use change; species loss; trade-offs","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12911","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY"]
["Carbon sequestration and water yield tradeoffs following restoration of abandoned agricultural lands in Mediterranean mountains","Abandoned cropland areas have the potential to contribute to climate change mitigation through natural revegetation and afforestation programs. These programs increase above and belowground carbon sequestration by expanding forest cover. However, this potential to mitigate climate change often involves tradeoffs between carbon sequestration and water availability. Particularly in a water limited environments such as the Mediterranean region, any loss of recharge to groundwater or streamflow can have critical societal consequences. In this study, we used an ecohydrologic model, Regional Hydro-Ecological Simulation System (RHESSys), to quantify these tradeoffs for land management plans in abandoned cropland areas in Mediterranean mountains. Changes to Net Ecosystem Production (NEP), water yield and Water-Use Efficiency (WUE) under different land management and climate scenarios were estimated for Arnas, a catchment with similar geology, vegetation and climate to many of the locations targeted for land abandonment restoration in the Spanish Pyrenees. Results showed significant changes to both carbon and water fluxes related to land management, while changes related to a warming scenario were not significant. Afforestation scenarios showed the highest average annual carbon sequestration rates (112 g C.m(-2).yr(-1)) but were also associated with the lowest water yield (runoff coefficient of 26%) and water use efficiency (1.4 g C.mm(-1)) compared to natural revegetation (-27 g C.m(-2).yr(-1), 50%, 1.7 g C.mm(-1) respectively). Under both restoration scenarios, results showed that the catchment ecosystem is a carbon sink during mid-February to July, coinciding with peak monthly transpiration and WUE, while during the rest of the year the catchment ecosystem is a carbon source. These results contribute to understanding carbon and water tradeoffs in Mediterranean mountains and can help adapt restoration plans to address both carbon sequestration and water management objectives.",2022,"Khorchani, M; <br>Nadal-Romero, E; <br>Lasanta, T; <br>Tague, C","Land abandonment; Afforestation; Carbon fluxes; Streamflow; Net ecosystem production; Water-use efficiency; Pyrenees","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112203","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH"]
["Land-based climate change mitigation measures can affect agricultural markets and food security","Emissions abatement efforts in the agriculture, forestry and land-use sector are vital to achieve climate change mitigation targets, but their effects on food security remain poorly understood. Using six global agroeconomic models, this study explores how afforestation, bioenergy and non-CO2 emissions reductions could impact agricultural prices and the risk of hunger under different scenarios. Earlier studies have noted potential adverse impacts of land-related emissions mitigation strategies on food security, particularly due to food price increases-but without distinguishing these strategies' individual effects under different conditions. Using six global agroeconomic models, we show the extent to which three factors-non-CO2 emissions reduction, bioenergy production and afforestation-may change food security and agricultural market conditions under 2 degrees C climate-stabilization scenarios. Results show that afforestation (often simulated in the models by imposing carbon prices on land carbon stocks) could have a large impact on food security relative to non-CO2 emissions policies (generally implemented as emissions taxes). Respectively, these measures put an additional 41.9 million and 26.7 million people at risk of hunger in 2050 compared with the current trend scenario baseline. This highlights the need for better coordination in emissions reduction and agricultural market management policies as well as better representation of land use and associated greenhouse gas emissions in modelling.",2022,"Fujimori, S; <br>Fujimori, S; <br>Fujimori, S; <br>Wu, WC; <br>Doelman, J; <br>Doelman, J; <br>Frank, S; <br>Hristov, J; <br>Kyle, P; <br>Sands, R; <br>Van Zeist, WJ; <br>Havlik, P; <br>Dominguez, IP; <br>Sahoo, A; <br>Stehfest, E; <br>Tabeau, A; <br>Valin, H; <br>van Meijl, H; <br>van Meijl, H; <br>Hasegawa, T; <br>Hasegawa, T; <br>Takahashi, K",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00464-4","Article","NATURE FOOD"]
["The role of cover crops for cropland soil carbon, nitrogen leaching, and agricultural yields - a global simulation study with LPJmL (V.5.0-tillage-cc)","Land management practices can reduce the environmental impact of agricultural land use and production, improve productivity, and transform cropland into carbon sinks. In our study we assessed the biophysical and biogeochemical impacts and the potential contribution of cover crop practices to sustainable land use. We applied the process-based, global dynamic vegetation model LPJmL (Lund-Potsdam-Jena managed Land) V. 5.0-tillage-cc with a modified representation of cover crops to simulate the growth of grasses on cropland in periods between two consecutive main crops' growing seasons for near-past climate and land use conditions. We quantified simulated responses of agroecosystem components to cover crop cultivation in comparison to bare-soil fallowing practices on global cropland for a period of 50 years. For cover crops with tillage, we obtained annual global median soil carbon sequestration rates of 0.52 and 0.48 t C ha(-1) yr(-1) for the first and last decades of the entire simulation period, respectively. We found that cover crops with tillage reduced annual nitrogen leaching rates from cropland soils by medians of 39 % and 54 % but also the productivity of the following main crop by an average of 1.6 % and 2 % for the 2 analyzed decades. The largest reductions in productivity were found for rice and modestly lowered ones for maize and wheat, whereas the soybean yield revealed an almost homogenously positive response to cover crop practices replacing bare-soil fallow periods. The obtained simulation results of cover crop with tillage practices exhibit a good ability of the model version to reproduce observed effects reported in other studies. Further, the results suggest that having no tillage is a suitable complementary practice to cover crops, enhancing soil carbon sequestration and the reduction in nitrogen leaching, while reducing potential trade-offs with the main-crop productivity due to their impacts on soil nitrogen and water dynamics. The spatial heterogeneity of simulated impacts of cover crops on the variables assessed here was related to the time period since the introduction of the management practice as well as to environmental and agronomic conditions of the cropland. This study supports findings of other studies, highlighting the substantial potential contribution of cover crop practices to the sustainable development of arable production.",2022,"Porwollik, V; <br>Porwollik, V; <br>Porwollik, V; <br>Rolinski, S; <br>Rolinski, S; <br>Heinke, J; <br>Heinke, J; <br>von Bloh, W; <br>von Bloh, W; <br>Schaphoff, S; <br>Schaphoff, S; <br>Muller, C; <br>Muller, C",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-957-2022","Article","BIOGEOSCIENCES"]
["Socio-Economic Determinants for Biochar Deployment in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania","Biochar may contribute to both agricultural productivity and atmospheric carbon dioxide removal. However, despite the many potential upsides of adding biochar to amend carbon-depleted soils in sub-Saharan Africa, deployment is largely lacking. This paper explores the socio-economic factors that can explain tendencies to avoid action. Based on a survey of 172 farming households, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions in the Mbeya and Songwe regions of Tanzania, which were targeted for a biochar aid program in 2014, several socio-economic drivers behind the continued use of biochar deployment were identified in this follow-up study. A key deployment driver was the increased crop yields, perceived to be the result of adding biochar to soils, increasing yields from 1 metric ton per hectare to 3 metric tons per hectare. Food security and family income were cited as the main reasons to engage in biochar production and use. Climate change mitigation and increased resilience were other key reasons that motivated adoption. In terms of socio-economic factors, farmers with low education and income, the majority being males aged 40-60 years, contributed to low adoption rates in the study area. Respondents often cited the alternative usage of biochar feedstocks, lack of government involvement or extension services, traditions, and farming customs as the main constraints limiting biochar deployment.",2022,"Rogers, PM; <br>Fridahl, M; <br>Yanda, P; <br>Hansson, A; <br>Pauline, N; <br>Haikola, S","biochar; socio-economic influence; food security; climate adaptation and mitigation","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010144","Article","ENERGIES"]
["Accounting for local temperature effect substantially alters afforestation patterns","Human intervention in forested ecosystems is hoped to perform a fundamental shift within the next decade by reverting current forest loss-a major source of CO2 emissions-to net forest gain taking up carbon and thus aiding climate change mitigation. The demanded extensive establishment of forests will change the local surface energy fluxes, and with it the local climate, in addition to competing with food and fiber production for land and water. Scenario building models encompass this competition for resources but have turned a blind eye to the biogeophysical (BGP) local surface energy flux disturbance so far. We combine the benefit of CO2 sequestration of afforestation/reforestation (A/R) with the additional incentive or penalty of local BGP induced cooling or warming by translating the local BGP induced temperature change to a CO2 equivalent. We then include this new aspect in the land-use model Model for Agricultural Production and their Impact on the Environment (MAgPIE) via modifying the application of the price on greenhouse gases (GHGs). This enables us to use MAgPIE to produce A/R scenarios that are optimized for both their potential CO2 sequestration and the CO2 equivalent local BGP effect, as well as the socio-economic trade-offs of A/R. Here we show that optimal A/R patterns are substantially altered by taking the local BGP effects into account. Considering local cooling benefits of establishing forests triples (+203.4%) the viable global A/R area in 2100 from 116 to 351 Mha under the conditions of the shared socioeconomic pathway 2 (SSP2) scenario driven by the same GHG price. Three quarters (76.0%, +179 Mha) of the additionally forested area is established in tropical climates alone. Therefore, a further neglect of BGP effects in scenario building models undervalues the benefit of tropical forests while simultaneously running the risk of proposing counterproductive measures at high latitudes. However, the induced focus on tropical forestation intensifies the competition with food production where forests contribute most to mitigation. A/R related trade-offs need to be considered alongside their climate benefit to inhibit unintentional harm of mitigation efforts.",2022,"Windisch, MG; <br>Windisch, MG; <br>Humpenoder, F; <br>Lejeune, Q; <br>Schleussner, CF; <br>Schleussner, CF; <br>Lotze-Campen, H; <br>Lotze-Campen, H; <br>Popp, A","afforestation; reforestation; biogeophysical effect; land-based mitigation; trade-offs","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac4f0e","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS"]
["Possibility for strong northern hemisphere high-latitude cooling under negative emissions","A strong decrease or collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation would cool down the northern high latitudes. This study reveals the possibility that such cooling could be amplified under deliberate CO2 removal from the atmosphere. It is well established that a collapse or strong reduction of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) would substantially cool the northern high latitudes. Here we show that there is a possibility that such cooling could be amplified under deliberate CO2 removal and result in a temporary undershoot of a targeted temperature level. We find this behaviour in Earth system models that show a strong AMOC decline in response to anthropogenic forcing. Idealized simulations of CO2 removal with one of these models indicate that the timing of negative emissions relative to AMOC decline and recovery is key in setting the strength of the temporary cooling. We show that the pronounced temperature-fluctuations at high northern latitudes found in these simulations would entail considerable consequences for sea-ice and permafrost extent as well as for high latitude ecosystems.",2022,"Schwinger, J; <br>Asaadi, A; <br>Goris, N; <br>Lee, H; <br>Lee, H",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28573-5","Article","NATURE COMMUNICATIONS"]
["Improving Effects of Afforestation with Different Forest Types on Soil Nutrients and Bacterial Community in Barren Hills of North China","Afforestation can improve soil nutrient content and microbial community structure, increase soil carbon sequestration, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, at present, there is a lack of research on the low hills and mountainous areas in North China. In order to scientifically evaluate the effect of afforestation recovery with different forest types on the improvement of the soil ecological system, the Fanggan ecological restoration in North China was taken as the research sample, and the coniferous forests, mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest quadrats and broad-leaved forests, as well as the contrast of barren hills bushes were set to achieve the research goals. Research results of different forest types on soil nutrient and bacterial community in the Fanggan ecological restoration area have shown that afforestation with broad-leaved forests most obviously improved the nutrition properties and bacterial community of soil. (1) Broad-leaved forest afforestation obviously improved water retention and ammonia nitrogen content but reduced the content of available phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen of surface soil. It also increased available phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen content of lower soil. (2) Broad-leaved forest afforestation significantly increased alpha-diversity of the bacterial community in surface soil, but only enhanced the Chao1 and ACE indices of lower soil. In addition, afforestation has also significantly changed the structure of soil bacterial community and beta-diversity index. (3) Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia accounted for the highest proportion of soil bacterial community. Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia occupied higher proportion in broad-leaved forests than in other forest types, while the proportion of Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria was the opposite. (4) Afforestation decreased cooperation and increased competition among bacteria of surface soil as well as increased coexistence and rejection among subsoil bacteria. (5) pH, ammonia nitrogen, organic carbon, and available phosphorus have exhibited a significant impact on the structure of bacterial community in the surface soil, while the bacterial community structure of the lower soil was mainly affected by pH and available phosphorus. Results have fully demonstrated the positive effects of broad-leaved forest on the restoration of soil nutrients and microbial community structure. Meanwhile, the important combinations of soil physical and chemical factors affecting soil bacterial community structure were also explored. The results can provide scientific basis for revealing the mechanism of soil organic matter, nutrient and ecological function restoration by artificial afforestation, and also offer theoretical support and practical reference for the restoration of artificial afforestation in the hilly and mountainous areas of North China.",2022,"Qiu, ZL; <br>Shi, C; <br>Zhao, MY; <br>Wang, KF; <br>Zhang, M; <br>Wang, TT; <br>Shi, FC","vegetation restoration; soil nutrition; soil bacteria community; diversity; high-throughput sequencing","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031202","Article","SUSTAINABILITY"]
["The global potential of forest restoration for drought mitigation","Forest restoration is increasingly applied as a climate change mitigation measure. Apart from sequestering carbon, the large-scale addition of trees on Earth may enhance global precipitation levels. Here we estimate the global precipitation effects of the global forest potential by estimating its effects on evaporation and simulating the downwind precipitation effect of the moisture added to the atmosphere. We find that maximum forestation would on average increase evaporation by 0.6 mm d(-1) and that two-thirds of that additional evaporation would rain out over land, especially during the growing season. Next, by excluding natural grasslands and prioritizing precipitation enhancement above areas that are projected to become drier due to global climate change, we establish where on Earth forest restoration would have the greatest precipitation benefits. Our results thus provide a first step towards forest restoration programs as double climate-change mitigation efforts.",2022,"Tuinenburg, OA; <br>Bosmans, JHC; <br>Staal, A","regreening; reforestation; climate change; moisture recycling","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac55b8","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS"]
["Carbon dioxide removal potential from decentralised bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and the relevance of operational choices","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) technology is expected to support net-zero targets by supplying low carbon energy while providing carbon dioxide removal (CDR). BECCS is estimated to deliver 20 to 70 MtCO2 annual negative emissions by 2050 in the UK, despite there are currently no BECCS operating facility. This research is modelling and demonstrating the flexibility, scalability and attainable immediate application of BECCS. The CDR potential for two out of three BECCS pathways considered by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios were quantified (i) modular-scale CHP process with post-combustion CCS utilising wheat straw and (ii) hydrogen production in a small-scale gasifier with pre-combustion CCS utilising locally sourced waste wood. Process modelling and lifecycle assessment were used, including a whole supply chain analysis. The investigated BECCS pathways could annually remove between ‚àí0.8 and ‚àí1.4 tCO2e tbiomass‚àí1 depending on operational decisions. Using all the available wheat straw and waste wood in the UK, a joint CDR capacity for both systems could reach about 23% of the UK's CDR minimum target set for BECCS. Policy frameworks prioritising carbon efficiencies can shape those operational decisions and strongly impact on the overall energy and CDR performance of a BECCS system, but not necessarily maximising the trade-offs between biomass use, energy performance and CDR. A combination of different BECCS pathways will be necessary to reach net-zero targets. Decentralised BECCS deployment could support flexible approaches allowing to maximise positive system trade-offs, enable regional biomass utilisation and provide local energy supply to remote areas. ¬© 2022 The Authors",2022,"Almena, A.; <br>Thornley, P.; <br>Chong, K.; <br>R√∂der, M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2022.106406","Article","Biomass Bioenergy"]
["Life-cycle assessment to unravel co-benefits and trade-offs of large-scale biochar deployment in Norwegian agriculture","Limiting temperature rise below 2 ¬∞C requires large deployment of Negative Emission Technologies (NET) to capture and store atmospheric CO2. Compared to other types of NETs, biochar has emerged as a mature option to store carbon in soils while providing several co-benefits and limited trade-offs. Existing life-cycle assessment studies of biochar systems mostly focus on climate impacts from greenhouse gasses (GHGs), while other forcing agents, effects on soil emissions, other impact categories, and the implications of a large-scale national deployment are rarely jointly considered. Here, we consider all these aspects and quantify the environmental impacts of application to agricultural soils of biochar from forest residues available in Norway considering different scenarios (including mixing of biochar with synthetic fertilizers and bio-oil sequestration for long-term storage). All the biochar scenarios deliver negative emissions under a life-cycle perspective, ranging from -1.72 ¬± 0.45 tonnes CO2-eq. ha‚àí1 yr‚àí1 to -7.18 ¬± 0.67 tonnes CO2-eq. ha‚àí1 yr‚àí1 (when bio-oil is sequestered). Estimated negative emissions are robust to multiple climate metrics and a large range of uncertainties tested with a Monte-Carlo analysis. Co-benefits exist with crop yields, stratospheric ozone depletion and marine eutrophication, but potential trade-offs occur with tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate formation, terrestrial acidification and ecotoxicity. At a national level, biochar has the potential to offset between 13% and 40% of the GHG emissions from the Norwegian agricultural sector. Overall, our study shows the importance of integrating emissions from the supply chain with those from agricultural soils to estimate mitigation potentials of biochar in specific regional contexts. ¬© 2021 The Author(s)",2022,"Tisserant, A.; <br>Morales, M.; <br>Cavalett, O.; <br>O'Toole, A.; <br>Weldon, S.; <br>Rasse, D.P.; <br>Cherubini, F.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106030","Article","Resour. Conserv. Recycl."]
["Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden","Biochar is a material derived from biomass pyrolysis that is used in urban applications. The environmental impacts of new biochar products have however not been assessed. Here, the life cycle assessments of 5 biochar products (tree planting, green roofs, landscaping soil, charcrete, and biofilm carrier) were performed for 7 biochar supply-chains in 2 energy contexts. The biochar products were benchmarked against reference products and oxidative use of biochar for steel production. Biochar demand was then estimated, using dynamic material flow analysis, for a new city district in Uppsala, Sweden. In a decarbonised energy system and with high biochar stability, all biochar products showed better climate performance than the reference products, and most applications outperformed biomass use for decarbonising steel production. The climate benefits of using biochar ranged from - 1.4 to - 0.11 tonne CO2-eq tonne(-1) biochar in a decarbonised energy system. In other environmental impact categories, biochar products had either higher or lower impacts than the reference products, depending on biochar supply chain and material substituted, with trade-offs between sectors and impact categories. However, several use-phase effects of biochar were not included in the assessment due to knowledge limitations. In Uppsala's new district, estimated biochar demand was around 1700 m(3) year(-1) during the 25 years of construction. By 2100, 23% of this biochar accumulated in landfill, raising questions about end-of-life management of biochar-containing products. Overall, in a post-fossil economy, biochar can be a carbon dioxide removal technology with benefits, but biochar applications must be designed to maximise co-benefits.",2022,"Azzi, ES; <br>Karltun, E; <br>Sundberg, C; <br>Sundberg, C","Biochar; Carbon dioxide removal; Urban areas; Bioeconomy; Life cycle assessment; Material flow analysis","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42773-022-00144-3","Article","BIOCHAR"]
["Economic potential for carbon sequestration by short rotation eucalypts using biochar in Florida, USA","Above- and below-ground carbon sequestration by Eucalyptus depends on management options, which in Florida include short rotation woody crops (SRWC) and windbreaks (WB). Applying growth and economic models to E. grandis and E. grandis x E. urophylla cultivars grown as SRWCs and to E. grandis cultivars in a related WB, with and without soil amendments including biochar (BC), we developed preliminary estimates of their carbon sequestration potentials. The cultivars may sequester over 10 Mg of C/ha/year as SRWCs. Under the assumed management costs and market conditions, SRWC management with BC will be more profitable than operational culture if BC application costs are <=$450/Mg. In WBs, E. grandis cultivars may sequester up to 34 Mg of C/ha in three years, with additional sequestration by amending soil with BC. Using BC, e. g., derived from eucalypts, as a soil amendment is both a long-term sequestration strategy and an opportunity to increase plantation and crop productivity.",2022,"Rockwood, DL; <br>Rockwood, DL; <br>Ellis, MF; <br>Fabbro, KW","Eucalyptus; Carbon sequestration; Economic potential; Short rotation woody crops; Biochar","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100187","Article","TREES FORESTS AND PEOPLE"]
["Soil carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation: Mineralization kinetics of organic inputs as an overlooked limitation","Over the last few years, the question of whether soil carbon sequestration could contribute significantly to climate change mitigation has been the object of numerous debates. All of these debates so far appear to have entirely overlooked a crucial aspect of the question. It concerns the short-term mineralization kinetics of fresh organic matter added to soils, which is occasionally alluded to in the literature, but is almost always subsumed in a broader modelling context. In the present article, we first summarise what is currently known about the kinetics of mineralization of plant residues added to soils, and about its modelling in the long run. We then argue that in the short run, this microbially-mediated process has important practical consequences that cannot be ignored. Specifically, since at least 90% of plant residues added to soils to increase their carbon content over the long term are mineralized relatively rapidly and are released as CO2 to the atmosphere, farmers would have to apply to their fields 10 times more organic carbon annually than what they would eventually expect to sequester. Over time, because of a well-known sink saturation effect, the multiplier may even rise significantly above 10, up to a point when no net carbon sequestration takes place any longer. The requirement to add many times more carbon than what one aims to sequester makes it practically impossible to add sufficient amounts of crop residues to soils to have a lasting, non-negligible effect on climate change. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that raising the organic matter content of soils is desirable for other reasons, in particular guaranteeing that soils will be able to keep fulfilling essential functions and services in spite of fast-changing environmental conditions.",2022,"Berthelin, J; <br>Laba, M; <br>Lemaire, G; <br>Powlson, D; <br>Tessier, D; <br>Wander, M; <br>Baveye, PC; <br>Baveye, PC","climate change mitigation; microbial activity; soil carbon modelling; soil functions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13221","Article","EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE"]
["Potential for hydrogen production from sustainable biomass with carbon capture and storage","Low-carbon hydrogen is an essential element in the transition to net-zero emissions by 2050. Hydrogen production from biomass is a promising bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) scheme that could produce low-carbon hydrogen and generate the carbon dioxide removal (CDR) envisioned to be required to offset hard-to-abate emissions. Here, we design a BECCS supply chain for hydrogen production from biomass with carbon capture and storage and quantify, at high spatial resolution, the technical potential for hydrogen production and CDR in Europe. We consider sustainable biomass feedstocks that have minimal impacts on food security and biodiversity, namely agricultural residues and waste. We find that this BECCS supply chain can produce up to 12.5 Mtons of H2 per year (currently ‚àº10 Mtons of H2 per year are used in Europe) and remove up to 133 Mtons CO2 per year from the atmosphere (or 3% of European total greenhouse gas emissions). We then perform a geospatial analysis to quantify transportation distances between where biomass feedstocks are located and potential hydrogen users, and find that 20% of hydrogen potential is located within 25 km from hard-to-electrify industries. We conclude that BECCS supply chains for hydrogen production from biomass represent an overlooked near-term opportunity to generate carbon dioxide removal and low-carbon hydrogen. ¬© 2022 The Authors",2022,"Rosa, L.; <br>Mazzotti, M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112123","Article","Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev"]
["Risk‚Äìrisk governance in a low-carbon future: Exploring institutional, technological, and behavioral tradeoffs in climate geoengineering pathways","Deliberations are underway to utilize increasingly radical technological options to help address climate change and stabilize the climatic system. Collectively, these options are often referred to as ‚Äúclimate geoengineering.‚Äù Deployment of such options, however, can create wicked tradeoffs in governance and require adaptive forms of risk management. In this study, we utilize a large and novel set of qualitative expert interview data to more deeply and systematically explore the types of risk‚Äìrisk tradeoffs that may emerge from the use of 20 different climate geoengineering options, 10 that focus on carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas removal, and 10 that focus on solar radiation management and reflecting sunlight. We specifically consider: What risks does the deployment of these options entail? What types of tradeoffs may emerge through their deployment? We apply a framework that clusters risk‚Äìrisk tradeoffs into institutional and governance, technological and environmental, and behavioral and temporal dimensions. In doing so, we offer a more complete inventory of risk‚Äìrisk tradeoffs than those currently available within the respective risk-assessment, energy-systems, and climate-change literatures, and we also point the way toward future research gaps concerning policy, deployment, and risk management. ¬© 2022 The Authors. Risk Analysis published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Risk Analysis.",2022,"Sovacool, B.K.; <br>Baum, C.M.; <br>Low, S.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.13932","Article","Risk Anal."]
["Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom","Achieving national targets for net-zero carbon emissions will require atmospheric carbon dioxide removal strategies compatible with rising agricultural production. One possible method for delivering on these goals is enhanced rock weathering, which involves modifying soils with crushed silicate rocks, such as basalt. Here we use dynamic carbon budget modelling to assess the carbon dioxide removal potential and agricultural benefits of implementing enhanced rock weathering strategies across UK arable croplands. We find that enhanced rock weathering could deliver net carbon dioxide removal of 6‚Äì30 MtCO2 yr‚àí1 for the United Kingdom by 2050, representing up to 45% of the atmospheric carbon removal required nationally to meet net-zero emissions. This suggests that enhanced rock weathering could play a crucial role in national climate mitigation strategies if it were to gain acceptance across national political, local community and farm scales. We show that it is feasible to eliminate the energy-demanding requirement for milling rocks to fine particle sizes. Co-benefits of enhanced rock weathering include substantial mitigation of nitrous oxide, the third most important greenhouse gas, widespread reversal of soil acidification and considerable cost savings from reduced fertilizer usage. Our analyses provide a guide for other nations to pursue their carbon dioxide removal ambitions and decarbonize agriculture‚Äîa key source of greenhouse gases. ¬© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.",2022,"Kantzas, E.P.; <br>Val Martin, M.; <br>Lomas, M.R.; <br>Eufrasio, R.M.; <br>Renforth, P.; <br>Lewis, A.L.; <br>Taylor, L.L.; <br>Mecure, J.-F.; <br>Pollitt, H.; <br>Vercoulen, P.V.; <br>Vakilifard, N.; <br>Holden, P.B.; <br>Edwards, N.R.; <br>Koh, L.; <br>Pidgeon, N.F.; <br>Banwart, S.A.; <br>Beerling, D.J.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00925-2","Article","Nat. Geosci."]
["Environmental performance of different sorbents used for direct air capture","Currently, conventional carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigation solutions may be insufficient to achieve the stringent environmental targets set for the coming decades. CO2 removal (CDR) technologies, such as direct air capture (DAC), capturing CO2 from the ambient air, are required. In this research, an independent life cycle assessment (LCA) of DAC adsorption systems based on three physisorbents (metal organic frameworks) and two chemisorbents (amine functionalized sorbents) is presented. These capture processes have been optimised by us in previous work. Results show that for the overall capture process, negative CO2 emissions are ensured by using a cellulose-based amine sorbent (cradle-to-gate) ensuring even the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere (cradle-to-grave). Processes using physisorbents have poorer performances. Chemisorbents yield operating conditions allowing lower impacts on the environment. In 2050, these processes could reduce climate change but can generate other environmental impacts. With the aim to have better environmental performances of DAC systems, future research should be focused on improving the physical properties of sorbents such as the silica gel based amine sorbent to increase their capture capacities. If metal organic frameworks are to be used, it is necessary to drop their energy consumption (by increasing the loading) and the required mass of sorbent. ¬© 2022 The Authors",2022,"Leonzio, G.; <br>Mwabonje, O.; <br>Fennell, P.S.; <br>Shah, N.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2022.04.004","Article","Sustain. Prod. Consum."]
["Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies","Meeting the 1.5‚Äâ¬∞C target may require removing up to 1,000 Gtonne CO2 by 2100 with Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs). We evaluate the impacts of Direct Air Capture and Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS and BECCS), finding that removing 5.9 Gtonne/year CO2 can prevent <9¬∑102 disability-adjusted life years per million people annually, relative to a baseline without NETs. Avoiding this health burden-similar to that of Parkinson's-can save substantial externalities (‚â§148 US$/tonne CO2), comparable to the NETs levelized costs. The health co-benefits of BECCS, dependent on the biomass source, can exceed those of DACCS. Although both NETs can help to operate within the climate change and ocean acidification planetary boundaries, they may lead to trade-offs between Earth-system processes. Only DACCS can avert damage to the biosphere integrity without challenging other biophysical limits (impacts ‚â§2% of the safe operating space). The quantified NETs co-benefits can incentivize their adoption. ¬© 2022. The Author(s).",2022,"Cobo, S.; <br>Gal√°n-Mart√≠n, √Å.; <br>Tulus, V.; <br>Huijbregts, M.A.J.; <br>Guill√©n-Gos√°lbez, G.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30136-7","Article","Nat Commun"]
["Future bioenergy expansion could alter carbon sequestration potential and exacerbate water stress in the United States","The maximum future projected bioenergy expansion potential, in scenarios limiting warming to 2¬∞C or below, is equivalent to half of present-day croplands. We quantify the impacts of large-scale bioenergy expansion against re/afforestation, which remain elusive, using an integrated human-natural system modeling framework with explicit representation of perennial bioenergy crops. The end-of-century net carbon sequestration due to bioenergy deployment coupled with carbon capture and storage largely depends on fossil fuel displacement types, ranging from 11.4 to 31.2 PgC over the conterminous United States. These net carbon sequestration benefits are inclusive of a 10 PgC carbon release due to land use conversions and a 2.4 PgC loss of additional carbon sink capacity associated with bioenergy-driven deforestation. Moreover, nearly one-fourth of U.S. land areas will suffer severe water stress by 2100 due to either reduced availability or deteriorated quality. These broader impacts of bioenergy expansion should be weighed against the costs and benefits of re/afforestation-based strategies.",2022,"Cheng, Y.; <br>Huang, M.; <br>Lawrence, D.M.; <br>Calvin, K.; <br>Lombardozzi, D.L.; <br>Sinha, E.; <br>Pan, M.; <br>He, X.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm8237","Article","Sci Adv"]
["Assessing the impacts of agricultural managements on soil carbon stocks, nitrogen loss, and crop production - a modelling study in eastern Africa","Improved agricultural management plays a vital role in protecting soils from degradation in eastern Africa. Changing practices such as reducing tillage, fertilizer use, or cover crops are expected to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, with climate change mitigation co-benefits, while increasing crop production. However, the quantification of cropland management effects on agricultural ecosystems remains inadequate in this region. Here, we explored seven management practices and their potential effects on soil carbon (C) pools, nitrogen (N) losses, and crop yields under different climate scenarios, using the dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS. The model performance is evaluated against observations from two long-term maize field trials in western Kenya and reported estimates from published sources. LPJ-GUESS generally produces soil C stocks and maize productivity comparable with measurements and mostly captures the SOC decline under some management practices that is observed in the field experiments. We found that for large parts of Kenya and Ethiopia, an integrated conservation agriculture practice (no-tillage, residue and manure application, and cover crops) increases SOC levels in the long term (+11g% on average), accompanied by increased crop yields (+22g%) in comparison to the conventional management. Planting nitrogen-fixing cover crops in our simulations is also identified as a promising individual practice in eastern Africa to increase soil C storage (+4g%) and crop production (+18g%), with low environmental cost of N losses (+24g%). These management impacts are also sustained in simulations of three future climate pathways. This study highlights the possibilities of conservation agriculture when targeting long-term environmental sustainability and food security in crop ecosystems, particularly for those with poor soil conditions in tropical climates. ¬© 2022 Jianyong Ma et al.",2022,"Ma, J.; <br>Rabin, S.S.; <br>Anthoni, P.; <br>Bayer, A.D.; <br>Nyawira, S.S.; <br>Olin, S.; <br>Xia, L.; <br>Arneth, A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2145-2022","Article","Biogeosciences"]
["Hedge and Alder-Based Agroforestry Systems: Potential Interventions to Carbon Sequestration and Better Crop Productivity in Indian Sub-Himalayas","Agroforestry systems (AFSs) have potential to combat climate change and to ensure food security. AFSs can sequester carbon and amend the organic matter, thereby enhancing the crop productivity. Carbon sequestration depends on the type of AFSs, climate, cropping pattern, and management practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate different AFSs for their potential to sequester carbon and impact on soil organic matter (SOM) in the eastern sub-Himalayas, India. Hedge-, alder-, and guava-based AFSs were established along with control (without any tree), and the maize‚Äìmustard‚Äìpotato cropping pattern was followed in each AFS. Soil samples were collected after the fifth crop cycle and further analyzed. The results showed that crop productivity was significantly higher in all the AFSs than control. On average, soil organic carbon (SOC) was found to be significantly higher by 62 and 64% in hedge-based AFSs as compared to guava-based AFSs and control, respectively, and at par with alder-based AFSs. Particulate organic carbon (POC) was higher in all the three AFSs than in the control. For microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) contents, the trend of AFSs was expressed as alder-based AFS &gt; hedge-based AFS &gt; guava-based AFS &gt; control. Hedge- and alder-based AFSs had higher SOC stocks than guava-based AFSs and control. Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 eq.) emissions were greater in control than hedge-based AFSs (35.2¬†Mg¬†ha‚àí1), followed by alder-based AFSs (28.6¬†Mg¬†ha‚àí1), and the lowest was observed in guava-based AFSs. On an average, hedge species accumulated more nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), which were 60, 12, and 28¬†kg¬†ha‚àí1 yr‚àí1, respectively. This conclusively proved that AFSs were significantly affecting SOM pools and crop productivity and had a significant role in carbon retention in the soil. Overall, hedge- and alder-based AFSs retained higher soil carbon, and hence, hedge- and alder-based AFSs may be promoted to achieve climate-smart agriculture practices in the acid soils of the Indian sub-Himalayan region. Copyright ¬© 2022 Parmar, Vishwakarma, Padbhushan, Kumar, Kumar, Kumari, Kumar Yadav, Giri, Kaviraj and Kumar.",2022,"Parmar, B.; <br>Vishwakarma, A.; <br>Padbhushan, R.; <br>Kumar, A.; <br>Kumar, R.; <br>Kumari, R.; <br>Kumar Yadav, B.; <br>Giri, S.P.; <br>Kaviraj, M.; <br>Kumar, U.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.858948","Article","Front. Environ. Sci."]
["Impact of bioenergy crop expansion on climate-carbon cycle feedbacks in overshoot scenarios","Stringent mitigation pathways frame the deployment of second-generation bioenergy crops combined with carbon capture and storage (CCS) to generate negative CO2 emissions. This bioenergy with CCS (BECCS) technology facilitates the achievement of the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. Here, we use five state-of-the-art Earth system models (ESMs) to explore the consequences of large-scale BECCS deployment on the climate-carbon cycle feedbacks under the CMIP6 SSP5-3.4-OS overshoot scenario keeping in mind that all these models use generic crop vegetation to simulate BECCS. First, we evaluate the land cover representation by ESMs and highlight the inconsistencies that emerge during translation of the data from integrated assessment models (IAMs) that are used to develop the scenario. Second, we evaluate the land-use change (LUC) emissions of ESMs against bookkeeping models. Finally, we show that an extensive cropland expansion for BECCS causes ecosystem carbon loss that drives the acceleration of carbon turnover and affects the CO2 fertilization effect- and climate-change-driven land carbon uptake. Over the 2000-2100 period, the LUC for BECCS leads to an offset of the CO2 fertilization effect-driven carbon uptake by 12.2g% and amplifies the climate-change-driven carbon loss by 14.6g%. A human choice on land area allocation for energy crops should take into account not only the potential amount of the bioenergy yield but also the LUC emissions, and the associated loss of future potential change in the carbon uptake. The dependency of the land carbon uptake on LUC is strong in the SSP5-3.4-OS scenario, but it also affects other Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios and should be taken into account by the IAM teams. Future studies should further investigate the trade-offs between the carbon gains from the bioenergy yield and losses from the reduced CO2 fertilization effect-driven carbon uptake where BECCS is applied. ¬© 2022 Irina Melnikova et al.",2022,"Melnikova, I.; <br>Boucher, O.; <br>Cadule, P.; <br>Tanaka, K.; <br>Gasser, T.; <br>Hajima, T.; <br>Quilcaille, Y.; <br>Shiogama, H.; <br>S√©f√©rian, R.; <br>Tachiiri, K.; <br>Vuichard, N.; <br>Yokohata, T.; <br>Ciais, P.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-779-2022","Article","Earth Syst. Dyn."]
["Biochar Application Increases Labile Carbon and Inorganic Nitrogen Supply in a Continuous Monocropping Soil","Biochar is an effective method for increasing soil carbon (C) sequestration and nitrogen (N) supply under continuous monocropping. To investigate the impact of biochar placement methods on soil C and N, a one-year field experiment with five treatments was conducted including control, mineral fertilizers only (F), biochar hole placement (BFH; biochar applied to the soil layer at 5‚Äì10 cm) + F, biochar band placement (BFB; biochar applied to the soil layer at 15‚Äì20 cm) + F, and biochar band and hole placement + F (BFBH). The results showed that, regardless of the placement method, biochar application increased soil total organic C (TOC) and C pool management index by 6.9‚Äì39.7% and 4.1‚Äì36.1%, respectively, especially for dissolved organic C (DOC; 6.9‚Äì51.3%), readily oxidizable C (ROC; 2.4‚Äì46.4%), and microbial biomass C (MBC; 10.4‚Äì41.7%). Single biochar placement methods significantly influenced DOC, MBC, and ROC contents of both soil layers in the rank order of BFH ‚âà BFBH &gt; BFB at 0‚Äì15 cm and BFB ‚âà BFBH &gt; BFH at 15‚Äì30 cm. Soil TN and microbial biomass N (MBN) mainly accumulated at the site of biochar placement. The increased soil TOC:TN and MBC:N ratios under biochar treatments promoted inorganic N immobilization and reduced the loss of ammonium N and nitrate N (NO3‚àí-N) through leaching at the early stage of tobacco growth. Biochar-adsorbed N was remobilized at a later period (vigorous growth stage and maturity), possibly causing the slow decrease in NO3‚àí-N content. Additionally, soil C and N pools were significantly influenced by the main effects of soil layer and growth stage. Overall, biochar application increased soil C and N pools and inorganic N supply through N remobilization. However, the increased labile organic C content and microbial activity may prevent C sequestration in biochar-amended soils. ¬© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",2022,"Huang, R.; <br>Li, B.; <br>Chen, Y.; <br>Tao, Q.; <br>Xu, Q.; <br>Wen, D.; <br>Gao, X.; <br>Li, Q.; <br>Tang, X.; <br>Wang, C.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11040473","Article","Land"]
["Climate change induces carbon loss of arable mineral soils in boreal conditions","One-fourth of the global soil organic carbon (SOC) is stored in the boreal region, where climate change is predicted to be faster than the global average. Planetary warming is accelerated if climate change promotes SOC release into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. However, the soil carbon-climate feedbacks have been poorly confirmed by SOC measurements despite their importance on global climate. In this study, we used data collected as part of the Finnish arable soil monitoring program to study the influence of climate change, management practices, and historical land use on changes in SOC content using a Bayesian approach. Topsoil samples (n¬†=¬†385) collected nationwide in 2009 and 2018 showed that SOC content has decreased at the rate of 0.35%¬†year‚àí1 on average. Based on the Bayesian modeling of our data, we can say with a certainty of 79%‚Äì91% that increase in summertime (May‚ÄìSep) temperature has resulted in SOC loss while increased precipitation has resulted in SOC loss with a certainty of 90%‚Äì97%. The exact percentages depend on the climate dataset used. Historical land use was found to influence the SOC content for decades after conversion to cropland. Former organic soils with a high SOC-to-fine-fraction ratio were prone to high SOC loss. In fields with long cultivation history (&gt;100¬†years), however, the SOC-to-fine-fraction ratio had stabilized to approximately 0.03‚Äì0.04 and the changes in SOC content leveled off. Our results showed that, although arable SOC sequestration can be promoted by diversifying crop rotations and by cultivating perennial grasses, it is unlikely that improved management practices are sufficient to counterbalance the climate change-induced SOC losses in boreal conditions. This underlines the importance of the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to avoid the acceleration of planetary warming. ¬© 2022 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.",2022,"Heikkinen, J.; <br>Keskinen, R.; <br>Kostensalo, J.; <br>Nuutinen, V.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16164","Article","Global Change Biol."]
["Large-scale tree planting initiatives as an opportunity to derive carbon and biodiversity co-benefits: a case study from Aotearoa New Zealand","Planting trees is widely regarded as an important part of climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. As a result, large-scale tree planting projects have been initiated around the world. However, a number of these initiatives have unintentionally opened up risks to native forests and biodiversity while increasing exotic tree cover. Using the Aotearoa New Zealand One Billion Trees programme as a case study we reflect on what trees are being incentivised by these projects and the downstream impacts of how these projects are realised. We suggest ten recommendations for how these initiatives could be adapted to avoid perverse outcomes for native species while jointly achieving our carbon and biodiversity goals: (1) Diversify strategies-protect first, restore second, plant third; (2) Consider net change in trees-do not just count trees planted; (3) Consider the co-benefits of carbon and biodiversity from the outset; (4) Consider the broader landscape; (5) Consider the carbon and biodiversity benefits of soil; (6) Consider the importance of existing carbon stocks; (7) Consider potential impacts to non-tree ecosystems; (8) Consider the longevity of the future forest; (9) Support landowners in planting and maintaining native trees; (10) Remember that climate goals cannot be achieved by planting trees alone. We believe these recommendations are critical for improving the outcomes of the One Billion Trees programme in Aotearoa New Zealand, while providing important insights relevant to other tree planting initiatives around the world.",2022,"Suryaningrum, F; <br>Jarvis, RM; <br>Buckley, HL; <br>Hall, D; <br>Case, BS","Tree-planting initiatives; One billion trees; Carbon sequestration; Biodiversity co-benefits; Climate change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11056-021-09883-w","Article","NEW FORESTS"]
["Country-level potential of carbon sequestration and environmental benefits by utilizing crop residues for biochar implementation","Conversion of biomass into biofuel and biochar with a subsequent soil storage is assumed as a prospective strategy of reducing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, substantial uncertainties exist in this field regarding the country-level potential of biochar carbon sequestration, indirect effects of biochar implementation on overall environment, and dominating factors. This study conducted a life cycle assessment of country-wide incorporation of biochar in agriculture, and associated potential benefits. Results showed that over 920 kg CO2e (CO2-equivalent) could be sequestrated via converting 1 t of crop residues into biochar. As an example, based on crop residues availability statistics for China in 2014, the estimated annual carbon sequestration potential could be as high as 0.50 Pg CO2e (1 Pg = 1 √ó 109 t). The most significant potential for biochar carbon sequestration was identified in the central south, east and northeast of China, which contributed 65% of the national biochar carbon sequestration potential. The biochar system could also contribute to mitigation of the following environmental problems: marine aquatic biodiversity destruction, surface soil and water acidification, etc. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that biochar yield, carbon content in biochar, electricity conversion efficiencies of bio-oil and pyrolysis gas were the critical parameters determining the biochar system's overall carbon sequestration potential and environmental effects. This study provides guidance on evaluating biochar's potential carbon sequestration capacity and comprehensive environmental impacts, as well as research and development needs. ¬© 2020",2021,"Yang, Q.; <br>Ma≈°ek, O.; <br>Zhao, L.; <br>Nan, H.; <br>Yu, S.; <br>Yin, J.; <br>Li, Z.; <br>Cao, X.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116275","Article","Appl. Energy"]
["Co-benefits in biodiversity conservation and carbon stock during forest regeneration in a preserved tropical landscape","To counter increasing CO2 emissions and plant biodiversity loss, ecological restoration has been proposed as a means to sequester carbon as well as to increase species diversity in tropical landscapes. Here we examine how natural regeneration is associated with changing plant diversity and carbon stocks in the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil. Aboveground carbon stocks and plant species diversity (using taxonomic, functional, phylogenetic and conservation metrics) were estimated in areas undergoing natural regeneration, ranging in age from seven to &gt;80 years. Aboveground carbon, diversity and conservation metrics increase rapidly and concomitantly over time during forest natural regeneration, but even with carbon increase over time, we found the maximum taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity possible for the region. These results show the importance of considering regeneration as an alternative to increase carbon stocks, diversity, and species conservation in carbon-focused restoration plans. Our results showed co-benefits between carbon stocks, diversity, and conservation. Diversity (taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic) increases along with carbon stocks, but functional evenness does not. Age of the areas also influences co-benefits, as they increase over time. Thus, we demonstrate that ecological restoration not only sequesters carbon and has benefits with respect to climate change but is also responsible for increasing biodiversity and conservation. This mutualism between different benefits of natural regeneration attends to a variety of international concerns. ¬© 2021 Elsevier B.V.",2021,"Salete Capellesso, E.; <br>Cequinel, A.; <br>Marques, R.; <br>Luisa Sausen, T.; <br>Bayer, C.; <br>Marques, M.C.M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119222","Article","For. Ecol. Manage."]
["The economics of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) deployment in a 1.5 ¬∞C or 2 ¬∞C world","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and afforestation are key negative emission technologies suggested in many studies under 2 ¬∞C or 1.5 ¬∞C scenarios. However, these large-scale land-based approaches have raised concerns about their economic impacts, particularly their impact on food prices, as well as their environmental impacts. Here we focus on quantifying the potential scale of BECCS and its impact on the economy, taking into account technology and economic considerations, but excluding sustainability and political aspects. To do so, we represent all major components of BECCS technology in the MIT Economic Projection and Policy Analysis model. We find that BECCS could make a substantial contribution to emissions reductions in the second half of the century under 1.5 and 2 ¬∞C climate stabilization goals, with its deployment driven by revenues from carbon dioxide permits. Results show that global economic costs and the carbon prices needed to hit the stabilization targets are substantially lower with the technology available, and BECCS acts as a true backstop technology at carbon prices around $240 per tonne of carbon dioxide. If driven by economics alone, BECCS deployment increases the use of productive land for bioenergy production, causing substantial land use changes. However, the projected impact on commodity prices is quite limited at the global scale, with global commodity price indices increasing by less than 5% on average. The effect is larger at the regional scale (up to 15% in selected regions), though significantly lower than previous estimates. While BECCS deployment is likely to be constrained for environmental and/or political reasons, this study shows that the large-scale deployment of BECCS is not detrimental to agricultural commodity prices and could reduce the costs of meeting stabilization targets. Still, it is crucial that policies consider carbon dioxide removal as a complement to drastic carbon dioxide emissions reductions, while establishing a credible accounting system and sustainable limits on BECCS. ¬© 2021 Elsevier Ltd",2021,"Fajardy, M.; <br>Morris, J.; <br>Gurgel, A.; <br>Herzog, H.; <br>Mac Dowell, N.; <br>Paltsev, S.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102262","Article","Global Environ. Change"]
["Adaptive multi-paddock grazing enhances soil carbon and nitrogen stocks and stabilization through mineral association in southeastern US grazing lands","Grassland soils are a large reservoir of soil carbon (C) at risk of loss due to overgrazing in conventional grazing systems. By promoting regenerative grazing management practices that aim to increase soil C storage and soil health, grasslands have the potential to help alleviate rising atmospheric CO2 as well as sustain grass productivity across a vast area of land. Previous research has shown that rotational grazing, specifically adaptive multipaddock (AMP) grazing that utilizes short-duration rotational grazing at high stocking densities, can increase soil C stocks in grassland ecosystems, but the extent and mechanisms are unknown. We conducted a large-scale on-farm study on five ?across the fence? pairs of AMP and conventional grazing (CG) grasslands covering a spectrum of southeast United States grazing lands. We quantified soil C and nitrogen (N) stocks, their isotopic and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy signatures as well as their distribution among soil organic matter (SOM) physical fractions characterized by contrasting mechanisms of formation and persistence in soils. Our findings show that the AMP grazing sites had on average 13% (i.e., 9 Mg C ha-1) more soil C and 9% (i.e., 1 Mg N ha-1) more soil N compared to the CG sites over a 1 m depth. Additionally, the stocks? difference was mostly in the mineral-associated organic matter fraction in the A-horizon, suggesting long-term persistence of soil C in AMP grazing farms. The higher N stocks and lower 15N abundance of AMP soils also point to higher N retention in these systems. These findings provide evidence that AMP grazing is a management strategy to sequester C in the soil and retain N in the system, thus contributing to climate change mitigation.",2021,"Mosier, S; <br>Mosier, S; <br>Apfelbaum, S; <br>Byck, P; <br>Byck, P; <br>Calderon, F; <br>Teague, R; <br>Thompson, R; <br>Cotrufo, MF; <br>Cotrufo, MF","Adaptive multi-paddock grazing; Soil carbon sequestration; Mineral-associated organic matter; Soil nitrogen","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112409","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT"]
["Evaluating the use of BECCS and afforestation under China's carbon-neutral target for 2060","Almost all global scenarios under ambitious climate targets rely on the deployment of negative emission technologies (NETs). Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and afforestation are two promising NET options. However, their roles in most countries' deep decarbonization pathways and the potential economic and environmental implications have not been fully investigated. Besides, broad economic interactions and complex technical information of NETs bring challenges for traditional top-down or bottom-up models. To address the methodological issues, we integrate energy technology details into a macroeconomic framework and develop a national hybrid computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for China. Based on this, insights are provided into the deployment scale of BECCS and afforestation in China's mitigation pathways towards carbon neutrality by 2060, as well as the induced macroeconomic and land-use consequences. The results indicate that NETs are necessary for realizing carbon neutrality. BECCS would enter the market around 2030 and the share of negative emissions provided by it would reach about 79% in 2060. The carbon removals in 2060 would be 2,118 MtCO(2)yr(-1), 170 MtCO(2)yr(-1), and 617 MtCO(2)yr(-1) from bioelectricity with CCS, biofuel with CCS, and afforestation, respectively. When only BECCS is deployed as NET, more fossil energy needs to be phased out and renewable energy would take larger market shares. In 2060, most biomass would consist of cellulosic crops (43-47%) and residues (49-52%). Cropland would decrease by 6.9-8.3% due to land competition caused by NET deployment. GDP loss would be 6.4% in 2060 to reach near-zero without NETs. If BECCS and afforestation are both adopted, GDP loss would be alleviated to 4.8%. This study supplements the existing global literature to identify the local feasibility and trade-offs of NET expansion.",2021,"Weng, YW; <br>Cai, WJ; <br>Cai, WJ; <br>Wang, C","Land-based mitigation; Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS); Afforestation; Negative emission; Carbon-neutral; Computable general equilibrium (CGE) model","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117263","Article","APPLIED ENERGY"]
["Influence of two management practices in the Canadian Prairies on radiative forcing","Surface albedo and soil carbon sequestration are influenced by agricultural management practices which impact the Earth's radiation budget and climate change. In this study we investigate the impact of reduced summer fallowing and reduced tillage in the Canadian Prairies on climate change by estimating the change in radiative forcing due to albedo and soil carbon sequestration. Seasonal variations of albedo, which are dependent on agricultural management practices and soil colour in three soil zones, were derived from 10-day composite 250-m Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. Using this information, we found an overall increase of surface albedo due to the conversion from summer fallowing to continuous cropping and from conventional tillage (CT) to either no-tillage (NT) or reduced tillage (RT). The increase was dependent on soil brightness, type of vegetation and snow cover. Using data from the Census of Agriculture and taking into consideration both albedo and soil carbon changes, we estimated that from 1981 to 2016, the total radiative forcing for the cropland area in the Canadian Prairies was -405 mu W m(-2) due to the conversion of CT to either NT or RT and about 70% was due to the change in albedo. During the same period, the total radiative forcing was -410 mu W m(-2) due to a reduction in the area under summer fallow and about 62% was due to the change in albedo. The equivalent atmospheric CO2 drawdown from these two management changes from albedo change was about 7.8 and 8.7 Tg CO2 yr(-1), respectively. These results demonstrate that it is important to consider both the changes of soil carbon and surface albedo in evaluating climate change impacts due to agricultural management practices. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2021,"Liu, J; <br>Worth, DE; <br>Desjardins, RL; <br>Haak, D; <br>McConkey, B; <br>Cerkowniak, D","Summer fallow; Reduced tillage; Radiative forcing; Soil carbon sequestration; Albedo; MODIS","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142701","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT"]
["The water footprint of carbon capture and storage technologies","Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is an important technology to reduce fossil CO2 emissions and remove CO2 from the atmosphere. Scenarios for CCS deployment consistent with global climate goals involve gigatonne-scale deployment of CCS within the next several decades. CCS technologies typically involve large water consumption during their energy-intensive capture process. Despite potential concerns, the water footprint of large-scale CCS adoption consistent with stringent climate change mitigation has not yet been explored. This study presents the water footprints (m(3) water per tonne CO2 captured) of four prominent CCS technologies: Post-combustion CCS, Pre-combustion CCS, Direct Air CCS, and Bioenergy with CCS. Depending on technology, the water footprint of CCS ranges from 0.74 to 575 m(3) H2O/tonne CO2. Bioenergy with CCS is the technology that has the highest water footprint per tonne CO2 captured, largely due to the high water requirements associated with transpiration. The widespread deployment of CCS to meet the 1.5 degrees C climate target would almost double anthropogenic water footprint. Consequently, this would likely exacerbate and create green and blue water scarcity conditions in many regions worldwide. Climate mitigation scenarios with a diversified portfolio of CCS technologies have lower impacts on water resources than scenarios relying mainly on one of them. The water footprint assessment of CCS is a crucial factor in evaluating these technologies. Water-scarce regions should prioritize water-efficient CCS technologies in their mitigation goals. In conclusion, the most water-efficient way to stabilize the Earth's climate is to rapidly decarbonize our energy systems and improve energy efficiency.",2021,"Rosa, L; <br>Sanchez, DL; <br>Realmonte, G; <br>Baldocchi, D; <br>D'Odorico, P","Water footprint; Carbon dioxide removal; Carbon capture and storage; Negative emission technologies; Water scarcity; Sustainability; Climate change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110511","Article","RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS"]
["No-tillage with rye cover crop can reduce net global warming potential and yield-scaled global warming potential in the long-term organic soybean field","No-tillage (NT) and the introduction of cover crops, owing to their positive effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and crop yields, are potential agricultural practices that both support food security under the new realities of climate change and alleviate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the effects of the combination of long-term NT systems and cover crops on non-carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and SOC sequestration have not been adequately documented, particularly in East Asia. We conducted a split-plot field experiment involving two tillage systems [NT and moldboard plowing (MP)] and three cover crops, namely, fallow (FA), hairy vetch (HV), and rye (RY). NT had slightly higher soybean yield than MP, although tillage methods and cover crop treatments had no significant effects on soybean yield. Cover crop treatments rather than tillage methods significantly affected methane (CH4) emissions; under FA and RY treatments, we observed CH4 uptakes, whereas under HV, we observed CH4 emissions. In contrast, rather than cover crop treatments, tillage methods affected nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Higher WFPS and soil bulk density under NT resulted in significantly higher annual N2O emissions than those under MP. However, under NT, the annual SOC sequestration rate significantly increased compared with that under MP, the global warming potential (GWP) caused by CH4 and N2O emissions was fully offset by net CO2 retention under NT. Additionally, treatment under NT reduced net GWP and yield-scaled GWP to a significantly greater degree than did treatment under MP. Treatments under NT with RY cover crop had the lowest net GWP (-2324 kg CO2 equivalent ha(-1) year(-1)) and yield-scaled GWP (-1037 kg CO2 equivalent Mg-1 soybean yield). These findings suggest that treatments under NT with cover crop systems-especially RY cover crop-in the long-term organic soybean field maintains sustainable crop production and reduces net GWP and yield-scaled GWP, which will be an effective climate-smart agriculture practice in the humid, subtropical regions prevailing in Kanto, Japan.",2021,"Gong, YT; <br>Li, PR; <br>Sakagami, N; <br>Komatsuzaki, M","No-tillage; Cover crop; Greenhouse gas emission; Global warming potential; Carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2020.104747","Article","SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH"]
["Effects of afforestation with different species on carbon pools and soil and forest floor properties","Land use and land use change are factors that affect carbon and nutrient stocks in ecosystems. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of forest land use types on carbon pools and soil and forest floor features. This study was conducted in areas afforested with black pine (Pinus nigra Am. subsp. pallasiana Lamb. Holmboe) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and on adjacent bare land within the Akdag Nature Park, which is located in the West-Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. Three 20 x 20 m sample plots were selected within each forest land use, and the diameters at breast height and heights of all trees were measured. Tree biomass and carbon stocks in the unit areas were calculated using tree biomass equations, and carbon conversion factors were developed for two tree species. Within each sample plot, disturbed and core soil samples and forest floor samples were taken at three points at depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm. The physical and chemical properties of the soil and forest floor samples were determined in the laboratory and measurements were converted to a unit area using volume values. The data were evaluated using independent sample t-tests and analysis of variance. The results showed that the ecosystem carbon (C) stocks differed significantly with forest land use type; black pine plantations, Scots pine plantations and bare land accumulated 235.2 t C ha(-1), 206.1 t C ha(-1) and 37.4 t C ha(-1), respectively. We found that in addition to the positive effect of afforestation on soil, black pine had a greater impact on some forest floor and soil characteristics in the region than Scots pine. Thus, we suggest that priority should be given to black pine in afforestation of the region and in other ecosystems with similar climates. Additionally, our results reveal the importance of afforestation on bare lands for reducing the impact of global climate change.",2021,"Guner, ST; <br>Erkan, N; <br>Karatas, R","Land-use change; Pinus nigra; Pinus sylvestris; Ecosystem; Carbon pools; Nutrient stocks","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104871","Article","CATENA"]
["Assessment of future potential carbon sequestration and water consumption in the construction area of the Three-North Shelterbelt Programme in China","In the background of global warming, the carbon stock of afforestation is increasingly important. However, afforestation may consume large amounts of water, putting pressure on regional water resources. How to balance the carbon stock and water consumption of afforestation is a vital problem throughout the world. The Three-North Shelterbelt may be a vital carbon pool in the future while consuming a large amount of water. Therefore, it is urgent to predict and evaluate the future carbon stock potential and water consumption of the Three-North Shelterbelt. Indicator system assessment and MaxEnt are used to predict the potential forest habitat in the construction area of the Three-North Shelterbelt program. The results show that the area of the potential forest habitat is 0.58 million km(2) in the indicator system assessment. The potential forest habitat area totals 2.22 million km(2) in the MaxEnt results, including a poorly suitable habitat with an area of 1.35 million km(2). Scenario-I is the hypothetical forest structure based on indicator system assessment, and scenarios-II and scenarios-III are based on the suitability level of MaxEnt model results. the potential carbon stock in scenario-I is 0.71 billion Mg, and its potential water consumption in the forest growing season is 261.36 billion m(3). The potential carbon stock in scenario-II and scenario-III is 3.54 billion Mg and 1.19 billion Mg, and the potential water consumption is 625.83 billion m(3) and 631.28 billion m(3), respectively. There is a strong correlation between carbon stock and water consumption, with a correlation coefficient of more than 0.718. Three-North Shelterbelt construction may bring huge carbon sink benefits, but it may also bring huge pressure to local water security.",2021,"Zhang, DN; <br>Zhang, DN; <br>Zuo, XX; <br>Zang, CF","Three-North region in China; Maximum entropy model; Carbon sequestration; Transpiration; Shelterbelt forest","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108377","Article","AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY"]
["Consumptive life cycle water use of biomass-to-power plants with carbon capture and sequestration","Biomass-to-power conversion provides the most promising route to bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration (BECCS). The objectives of this study are to estimate the water consumption of biomass-to-power plants with CCS and then quantify its variability and uncertainty on a life cycle basis. The fuel-based life cycle analysis reveals that compared to the case of complete coal combustion with CCS, co-firing biomass at coal-fired power plants with CCS significantly increases the life cycle blue water consumption, depending on the type, cofiring rate, and production location of biomass; and dedicated biomass combustion with CCS further increases the life cycle blue water consumption by a factor of more than 55. Among the numerous stages across both the coal and biomass fuel cycles, the biomass production is the dominant stage accounting for more than 70% of the life cycle blue water consumption for the co-firing path and about 98% for the dedicated biomass-to-power path. These results indicate the importance of advancing agricultural practices and technologies to reduce the overall water consumption. Large-scale BECCS deployment may pose a challenge for water sustainability. Thus, this study calls for a strong need for a close coordination of technology, resource, and policy in transition to a sustainable net-zero carbon energy future.",2021,"Wu, ZT; <br>Zhai, HB; <br>Zhai, HB","Bioenergy; Carbon capture and sequestration; Biomass-to-power; Life cycle blue water consumption; Co-firing; Dedicated biomass; Energy crops; Agricultural residues","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117702","Article","APPLIED ENERGY"]
["Long-term effects of gasification biochar application on soil functions in a Mediterranean agroecosystem: Higher addition rates sequester more carbon but pose a risk to soil faunal communities","Biochar applications can have important implications for many of the soil functions upon which agroecosystems rely, particularly regarding organic carbon storage. This study evaluated the impacts of adding a highly aromatic gasification biochar at different rates (0, 12 and 50 t ha(-1)) to a barley crop on the provision of crucial soil functions (carbon sequestration, water content, greenhouse gas emissions, nutrient cycling, soil food web functioning, and food production). After natural ageing in the field for six years, a wide range of soil properties representative of the studied soil functions were measured and integrated into a soil quality index. Results showed that C sequestration increased with biochar rate (23 and 68% higher than in the control for the 12 and 50 t biochar ha(-1) treatments, respectively). Water content was enhanced at the 50 t ha(-1) treatment depending on the sampling date. Despite biochar additions neither abating nor increasing CO2 equivalent emissions (carbon dioxide plus nitrous oxide and methane), the system shifted from being a methane sink (-0.017 +/- 0.01 mg CH4-C m(-2) h(-1) at the 12 t ha(-1) treatment), to a net source (0.025 +/- 0.02 mg CH4-Cm-2 h(-1) at the 50 t ha(-1) treatment). In addition, biochar ageing provoked a loss of nitrate mitigation potential, and indeed ammonium production was stimulated at the 50 t ha(-1) rate. The 50 t ha(-1) treatment also adversely affected nematode and collembolan functional diversity. Lastly, biochar did not affect barley yield. The results of the soil quality index indicated that no biochar treatment provided more benefits to our agricultural soil, and, although the 50 t ha(-1) treatment increased C sequestration, this was potentially offset by its harmful effects on soil faunal communities. Therefore, application of this biochar at high rates should be avoided to prevent risks to soil biological communities. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2021,"Llovet, A; <br>Llovet, A; <br>Mattana, S; <br>Chin-Pampillo, J; <br>Chin-Pampillo, J; <br>Chin-Pampillo, J; <br>Gasco, G; <br>Sanchez, S; <br>Mondini, C; <br>Briones, MJI; <br>Marquez, L; <br>Marquez, L; <br>Alcaniz, JM; <br>Alcaniz, JM; <br>Ribas, A; <br>Ribas, A; <br>Domene, X; <br>Domene, X","Gasification biochar; Soil functions; Ageing; Soil food web; Greenhouse gas; Nutrient cycling","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149580","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT"]
["Effect of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse biochar on soil properties and sugar beet production","Recently, biochar has shown to be an alternative to waste disposal and a source of nutrients, acting as a soil amendment. The effects of two types of biochar on soil properties and sugar beet production as well as potential for carbon (C) sequestration were evaluated: biochar produced from sewage sludge (SB) and biochar produced from a 1:1 mixture of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse (MB). A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted using a sandy loam soil from the Brazilian savanna under treatments of MB applications at 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10.0%, SB application at 5.0%, and a conventional fertilization (CF) using lime and mineral fertilizers, with no fertilization as a control. After incubation for 45 d, seedlings were transplanted into each pot and cultivated for 55 d. Biochar characterization showed that pyrolysis reduced the biomass volume drastically, but concentrated the trace elements per unit of biochar weight. The MB treatments increased soil total C (by 27.8%) and pH (by 0.6), reduced the concentrations of nutrients, except for potassium (K), and chromium (Cr), and did not significantly alter lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations. Results of stable isotopes showed that all biochar treatments increased the total soil C stock and stability, suggesting a potential for application in C sequestration, and improved overall soil fertility. However, the biochar treatments also increased the concentrations of trace elements in the soil and plants. The sugar beet yields at 10.0% MB and 5.0% SB corresponded to 55% and 29% of the yield obtained in the CF treatment, respectively. These results may be due to biochar nutrients not being bioavailable when required by plants or to biochar nutrient adsorption.",2021,"Alves, BSQ; <br>Zelaya, KPS; <br>Colen, F; <br>Frazao, LA; <br>Napoli, A; <br>Parikh, SJ; <br>Fernandes, LA","carbon sequestration; food safety; organic wastes; plant fertilizers; soil fertility; soil organic matter fractions; stable isotopes; waste management","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(21)60003-6","Article","PEDOSPHERE"]
["Biochar as multi-purpose sustainable technology: experiences from projects in Tanzania","Biochar was recently included as a promising negative emissions technology (NET) in the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 degrees C published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Unlike other NETs, it can potentially be used to mitigate global climate change while adding to local resilience in countries highly exposed and sensitive to impacts of climate change, such as least-developed countries (LDCs). The study is as an empirical contribution to the, as of yet, underdeveloped literature on deployment of negative emissions technologies in LDCs in general and on biochar use in developing countries and LDCs specifically. Nine historical and existing biochar projects in Tanzania are mapped in order to analyse problems, goals and common trade-offs associated with small- to medium-scale biochar production in LDCs. The mapping is based on a literature and document study, interviews with project actors, and on-site visits to biochar projects during 2019. The paper gives support to the observation made in the biochar literature that while biochar has many potential socio-economic and environmental benefits, combining them in one single project is difficult. It is concluded that implementing biochar projects in Tanzania will likely involve trade-offs between the development and subsistence strategies and needs of local communities, the motivational forces of different project participants, and the uneven regulatory capacity of the state. We end by reflecting on the use of biochar projects to offset carbon emissions made elsewhere.",2021,"Hansson, A; <br>Hansson, A; <br>Haikola, S; <br>Haikola, S; <br>Fridahl, M; <br>Fridahl, M; <br>Yanda, P; <br>Mabhuye, E; <br>Pauline, N","Biochar; Least-developed country; Tanzania; Biowaste; Negative carbon dioxide emissions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00809-8","Article","ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY"]
["Carbon-dioxide Removal and Biodiversity: A Threat Identification Framework","Carbon-dioxide removal (CDR) technologies offer the potential to contribute to the restoration and protection of natural ecosystems, the achievement of development goals and the safeguarding of human wellbeing. However, these technologies can also present risks to biodiversity, particularly those techniques that depend on large-scale manipulation of ecosystems and earth-system processes. Debates around the development of these technologies have historically focused on the dichotomy between the need to expand the knowledge base on all options related to emerging technologies, and the concern that research represents a slippery slope to deployment. This paper introduces a new approach to governing CDR research - one based on threat identification. We present a framework for assessing the impacts (positive or negative) on biodiversity and ecosystems from a spectrum of CDR interventions, so as to prioritize research to those CDR options that present minimal threats to biodiversity. Application of the framework indicates that while many CDR interventions present threats to biodiversity, certain options, such as regenerative CDR, may have positive impacts.",2021,"Dooley, K; <br>Harrould-Kolieb, E; <br>Talberg, A",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12828","Article","GLOBAL POLICY"]
["Life-cycle assessment of an industrial direct air capture process based on temperature‚Äìvacuum swing adsorption","Current climate targets require negative carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Direct air capture is a promising negative emission technology, but energy and material demands lead to trade-offs with indirect emissions and other environmental impacts. Here, we show by life-cycle assessment that the commercial direct air capture plants in Hinwil and Hellishei√∞i operated by Climeworks can already achieve negative emissions today, with carbon capture efficiencies of 85.4% and 93.1%. The climate benefits of direct air capture, however, depend strongly on the energy source. When using low-carbon energy, as in Hellishei√∞i, adsorbent choice and plant construction become more important, inducing up to 45 and 15 gCO2e per kilogram CO2 captured, respectively. Large-scale deployment of direct air capture for 1% of the global annual CO2 emissions would not be limited by material and energy availability. However, the current small-scale production of amines for the adsorbent would need to be scaled up by more than an order of magnitude. Other environmental impacts would increase by less than 0.057% when using wind power and by up to 0.30% for the global electricity mix forecasted for 2050. Energy source and efficiency are essential for direct air capture to enable both negative emissions and low-carbon fuels. ¬© 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.",2021,"Deutz, S.; <br>Bardow, A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-00771-9","Article","Nat. Energy"]
["Small-scale biochar production on Swedish farms: A model for estimating potential, variability, and environmental performance","Several small-scale pyrolysis plants have been installed on Swedish farms and uptake is increasing in the Nordic countries. Pyrolysis plants convert biomass to biochar for agricultural applications and syngas for heating applications. These projects are driven by ambitions of achieving carbon dioxide removal, reducing environmental impacts, and improving farm finances and resilience. Before policy support for on-farm pyrolysis projects is implemented, a comprehensive environmental evaluation of these systems is needed. Here, a model was developed to jointly: (i) simulate operation of on-farm energy systems equipped with pyrolysis units; (ii) estimate biochar production potential and its variability under different energy demand situations and designs; and (iii) calculate life cycle environmental impacts. The model was applied to a case study farm in Sweden. The farm's heating system achieved net carbon dioxide removal through biochar carbon sequestration, but increased its impact in several other environmental categories, mainly due to increased biomass throughput. Proper dimensioning of heat-constrained systems is key to ensure optimal biochar production, as biochar production potential of the case farm was reduced under expected climate change in Sweden. To improve the environmental footprint of future biochar systems, it is crucial that expected co-benefits from biochar use in agriculture are realised. The model developed here is available for application to other cases. ¬© 2020 The Author(s)",2021,"Azzi, E.S.; <br>Karltun, E.; <br>Sundberg, C.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124873","Article","J. Clean. Prod."]
["CO2 utilisation in agricultural greenhouses: A novel ‚Äòplant to plant‚Äô approach driven by bioenergy with carbon capture systems within the energy, water and food Nexus","Securing the growing populations' demand for food energy and water whilst adapting to climate change is extremely challenging. In this regard, bioenergy coupled with carbon capture and storage or utilisation (BECCS/U) is an attractive solution for meeting both the population demand, and offsetting CO2 emissions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of BECCS/U pathways utilising CO2 for agricultural enrichment in enhancing food systems and reducing GHG emissions within the energy, water and food nexus concept. The study bridges negative emissions with CO2 fertilisation within an integrated system. It consists of a source of CO2 represented by a biomass-based integrated gasification combined cycle with carbon capture, a CO2 network for a sustainable CO2 supply, and a CO2 sink characterised by agricultural greenhouses. A techno-economic and environmental analysis of each of these subsystems is conducted, feeding to an overall performance analysis of the integrated BECCS/U pathway. Results reveal synergetic opportunities between the energy, water and food subsectors, whereby CO2 is captured from an energy sub-system and is efficiently utilised to enhance food sub-systems by improving productivity and reducing crop water requirements. Thus, the proposed integrated BECCS/U system is able to improve food availability by enhancing the food system, increasing the yield by 13.8%, whilst reducing crop water requirements by 28%. System outputs resulted in a levelised cost of 0.35 $/kg of agricultural produce when the system is scaled-up, and an abatement of the related environmental burdens throughout the supply chain by achieving negative CO2 emissions of 24.6 kg/m2.year of cultivated land. ¬© 2020 The Author(s)",2021,"Ghiat, I.; <br>Mahmood, F.; <br>Govindan, R.; <br>Al-Ansari, T.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113668","Article","Energy Convers. Manage."]
["Biochar produced from wood waste for soil remediation in Sweden: Carbon sequestration and other environmental impacts","The use of biochar to stabilize soil contaminants is emerging as a technique for remediation of contaminated soils. In this study, an environmental assessment of systems where biochar produced from wood waste with energy recovery is used for remediation of soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and metal(loid)s was performed. Two soil remediation options with biochar (on- and off-site) are considered and compared to landfilling. The assessment combined material and energy flow analysis (MEFA), life cycle assessment (LCA), and substance flow analysis (SFA). The MEFA indicated that on-site remediation can save fuel and backfill material compared to off-site remediation and landfilling. However, the net energy production by pyrolysis of wood waste for biochar production is 38% lower than incineration. The LCA showed that both on-site and off-site remediation with biochar performed better than landfilling in 10 of the 12 environmental impact categories, with on-site remediation performing best. Remediation with biochar provided substantial reductions in climate change impact in the studied context, owing to biochar carbon sequestration being up to 4.5 times larger than direct greenhouse gas emissions from the systems. The two biochar systems showed increased impacts only in ionizing radiation and fossils because of increased electricity consumption for biochar production. They also resulted in increased biomass demand to maintain energy production. The SFA indicated that leaching of PAH from the remediated soil was lower than from landfilled soil. For metal(loid)s, no straightforward conclusion could be made, as biochar had different effects on their leaching and for some elements the results were sensitive to water infiltration assumptions. Hence, the reuse of biocharremediated soils requires further evaluation, with site-specific information. Overall, in Sweden's current context, the biochar remediation technique is an environmentally promising alternative to landfilling worth investigating further. ¬© 2021 The Authors",2021,"Papageorgiou, A.; <br>Azzi, E.S.; <br>Enell, A.; <br>Sundberg, C.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145953","Article","Sci. Total Environ."]
["Assessing the diverse environmental effects of biochar systems: An evaluation framework","Biochar has been recognised as a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technology. Unlike other CDR technologies, biochar is expected to deliver various valuable effects in e.g. agriculture, animal husbandry, industrial processes, remediation activities and waste management. The diversity of biochar side effects to CDR makes the systematic environmental assessment of biochar projects challenging, and to date, there is no common framework for evaluating them. Our aim is to bridge the methodology gap for evaluating biochar systems from a life-cycle perspective. Using life cycle theory, actual biochar projects, and reviews of biochar research, we propose a general description of biochar systems, an overview of biochar effects, and an evaluation framework for biochar effects. The evaluation framework was applied to a case study, the Stockholm Biochar Project. In the framework, biochar effects are classified according to life cycle stage and life cycle effect type; and the biochar's end-of-life and the reference situations are made explicit. Three types of effects are easily included in life cycle theory: changes in biosphere exchanges, technosphere inputs, and technosphere outputs. For other effects, analysing the cause-effect chain may be helpful. Several biochar effects in agroecosystems can be modelled as future productivity increases against a reference situation. In practice, the complexity of agroecosystems can be bypassed by using empirical models. Existing biochar life cycle studies are often limited to carbon footprint calculations and quantify a limited amount of biochar effects, mainly carbon sequestration, energy displacements and fertiliser-related emissions. The methodological development in this study can be of benefit to the biochar and CDR research communities, as well as decision-makers in biochar practice and policy. ¬© 2021 The Author(s)",2021,"Azzi, E.S.; <br>Karltun, E.; <br>Sundberg, C.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112154","Article","J. Environ. Manage."]
["Irrigation of biomass plantations may globally increase water stress more than climate change","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is considered an important negative emissions (NEs) technology, but might involve substantial irrigation on biomass plantations. Potential water stress resulting from the additional withdrawals warrants evaluation against the avoided climate change impact. Here we quantitatively assess potential side effects of BECCS with respect to water stress by disentangling the associated drivers (irrigated biomass plantations, climate, land use patterns) using comprehensive global model simulations. By considering a widespread use of irrigated biomass plantations, global warming by the end of the 21st century could be limited to 1.5 ¬∞C compared to a climate change scenario with 3 ¬∞C. However, our results suggest that both the global area and population living under severe water stress in the BECCS scenario would double compared to today and even exceed the impact of climate change. Such side¬†effects of achieving substantial NEs would come as an extra pressure in an already water-stressed world and could only be avoided if sustainable water management were implemented globally. ¬© 2021, The Author(s).",2021,"Stenzel, F.; <br>Greve, P.; <br>Lucht, W.; <br>Tramberend, S.; <br>Wada, Y.; <br>Gerten, D.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21640-3","Article","Nat. Commun."]
["Negative-emissions technology portfolios to meet the 1.5‚ÄØ¬∞C target","Our carbon-intensive economy has led to an average temperature rise of 1 ¬∞C since pre-industrial times. As a consequence, the world has seen increasing droughts, significant shrinking of the polar ice caps, and steady sea-level rise. To stall these issues‚Äô worsening further, we must limit global warming to 1.5 ¬∞C. In addition to the economy's decarbonization, this endeavour requires the use of negative-emissions technologies (NETs) that remove the main greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, from the atmosphere. While techno-economic feasibility alone has driven the definition of negative-emissions solutions, NETs‚Äô diverse, far-reaching implications demand a more holistic assessment. Here, we present a comprehensive framework, integrating NETs‚Äô critical performance aspects of feasibility, effectiveness, and side impacts, to define the optimal technology mix within realistic outlooks. The resulting technology portfolios provide a useful new benchmark to compare carbon avoidance and removal measures and deliberately choose the best path to solve the climate emergency. ¬© 2021 The Author(s)",2021,"Rueda, O.; <br>Mogoll√≥n, J.M.; <br>Tukker, A.; <br>Scherer, L.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102238","Article","Global Environ. Change"]
["Regional variation in the effectiveness of methane-based and land-based climate mitigation options","Scenarios avoiding global warming greater than 1.5 or 2 degrees C, as stipulated in the Paris Agreement, may require the combined mitigation of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions alongside enhancing negative emissions through approaches such as afforestation-reforestation (AR) and biomass energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). We use the JULES land surface model coupled to an inverted form of the IMOGEN climate emulator to investigate mitigation scenarios that achieve the 1.5 or 2 degrees C warming targets of the Paris Agreement. Specifically, within this IMOGEN-JULES framework, we focus on and characterise the global and regional effectiveness of land-based (BECCS and/or AR) and anthropogenic methane (CH4) emission mitigation, separately and in combination, on the anthropogenic fossil fuel carbon dioxide (CO2) emission budgets (AFFEBs) to 2100. We use consistent data and socio-economic assumptions from the IMAGE integrated assessment model for the second Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP2). The analysis includes the effects of the methane and carbon-climate feedbacks from wetlands and permafrost thaw, which we have shown previously to be significant constraints on the AFFEBs. Globally, mitigation of anthropogenic CH4 emissions has large impacts on the anthropogenic fossil fuel emission budgets, potentially offsetting (i.e. allowing extra) carbon dioxide emissions of 188-212 Gt C. This is because of (a) the reduction in the direct and indirect radiative forcing of methane in response to the lower emissions and hence atmospheric concentration of methane and (b) carbon-cycle changes leading to increased uptake by the land and ocean by CO2-based fertilisation. Methane mitigation is beneficial everywhere, particularly for the major CH4-emitting regions of India, the USA, and China. Land-based mitigation has the potential to offset 51100 Gt C globally, the large range reflecting assumptions and uncertainties associated with BECCS. The ranges for CH4 reduction and BECCS implementation are valid for both the 1.5 and 2 degrees C warming targets. That is the mitigation potential of the CH4 and of the land-based scenarios is similar for regardless of which of the final stabilised warming levels society aims for. Further, both the effectiveness and the preferred land management strategy (i.e. AR or BECCS) have strong regional dependencies. Additional analysis shows extensive BECCS could adversely affect water security for several regions. Although the primary requirement remains mitigation of fossil fuel emissions, our results highlight the potential for the mitigation of CH4 emissions to make the Paris climate targets more achievable.",2021,"Hayman, GD; <br>Comyn-Platt, E; <br>Huntingford, C; <br>Harper, AB; <br>Powell, T; <br>Cox, PM; <br>Collins, W; <br>Webber, C; <br>Lowe, J; <br>Lowe, J; <br>Sitch, S; <br>House, JI; <br>Doelman, JC; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>Chadburn, SE; <br>Burke, E; <br>Gedney, N",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-513-2021","Article","EARTH SYSTEM DYNAMICS"]
["Public perception and acceptance of negative emission technologies - framing effects in Switzerland","Limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees C requires negative emission technologies (NETs), which remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and permanently store it to offset unavoidable emissions. Successful large-scale deployment of NETs depends not only on technical, biophysical, ecological, and economic factors, but also on public perception and acceptance. However, previous studies on this topic have been scarce. In 2019, Switzerland adopted a net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 target, which will require the use of NETs. To examine the current Swiss public perception and acceptance of five different NETs, we conducted an online survey with Swiss citizens (N = 693). By using a between-subjects design, we investigated differences in public opinion, perception, and acceptance across three of the most used frames in the scientific literature - technological fix, moral hazard, and climate emergency. Results showed that the public perception and acceptance of NETs does not differ between the frames. The technological fix frame best reflected participants' opinion, whereas participants perceived the moral hazard frame the least credible and the climate emergency frame the most unclear. Moreover, our findings confirm the public's unfamiliarity with NETs. We found no strong opposition, as participants indicated a moderate acceptance and a neutral evaluation of all five NETs, with afforestation standing out as the most accepted and positively evaluated NET. We conclude that, in the future, the public debate on NETs should be intensified, and the public perception should be monitored regularly to inform the development of NETs.",2021,"Wenger, A; <br>Stauffacher, M; <br>Dallo, I; <br>Dallo, I","Negative emission technologies; Public perception; Public acceptance; Framing experiment; Net zero policies","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03150-9","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE"]
["A New Perspective for Climate Change Mitigation-Introducing Carbon-Negative Hydrogen Production from Biomass with Carbon Capture and Storage (HyBECCS)","The greatest lever for advancing climate adaptation and mitigation is the defossilization of energy systems. A key opportunity to replace fossil fuels across sectors is the use of renewable hydrogen. In this context, the main political and social push is currently on climate neutral hydrogen (H-2) production through electrolysis using renewable electricity. Another climate neutral possibility that has recently gained importance is biohydrogen production from biogenic residual and waste materials. This paper introduces for the first time a novel concept for the production of hydrogen with net negative emissions. The derived concept combines biohydrogen production using biotechnological or thermochemical processes with carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage. Various process combinations referred to this basic approach are defined as HyBECCS (Hydrogen Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage) and described in this paper. The technical principles and resulting advantages of the novel concept are systematically derived and compared with other Negative Emission Technologies (NET). These include the high concentration and purity of the CO2 to be captured compared to Direct Air Carbon Capture (DAC) and Post-combustion Carbon Capture (PCC) as well as the emission-free use of hydrogen resulting in a higher possible CO2 capture rate compared to hydrocarbon-based biofuels generated with Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) technologies. Further, the role of carbon-negative hydrogen in future energy systems is analyzed, taking into account key societal and technological drivers against the background of climate adaptation and mitigation. For this purpose, taking the example of the Federal Republic of Germany, the ecological impacts are estimated, and an economic assessment is made. For the production and use of carbon-negative hydrogen, a saving potential of 8.49-17.06 MtCO(2,)eq/a is estimated for the year 2030 in Germany. The production costs for carbon-negative hydrogen would have to be below 4.30 euro per kg in a worst-case scenario and below 10.44 euro in a best-case scenario in order to be competitive in Germany, taking into account hydrogen market forecasts.",2021,"Full, J; <br>Full, J; <br>Merseburg, S; <br>Miehe, R; <br>Sauer, A; <br>Sauer, A","negative emission technologies; carbon dioxide removal; HyBECCS; hydrogen bioenergy with carbon capture and storage; biohydrogen; carbon-negative hydrogen; climate positive hydrogen; CCS; BECCS; DACCS; NET; CDR","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13074026","Article","SUSTAINABILITY"]
["Production potential, biodiversity and soil properties of forest reclamations: Opportunities or risk of introduced coniferous tree species under climate change?","In the time of ongoing climate change and the increasing area of post-mining landscape, the successful afforestation of reclamation sites by suitable adaptive tree species is gaining in importance. One of possible ways may be the use of introduced tree species, which is, however, a controversial topic in relation to risks for forest management and nature conservation. The objective of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the forest stands (age 48 years) of 9 introduced and 3 native coniferous tree species in lowland post-mining coal site of the Czech Republic. The research was focused on production potential, health status, resistance to climate change, carbon sequestration, biodiversity and soil properties. The highest timber production, biomass and carbon stock (49-95% above average), was observed in case of Pinus sylvestris, P. nigra and Pseudotsuga menziesii. On the other hand, unsuitable habitat, insect and pathogens caused poor health status and extremely low production parameters (by 55-62% than average) in Pinus strobus and P. rotundata. In terms of climate, Pinus sylvestris, P. nigra, Larix decidua, Pseudotsuga menziesii and Picea omorika were the most resistance tree species in relation to climatic extremes. Conversely, Pinus rotundata, P. strobus, P. ponderosa, Picea pungens and P. abies were very sensitive to climate events, especially to the lack of precipitation in vegetation period with synergism of high temperature. In terms of soil parameters, the content of plant available nutrients (K, Ca, Mg) was adequate except P deficiency. The highest soil reaction was detected for Pinus nigra and P. sylvestris (pH 6.9-7.1) compared to Picea mariana (pH 4.8). The benefits of \"suitable\" introduced tree species (Pinus nigra, Pseudotsuga menziesii) are high timber production potential and good adaptation and mitigation of the changing climate; however, native tree species (Pinus sylvestris, Larix decidua) can provide better environmental benefits on reclamation sites.",2021,"Vacek, Z; <br>Cukor, J; <br>Cukor, J; <br>Vacek, S; <br>Linda, R; <br>Linda, R; <br>Prokupkova, A; <br>Podrazsky, V; <br>Gallo, J; <br>Vacek, O; <br>Simunek, V; <br>Drabek, O; <br>Hajek, V; <br>Spasic, M; <br>Brichta, J","Post-mining landscape; Radial growth; Climate resistance; Forest structure; Central Europe","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-021-01392-x","Article","EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH"]
["Land-based implications of early climate actions without global net-negative emissions","Delaying climate mitigation action and allowing a temporary overshoot of temperature targets require large-scale carbon dioxide removal (CDR) in the second half of this century that may induce adverse side effects on land, food and ecosystems. Meanwhile, meeting climate goals without global net-negative emissions inevitably needs early and rapid emission reduction measures, which also brings challenges in the near term. Here we identify the implications for land-use and food systems of scenarios that do not depend on land-based CDR technologies. We find that early climate action has multiple benefits and trade-offs, and avoids the need for drastic (mitigation-induced) shifts in land use in the long term. Further long-term benefits are lower food prices, reduced risk of hunger and lower demand for irrigation water. Simultaneously, however, near-term mitigation pressures in the agriculture, forest and land-use sector and the required land area for energy crops increase, resulting in additional risk of food insecurity. Delaying climate mitigation requires large-scale carbon dioxide removal (CDR) in the second half of this century, with possible adverse effects. Under scenarios with no dependence on CDR technologies, this study examines the short- and long-term implications of climate mitigation for land-use and food systems.",2021,"Hasegawa, T; <br>Hasegawa, T; <br>Fujimori, S; <br>Fujimori, S; <br>Fujimori, S; <br>Frank, S; <br>Humpenoder, F; <br>Bertram, C; <br>Despres, J; <br>Drouet, L; <br>Emmerling, J; <br>Gusti, M; <br>Gusti, M; <br>Harmsen, M; <br>Harmsen, M; <br>Keramidas, K; <br>Ochi, Y; <br>Oshiro, K; <br>Rochedo, P; <br>van Ruijven, B; <br>Cabardos, AM; <br>Deppermann, A; <br>Fosse, F; <br>Havlik, P; <br>Krey, V; <br>Popp, A; <br>Schaeffer, R; <br>van Vuuren, D; <br>van Vuuren, D; <br>Riahi, K; <br>Riahi, K",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00772-w","Article","NATURE SUSTAINABILITY"]
["Prioritizing forestation based on biogeochemical and local biogeophysical impacts","Reforestation and afforestation is expected to achieve a quarter of all emission reduction pledged under the Paris Agreement. Trees store carbon in biomass and soil but also alter the surface energy balance, warming or cooling the local climate. Mitigation scenarios and policies often neglect these biogeophysical (BGP) effects. Here we combine observational BGP datasets with carbon uptake or emission data to assess the end-of-century mitigation potential of forestation. Forestation and conservation of tropical forests achieve the highest climate benefit at 732.12 tCO(2)e ha(-1). Higher-latitude forests warm the local winter climate, affecting 73.7% of temperate forests. Almost a third (29.8%) of forests above 56 degrees N induce net winter warming if only their biomass is considered. Including soil carbon reduces the net warming area to 6.8% but comes with high uncertainty (2.9-42.0%). Our findings emphasize the necessity to conserve and re-establish tropical forests and consider BGP effects in policy scenarios. Forests take up carbon from the atmosphere but also change Earth's surface energy balance through biophysical effects. Accounting for these shows that tropical forests have the highest mitigation potential; the climate benefit of higher-latitude forests is offset by their warming effects in winter.",2021,"Windisch, MG; <br>Windisch, MG; <br>Windisch, MG; <br>Davin, EL; <br>Davin, EL; <br>Seneviratne, SI",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01161-z","Article","NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE"]
["The role of direct air capture and negative emissions technologies in the shared socioeconomic pathways towards+1.5 degrees C and+2 degrees C futures","The development of the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) and associated integrated assessment modeling exercises did not include direct air capture with carbon storage (DACCS) in their scenarios. Recent progress in DACCS commercialization suggests it could be a viable means of removing CO2 from the atmosphere with far lower land intensity than bioenergy with carbon capture or afforestation but with higher energy demands. Several forms of DACCS are in development, with different costs and energy inputs, as well as potential for future cost and performance improvements. Here, we use the Global Change Analysis Model to understand the role of DACCS across all 5 SSPs for the below 2 degrees C and below 1.5 degrees C end-of-century warming goals. We assess DACCS deployment relative to other carbon capture methods, and its side effects for global energy, water, land systems. We find that DACCS could play up to a tens of GtCO(2) yr(-1) role in many of these scenarios, particularly those with delayed climate policy and/or higher challenges to emissions mitigation. Our 'sustainable development' scenarios, consistent with SSP1, have smaller deployments of DACCS and other negative emissions owing to immediate climate policy onset, greater ease of emissions abatement, and tighter constraints on future negative emissions.",2021,"Fuhrman, J; <br>Fuhrman, J; <br>Fuhrman, J; <br>Clarens, A; <br>Calvin, K; <br>Calvin, K; <br>Doney, SC; <br>Edmonds, JA; <br>Edmonds, JA; <br>O'Rourke, P; <br>O'Rourke, P; <br>Patel, P; <br>Patel, P; <br>Pradhan, S; <br>Shobe, W; <br>McJeon, H; <br>McJeon, H","direct air capture; integrated assessment; climate change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2db0","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS"]
["The Geopolitics of Negative Emissions Technologies - Learning lessons from REDD+ and Renewable Energies for Afforestation, BECCS and Direct Air Capture","Negative emissions technologies (NETs) have received increasing interest in recent years as a potential part of a portfolio of measures to address anthropogenic climate change, in particular following the 2015 UNFCCC Paris Agreement and the 2018 IPCC Special Report 'Global Warming of 1.5¬∞C'. This increasing significance for global climate policy is faced with a multitude of open questions regarding, among others, the geopolitical implications of large-scale use of NETs. This paper outlines what we can learn for the possible geopolitical futures of NETs from existing international 'green' approaches. ¬© 2021 Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.",2021,"Kreuter, J.; <br>Lederer, M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/sus.2021.24","Article","Glob. Sustain."]
["Fair distributions of carbon dioxide removal obligations and implications for effective national net-zero targets","Achieving net-zero emissions at the global level, as required to limit warming to 1.5 degrees C, means both rapid emissions reductions across all sectors as well as a scaling-up of carbon dioxide removal (CDR). As a growing number of countries bring forward national net-zero targets, the questions of how much CDR each nation holds responsibility for, whether CDR transfers should be possible under the Paris Agreement market mechanisms, and how this might affect the years in which different countries should achieve net-zero, become increasingly important. Here we show that, depending on the normative assumptions underlying a CDR burden-sharing system, the adjusted net-zero date for big emitting countries could shift forward by up to 15 years (EU, based on gross domestic product) to 35 years (Russia, based on cumulative per capita emissions) compared with what is modeled domestically in global least-cost scenarios. This illustrates a challenge of using least-cost model scenarios as a basis for setting and evaluating net-zero targets. We also evaluate the potential risk of carbon loss associated with CDR transfers of such a magnitude, and consider how a discount factor could help address carbon loss risks and contribute to overall mitigation. Our results highlight the need for clear guidelines to ensure that international CDR transfers do not obscure urgently-needed domestic emission reductions efforts by big emitters, while promoting a fair and equitable distribution of the CDR burden inflicted by insufficient near-term mitigation. We find a separate mechanism or accounting for CDR obligations to be the most promising avenue to deliver on these objectives.",2021,"Lee, KY; <br>Lee, KY; <br>Fyson, C; <br>Schleussner, CF; <br>Schleussner, CF","Paris Agreement; market mechanisms; Article 6; carbon dioxide removals; negative emissions; burden sharing; net-zero emissions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1970","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS"]
["Understanding environmental trade-offs and resource demand of direct air capture technologies through comparative life-cycle assessment","Direct air capture (DAC) technologies remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from ambient air through chemical sorbents. Their scale-up is a backstop in many climate policy scenarios, but their environmental implications are debated. Here we present a comparative life-cycle assessment of the current demonstration plants of two main DAC technologies coupled with carbon storage: temperature swing adsorption (TSA) and high-temperature aqueous solution (HT-Aq) DAC. Our results show that TSA DAC outperforms HT-Aq DAC by a factor of 1.3-10 in all environmental impact categories studied. With a low-carbon energy supply, HT-Aq and TSA DAC have a net carbon removal of up to 73% and 86% per ton of CO2 captured and stored. For the same climate change mitigation effect, TSA DAC needs about as much renewable energy and land occupation as a switch from gasoline to electric vehicles, but with approximately five times higher material consumption. Input requirements for chemical absorbents do not limit DAC scale-up. Direct air capture (DAC) technologies to remove CO2 from the atmosphere are widely used in climate policy scenarios, but their real-world impacts are not well understood. A life-cycle assessment by Madhu et al. compares two main DAC approaches and quantifies their environmental impact and resource needs.",2021,"Madhu, K; <br>Pauliuk, S; <br>Dhathri, S; <br>Creutzig, F; <br>Creutzig, F",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41560-021-00922-6","Article","NATURE ENERGY"]
["Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources","Direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS) is an emerging carbon dioxide removal technology, which has the potential to remove large amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere. We present a comprehensive life cycle assessment of different DACCS systems with low-carbon electricity and heat sources required for the CO2 capture process, both stand-alone and grid-connected system configurations. The results demonstrate negative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for all eight selected locations and five system layouts, with the highest GHG removal potential in countries with low-carbon electricity supply and waste heat usage (up to 97%). Autonomous system layouts prove to be a promising alternative, with a GHG removal efficiency of 79-91%, at locations with high solar irradiation to avoid the consumption of fossil fuel-based grid electricity and heat. The analysis of environmental burdens other than GHG emissions shows some trade-offs associated with CO2 removal, especially land transformation for system layouts with photovoltaics (PV) electricity supply. The sensitivity analysis reveals the importance of selecting appropriate locations for grid-coupled system layouts since the deployment of DACCS at geographic locations with CO2-intensive grid electricity mixes leads to net GHG emissions instead of GHG removal today.",2021,"Terlouw, T; <br>Terlouw, T; <br>Treyer, K; <br>Bauer, C; <br>Mazzotti, M","life cycle assessment (LCA); direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS); carbon dioxide removal (CDR); negative emission technologies (NETs)","http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c03263","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY"]
["Exploring cross-national public support for the use of enhanced weathering as a land-based carbon dioxide removal strategy","This study explores how public attitudes across three countries influence support towards terrestrial enhanced weathering, whereby silicate minerals are applied to agricultural land to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. An online survey was administered in Australia (N = 1000), the UK (N = 1000), and the USA (N = 1026) where there are ongoing field trials of this technique. Findings are similar across all three countries with many participants unfamiliar with enhanced weathering and unsure about supporting the use of enhanced weathering. Results show that positive affect is the main predictor for support of this technique, along with perceived benefits and level of concern about climate change. Open-ended questions asking why respondents would or would not support the use of enhanced weathering elicit mainly affective concepts, with enhanced weathering seen by individual respondents as either something mainly positive or mainly negative, with others saying it sounds risky and/or would have impacts on the environment. The way in which enhanced weathering is communicated is likely to influence support of the use of this strategy so must be undertaken carefully. Overall, our findings show that it is imperative to continue to engage the public, thereby allowing their views to be incorporated as enhanced weathering technology develops over time.",2021,"Spence, E; <br>Spence, E; <br>Cox, E; <br>Cox, E; <br>Pidgeon, N; <br>Pidgeon, N","Public perceptions; Enhanced weathering; Climate engineering; Affect","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03050-y","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE"]
["Earth system interventions as technologies of the Anthropocene","Earth system interventions (ESIs)-intentional large-scale interventions in Earth systems-are not entirely new. However, in response to threats to sustainability, particularly from climate change and biodiversity loss, some scientists and others are researching, developing, and using new, largely technological ESIs. These include carbon dioxide removal, solar geoengineering, in situ genetically modified organisms, gene drive organisms, de-extinction, and high-tech ecosystem restoration. Some emerging ESIs appear to be effective and feasible, both technically and economically, and may be necessary to achieve important sustainability and human welfare objectives. They also pose serious environmental risks. This paper identifies more than a dozen social, political, and ethical challenges that are common across many of the emerging technological ESIs. Governance could mitigate and manage these issues, and it would be made more effective and robust by understanding and treating new ESIs as such and as a potentially trans formative set of innovations in human-Earth system relations.",2021,"Reynolds, JL; <br>Reynolds, JL; <br>Reynolds, JL","Anthropocene; Biotechnology; Earth systems; Emerging technologies; Environmental governance; Geoengineering","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2021.06.010","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL INNOVATION AND SOCIETAL TRANSITIONS"]
["Incorporating health co-benefits into technology pathways to achieve China's 2060 carbon neutrality goal: a modelling study","Background The announcement of China's 2060 carbon neutrality goal has drawn the world's attention to the specific technology pathway needed to achieve this pledge. We aimed to evaluate the health co-benefits of carbon neutrality under different technology pathways, which could help China to achieve the carbon neutrality goal, air quality goal, and Healthy China goal in a synergetic manner that includes health in the decision-making process. Methods In this modelling study, we used Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 2 with no climate policy as the reference scenario, and two representative carbon neutrality scenarios with identical emission trajectories and different technology pathways-one was led by renewable energies and the other was led by negative emission technologies. We had three modules to analyse health co-benefits and mitigation costs for each policy scenario. First, we used a computable general equilibrium model that captures the operation of the whole economic system to investigate the carbon mitigation costs and air pollutant emission pathways of different technology portfolios. Second, we used a reduced complexity air quality model to estimate the concentrations of particulate matter in the atmosphere from the air pollutant emission pathways. Finally, we used a health impact evaluation model to estimate premature deaths, morbidity, and the resulting loss of life expectancy, then these health impacts were monetised according to value of a statistical life and cost of illness. We compared the monetised health co-benefits against the corresponding mitigation costs to explore the cost-effectiveness of different technology portfolios. A series of uncertainties embodied in carbon neutrality pathways and models were considered. Findings In our models, sole dependence on improving end-of-pipe air pollution control measures is not sufficient for all Chinese provinces to meet the 2005 WHO PM2.5 standards (10 mu g/m(3)) by 2060. Only a combination of strong climate and air pollution control policies can lead to substantial improvement of air quality across China. If the carbon neutrality pathway led by developing renewable energies was followed, the air quality of all provinces could meet the WHO guideline by 2060. With the realisation of carbon neutrality goals, the total discounted mitigation costs (discount rate 5%) from 2020-60 would range from 40-125 trillion Chinese yuan (CNY), and 22-50 million cumulative premature deaths could be avoided. China has the potential to increase the associated life expectancy by 0.88-2.80 years per person in 2060 versus the reference scenario. The health benefits are higher in the renewable energies-led scenarios, whereas the mitigation costs are smaller in the negative emission technologies-led scenarios. If the value of a statistical life is set higher than 12.5 million CNY (39% of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development value), the health co-benefits will be higher than mitigation costs, even when considering all included uncertainties, implying the cost-effectiveness of China's carbon neutrality goal. Interpretation The life expectancy increase from the realisation of China's 2060 carbon neutrality goal could be equivalent to the past 5-10 years of life expectancy growth in China. Choosing an appropriate carbon neutrality pathway affects the health of China's population both today and in the future. Our findings suggest that, if China incorporates health co-benefits into climate policy making and puts a high value on people's health, it should choose a carbon neutrality pathway that relies more on developing renewable energies and avoid over-reliance on negative emission technologies. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.",2021,"Zhang, SH; <br>Zhang, SH; <br>Zhang, SH; <br>Zhang, SH; <br>An, KX; <br>An, KX; <br>Li, J; <br>Li, J; <br>Weng, YW; <br>Zhang, SH; <br>Zhang, SH; <br>Wang, SX; <br>Wang, SX; <br>Wang, SX; <br>Cai, WJ; <br>Cai, WJ; <br>Wang, C; <br>Gong, P; <br>Gong, P",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00252-7","Article","LANCET PLANETARY HEALTH"]
["The role of enhanced rock weathering deployment with agriculture in limiting future warming and protecting coral reefs","Meeting the net-zero carbon emissions commitments of major economies by mid-century requires large-scale deployment of negative emission technologies (NETs). Terrestrial enhanced rock weathering on croplands (ERW) is a NET with co-benefits for agriculture, soils and ocean acidification that creates opportunities for generating income unaffected by diminishing carbon taxes as emissions approach net-zero. Here we show that ERW deployment with croplands to deliver net 2 Gt CO2 yr(-1) removal approximately doubles the probability of meeting the Paris 1.5 degrees C target at 2100 from 23% to 42% in a high mitigation Representative Concentration Pathway 2.6 baseline climate. Carbon removal via carbon capture and storage (CCS) at the same rate had an equivalent effect. Co-deployment of ERW and CCS tripled the chances of meeting a 1.5 degrees C target (from 23% to 67%), and may be sufficient to reverse about one third of the surface ocean acidification effect caused by increases in atmospheric CO2 over the past 200 years. ERW increased the percentage of coral reefs above an aragonite saturation threshold of 3.5 from 16% to 39% at 2100, higher than CCS, highlighting a co-benefit for marine calcifying ecosystems. However, the degree of ocean state recovery in our simulations is highly uncertain and ERW deployment cannot substitute for near-term rapid CO2 emissions reductions.",2021,"Vakilifard, N; <br>Kantzas, EP; <br>Edwards, NR; <br>Edwards, NR; <br>Holden, PB; <br>Beerling, DJ","coral reefs; enhanced rock weathering; Earth system model; ocean acidification; Paris agreement temperature targets; RCP2; 6","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1818","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS"]
["Southeast Asian expert perceptions of solar radiation management techniques and carbon dioxide removal approaches: caution, ambivalence, risk precaution, and research directions","As the climate crisis intensifies in its impacts, discussions around the deployment of geoengineering solutions in case other interventions fail or prove insufficient have figured in research and have even been on the agenda of the United Nations. There have been calls for more investigation of geoengineering techniques to address the climate crisis. Yet, this response presents technological unknowns and economic, political, and ethical risks. Producing knowledge on these techniques has been pushed in many research institutes in the global North, especially in the United States, Europe, and Australia. Still, contributions from global South researchers, including those in Southeast Asia, remain scant. This paper describes the responses of seventeen climate and energy experts from southeast Asia on a purposively designed survey that collected expert opinions on two geoengineering techniques: solar radiation modification (SRM) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR), their risks, impacts, and governance as they pertain to their countries and region. Respondents showed ambivalence towards these techniques, with many supporting 'natural' CDR research and deployment while being cautious about 'technological' SRM and CDR research and deployment. Although respondents would welcome research on these technologies, especially their risks and impacts, they also identified critical barriers in research capacity development and funding availability.",2021,"Delina, LL","geoengineering; solar radiation management; carbon dioxide removal; southeast Asia; ambivalence; risk; precaution","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ac3dc1","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS"]
["Dynamic modelling shows substantial contribution of ecosystem restoration to climate change mitigation","Limiting global warming to a 1.5 degrees C temperature rise requires drastic emissions reductions and removal of carbon-dioxide from the atmosphere. Most modelled pathways for 1.5 degrees C assume substantial removals in the form of biomass energy with carbon capture and storage, which brings with it increasing risks to biodiversity and food security via extensive land-use change. Recently, multiple efforts to describe and quantify potential removals via ecosystem-based approaches have gained traction in the climate policy discourse. However, these options have yet to be evaluated in a systematic and scientifically robust way. We provide spatially explicit estimates of ecosystem restoration potential quantified with a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model. Simulations covering forest restoration, reforestation, reduced harvest, agroforestry and silvopasture were combined and found to sequester an additional 93 Gt C by 2100, reducing mean global temperature increase by similar to 0.12 degrees C (5%-95% range 0.06 degrees C-0.21 degrees C) relative to a baseline mitigation pathway. Ultimately, pathways to achieving the 1.5 degrees C goal garner broader public support when they include land management options that can bring about multiple benefits, including ecosystem restoration, biodiversity protection, and resilient agricultural practices.",2021,"Littleton, EW; <br>Littleton, EW; <br>Dooley, K; <br>Dooley, K; <br>Webb, G; <br>Harper, AB; <br>Harper, AB; <br>Powell, T; <br>Nicholls, Z; <br>Nicholls, Z; <br>Meinshausen, M; <br>Meinshausen, M; <br>Lenton, TM","nature based solutions; reforestation; agroforestry; DGVM; climate change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac3c6c","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS"]
["Microbial Ecotoxicity of Biochars in Agricultural Soil and Interactions with Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates","Large-scale application of biochar on agricultural land offers the prospect of soil improvement and carbon sequestration for climate-change mitigation. However, negative side-effects on the soil microbial ecosystem are poorly understood, notably in relation to the functions of native microbiomes under realistic routes of biochar exposure. Due to divergent properties, different biochars might interact with soil in complex ways. This might result in decreased or increased ecotoxicity from biochar contaminants, such as heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Using five biochars produced from straw and wood under contrasting pyrolysis conditions, we traced their ecotoxicological dose-effect using a bioassay for potential ammonia oxidation (PAO), through microorganisms that are sensitive stress indicators. Assays were made after soil/biochar interaction for up to 3 weeks, where straw biochar with the lowest PAH content (<0.5 mg kg(-1)) showed the most pronounced dose-effects to PAO, corresponding to a 10% effect concentration (EC10) of 4.6% (dry weight biochar/dry weight soil). In comparison, straw biochar with the highest PAH content was least ecotoxic (EC10, 15.2% after 3 weeks) and wood biochars pyrolysed at high temperature (700-725 degrees C) showed no ecotoxicity to PAO. Interactions between biochars and anionic surfactants, i.e., linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, which are common soil pollutants, resulted in varying effects on PAO, but the effects were small and of limited ecological importance for soil-amended biochars. In conclusion, the results showed that short-term microbial side-effects of biochar in the soil ecosystem were minor at relevant field application rates (such as <30 Mg ha(-1) mixed into a plough layer of 20 cm), and that inherent PAHs in biochar were not a likely source of short-term ecotoxicity. However, there were notable differences in the effects eventually observed at very high biochar rates, stressing that individual biochars need specific ecotoxicological assessment before their safe application at large scale in agricultural soils.",2021,"Nissen, R; <br>Nissen, R; <br>Khanal, G; <br>Elsgaard, L","biochar; soil; ecotoxicity; LAS; ammonia oxidation; microorganisms; PTE","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050828","Article","AGRONOMY-BASEL"]
["Single Application of Biochar Increases Fertilizer Efficiency, C Sequestration, and pH over the Long-Term in Sandy Soils of Senegal","This study evaluated the long-term effects of a single application of different biochar types and quantities in combination with cow manure and annual inorganic fertilizer on soil properties and grain yield under millet monocropping and millet-peanut rotation in sandy soils of the peanut basin of Senegal. Results of over six years showed that a single application of 5-10 t ha(-1) biochar (rice husk or Typha australis) and/or manure significantly increased soil pH (from 5.5 to 6.3) and total C (from 1.84% to an average of 2.69%). Soil available P increased due to all treatments. These improved soil properties were maintained for at least eight years following a single application of 5-10 t ha(-1) biochar and/or manure. There was limited or slightly negative effects of biochar application on soil N and total soil microbial activity. Applications of either one-third or half of national recommended NPK rate, in combination with a single application of biochar or cow manure, increased millet grain yield up to four to five times (i.e., 100 to 450 kg ha(-1)), which was equivalent to the yield of treatments receiving the full national recommended fertilizer rate. Limited improvement was observed on peanut yield. This research clearly shows the synergistic benefits of applying single low rates of organic materials in combination with annual low levels of inorganic fertilizer. Treatments receiving the national recommended inorganic fertilizer rates (150 kg ha(-1) NPK 15-15-15 and 100 kg ha(-1) of urea four weeks after planting) did not produce more than 400 kg ha(-1). Biochar application alone did not increase millet yields. With a recommended biochar application rate of 5 t ha(-1), we calculate that Senegal has enough biomass available for biochar to cover all of its cropland every 4.4 to 5.5 years. Of particular importance, the 0.85% increase in stable total C has the potential to sequester 27.2 tons C ha(-1) and if scaled across Senegal's 1.6-2.0 million ha of peanut and millet cropland, this practice could sequester 43.52 to 54.4 million tons of C having mutual benefits on crop productivity and climate change mitigation.",2021,"Faye, A; <br>Faye, A; <br>Stewart, ZP; <br>Stewart, ZP; <br>Stewart, ZP; <br>Diome, K; <br>Edward, CT; <br>Fall, D; <br>Ganyo, DKK; <br>Akplo, TM; <br>Akplo, TM; <br>Prasad, PVV; <br>Prasad, PVV","biochar; cropping system; fertilizer use efficiency; groundnut; manure; millet; nutrient use efficiency; peanut","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111817","Article","SUSTAINABILITY"]
["Global cooling induced by biophysical effects of bioenergy crop cultivation","Bioenergy crop with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a key negative emission technology to meet carbon neutrality. However, the biophysical effects of widespread bioenergy crop cultivation on temperature remain unclear. Here, using a coupled atmosphere-land model with an explicit representation of lignocellulosic bioenergy crops, we find that after 50 years of large-scale bioenergy crop cultivation following plausible scenarios, global air temperature decreases by 0.03-0.08 degrees C, with strong regional contrasts and interannual variability. Over the cultivated regions, woody crops induce stronger cooling effects than herbaceous crops due to larger evapotranspiration rates and smaller aerodynamic resistance. At the continental scale, air temperature changes are not linearly proportional to the cultivation area. Sensitivity tests show that the temperature change is robust for eucalypt but more uncertain for switchgrass among different cultivation maps. Our study calls for new metrics to take the biophysical effects into account when assessing the climate mitigation capacity of BECCS.",2021,"Wang, JM; <br>Li, W; <br>Li, W; <br>Ciais, P; <br>Li, LZX; <br>Chang, JF; <br>Goll, D; <br>Gasser, T; <br>Huang, XM; <br>Devaraju, N; <br>Boucher, O",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27520-0","Article","NATURE COMMUNICATIONS"]
["Controlled Grazing of Maize Residues Increased Carbon Sequestration in No-Tillage System: A Case of a Smallholder Farm in South Africa","Despite the positive impact of no-tillage (NT) on soil organic carbon (SOC), its potential to reduce soil CO2 emission still needs enhancing for climate change mitigation. Combining NT with controlled-grazing of crop residues is known to increase nutrient cycling; however, the impacts on soil CO2 effluxes require further exploration. This study compared soil CO2 effluxes and SOC stocks from conventional tillage with free grazing (CTFG), NT with free grazing (NTFG), NT without grazing (NTNG), NT without crop residues (NTNR) and NT with controlled-grazing (NTCG), in South Africa. Soil CO2 effluxes were measured 1512 times over two years using LI-COR 6400XT, once to thrice a month. Baseline SOCs data were compared against values obtained at the end of the trial. Overall, NTCG decreased soil CO2 fluxes by 55 and 29% compared to CTFG and NTNR, respectively. NTCG increased SOCs by 3.5-fold compared to NTFG, the other treatments resulted in SOC depletion. The increase in SOCs under NTCG was attributed to high C input and also low soil temperature, which reduce the SOC mineralization rate. Combining NT with postharvest controlled-grazing showed high potential to increase SOCs, which would help to mitigate climate change. However, it was associated with topsoil compaction. Therefore, long-term assessment under different environmental, crop, and soil conditions is still required.",2021,"Abdalla, K; <br>Abdalla, K; <br>Abdalla, K; <br>Mutema, M; <br>Chivenge, P; <br>Chivenge, P; <br>Chaplot, V; <br>Chaplot, V","conservative agriculture; carbon dioxide; carbon sequestration; smallholder systems; soil respiration","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071421","Article","AGRONOMY-BASEL"]
["Bioenergy Crops for Low Warming Targets Require Half of the Present Agricultural Fertilizer Use","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a key option for removing CO2 from the atmosphere over time to achieve climate mitigation. However, an overlooked impact of BECCS is the amount of nutrients required to sustain the production. Here, we use an observation-driven approach to estimate the future bioenergy biomass production for land-use scenarios maximizing BECCS and the pertaining nutrient requirements. The projected global biomass production during the 21st century is comparable to the CO2 removal target for 2 degrees C warming scenarios. However, 9-19% of this future production hinges on agrotechnology improvement, which remains uncertain. Additional nutrients from fertilizers, corresponding to 56.8 +/- 6.1% of the present-day agricultural fertilizer, will be needed to replenish the nutrients removed in harvested biomass at the end of the century, resulting in additional costs and greenhouse gas emissions. Our study reveals the nutrient challenges associated with BECCS and calls for additional management efforts to grow bioenergy crops in a sustainable way.",2021,"Li, W; <br>Li, W; <br>Ciais, P; <br>Han, MJ; <br>Zhao, Q; <br>Chang, JF; <br>Goll, DS; <br>Zhu, L; <br>Wang, JM","bioenergy crop; BECCS; global production; nutrient demand; climate mitigation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c02238","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY"]
["Cloud cooling effects of afforestation and reforestation at midlatitudes","Because of the large carbon sequestration potential, reforestation and afforestation (R&A) are among the most prominent natural climate solutions. However, while their effectiveness is well established for wet tropics, it is often argued that R&A are less advantageous or even detrimental at higher latitudes, where the reduction of forest albedo (the amount of reflected solar radiation by a surface) tends to nullify or even overcome the carbon benefits. Here, we carefully analyze the situation for R&A at midlatitudes, where the warming effects due to vegetation albedo are regarded to be almost balanced by the cooling effects from an increased carbon storage. Using both satellite data and atmospheric boundary-layer models, we show that by including cloud- albedo effects due to land-atmosphere interactions, the R&A cooling at midlatitudes becomes prevalent. This points to a much greater poten-tial of R&A for wet temperate regions than previously considered.",2021,"Cerasoli, S; <br>Yin, J; <br>Porporato, A; <br>Porporato, A","afforestation; cloud feedback; carbon mitigation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026241118","Article","PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"]
["On the Permissibility (Or Otherwise) of Negative Emissions","Limiting dangerous climate change is now widely believed to require negative emissions (NETs), a prospect some believe to be unjust and unacceptably risky. While NETs are not risk-free, I argue that they could be part of minimally just responses to climate change. In doing so, I identify a dilemma between limiting warming to 1.5 degrees C, which promises lower climate impacts but implies greater NETs risks, and 2 degrees C, which requires less NETs but promises greater climate impacts. Finally, I consider what the case of NETs reveals about permissibility in the face of non-compliance with principles of climate justice.",2021,"Lenzi, D","Climate justice; negative emissions; carbon dioxide removal; geoengineering","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21550085.2021.1885249","Article","ETHICS POLICY & ENVIRONMENT"]
["Assessing climatic benefits from forestation potential in semi-arid lands","Forestation actions are a major tool for both climate-change mitigation and biodiversity conservation. We address two weaknesses in this approach: the little attention given to the negative effects of reduced albedo associated with forestation in many regions, and ignoring the potential of drylands that account for 40% of the global potential land area for forestation. We propose an approach to identify suitable land for forestation and quantify its 'net equivalent carbon stock change' over 80 years of forest lifetime (NESC), accounting for both carbon sequestration and albedo changes. We combined remote-sensing tools with data-based estimates of surface parameters and with published climate matrices, to identify suitable land for forestation actions. We then calculated the cumulative (over 80 years) 'net sequestration potential' (Delta SP), the 'emission equivalent of shortwave radiation forcing' (EESF) due to changes in surface albedo, and, in turn, the combined NESC = Delta SP-EESF, of planting forests with >40% tree-cover. Demonstrating our approach in a large climatically diverse state (Queensland), we identified 14.5 million hectares of potential forestation land in its semi-arid land and show that accounting for the EESF, reduces the climatic benefits of the Delta SP by almost 50%. Nevertheless, it results in a total NESC of 0.72 Gt C accumulated by the end of the century, and 80 years of forestation cycle. This estimated NESC is equivalent to 15% of the projected carbon emissions for the same period in Queensland, for a scenario of no change in emission rates during that period. Our approach extends restoration efforts by identifying new land for forestation and carbon sequestration but also demonstrates the importance of quantifying the climatic value of forestation in drylands.",2021,"Rohatyn, S; <br>Rohatyn, S; <br>Rotenberg, E; <br>Yakir, D; <br>Carmel, Y","climate-change; afforestation; reforestation; drylands; semiarid; carbon; albedo","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac29e9","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS"]
["The impact of agricultural land afforestation on soil water content in Central Bohemia","In the Czech Republic, the afforestation of agricultural land has been supported by providing subsidies from the government and the European Union. Afforestation of less-productive agricultural land provides many benefits including carbon sequestration, soil erosion control, biodiversity, water retention, cooling, social benefits, decreasing noise and light pollution, increasing air quality, wind speed reduction, oxygen production, wood production and non-wood products. In some aspects, it is possible to produce wood of the same quality on former agricultural land compared to permanent forest land. In this study, we attempted to find out the course of temperatures and volumetric water content as well as some other physical soil properties (at depths of 20, 40 and 60 cm) 9 years after the afforestation of agricultural land (warm, mild dry region of the Czech Republic) with a mixture of broadleaved tree species (Quercus robur L., Quercus rubra L. and Acer platanoides L.) or monospecific Pinus sylvestris L. stand; the study was performed in the period from April to the beginning of November 2020. Concerning the studied physical soil properties, the value of bulk density was higher (and total porosity lower) at a depth of 20 cm in Pinus sylvestris L. compared with agricultural land or the mixture of broadleaves; the water stability of soil aggregates was higher after the afforestation with the mixture of broadleaves. The temperature was lower in the soil of afforested plots (at all studied depths) compared to the agriculturally used land. Differences in rainfall interception, transpiration, soil (and forest floor) properties and other factors could influence the obtained values of water content in the soil of the studied plots. The average volumetric water contents were the highest in the plots with Scots pine (depth of 20 cm) and broadleaves (depth of 40 cm), and on the control plot (depth of 60 cm). The volumetric water content at a soil depth of 20 cm was not significantly (P 0.05) different when the plot with Scots pine and agriculturally used land were compared. In all other cases and depths, the differences between plots were significant (P < 0.05).",2021,"Vopravil, J; <br>Vopravil, J; <br>Formanek, P; <br>Hermanovska, D; <br>Khel, T; <br>Jacko, K","Chernozem; forest; physical soil properties; precipitation; soil temperature","Chernozem; forest; physical soil properties; precipitation; soil temperature","Article","JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE"]
["Energy systems in scenarios at net-zero CO2 emissions","Despite global initiatives to reach net-zero CO2 emissions, the tradeoffs of energy systems to reach that goal remain understudied. Here the authors analyze all net-zero scenarios used for the 2018 IPCC report and quantify the role of renewable energy, fuels, and emissions in attaining a zero CO2 world. Achieving net-zero CO2 emissions has become the explicitgoal of many climate-energy policies around the world. Although many studies have assessed net-zero emissions pathways, the common features and tradeoffs of energy systems across global scenarios at the point of net-zero CO2 emissions have not yet been evaluated. Here, we examine the energy systems of 177 net-zero scenarios and discuss their long-term technological and regional characteristics in the context of current energy policies. We find that, on average, renewable energy sources account for 60% of primary energy at net-zero (compared to similar to 14% today), with slightly less than half of that renewable energy derived from biomass. Meanwhile, electricity makes up approximately half of final energy consumed (compared to similar to 20% today), highlighting the extent to which solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels remain prevalent in the scenarios even when emissions reach net-zero. Finally, residual emissions and offsetting negative emissions are not evenly distributed across world regions, which may have important implications for negotiations on burden-sharing, human development, and equity.",2021,"DeAngelo, J; <br>Azevedo, I; <br>Bistline, J; <br>Clarke, L; <br>Luderer, G; <br>Byers, E; <br>Davis, SJ; <br>Davis, SJ",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26356-y","Article","NATURE COMMUNICATIONS"]
["Balancing a budget or running a deficit? The offset regime of carbon removal and solar geoengineering under a carbon budget","The idea of the carbon budget is a powerful conceptual tool to define and quantify the climate challenge. Whilst scientists present the carbon budget as the geophysical foundation for global net-zero targets, the financial metaphor of a budget implies figuratively the existence of a 'budget manager' who oversees the budget balance. Using this fictive character of budget manager as a heuristic device, the paper analyses the roles of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and solar radiation management (SRM) under a carbon budget. We argue that both CDR and SRM can be understood as 'technologies of offset'. CDR offsets positive carbon emissions by negative emissions, whereas SRM offsets the warming from positive greenhouse gas forcing by the induced cooling from negative forcing. These offset technologies serve as flexible budgeting tools in two different strategies for budget management: they offer the promise of achieving a balanced budget, but also introduce the possibility for running a budget deficit. The lure of offsetting rests on the flexibility of keeping up an 'appearance' of delivering a given budget whilst at the same time easing budget constraints for a certain period of time. The political side-effect of offsetting is to change the stringency of budgetary constraints from being regulated by geophysics to being adjustable by human discretion. As a result, a budget deficit can be normalised as an acceptable fiscal condition. We suggest that the behavioural tendency of policymakers to avoid blame could lead them to resort to using offset technologies to circumvent the admission of failure to secure a given temperature target.",2021,"Asayama, S; <br>Asayama, S; <br>Asayama, S; <br>Hulme, M; <br>Markusson, N","Carbon budget; Climate geoengineering; Carbon dioxide removal; Solar radiation management; Offset; Net zero","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03174-1","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE"]
["Confronting mitigation deterrence in low-carbon scenarios","Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) features heavily in low-carbon scenarios, where it often substitutes for emission reductions in both the near-term and long-term, enabling temperature targets to be met at lower cost. There are major concerns around the scale of CDR deployment in many low-carbon scenarios, and the risk that anticipated future CDR could dilute incentives to reduce emissions now, a phenomenon known as mitigation deterrence. Here we conduct an in-depth analysis into the relationship between emissions reduction and emissions removal in a global integrated assessment model. We explore the impact of CDR on low-carbon scenarios, illustrating how the pathway for the 2020s is highly sensitive to assumptions around CDR availability. Using stochastic optimisation, we demonstrate that accounting for uncertainty in future CDR deployment provides a strong rationale to increase rates of mitigation in the 2020s. A 20% chance of CDR deployment failure requires additional emissions reduction in 2030 of 3-17 GtCO(2). Finally, we introduce new scenarios which demonstrate the risks of mitigation deterrence and the benefits of formally separating CDR and emissions reduction as climate strategies. Continual mitigation deterrence across the time-horizon leads to the temperature goals being breached by 0.2-0.3 degrees C. If CDR is treated as additional to emissions reduction, up to an additional 700-800 GtCO(2) can be removed from the atmosphere by 2100, reducing end-of-century warming by up to 0.5 degrees C. This could put sub-1.5 degrees C targets within reach but requires that CDR is additional to, rather than replaces, emission reductions.",2021,"Grant, N; <br>Hawkes, A; <br>Mittal, S; <br>Gambhir, A","negative emissions; carbon dioxide removal; mitigation deterrence; climate change; CDR; NET; IAM","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac0749","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS"]
["Global bioenergy with carbon capture and storage potential is largely constrained by sustainable irrigation","Capturing the carbon from energy crops-bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)-requires water to grow the crops. This study finds that although unlimited irrigation could increase BECCS potential by 60-71% by 2100, doing so sustainably would increase it by only 5-6%. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is crucial in many stringent climate scenarios. Although irrigation can enhance BECCS potential, where and to what extent it can enhance global BECCS potential are unknown when constrained by preventing additional water stress and suppressing withdrawal of nonrenewable water resources. With a spatially explicit representation of bioenergy crop plantations and water cycle in an internally consistent model framework, we identified the irrigable bioenergy cropland on the basis of the water resources reserve. Irrigation of such cropland enhanced BECCS potential by only 5-6% (<60-71% for unconstrained irrigation) above the rain-fed potential (0.82-1.99 Gt C yr(-1)) by the end of this century. Nonetheless, it limited additional water withdrawal (166-298 km(3) yr(-1)), especially from nonrenewable water sources (16-20%), compared with unconstrained irrigation (1,392-3,929 km(3) yr(-1) and 73-78%). Our findings highlight the importance of irrigation constraints in global BECCS potential.",2021,"Ai, ZP; <br>Hanasaki, N; <br>Heck, V; <br>Hasegawa, T; <br>Hasegawa, T; <br>Fujimori, S; <br>Fujimori, S; <br>Fujimori, S",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00740-4","Article","NATURE SUSTAINABILITY"]
["Impact of biochar on nutrient supply, crop yield and microbial respiration on sandy soils of northern Germany","The application of biochar to agricultural soils to increase nutrient availability, crop production and carbon sequestration has gained increasing interest but data from field experiments on temperate, marginal soils are still under-represented. In the current study, biochar, produced from organic residues (digestates) from a biogas plant, was applied with and without digestates at low (3.4 t ha(-1)) and intermediate (17.1 t ha(-1)) rates to two acidic and sandy soils in northern Germany that are used for corn (Zea mays L.) production. Soil nutrient availability, crop yields, microbial biomass and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from heterotrophic respiration were measured over two consecutive years. The effects of biochar application depended on the intrinsic properties of the two tested soils and the biochar application rates. Although the soils at the fallow site, with initially low nutrient concentrations, showed a significant increase in pH, soil nutrients and crop yield after low biochar application rates, a similar response was found at the cornfield site only after application of substantially larger amounts of biochar. The effect of a single dose of biochar at the beginning of the experiment diminished over time but was still detectable after 2 years. Whereas plant available nutrient concentrations increased after biochar application, the availability of potentially phytotoxic trace elements (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr) decreased significantly, and although slight increases in microbial biomass carbon and heterotrophic CO2 fluxes were observed after biochar application, they were mostly not significant. The results indicate that the application of relatively small amounts of biochar could have positive effects on plant available nutrients and crop yields of marginal arable soils and may decrease the need for mineral fertilizers while simultaneously increasing the sequestration of soil organic carbon. Highlights A low rate of biochar increased plant available nutrients and crop yield on marginal soils. Biochar application reduced the availability of potentially harmful trace elements. Heterotrophic respiration showed no clear response to biochar application. Biochar application may reduce fertilizer need and increase carbon sequestration on marginal soils.",2021,"Knoblauch, C; <br>Knoblauch, C; <br>Priyadarshani, SHR; <br>Haefele, SM; <br>Schroder, N; <br>Pfeiffer, EM; <br>Pfeiffer, EM","black carbon; carbon sequestration; corn; digestate; heterotrophic respiration; marginal soils; microbial biomass","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13088","Article","EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE"]
["Boundary Work and Interpretations in the IPCC Review Process of the Role of Bioenergy With Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) in Limiting Global Warming to 1.5¬∞C","Paris Agreement-compatible emissions pathways produced by integrated assessment models (IAMs) often rely on large amounts of carbon dioxide removals, especially afforestation and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). These pathways feature prominently in the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), to the extent that the IAMs have been granted an interpretative privilege at the interface between climate science, economics, and policymaking. The privilege extends to and influences climate governance, including governance of BECCS. This paper contributes to recent debates about the role of the IPCC, and its framing of BECCS, at the science-policy interface. By analyzing all BECCS-related expert review comments and author responses on the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5¬∞C, the paper shows that boundary work influences the representation of BECCS by authors referring to: (1) a limited scope or capacity; (2) a restrictive mandate; (3) what constitutes legitimate science, and; (4) relativizing uncertainties. The responses to the review comments indicate a significant degree of compliance on behalf of the authors. Yet, the revisions do not seem to go to the heart of the unease that runs through many of the reviewer comments, i.e., that BECCS seems to be presented as a viable CDR technology at grand scale. While several revisions serve to clarify uncertainties surrounding BECCS, some fundamental aspects of the critique are deflected, through the boundary work identified. What the analysis reveals, beyond a dissatisfaction among many reviewers with the focus on integrated assessment modeling, the associated pathway literature, and analysis of BECCS, is a disagreement about how model results should be interpreted and communicated. While acknowledging the herculean task of the IPCC and the efforts to improve the pathway literature that the SR1.5 triggered within the IAM communities, we argue that the identified boundary work also risks entrenching rather than problematize dominant framings of the feasibility of BECCS. Such entrenchment can counteract the ambition of opening up the scientific work of the IPCC to include more diversity in the process of drafting reports, and arguably also influence the governance of CDR. Copyright ¬© 2021 Hansson, Anshelm, Fridahl and Haikola.",2021,"Hansson, A.; <br>Anshelm, J.; <br>Fridahl, M.; <br>Haikola, S.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.643224","Article","Front. Clim."]
["But They Told Us It Was Safe! Carbon Dioxide Removal, Fracking, and Ripple Effects in Risk Perceptions","Reaching net-zero for global greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2050 will require a portfolio of new technologies and approaches, potentially requiring direct removal and sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide using negative emissions technologies (NETs). Since energy and climate systems are fundamentally interconnected it is important that we understand the impacts of policy decisions and their associated controversies in other related technologies and sectors. Using a secondary analysis of data from a series of deliberative workshops conducted with lay publics in the United Kingdom, we suggest that perceptions of CO2 removal technologies were negatively impacted by risk perceptions and recent policy decisions surrounding shale gas and fracking. Using the social amplification of risk framework, we argue that heightened risk perceptions have extended via \"ripple effects\" across these technologies. Participants' attitudes were underpinned by deeper misgivings regarding the actions and motives of experts and policymakers; a pervasive discourse of \"but they told us it was safe\" regarding fracking negatively affected people's trust in assurances of the safety and efficacy of CO2 removal. This has the potential to undermine attempts to build societal agreement around future deployment of CO2 removal technologies.",2021,"Cox, E; <br>Pidgeon, N; <br>Spence, E","Carbon capture and storage; climate change; greenhouse gas removal; negative emissions technologies; risk amplification; shale gas","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.13717","Article","RISK ANALYSIS"]
["As Much as Possible, as Soon As Possible: Getting Negative About Emissions","This paper is a report on the viability, both technical and ethical, of negative emissions technologies (NETs) in climate change mitigation. Given present levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, NETs are almost certainly required in order to avoid the most serious consequences of anthropogenic carbonization. Critics argue that we should not rely on the promise of future NETs because that could be taken as an excuse to avoid decarbonization in the near term. The concern is genuine, but if the prima facie arguments for drawing down carbon as soon as possible are correct, ways must be found to counter the incentives to defer the immediate deployment of NETs and other forms of mitigation. A policy instrument is sketched which could help accomplish that task.",2021,"Peacock, KA","negative emissions; global warming; BECCS; DAC","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21550085.2021.1904497","Article","ETHICS POLICY & ENVIRONMENT"]
["Psychological factors influencing laypersons' acceptance of climate engineering, climate change mitigation and business as usual scenarios","In the past two decades, research on so-called climate engineering approaches has increased. These technologies are considered to be potential substitutes for mitigation strategies in combating climate change. The ongoing process of layperson acceptance and resultant opinion formation can be expected to play a crucial role in future public debate about field experiments or the actual deployment of climate engineering. In July 2017, we assessed public reactions from the German population in a representative online survey. Participants were given a brief text informing them about climate change and one of four different scenarios in a between-subject design (N = 678). Two of the scenarios described the use of climate engineering technologies stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) and bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) - one of them covered conventional mitigation strategies and the fourth group was given an outline of the business-as-usual (BAU) approach. The mitigation scenario (willingness for individual behaviour changes) showed the highest acceptance rate (M = 74.23), which was significantly higher than acceptance of the other scenarios (p < .001). Acceptance of BECCS (M = 53.15) was higher than acceptance of SAI (M = 46.25, p = .043) and BAU (M = 42.94; p = .006). We undertook a relative-importance analysis to investigate the influence of multiple predictor variables on acceptance formation for each scenario; the variance thus explained ranged from 80.3% to 86.8%. The results point up the influence of perceived risks, subjective norms and affective responses on the acceptance of climate engineering technologies. By contrast, person-specific and relatively stable variables, such as environmental attitudes and wishful thinking, are particularly relevant in the evaluation of the mitigation scenario.",2020,"Klaus, G; <br>Klaus, G; <br>Ernst, A; <br>Ernst, A; <br>Ernst, A; <br>Oswald, L; <br>Oswald, L; <br>Oswald, L","Technology acceptance; Climate engineering; Geoengineering; Mitigation; Relative-importance method","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101222","Article","TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIETY"]
["Afforestation for climate change mitigation: Potentials, risks and trade-offs","Afforestation is considered a cost-effective and readily available climate change mitigation option. In recent studies afforestation is presented as a major solution to limit climate change. However, estimates of afforestation potential vary widely. Moreover, the risks in global mitigation policy and the negative trade-offs with food security are often not considered. Here we present a new approach to assess the economic potential of afforestation with the IMAGE 3.0 integrated assessment model framework. In addition, we discuss the role of afforestation in mitigation pathways and the effects of afforestation on the food system under increasingly ambitious climate targets. We show that afforestation has a mitigation potential of 4.9 GtCO(2)/year at 200 US$/tCO(2) in 2050 leading to large-scale application in an SSP2 scenario aiming for 2 degrees C (410 GtCO(2) cumulative up to 2100). Afforestation reduces the overall costs of mitigation policy. However, it may lead to lower mitigation ambition and lock-in situations in other sectors. Moreover, it bears risks to implementation and permanence as the negative emissions are increasingly located in regions with high investment risks and weak governance, for example in Sub-Saharan Africa. Afforestation also requires large amounts of land (up to 1,100 Mha) leading to large reductions in agricultural land. The increased competition for land could lead to higher food prices and an increased population at risk of hunger. Our results confirm that afforestation has substantial potential for mitigation. At the same time, we highlight that major risks and trade-offs are involved. Pathways aiming to limit climate change to 2 degrees C or even 1.5 degrees C need to minimize these risks and trade-offs in order to achieve mitigation sustainably.",2020,"Doelman, JC; <br>Doelman, JC; <br>Stehfest, E; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>Tabeau, A; <br>Hof, AF; <br>Hof, AF; <br>Braakhekke, MC; <br>Gernaat, DEHJ; <br>Gernaat, DEHJ; <br>van den Berg, M; <br>van Zeist, WJ; <br>Daioglou, V; <br>Daioglou, V; <br>van Meijl, H; <br>Lucas, PL; <br>Lucas, PL","afforestation; climate change mitigation; food security; integrated assessment; land-based mitigation; negative emissions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14887","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY"]
["Incumbency, Trust and the Monsanto Effect: Stakeholder Discourses on Greenhouse Gas Removal","This paper explores factors shaping perceptions of Greenhouse Gas Removal (GGR) amongst a range of informed stakeholders, with a particular focus on their role in future social and political systems. We find considerable ambivalence regarding the role of climate targets and incumbent interests in relation to GGR. Our results suggest that GGR is symbolic of a fundamental debate - occurring not only between separate people, but sometimes within the minds of individuals themselves - over whether technological solutions represent a pragmatic or an unethical strategy. We present the idea of a 'Monsanto effect', whereby an entirely separate debate taps into deeper narratives and becomes so pervasive that it spills over into a new topic area. Our findings have significant implications for extant and emergent climate policy as they suggest that, in addition to the considerable practical challenges facing large-scale GGR deployment, there is a deeper psychological challenge in that actors are themselves conflicted about the fundamental desirability of GGR.",2020,"Cox, E; <br>Cox, E; <br>Spence, E; <br>Spence, E; <br>Pidgeon, N; <br>Pidgeon, N","Climate change; greenhouse gas removal; negative emissions technologies; perceptions","http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096327119X15678473650947","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES"]
["Synchronous sequestration of organic carbon and nitrogen in mineral soils after conversion agricultural land to forest","Agricultural land-use change is a global issue with significant implications for global warming and ecosystem functionality. Uncertainty regarding carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sequestration and their dynamics after land-use change hampers an accurate understanding of the C and N cycles. To address the influence of converting agricultural land to forest on organic carbon (OC) and N sequestration and their coupling relationships, we collected topsoil (0 - 10 cm depth) and subsurface soil (10 - 20 cm depth) in afforested woodlands 10, 20, and 35 yrs after the establishment of Robinia pseudoacacia in abandoned farmlands on the Loess Plateau, China. We analyzed the concentrations and stocks of OC and N in bulk soils and water-stable aggregates. We found that afforestation of farmland resulted in a relative increase of 30 % in the proportion of macroaggregates (8 - 0.25 mm) but a relative decrease of 45 % and 30 % in the proportions of microaggregates (0.25 - 0.053 mm) and silt + clay (< 0.053 mm), respectively. The respective OC and N stocks increased by 87 % and 74 % in bulk soils and by 278 % and 159 % in macroaggregates after 35 yrs of afforestation. Macroaggregates accounted for 69 % and 68 % of the OC and N stocks, respectively, in bulk soils at the 0 - 20 cm depth. However, the OC and N stocks in microaggregates and silt + clay were only slightly affected. These results indicated that the conversion of agricultural land to forest could sequester OC and N in both bulk soils and aggregates, mainly macroaggregates. In addition, the dynamics of OC and N were significantly correlated, implying synchronous OC and N sequestration in soils after converting agricultural land to forest.",2020,"Zhang, Y; <br>Liao, XL; <br>Wang, Z; <br>Wei, XR; <br>Wei, XR; <br>Wei, XR; <br>Jia, XX; <br>Jia, XX; <br>Shao, MG; <br>Shao, MG","Abandoned farmland; Afforestation chronosequence; Black locust; Organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics; Soil aggregates","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106866","Article","AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT"]
["Can bioenergy carbon capture and storage aggravate global water crisis?","Bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is an effective option for mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Nevertheless, there is barely serious debate about whether its implementation can possibly jeopardize the global water resources security. Here, we provided an assessment of biomass-based Substitute Natural Gas (BioSNG) production combined with CCS, a promising BECCS technology, in terms of global water resources security, with a focus on the growth of two typical second-generation bioenergy crops: switchgrass and miscanthus. A bottom-up analysis approach was applied in this paper to calculating water consumption for BECCS and estimating water quality deterioration caused by increasing fertilizer and pesticide application. The results indicated that water usage of BECCS was equal to adding 12.86%-16.64% (switchgrass) and 17.59%-26.06% (miscanthus) additional water stress on global available water resources at 2100. Additional N fertilizer application in 2100 would be equal to over 84%, 55% and 42% for both switchgrass and miscanthus under three CCS capture efficiency scenarios, respectively, comparing to such global scale in 2012. Additional phosphate fertilizer adding to global annual available water at 2100 were 0.004-0.008 mg L--(1), (switchgrass) and 0.003-0.006 mg L-1 (miscanthus), respectively. The secondary environmental hazards, such as N2O emission, would offset GHG emission mitigation by BECCS. Meanwhile, the enrichment and leaching of pesticide residues increased the risk of groundwater contamination. This study revealed water consumption and contamination issues caused by BECCS cannot be neglected. Thus, additional studies of accurate land-use models in global scale and advanced technology for biofuel extraction are needed in the future. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2020,"Hu, B; <br>Hu, B; <br>Zhang, YL; <br>Li, Y; <br>Teng, YG; <br>Yue, WF","BECCS; Second-generation bioenergy crops; Secondary hazards; Water consumption; Water quality deterioration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136856","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT"]
["Biomass-based integrated gasification combined cycle with post-combustion CO2 recovery by potassium carbonate: Techno-economic and environmental analysis","In this study, a thermodynamic model depicting integrated bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) system is developed using Aspen Plus under thermodynamic equilibrium for the power generation segment, and a rate-based model for the carbon capture segment representing CO2 recovery from the exhaust flue of a biomass based integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC). A thorough technoe-conomic analysis is conducted for the integrated system to evaluate system-wide environmental impacts and economic costs. The carbon capture is modeled using post combustion technology with chemical absorption by means of Piperazine promoted potassium carbonate to absorb the CO2 from the exhaust stream of the gas turbine. The results demonstrate that the proposed system with 80% carbon capture has negative emissions of -0.31 kg/kWh of CO2-e, when assuming neutral emissions from the BIGCC. For a production of 419 kW of net electricity, the overall energy and exergy efficiencies are 43.8% and 57.2%, respectively. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2020,"Ghiat, I; <br>AlNouss, A; <br>McKay, G; <br>Al-Ansari, T; <br>Al-Ansari, T","BIGCC; Carbon capture; Negative emissions; Potassium carbonate; BECCS","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2020.106758","Article","COMPUTERS & CHEMICAL ENGINEERING"]
["Soil type and cropping system as drivers of soil quality indicators response to no-till: A 7-year field study","Conventional agricultural practices (CAP) highly impacted soil functions involved in the provision of multiple ecosystem services. No-till (NT) has been repeatedly indicated as a key way to enhance soil fertility and biodiversity, while having a positive effect on the environment and climate change. However, experimental evidence to date shows contrasting effects of NT on physical parameters of soil fertility, as well as on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and soil biodiversity especially if different soil types and cropping systems are considered. The objectives of the present 7-year field study were: (i) to unravel the effect of NT on SOC, soil bulk density, and water stability index (WSI) of soil aggregates across five different soil types (Silty Clay, Silty Clay Loam, Clay Loam, Silt Loam, and Sandy Loam) and cropping systems (silage vs grain production), (ii) to examine how soil fauna (i.e. microarthropods and earthworms) is affected by NT practices under those soil-crop conditions, and (iii) to assess relationships among responses of soil physical indicators (i.e. soil bulk density and WSI), SOC, and soil fauna. Our results showed that soil bulk density was generally not affected by 7-year NT across all soil types. At the same time, NT increased WSI. It follows that NT may increase stable rather than artificial tillage-derived porosity due to reduced soil disturbance, and increased SOC and biological activity. However, reduced importance for boosting aggregates stability should be attributed to NT where initial SOC is high, clay and silt are predominant soil fractions, and the rate of crop residue is low. Our findings suggest that NT may enhance SOC stock (on average 0.66 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1)) in the 0-30 cm soil layer. However, we found (i) a tendency of NT to decrease SOC concentration in the 15-30 cm soil layer (on average -1.18 g C kg(-1)), and (ii) no SOC increase induced by NT if crop residues were not left onto the soil surface. Nevertheless, NT practices promoted (i) the microarthropods adaptation measured with the QBS-ar index (105.5 vs 64.7), and (ii) the increase of earthworm abundance (412 vs 123 individuals m(-2)), which are fundamental for enhancing nutrient cycling and soil porosity. Correlations among soil fauna (i.e. QBS-ar and earthworm density), soil physical parameters (i.e. soil bulk density and WSI), and SOC (i.e. concentration and stock) corroborates the hypothesis that soil fauna adaptation and proliferation are main detectors of soil quality and sensitive indicators of changes in soil tillage.",2020,"Fiorini, A; <br>Boselli, R; <br>Maris, SC; <br>Santelli, S; <br>Perego, A; <br>Acutis, M; <br>Brenna, S; <br>Tabaglio, V","Agriculture; Soil aggregate stability; Bulk density; QBS-ar; Earthworms","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2020.103646","Article","APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY"]
["Major ions and delta S-34(SO4) in Jiulongjiang River water: Investigating the relationships between natural chemical weathering and human perturbations","The chemical weathering processes become a rising concern in carbon cycling research, because it can increase carbon budgets of lateral transport by rivers and effectively sequestrate atmospheric CO2. Recent studies suggest that the human perturbations can accelerate the chemical weathering, however, the processes of accelerated weathering and its potential environmental effects still remain questions. To examine the mechanism of the human-related accelerated weathering and its influences, the spatial-temporal distributions of the major ions and stable isotope compositions (delta S-34(SO4)) in Jiulongjiang River are measured. The seasonal variations of the riverine solutes results from the hydrologic condition and different mineral dissolution rates of carbonate and silicate minerals. The H2SO4 and HNO3 indeed participate in the mineral dissolution, and increase the riverine C flux. S isotope compositions suggest the riverine H2SO4 is mainly derived from the anthropogenic sewage inputs and oxidation of sulfide, while the statistics and stoichiometry analysis indicating HNO3 are close related to the agricultural activities. On the watershed scale, the areas with high agricultural/urban land use areas (%) have significantly high TDS and DIC values in comparison with that in the areas with high forest covering, indicating the accelerated weathering processes have already been activated by the human perturbations. The assessments of the irrigation water quality suggest that the Jiulongjiang river water is facing the salinity hazard under the accelerated weathering conditions. More attention should be paid to the effect of human perturbations on chemical weathering.",2020,"Liu, JK; <br>Han, GL","Chemical weathering; S isotope; Land-use type; Anthropogenic inputs; Water quality","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138208","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT"]
["Is aquatic bioenergy with carbon capture and storage a sustainable negative emission technology? Insights from a spatially explicit environmental life-cycle assessment","It is anticipated that achievement of the Paris Climate Agreement goals will require widespread deployment of negative emission technologies (NETs). The most prominent NET is bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), which is typically envisioned to use terrestrial crops as feedstock. Several recent studies have focused on aquatic BECCS (A-BECCS), making use of microalgae or macroalgae as feedstock, as possible means of reducing water and land use. However, the high logistical complexity of the A-BECCS supply chain makes it likely that regional biophysical and socio-technical factors will strongly influence its overall favorability. Therefore, this study applies life-cycle assessment (LCA) incorporating a geographic information system (GIS) framework to estimate the environmental impacts of A-BECCS over all stages of its life-cycle. Three candidate locations in the USA are evaluated based on seemingly good proximity to coastal regions and CO2 storage; namely, East Coast, West Coast, and the Gulf of Mexico. Monte Carlo simulation is used to characterize distributions of model outputs, including energy return on investment (EROI) and net global warming potential (GWP). Results reveal that only the Gulf of Mexico configuration has any likelihood of achieving both net energy production (probability of EROI &gt; 1 = 29%) and net CO2 sequestration (probability of GWP &lt; 0 = 6%), but the probability of achieving both together is very low (5%). The other two locations exhibit net positive energy production (EROI &gt; 1), but not net negative carbon sequestration. These results call into question the feasibility of the modeled A-BECCS system as an energy-producing NET and offer insights into possible system reconfiguration. For example, anaerobic digestion offers very low EROI and creates multiple carbon-bearing waste streams, which strongly undercuts overall net CO2 sequestration. Finally, it is observed that enhanced oil recovery (EOR) strongly contributes to net-energy production (EROI &gt; 1) in the modeled A-BECCS system, but also strongly undercuts net CO2 sequestration, which is arguably the main goal of any NET. This analysis showcases how geographically-explicit analysis can advance our understanding of biomass-based NETs. ¬© 2020 Elsevier Ltd",2020,"Melara, A.J.; <br>Singh, U.; <br>Colosi, L.M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113300","Article","Energy Convers. Manage."]
["Slow pyrolysis as a platform for negative emissions technology: An integration of machine learning models, life cycle assessment, and economic analysis","Biochar sequestration has gained increasing attention as a negative emissions technology to mitigate climate change. Although pyrolysis is a commercial technology, comprehensive environmental and economic assessments have been difficult to perform since biochar can be produced from a wide range of feedstocks and pyrolysis conditions. Many researchers have evaluated the environmental and economic impacts of biochar-based CO2 sequestration systems. However, most studies either worked on a single type of biomass under varying pyrolysis conditions or multiple feedstocks under the same pyrolysis conditions. To address this knowledge gap, we evaluated the energy, climate change, and economic performance of slow pyrolysis of multiple feedstocks under various processing conditions via the integration of machine learning approaches, life cycle assessment (LCA), and economic analysis. Machine learning models (i.e., random forest) were developed by fitting existing laboratory data. The models were then used to predict the yields and characteristics of biochar produced from slow pyrolysis of different feedstocks under designed processing conditions. The results were further integrated with LCA and economic analysis to compute three important metrics: energy return on investment (EROI), net global warming potential (GWP), and minimum product selling price (MPSP). The results indicate that random forest models offer good prediction accuracy for laboratory-scale (R2 = 0.78‚Äì0.87) and pilot-scale pyrolysis data (R2 = 0.45‚Äì0.65). LCA and economic analyses reveal that feedstock characteristics and pyrolysis temperature affect energy, climate change, and financial performance. Our results demonstrate slow pyrolysis of crop residues and woody wastes holds promise as an energy-producing negative emissions technology, with EROI values from 1.9 to 3.6 (without substitution) and 2.4 to 4.3 (with substitution), and GWP values from ‚àí470 kg CO2 eq/t to ‚àí200 kg CO2 eq/t (without substitution) and ‚àí1050 kg CO2 eq/t to ‚àí770 kg CO2 eq/t (with substitution). The MSPS values evaluated in this study range from $774‚Äì1256/t, depending on temperature and feedstocks. A tradeoff between environmental and economic performance is observed. The best overall energy and climate change performances are achieved via pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass at high temperature, while the best MPSP is achieved with the pyrolysis of sludge at low temperature. ¬© 2020 Elsevier Ltd",2020,"Cheng, F.; <br>Luo, H.; <br>Colosi, L.M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113258","Article","Energy Convers. Manage."]
["Biochar addition leads to more soil organic carbon sequestration under a maize-rice cropping system than continuous flooded rice","Crop rotation of flooded rice with an upland crop like maize on previous continuous paddy soils is an emerging cropping system in South China. A four-year experiment was conducted at a research area in Hunan province, having a long history of double paddy-rice cropping throughout the year. Maize was introduced as an upland crop in rotation with paddy rice, thus providing two parallel cropping systems i.e., the previous flooded rice-rice (R-R) and the new maize-rice rotation (M-R) systems. We used three treatments in both cropping systems; namely, farmer's practice (without external C input) as a control, straw addition, and biochar addition. The straw and biochar were added to soil in late rice season on an equal C input basis (3000 kg C ha(-1)yr(-1)). In the R-R plots, rice straw was added while in M-R plots maize straw was added during late rice field preparation. Our results show that there were no changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration when R-R was replaced by M-R rotation. Straw addition had no effect on SOC but improved late rice yield. Biochar addition significantly increased SOC and late rice yield in both cropping systems. Moreover, biochar addition resulted in a more significant accumulation of SOC (9% higher) in M-R than R-R. Among soil aggregates, only the 0.25-2mm fraction had a significantly higher SOC concentration with biochar relative to the control and straw return; and this increase was significantly more pronounced under M-R (28% higher) than R-R cropping system. In general, a significantly higher proportion of small macro-aggregates (0.25-2 mm) were found under M-R, while smaller aggregates (0.05-0.25 and< 0.05 mm) were more abundant under R-R. delta C-13 analyses from M-R plots reveal that the quantity of maize-derived C was marginally higher in the straw treatment than control, but this was not reflected in any significant impact on total SOC of the bulk soil or of aggregates. In conclusion, no detectable changes in SOC were observed over four years experimental period following shift from R-R to M-R cropping system. M-R system with biochar addition led to higher productivity and environmental benefits.",2020,"Mehmood, I; <br>Mehmood, I; <br>Qiao, L; <br>Qiao, L; <br>Chen, HQ; <br>Tang, QY; <br>Woolf, D; <br>Fan, MS; <br>Fan, MS","Soil organic carbon; Biochar; Crop residue management; Paddy soils; Water stable aggregates; Crop diversification; Physical protection","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106965","Article","AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT"]
["The UK net-zero target: Insights into procedural justice for greenhouse gas removal","Greenhouse gas removal (GGR) is increasingly seen as a key dimension of national and international climate policy. The need to deploy a portfolio of GGR technologies in order to decarbonise sectors with the 'hardest-to-abate' emissions, particularly to achieve net-zero emissions targets, has become increasingly evident in recent years. In May 2019, the Committee on Climate Change (CCC) published a report outlining a pathway to net-zero emissions in the UK, which comprised significant contributions from engineered and land-based removals. The target of net-zero emissions has since been enshrined in UK legislation, meaning that GGR will likely be part of the UK's climate strategy. Plans for GGR deployment will therefore need to be set in motion in the short-term, in order to align with the timeframe proposed by the CCC. Despite a growing body of research examining the role governance could and should play in GGR development and deployment, there is a gap in the literature relating to the social implications of removal activities. In particular, the roles of procedural justice (PJ) and social legitimacy (SL) have not been closely examined. This study comprises an analysis of relevant legislation, combined with a series of interviews conducted in the community of Selby (a proposed location for BECCS development) in order to investigate PJ and SL in the context of GGR. It is found that the existing legal framework operates PJ as a 'tick-the-box' exercise, failing to engage a wide range of interested stakeholders or to promote meaningful engagements. Moreover, the PJ landscape for GGR is unplanned and adapted from existing legislation and cannot meet the unique needs of this novel activity, such as the need to engage the wider national public given their interest in climate change mitigation. Research in Selby corroborates these findings, revealing a range of issues with engagement procedures, including disinterest or disillusionment with processes, a lack of accessible information, and a disparity between stakeholder expectations and GGR realities. Ultimately, it is only by conducting meaningful engagements, which adequately inform and include participants, that the role of social legitimacy can truly be understood and thus leveraged.",2020,"O'Beirne, P; <br>Battersby, F; <br>Mallett, A; <br>Aczel, M; <br>Makuch, K; <br>Workman, M; <br>Heap, R","procedural justice; social legitimacy; greenhouse gas removal; social licence; governance; net zero; negative emissions; public participation; public acceptance; engagement","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.06.013","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY"]
["Economic estimation of cactus pear production and its feasibility in Spain","This paper explores economic opportunities of Opuntia cultivation in Spain regarding fresh food production (comparing production structures of Mexico, Italy and Spain), cactus pear non-food uses (exploiting its biofunctional, medicinal, nutraceutical and cosmetic properties) and environmental issues related to climate change mitigation through soil carbon sequestration. Cactus pear production structures and costs are different in the three countries: Mexico (939.77 euro), Italy (4.055.1 euro) and Spain (9453.77 euro). Spain does not present a real productive sector but only isolated farms. Opuntia is an interesting opportunity for non-food production due to the amount of its bioactive compounds. Main components (mu g g-1 dried weight) are: kaempferol (34), myrcetin (65), isorhamnetin and derivatives (590), luteolin (8.4), ferulic acid and derivatives (1,050), and catechin (50). Obtaining these compounds could be a way of increasing cactus pear production profitability and creating jobs and value in rural areas. Cactus pear cultivation is a successful tool to mitigate climate change in arid and semiarid regions considering adequate farm and cultivation practices and systems. This crop is often located in high rurality areas, cultivated by small and micro-farmers. Cactus pear cultivation can be an effective tool for rural development in European arid and semiarid areas regarding production, job creation and environmental issues.",2020,"Andreu-Coll, L; <br>Cano-Lamadrid, M; <br>Noguera-Artiaga, L; <br>Lipan, L; <br>Carbonell-Barrachina, AA; <br>Rocamora-Montiel, B; <br>Legua, P; <br>Hernandez, F; <br>Lopez-Lluch, D","Opuntia ficus-Indica; Production structure; Non-food uses; Carbon sequestration; Rural development","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.07.003","Article","TRENDS IN FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY"]
["Biochar alters nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in a western rangeland ecosystem","Application of biochar to soils has been proposed as a novel approach to managing wood residuals, enhancing soil carbon (C) storage and improving soil fertility; however, the majority of biochar studies have been conducted in agricultural systems that rely on tillage and nutrient inputs associated with annual cropping schemes. Few studies have evaluated the influence of biochar on soil processes in semi-natural rangeland ecosystems that feature more complex plant communities, lack deep soil disturbance, and have relatively few external nutrient inputs. In August 2018, biochar produced using wood waste from a lumber mill in Columbia Falls, MT, USA was applied to surface soils in replicated plots at an experimental ranch in western Montana to test the impact of biochar on soil C storage and nutrient management. A series of soil biochemical properties including total soil C and nitrogen (N), microbial N functional genes, available phosphorus (P) and the net accumulation of nutrients below surface soil layer were evaluated over a one-year period following biochar addition with or without a poultry litter based organic fertilizer. Biochar used alone slightly reduced soil NH4+, significantly increased soil nitrification potential, increased the relative abundance of the bacterial amoA gene, and increased the soil nitrate (NO3-) pool size, while having no net effect on soil inorganic N accumulation below surface soil. By contrast, biochar charged with poultry litter (termed \"charged biochar\") had no effect on NH4+ availability, but had a positive effect on amoA abundance. Charged biochar significantly reduced NH4+ accumulation below 25 cm depth compared to poultry litter alone. Biochar additions led to a shift towards a more fungal dominated community and a general increase in P availability. However, biochar alone also contributed to a greater amount of soluble P collected below surface soil, an effect slightly attenuated when biochar was applied with poultry litter. Soil pH increased from 5.7 to 6.9 in response to biochar addition and was one of the dominant factors governing the observed changes in soil processes. Charged biochar helped retain soil nutrients and promoted soil C storage in this semi-natural rangeland system over one growing season. Changes in these soil pools and fluxes may influence various trophic groups affecting ecosystem functioning over time.",2020,"Gao, S; <br>DeLuca, TH","Biologically based phosphorus; Charcoal; Nitrogen functional genes; Pyrogenic organic matter; Soil nutrient cycling; Western rangeland management","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107868","Article","SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY"]
["How afforestation affects the water cycle in drylands: A process-based comparative analysis","The world's largest afforestation programs implemented by China made a great contribution to the global \"greening up.\" These programs have received worldwide attention due to its contribution toward achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. However, emerging studies have suggested that these campaigns, when not properly implemented, resulted in unintended ecological and water security concerns at the regional scale. While mounting evidence shows that afforestation causes substantial reduction in water yield at the watershed scale, process-based studies on how forest plantations alter the partitioning of rainwater and affect water balance components in natural vegetation are still lacking at the plot scale. This lack of science-based data prevents a comprehensive understanding of forest-related ecosystem services such as soil conservation and water supply under climate change. The present study represents the first \"Paired Plot\" study of the water balance of afforestation on the Loess Plateau. We investigate the effects of forest structure and environmental factors on the full water cycle in a typical multilayer plantation forest composed of black locust, one of the most popular tree species for plantations worldwide. We measure the ecohydrological components of a black locust versus natural grassland on adjacent sites. The startling finding of this study is that, contrary to the general belief, the understory-instead of the overstory-was the main water consumer in this plantation. Moreover, there is a strict physiological regulation of forest transpiration. In contrast to grassland, annual seepage under the forest was minor in years with an average rainfall. We conclude that global long-term greening efforts in drylands require careful ecohydrologic evaluation so that green and blue water trade-offs are properly addressed. This is especially important for reforestation-based watershed land management, that aims at carbon sequestration in mitigating climate change while maintaining regional water security, to be effective on a large scale.",2020,"Schwarzel, K; <br>Schwarzel, K; <br>Zhang, LL; <br>Montanarella, L; <br>Wang, YH; <br>Sun, G","afforestation; climate change; green and blue flows; soil and water conservation; soil erosion control; United Nations Sustainable Development Goals; water cycle in drylands; water scarcity management","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14875","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY"]
["Barriers to and opportunities for the uptake of soil carbon management practices in European sustainable agricultural production","Soil carbon management practices are those that add and maintain organic carbon in the soil. These agricultural practices can potentially both contribute to climate change mitigation and increase the soil's resilience to physical and biological stresses. The paper draws on research findings from five regions across Europe to identify regionally-specific barriers to and opportunities for the adoption of soil carbon management practices. Data were derived from 50 interviews with policy-makers and advisers and 5 stakeholder workshops in Denmark, Italy, Hungary, Poland and Spain. Several barriers to the uptake of soil carbon management practices were common across all regions, however, regional variations were also identified highlighting the importance of understanding the context into which these practices are introduced. Key barriers related to existing biophysical conditions, lack of financial support, farmer knowledge and experience, and the quality of the advisory service. Opportunities included providing economic incentives, harmonizing regulation, supporting long term thinking and planning for resilience and providing good quality advice. We conclude that in addition to persuasive mechanisms for encouraging the adoption of these practices, what is required is a more process-oriented approach that focuses on a series of experiential changes and fosters farmer learning through interactive models of communicative intervention.",2020,"Mills, J; <br>Ingram, J; <br>Dibari, C; <br>Merante, P; <br>Karaczun, Z; <br>Molnar, A; <br>Sanchez, B; <br>Sanchez, B; <br>Iglesias, A; <br>Ghaley, BB","Soil carbon management; barriers; opportunities; sustainable agriculture; climate change mitigation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2019.1680476","Article","AGROECOLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS"]
["Learning from the Climate Change Debate to Avoid Polarisation on Negative Emissions","This paper identifies critical lessons from the climate change experience to guide how communications and engagement on negative emissions can be conducted to encourage functional public and policy discourse. Negative emissions technologies present a significant opportunity for limiting climate change, and are likely to be necessary to keep warming below 2 degrees C. While the concept of negative emissions is still in its infancy, there is evidence of nascent polarization, and a lack of nuance in discussion of individual technologies. We argue that if negative emissions technologies are to be implemented effectively and sustainably, an effective governance regime is needed; built on functional societal discourse and avoiding the ideological baggage of the broader climate change debate or the controversies concerning geoengineering. At its core, our argument is to avoid the ideological bundling of negative emissions; this can be pursued directly and via careful selection of communication frames and the use of non-partisan, trusted messengers. Whether these lessons are heeded may determine if negative emissions are governed proactively, or are distorted politically, misused and delayed.",2020,"Colvin, RM; <br>Colvin, RM; <br>Kemp, L; <br>Talberg, A; <br>De Castella, C; <br>Downie, C; <br>Friel, S; <br>Grant, WJ; <br>Howden, M; <br>Jotzo, F; <br>Markham, F; <br>Platow, MJ","Framing; ideology; geoengineering; greenhouse gas removal; climate engineering","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2019.1630463","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION-A JOURNAL OF NATURE AND CULTURE"]
["Unlocking the potential of BECCS with indigenous sources of biomass at a national scale","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) could play a large role in meeting the 1.5 degrees C targets, but faces well-documented controversy in terms of land-use concerns, competition with food production, and cost. This study presents a bottom-up assessment of the scale at which BECCS plants - biomass pulverised combustion plants (\"BECCS\" in this study) and bioenergy combustion in combined heat and power plants (BE-CHP-CCS) - can be sustainably deployed to meet national carbon dioxide removal (CDR) targets, considering the use of both primary and secondary (waste-derived) biomass. This paper also presents a comprehensive, harmonised data set, which enables others to build upon this work. Land availability for biomass cultivation, processing, and conversion is quantified based on a land-use analysis, avoiding all competition with land used for food production, human habitation, and other protected areas. We find that secondary biomass sources provide a valuable supplement to primary biomass, augmenting indigenous biomass supplies. In initial phases of deployment, we observe that infrastructure is initially clustered near cities, and other sources of low cost, secondary biomass, but as CDR targets are increased and indigenous secondary biomass supplies are exhausted, infrastructure begins to move closer to potential biomass planting areas with higher yield. In minimising the cost of CDR on a cost per net tonne CO<INF>2</INF> removed basis, we find that the availability of secondary biomass, land availability, and yield are key factors that drive the cost of CDR. Importantly biomass conversion efficiency of a BECCS plant has an inverse effect on CDR costs, with less efficient plants resulting in lower costs compared to their more efficient counterparts. By consuming secondary biomass in BECCS and BE-CHP-CCS plants, the UK is able to be self-sufficient in biomass supply by utilising available indigenous biomass to remove up to 50 Mt<INF>CO<INF>2</INF></INF> per year, though for cost reasons, it may be preferable to import some biomass.",2020,"Zhang, D; <br>Zhang, D; <br>Bui, M; <br>Bui, M; <br>Fajardy, M; <br>Fajardy, M; <br>Patrizio, P; <br>Kraxner, F; <br>Mac Dowell, N; <br>Mac Dowell, N",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se00609e","Article","SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & FUELS"]
["Successive straw biochar amendments reduce nitrous oxide emissions but do not improve the net ecosystem economic benefit in an alkaline sandy loam under a wheat-maize cropping system","Crop straw is converted to biochar with subsequent applications to soils as a multi-benefit strategy for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mitigation, carbon sequestration, and straw disposal and utilization in intensive agriculture. However, tradeoffs between agronomic, economic, and environmental performance of long-term agricultural biochar use remain unclear. Using a case study of biochar-amended alkaline sandy loamy soil, we investigated the effects of field application of straw biochar at 0, 2.25, 6.75, and 11.25 Mg ha(-1) to 10 successive wheat and maize crop seasons over five rotation years on crop yield, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, soil total organic carbon (TOC), and soil carbon pool (SCP). The net global warming potential (net GWP) and net ecosystem economic benefit (NEEB) were assessed to examine the tension between balancing economic returns and environmental benefits. Results indicated that biochar treatments slightly increased total crop grain yields and greatly reduced the total N2O emissions over five rotation years. The soil total organic carbon content was enhanced while the CO2 emissions during biochar production almost offset the increase in the soil carbon pool. Economic assessment showed that the net ecosystem economic benefit was lowered with enhanced costs of the increasing biochar use under the current low C trade market. These results highlight the promotion of the use of straw biochar in successive applications as a strategy to effectively offset greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture requires optimization of the straw pyrolysis system to reduce the energy consumption and overall biochar costs, and price enhancement of C trade.",2020,"Liu, YJ; <br>Liu, YJ; <br>Bi, YC; <br>Xie, YX; <br>Zhao, X; <br>He, DX; <br>Wang, SQ; <br>Wang, CY; <br>Guo, TC; <br>Xing, GX","carbon costs; N2O flux; soil organic carbon increment; yield-scaled emission; yield gains","http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3495","Article","LAND DEGRADATION & DEVELOPMENT"]
["Health co-benefits and mitigation costs as per the Paris Agreement under different technological pathways for energy supply","This study assesses the reductions in air pollution emissions and subsequent beneficial health effects from different global mitigation pathways consistent with the 2 degrees C stabilization objective of the Paris Agreement. We use an integrated modelling framework, demonstrating the need for models with an appropriate level of technology detail for an accurate co-benefit assessment. The framework combines an integrated assessment model (GCAM) with an air quality model (TM5-FASST) to obtain estimates of premature mortality and then assesses their economic cost. The results show that significant co-benefits can be found for a range of technological options, such as introducing a limitation on bioenergy, carbon capture and storage (CCS) or nuclear power. Cumulative premature mortality may be reduced by 17-23% by 2020-2050 compared to the baseline, depending on the scenarios. However, the ratio of health co-benefits to mitigation costs varies substantially, ranging from 1.45 when a bioenergy limitation is set to 2.19 when all technologies are available. As for regional disaggregation, some regions, such as India and China, obtain far greater co-benefits than others.",2020,"Sampedro, J; <br>Sampedro, J; <br>Smith, SJ; <br>Smith, SJ; <br>Arto, I; <br>Gonzalez-Eguino, M; <br>Gonzalez-Eguino, M; <br>Markandya, A; <br>Mulvaney, KM; <br>Pizarro-Irizar, C; <br>Van Dingenen, R","Deep decarbonization; Air pollution; Health; Co-benefits; Integrated assessment","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105513","Article","ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL"]
["Support for the Deployment of Climate Engineering: A Comparison of Ten Different Technologies","Due to the renewed increase in CO2 emissions seen in recent years, the deployment of climate engineering technologies might become necessary if the global temperature increase is to be kept within 1.5 degrees C. If climate engineering is to be deployed, however, public support is required. The present study hence compared public support for a broad range of climate engineering technologies. Further, the factors that drive public support were investigated and compared across the technologies. In an online survey conducted in Switzerland, respondents (n = 1,575) were randomly allocated to the description of 1 of 10 climate engineering technologies, of which 7 were specific carbon dioxide removal measures and 3 were solar radiation management measures. The results show that the level of public support for afforestation was the highest. The levels of public support for the other climate engineering technologies were relatively similar, although a tendency for solar radiation management to have a lower level of support was identified. Across all the investigated climate engineering technologies, the perceived benefits were an important driver of public support. Additionally, for all the technologies but afforestation, a higher level of trust in industry/science/government increased the level of public support, whereas the factor perceived risks and tampering with nature was found to be a negative predictor of support. The present findings suggest that there are opportunities available for the deployment of several climate engineering technologies in combination with other mitigation measures. Communicating the benefits of such technologies might be an effective strategy in terms of fostering increased support.",2020,"Jobin, M; <br>Siegrist, M","Benefit perception; climate engineering; tampering with nature; technology acceptance; trust","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.13462","Article","RISK ANALYSIS"]
["Quantifying the potential scale of mitigation deterrence from greenhouse gas removal techniques","Greenhouse gas removal (GGR) techniques appear to offer hopes of balancing limited global carbon budgets by removing substantial amounts of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere later this century. This hope rests on an assumption that GGR will largely supplement emissions reduction. The paper reviews the expectations of GGR implied by integrated assessment modelling, categorizes ways in which delivery or promises of GGR might instead deter or delay emissions reduction, and offers a preliminary estimate of the possible extent of three such forms of 'mitigation deterrence'. Type 1 is described as 'substitution and failure': an estimated 50-229 Gt-C (or 70% of expected GGR) may substitute for emissions otherwise reduced, yet may not be delivered (as a result of political, economic or technical shortcomings, or subsequent leakage or diversion of captured carbon into short-term utilization). Type 2, described as 'rebounds', encompasses rebounds, multipliers, and side-effects, such as those arising from land-use change, or use of captured CO2 in enhanced oil recovery. A partial estimate suggests that this could add 25-134 Gt-C to unabated emissions. Type 3, described as 'imagined offsets', is estimated to affect 17-27% of the emissions reductions required, reducing abatement by a further 182-297 Gt-C. The combined effect of these unanticipated net additions of CO2 to the atmosphere is equivalent to an additional temperature rise of up to 1.4 degrees C. The paper concludes that such a risk merits further deeper analysis and serious consideration of measures which might limit the occurrence and extent of mitigation deterrence.",2020,"McLaren, D","Greenhouse gas removal; Mitigation deterrence; Climate policy; Climate modelling","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02732-3","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE"]
["The public remain uninformed and wary of climate engineering","International CO2 emissions reduction commitments are insufficient to avert damaging global warming and imperil a sustainable future. Climate engineering approaches are increasingly proposed as near-term intervention strategies, but deployment of these controversial techniques will require careful engagement with and the support of the public. New quantitative measurements of public perceptions for six climate engineering approaches show that the public of the United Kingdom (UK), United States (US), Australia (AU) and New Zealand (NZ) continue to have little knowledge of climate engineering. All approaches are regarded unfavourably, albeit less so for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) than solar radiation management (SRM). Knowledge and perceptions are remarkably similar between countries although UK and US respondents are more favourable towards SRM and UK respondents are more favourable towards CDR. Stratospheric aerosol injection is the most negatively perceived approach. Support for small-scale trials is also higher for CDR approaches than SRM. Statistical analyses yield mixed relationships between perceptions of climate engineering and age, political affiliation and pro-ecological views. Thus far, attempts to engage the public with climate engineering have seen little change over time and consequently, there is growing urgency to facilitate careful citizen deliberation using objective and instructive information about climate engineering.",2020,"Carlisle, DP; <br>Feetham, PM; <br>Wright, MJ; <br>Wright, MJ; <br>Teagle, DAH","Public engagement; Climate engineering; Geoengineering; Cross-country; Framing effects","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02706-5","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE"]
["Estimating the Present Value of Carbon Sequestration in U.S. Forests, 2015-2050, for Evaluating Federal Climate Change Mitigation Policies","We demonstrate an application evaluating carbon sequestration benefits from federal policy alternatives. Using detailed forest inventory data, we projected carbon sequestration outcomes in the coterminous 48 states for a baseline scenario and three policy scenarios through 2050. Alternatives included (1) reducing deforestation from development, (2) afforestation in the eastern United States and reforestation in the western United States, and (3) reducing stand-replacing wildfires. We used social cost of carbon estimates to evaluate the present value of carbon sequestration benefits gained with each policy. Results suggest that afforestation and reforestation would provide the greatest marginal increase in carbon benefit, far exceeding policy cost.",2020,"Haight, RG; <br>Bluffstone, R; <br>Bluffstone, R; <br>Kline, JD; <br>Coulston, JW; <br>Wear, DN; <br>Zook, K","afforestation; carbon sequestration; climate change mitigation and adaptation; land-use change; reforestation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2019.20","Article","AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS REVIEW"]
["Barriers and Strategies to Boost Soil Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture","The Paris Agreement calls for limiting global warming below 2 degrees C. The \"4 per 1,000 Initiative: Soils for food security and climate\" was launched in 2015 to increase soil organic carbon sequestration with three objectives: mitigation of climate change, adaptation to climate change and improved food security. One of the challenges of the Initiative relates to its feasibility in contrasted biophysical, social and economic environments, questioning the adoption rate of required new practices. We conducted participatory multi-stakeholder workshops in France and Senegal to collect knowledge and perception of farmers, NGOs, agro-industries, administrations, donors and researchers on barriers and coping strategies for 4 per 1,000 innovations. Results in both countries reveal the predominance of social and economic barriers such as lack of knowledge or training, increased difficulties of fieldwork, workload, risk handling, funding and social pressure. Biophysical constraints such as limited potential of soil organic matter storage or rainfall scarcity and variability appear more important in Senegal. Identified actions to foster the sequestration of soil carbon call for an improved policy context leading to innovations in land planning, stakeholder communication, demonstration facilities, capacity building or financial support. Fewer constraints and coping strategies mention technical issues, showing that fostering agricultural soil carbon sequestration is more a question of enabling environment than technical innovations or farmers' willingness for change. We conclude that actions to support the 4 per 1,000 Initiative need to include a variety of stakeholders such as extension services, private sector, civil society, local institutions, policy makers, consumers, and not only farmers.",2020,"Demenois, J; <br>Demenois, J; <br>Torquebiau, E; <br>Torquebiau, E; <br>Arnoult, MH; <br>Eglin, T; <br>Masse, D; <br>Assouma, MH; <br>Assouma, MH; <br>Assouma, MH; <br>Blanfort, V; <br>Blanfort, V; <br>Blanfort, V; <br>Chenu, C; <br>Chapuis-Lardy, L; <br>Chapuis-Lardy, L; <br>Medoc, JM; <br>Medoc, JM; <br>Sall, SN","climate change mitigation; climate change adaptation; food security; innovation; policy; stakeholders; territory","http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00037","Article","FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS"]
["\"Natural\" Climate Solutions Could Speed Up Mitigation, With Risks. Additional Options Are Needed.","Mitigation of climate change by intentionally storing carbon in tropical forests, soils, and wetlands and by reducing greenhouse gas fluxes from these settings has been promoted as rapidly deployable and cost-effective. This approach, sometimes referred to as \"natural climate solutions,\" could keep post-industrialization warming below 1.5 degrees C, when coupled with reductions in fossil fuel emissions, as confirmed here with a simple numerical model of future emissions. However, such mitigation could cease in response to changes in future climate, land use, or natural resource policies, or there could be CO2 released from reservoirs of stored carbon. Model simulations suggest cumulative emissions could be similar, under scenarios where carbon storage ceases, or stored carbon is released, to emissions expected in the absence of any natural mitigation. If climate change is to be minimized, no-regrets approaches to natural mitigation should be considered (e.g., by reducing deforestation), as emissions targets that could limit warming to 1.5 degrees C cannot be met without mitigation of this magnitude. However, additional mitigation options should also be evaluated that can reduce CO2 emissions and remove CO2 from the air (and store it permanently).",2020,"Crusius, J","climate change; mitigation; CO2 emissions; tropical forests; soils; blue carbon","http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019EF001310","Article","EARTHS FUTURE"]
["Local and teleconnected temperature effects of afforestation and vegetation greening in China","Afforestation in China provides carbon sequestration and prevents soil erosion, but its remote impacts on climate in other regions via the coupling of forest energy fluxes with atmospheric circulation are largely unknown. Here, we prescribe inventory-based forest cover change and satellite-observed leaf area index from 1982 to 2011 in a coupled land-atmosphere model to simulate their biophysical climate effects. Both local and global surface air temperatures show a seasonal contrast in response to past vegetation cover expansion over China: a phenomenon we primarily attribute to a variation of seasonality of vegetation greening. A large cooling in spring results in concurrent decreases in geopotential height over China and zonal wind over Mongolia, causing a dipole structure in the upper troposphere over the Arctic. This accounts for similar to 58% of simulated spring warming over the Russian Arctic and similar to 61% of simulated spring cooling over the Canadian Artic. Our results imply that spring vegetation dynamics in China may affect climate in northern high latitudes.",2020,"Li, Y; <br>Piao, SL; <br>Piao, SL; <br>Piao, SL; <br>Chen, AP; <br>Ciais, P; <br>Li, LZX","afforestation; vegetation greening; China; biophysical climate effect; coupled land-atmosphere model","http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz132","Article","NATIONAL SCIENCE REVIEW"]
["Health co-benefits of achieving sustainable net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in California","The achievement of net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2100 is required to limit global temperature rise below 2 degrees C above preindustrial levels. Earlier accomplishments of net-zero GHG emissions in developed regions support this global target. Here, we develop a road map for California to achieve net-zero GHG emissions sustainably in 2050 by using detailed modelling of energy system transformation, cross-sectoral connectivity and technology penetration, as well as quantify the associated health co-benefits from reduced co-emitted air pollutants. We find that approximately 14,000 premature deaths can be avoided in California in 2050 and that these health co-benefits are disproportionately higher in disadvantaged communities (that is, 35% of avoided deaths will come from 25% of the state's population). The annualized monetary benefits (US$215 billion) exceed the GHG abatement cost (US$106 billion) by US$109 billion. This road map requires the use of bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration technology to offset some GHG emissions. However, this technology comes at a price as it would emit a considerable amount of air pollutants and reduce health co-benefits by US$4 billion. Nevertheless, our analysis shows that ambitious GHG reduction efforts can provide substantial health co-benefits, especially for residents of disadvantaged communities. Transforming the energy system to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2100 is vital to fight climate change. This target can be achieved in California, USA, by 2050-alongside air quality benefits especially in disadvantaged communities-by using bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration.",2020,"Wang, TY; <br>Wang, TY; <br>Jiang, Z; <br>Jiang, Z; <br>Jiang, Z; <br>Zhao, B; <br>Zhao, B; <br>Zhao, B; <br>Gu, Y; <br>Gu, Y; <br>Liou, KN; <br>Liou, KN; <br>Kalandiyur, N; <br>Zhang, D; <br>Zhang, D; <br>Zhu, YF; <br>Zhu, YF",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0520-y","Article","NATURE SUSTAINABILITY"]
["The role of soil carbon in natural climate solutions","Mitigating climate change requires clean energy and the removal of atmospheric carbon. Building soil carbon is an appealing way to increase carbon sinks and reduce emissions owing to the associated benefits to agriculture. However, the practical implementation of soil carbon climate strategies lags behind the potential, partly because we lack clarity around the magnitude of opportunity and how to capitalize on it. Here we quantify the role of soil carbon in natural (land-based) climate solutions and review some of the project design mechanisms available to tap into the potential. We show that soil carbon represents 25% of the potential of natural climate solutions (total potential, 23.8 Gt of CO2-equivalent per year), of which 40% is protection of existing soil carbon and 60% is rebuilding depleted stocks. Soil carbon comprises 9% of the mitigation potential of forests, 72% for wetlands and 47% for agriculture and grasslands. Soil carbon is important to land-based efforts to prevent carbon emissions, remove atmospheric carbon dioxide and deliver ecosystem services in addition to climate mitigation. Diverse strategies are needed to mitigate climate change. This study finds that storing carbon in soils represents 25% of land-based potential, of which 60% must come from rebuilding depleted carbon stores.",2020,"Bossio, DA; <br>Cook-Patton, SC; <br>Ellis, PW; <br>Fargione, J; <br>Sanderman, J; <br>Smith, P; <br>Wood, S; <br>Wood, S; <br>Zomer, RJ; <br>von Unger, M; <br>Emmer, IM; <br>Griscom, BW",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0491-z","Article","NATURE SUSTAINABILITY"]
["Greater stability of carbon capture in species-rich natural forests compared to species-poor plantations","Tree plantations and forest restoration are leading strategies for enhancing terrestrial carbon (C) sequestration and mitigating climate change. While it is well established that species-rich natural forests offer superior C sequestering benefits relative to short-rotation commercial monoculture plantations, differences in rates of C capture and storage between longer-lived plantations (commercial or non-commercial) and natural forests remain unclear. Using a natural experiment in the Western Ghats of India, where late-20th century conservation laws prohibited timber extraction from monodominant plantations and natural forests within nature reserves, we assessed forests and plantations for aboveground C storage and the magnitude and temporal stability of rates of photosynthetic C capture (gross primary production). Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that species-rich forests show greater temporal stability of C capture, and are more resistant to drought, than monodominant plantations. Carbon stocks in monodominant teak (Tectona grandis) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) plantations were 30%-50% lower than in natural evergreen forests, but differed little from moist-deciduous forests. Plantations had 4%-9% higher average C capture rates (estimated using the Enhanced Vegetation Index-EVI) than natural forests during wet seasons, but up to 29% lower C capture during dry seasons across the 2000-18 period. In both seasons, the rate of C capture by plantations was less stable across years, and decreased more during drought years (i.e. lower resistance to drought), compared to forests. Thus, even as certain monodominant plantations could match natural forests for C capture and storage potential, plantations are unlikely to match the stability-and hence reliability-of C capture exhibited by forests, particularly in the face of increasing droughts and other climatic perturbations. Promoting natural forest regeneration and/or multi-species native tree plantations instead of plantation monocultures could therefore benefit climate change mitigation efforts, while offering valuable co-benefits for biodiversity conservation and other ecosystem services.",2020,"Osuri, AM; <br>Osuri, AM; <br>Gopal, A; <br>Raman, TRS; <br>DeFries, R; <br>Cook-Patton, SC; <br>Naeem, S","biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship; carbon sequestration; drought; enhanced vegetation index; monoculture plantation; stability; tropical forest","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab5f75","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS"]
["Land management and climate change determine second-generation bioenergy potential of the US Northern Great Plains","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) has been proposed as a potential climate mitigation strategy raising concerns over trade-offs with existing ecosystem services. We evaluate the feasibility of BECCS in the Upper Missouri River Basin (UMRB), a landscape with diverse land use, ownership, and bioenergy potential. We develop land-use change scenarios and a switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) crop functional type to use in a land-surface model to simulate second-generation bioenergy production. By the end of this century, average annual switchgrass production over the UMRB ranges from 60 to 210 Tg dry mass/year and is dependent on the Representative Concentration Pathway for greenhouse gas emissions and on land-use change assumptions. Under our simple phase-in assumptions this results in a cumulative total production of 2,000-6,000 Tg C over the study period with the upper estimates only possible in the absence of climate change. Switchgrass yields decreased as average CO2 concentrations and temperatures increased, suggesting the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 was small because of its C4 photosynthetic pathway. By the end of the 21st century, the potential energy stored annually in harvested switchgrass averaged between 1 and 4 EJ/year assuming perfect conversion efficiency, or an annual electrical generation capacity of 7,000-28,000 MW assuming current bioenergy efficiency rates. Trade-offs between bioenergy and ecosystem services were identified, including cumulative direct losses of 1,000-2,600 Tg C stored in natural ecosystems from land-use change by 2090. Total cumulative losses of ecosystem carbon stocks were higher than the potential 300 Tg C in fossil fuel emissions from the single largest power plant in the region over the same time period, and equivalent to potential carbon removal from the atmosphere from using biofuels grown in the same region. Numerous trade-offs from BECCS expansion in the UMRB must be balanced against the potential benefits of a carbon-negative energy system.",2020,"Dolan, KA; <br>Stoy, PC; <br>Stoy, PC; <br>Poulter, B","bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS); climate change; land use and land-cover change; negative emission technologies; switchgrass","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12686","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY"]
["Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win-wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services-size matters","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) features heavily in the energy scenarios designed to meet the Paris Agreement targets, but the models used to generate these scenarios do not address environmental and social implications of BECCS at the regional scale. We integrate ecosystem service values into a land-use optimization tool to determine the favourability of six potential UK locations for a 500 MW BECCS power plant operating on local biomass resources. Annually, each BECCS plant requires 2.33 Mt of biomass and generates 2.99 Mt CO(2)of negative emissions and 3.72 TWh of electricity. We make three important discoveries: (a) the impacts of BECCS on ecosystem services are spatially discrete, with the most favourable locations for UK BECCS identified at Drax and Easington, where net annual welfare values (from the basket of ecosystems services quantified) of 39 pound and 25 pound million were generated, respectively, with notably lower annual welfare values at Barrow (-6 pound million) and Thames (2 pound million); (b) larger BECCS deployment beyond 500 MW reduces net social welfare values, with a 1 GW BECCS plant at Drax generating a net annual welfare value of 19 pound million (a 50% decline compared with the 500 MW deployment), and a welfare loss at all other sites; (c) BECCS can be deployed to generate net welfare gains, but trade-offs and co-benefits between ecosystem services are highly site and context specific, and these landscape-scale, site-specific impacts should be central to future BECCS policy developments. For the United Kingdom, meeting the Paris Agreement targets through reliance on BECCS requires over 1 GW at each of the six locations considered here and is likely, therefore, to result in a significant welfare loss. This implies that an increased number of smaller BECCS deployments will be needed to ensure a win-win for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services.",2020,"Donnison, C; <br>Donnison, C; <br>Holland, RA; <br>Hastings, A; <br>Armstrong, LM; <br>Eigenbrod, F; <br>Taylor, G; <br>Taylor, G","BECCS; bioenergy crops; carbon capture and storage; climate change; ecosystem service; land-use change; negative emissions; trade-offs","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12695","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY"]
["Climate change promotes transitions to tall evergreen vegetation in tropical Asia","Vegetation in tropical Asia is highly diverse due to large environmental gradients and heterogeneity of landscapes. This biodiversity is threatened by intense land use and climate change. However, despite the rich biodiversity and the dense human population, tropical Asia is often underrepresented in global biodiversity assessments. Understanding how climate change influences the remaining areas of natural vegetation is therefore highly important for conservation planning. Here, we used the adaptive Dynamic Global Vegetation Model version 2 (aDGVM2) to simulate impacts of climate change and elevated CO(2)on vegetation formations in tropical Asia for an ensemble of climate change scenarios. We used climate forcing from five different climate models for representative concentration pathways RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. We found that vegetation in tropical Asia will remain a carbon sink until 2099, and that vegetation biomass increases of up to 28% by 2099 are associated with transitions from small to tall woody vegetation and from deciduous to evergreen vegetation. Patterns of phenology were less responsive to climate change and elevated CO(2)than biomes and biomass, indicating that the selection of variables and methods used to detect vegetation changes is crucial. Model simulations revealed substantial variation within the ensemble, both in biomass increases and in distributions of different biome types. Our results have important implications for management policy, because they suggest that large ensembles of climate models and scenarios are required to assess a wide range of potential future trajectories of vegetation change and to develop robust management plans. Furthermore, our results highlight open ecosystems with low tree cover as most threatened by climate change, indicating potential conflicts of interest between biodiversity conservation in open ecosystems and active afforestation to enhance carbon sequestration.",2020,"Scheiter, S; <br>Kumar, D; <br>Corlett, RT; <br>Corlett, RT; <br>Gaillard, C; <br>Langan, L; <br>Lapuz, RS; <br>Lapuz, RS; <br>Martens, C; <br>Martens, C; <br>Pfeiffer, M; <br>Tomlinson, KW; <br>Tomlinson, KW","aDGVM2; biome shifts; climate change; CO(2)fertilization; model ensemble; phenology; tropical Asia","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15217","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY"]
["Biochar from cookstoves reduces greenhouse gas emissions from smallholder farms in Africa","Biochar produced in cookstoves has the potential to contribute to negative carbon emissions through sequestration of biomass carbon while also providing other benefits for sustainable development, including provision of clean renewable energy and increased yields in tropical agriculture. The aim of the reported research was to estimate effects on food production, household energy access and life cycle climate impact from introduction of biochar-producing cookstoves on smallholder farms in Kenya. Participatory research on biochar production and use was undertaken with 150 Kenyan smallholder farming households. Gasifier cookstove functionality, fuel efficiency and emissions were measured, as well as biochar effects on agricultural yields after application to soil. Cookstoves provided benefits through reduced smoke, fuel wood savings and char production, but challenges were found related to labour for fuel preparation, lighting and refilling. On-farm trials with varying rates of biochar inputs, in combination with and without mineral fertilizers, have led to a sustained increase of maize yields following one-time application. The climate impact in a life cycle perspective was considerably lower for the system with cookstove production of biochar and use of biochar in agriculture than for current cooking practices. Climate benefits from biochar production and use are thus possible on smallholder farms in sub-Saharan Africa, through reduced use of biomass in cooking, reduced emissions of products of incomplete combustion and sequestration of stable biochar carbon in soils. Biochar-producing cookstoves can be implemented as a climate change mitigation method in rural sub-Saharan Africa. Successful implementation will require changes in cooking systems including fuel supply, as well as farming systems, which, in turn, requires an understanding of local socio-cultural conditions, including power relations and gender aspects.",2020,"Sundberg, C; <br>Sundberg, C; <br>Karltun, E; <br>Gitau, JK; <br>Katterer, T; <br>Kimutai, GM; <br>Mahmoud, Y; <br>Njenga, M; <br>Njenga, M; <br>Nyberg, G; <br>de Nowina, KR; <br>de Nowina, KR; <br>Roobroeck, D; <br>Sieber, P","Biochar-producing gasifier stove; Bioenergy; Greenhouse gas; Woodfuel; Life cycle assessment","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-020-09920-7","Article","MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR GLOBAL CHANGE"]
["Evaluating the terrestrial carbon dioxide removal potential of improved forest management and accelerated forest conversion in Norway","As a carbon dioxide removal measure, the Norwegian government is currently considering a policy of large-scale planting of spruce (Picea abies(L) H. Karst) on lands in various states of natural transition to a forest dominated by deciduous broadleaved tree species. Given the aspiration to bring emissions on balance with removals in the latter half of the 21st century in effort to limit the global mean temperature rise to \"well below\" 2 degrees C, the effectiveness of such a policy is unclear given relatively low spruce growth rates in the region. Further convoluting the picture is the magnitude and relevance of surface albedo changes linked to such projects, which typically counteract the benefits of an enhanced forest CO(2)sink in high-latitude regions. Here, we carry out a rigorous empirically based assessment of the terrestrial carbon dioxide removal (tCDR) potential of large-scale spruce planting in Norway, taking into account transient developments in both terrestrial carbon sinks and surface albedo over the 21st century and beyond. We find that surface albedo changes would likely play a negligible role in counteracting tCDR, yet given low forest growth rates in the region, notable tCDR benefits from such projects would not be realized until the second half of the 21st century, with maximum benefits occurring even later around 2150. We estimate Norway's total accumulated tCDR potential at 2100 and 2150 (including surface albedo changes) to be 447 (+/- 240) and 852 (+/- 295) Mt CO2-eq. at mean net present values of US$ 12 (+/- 3) and US$ 13 (+/- 2) per ton CDR, respectively. For perspective, the accumulated tCDR potential at 2100 represents around 8 years of Norway's total current annual production-based (i.e., territorial) CO2-eq. emissions.",2020,"Bright, RM; <br>Allen, M; <br>Anton-Fernandez, C; <br>Belbo, H; <br>Dalsgaard, L; <br>Eisner, S; <br>Granhus, A; <br>Kjonaas, OJ; <br>Sogaard, G; <br>Astrup, R","afforestation; climate change mitigation; land use change; land-based mitigation; low-productive to high-productive forest (LtHP); reforestation; surface albedo; terrestrial ecosystems","b","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY"]
["Optimizing Inorganic Carbon Sequestration and Crop Yield With Wollastonite Soil Amendment in a Microplot Study","Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a major greenhouse gas, and its concentration in the atmosphere is increasing continuously, hence there is an urgent need to reduce its level in the atmosphere. Soils offer a large natural sink to store CO2. This study focuses on sequestering CO(2)in the agricultural soils as inorganic carbon, which can be accomplished by adding alkaline-earth silicates. Wollastonite is used in this study as a soil amendment, to sequester CO(2)viathe geochemical route of mineral carbonation. The first objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of mixing a wide range of dosages of wollastonite, as a soil amendment, on the growth performance of two leguminous plants frequently used in agricultural sector: soybean and alfalfa. The plants were grown with different wollastonite dosages (3-20 kg center dot m(-2)for soybean and 3-40 kg center dot m(-2)for alfalfa), for a duration of 14 weeks in a microplot experiment in Ontario, Canada. The second objective was to find evidence of enhanced weathering of wollastonite in soil, in addition to the augmentation of inorganic carbon content in soil. For this, mineralogical assessment of the soils was performed using XRD and SEM-EDS analyses. Wollastonite increased the soybean yield by two-fold in the plot amended with 10 kg center dot m(-2). At all dosages, wollastonite increased the alfalfa growth in terms of height and above-ground biomass dry weight, as well as root biomass. The rate of CO(2)sequestration, at optimum wollastonite dosage, reached 0.08 kg CO2 center dot m(-2)center dot month(-1). XRD and SEM-EDS analyses indicated accumulation of calcite in wollastonite-amended soil and formation of other weathering products. The results obtained from this study help to understand the impact of wollastonite soil amendment on agronomy, and will aid in implementing such negative emissions technology by informing farmers and industry alike that the use of wollastonite contributes toward global climate change mitigation while supporting crop yield. The findings of this study add to the existing body of knowledge on enhanced weathering as an atmospheric CO(2)removal technology, providing further evidence that wollastonite weathering in agricultural soils can lead to significant capacity for CO(2)sequestration as inorganic carbon, while concurrently promoting plant growth.",2020,"Haque, F; <br>Santos, RM; <br>Chiang, YW","enhanced weathering; soil amendment; field crops; plant growth; CO(2)sequestration; inorganic carbonates","http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.01012","Article","FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE"]
["Public perceptions of carbon dioxide removal in the United States and the United Kingdom","Carbon dioxide removal technologies may be needed to meet climate targets. In this study, national surveys and deliberative workshops in the United States and the United Kingdom show that carbon dioxide removal is perceived as too slow to address the immediate climate crisis while not addressing the root causes of climate change. Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies may be needed to meet climate change targets. A full understanding of public attitudes towards such approaches is currently lacking. Here we report a mixed-methods study on public perceptions of CDR in the United States and the United Kingdom, focusing on bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, direct air capture and terrestrial enhanced rock weathering. A discourse of climate urgency had a substantial impact on perceptions, with CDR seen as offering too slow a response to the climate crisis. CDR also fails to reflect long-term hopes for a sustainable world, being interpreted as not addressing the root causes of climate change. A social license to operate may therefore depend on resolving these temporal dilemmas regarding both the short- and long-term implications of technology development. While research under well-controlled conditions is likely to be acceptable, at-scale deployment without corresponding efforts to reduce emissions may represent a red line for many people.",2020,"Cox, E; <br>Spence, E; <br>Pidgeon, N",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0823-z","Article","NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE"]
["Increased yield and CO2 sequestration potential with the C-4 cereal Sorghum bicolor cultivated in basaltic rock dust-amended agricultural soil","Land-based enhanced rock weathering (ERW) is a biogeochemical carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy aiming to accelerate natural geological processes of carbon sequestration through application of crushed silicate rocks, such as basalt, to croplands and forested landscapes. However, the efficacy of the approach when undertaken with basalt, and its potential co-benefits for agriculture, require experimental and field evaluation. Here we report that amending a UK clay-loam agricultural soil with a high loading (10 kg/m(2)) of relatively coarse-grained crushed basalt significantly increased the yield (21 +/- 9.4%, SE) of the important C-4 cereal Sorghum bicolor under controlled environmental conditions, without accumulation of potentially toxic trace elements in the seeds. Yield increases resulted from the basalt treatment after 120 days without P- and K-fertilizer addition. Shoot silicon concentrations also increased significantly (26 +/- 5.4%, SE), with potential benefits for crop resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Elemental budgets indicate substantial release of base cations important for inorganic carbon removal and their accumulation mainly in the soil exchangeable pools. Geochemical reactive transport modelling, constrained by elemental budgets, indicated CO2 sequestration rates of 2-4 t CO2/ha, 1-5 years after a single application of basaltic rock dust, including via newly formed soil carbonate minerals whose long-term fate requires assessment through field trials. This represents an approximately fourfold increase in carbon capture compared to control plant-soil systems without basalt. Our results build support for ERW deployment as a CDR technique compatible with spreading basalt powder on acidic loamy soils common across millions of hectares of western European and North American agriculture.",2020,"Kelland, ME; <br>Wade, PW; <br>Lewis, AL; <br>Taylor, LL; <br>Sarkar, B; <br>Andrews, MG; <br>Lomas, MR; <br>Cotton, TEA; <br>Kemp, SJ; <br>James, RH; <br>Pearce, CR; <br>Hartley, SE; <br>Hodson, ME; <br>Leake, JR; <br>Banwart, SA; <br>Banwart, SA; <br>Beerling, DJ","carbon removal; crop productivity; mineral weathering; negative emissions technology; reactive transport modelling; silicon; soil acidification","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15089","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY"]
["Impacts of enhanced weathering on biomass production for negative emission technologies and soil hydrology","Limiting global mean temperature changes to well below 2 degrees C likely requires a rapid and large-scale deployment of negative emission technologies (NETs). Assessments so far have shown a high potential of biomass-based terrestrial NETs, but only a few assessments have included effects of the commonly found nutrient-deficient soils on biomass production. Here, we investigate the deployment of enhanced weathering (EW) to supply nutrients to areas of afforestation-reforestation and naturally growing forests (AR) and bioenergy grasses (BG) that are deficient in phosphorus (P), besides the impacts on soil hydrology. Using stoichiometric ratios and biomass estimates from two established vegetation models, we calculated the nutrient demand of AR and BG. Insufficient geogenic P supply limits C storage in biomass. For a mean P demand by AR and a low-geogenic-P-supply scenario, AR would sequester 119 Gt C in biomass; for a high-geogenic-P-supply and low-AR-P-demand scenario, 187 Gt C would be sequestered in biomass; and for a low geogenic P supply and high AR P demand, only 92 GtC would be accumulated by biomass. An average amount of similar to 150 Gt basalt powder applied for EW would be needed to close global P gaps and completely sequester projected amounts of 190 Gt C during the years 2006-2099 for the mean AR P demand scenario (2-362 Gt basalt powder for the low-AR-P-demand and for the high-AR-P-demand scenarios would be necessary, respectively). The average potential of carbon sequestration by EW until 2099 is similar to 12 GtC (similar to .2-similar to 27 Gt C) for the specified scenarios (excluding additional carbon sequestration via alkalinity production). For BG, 8 kg basalt m(-2) a(-1) might, on average, replenish the exported potassium (K) and P by harvest. Using pedotransfer functions, we show that the impacts of basalt powder application on soil hydraulic conductivity and plant-available water, to close predicted P gaps, would depend on basalt and soil texture, but in general the impacts are marginal. We show that EW could potentially close the projected P gaps of an AR scenario and nutrients exported by BG harvest, which would decrease or replace the use of industrial fertilizers. Besides that, EW ameliorates the soil's capacity to retain nutrients and soil pH and replenish soil nutrient pools. Lastly, EW application could improve plant-available-water capacity depending on deployed amounts of rock powder - adding a new dimension to the coupling of land-based biomass NETs with EW.",2020,"Garcia, WD; <br>Amann, T; <br>Hartmann, J; <br>Karstens, K; <br>Popp, A; <br>Boysen, LR; <br>Smith, P; <br>Goll, D; <br>Goll, D",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2107-2020","Article","BIOGEOSCIENCES"]
["Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands","Enhanced silicate rock weathering (ERW), deployable with croplands, has potential use for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) removal (CDR), which is now necessary to mitigate anthropogenic climate change(1). ERW also has possible co-benefits for improved food and soil security, and reduced ocean acidification(2-4). Here we use an integrated performance modelling approach to make an initial techno-economic assessment for 2050, quantifying how CDR potential and costs vary among nations in relation to business-as-usual energy policies and policies consistent with limiting future warming to 2 degrees Celsius(5). China, India, the USA and Brazil have great potential to help achieve average global CDR goals of 0.5 to 2gigatonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year with extraction costs of approximately US$80-180 per tonne of CO2. These goals and costs are robust, regardless of future energy policies. Deployment within existing croplands offers opportunities to align agriculture and climate policy. However, success will depend upon overcoming political and social inertia to develop regulatory and incentive frameworks. We discuss the challenges and opportunities of ERW deployment, including the potential for excess industrial silicate materials (basalt mine overburden, concrete, and iron and steel slag) to obviate the need for new mining, as well as uncertainties in soil weathering rates and land-ocean transfer of weathered products.",2020,"Beerling, DJ; <br>Kantzas, EP; <br>Lomas, MR; <br>Wade, P; <br>Eufrasio, RM; <br>Renforth, P; <br>Sarkar, B; <br>Andrews, MG; <br>James, RH; <br>Pearce, CR; <br>Mercure, JF; <br>Mercure, JF; <br>Pollitt, H; <br>Pollitt, H; <br>Holden, PB; <br>Edwards, NR; <br>Edwards, NR; <br>Khanna, M; <br>Koh, L; <br>Quegan, S; <br>Pidgeon, NF; <br>Janssens, IA; <br>Hansen, J; <br>Banwart, SA; <br>Banwart, SA",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2448-9","Article","NATURE"]
["Food-energy-water implications of negative emissions technologies in a+1.5 degrees C future","Negative emissions technologies are essential in scenarios for meeting Paris climate targets. Modelling results show that direct air capture could play an important role with less demand for land yet high energy and water use compared with BECCS and afforestation. Scenarios for meeting ambitious climate targets rely on large-scale deployment of negative emissions technologies (NETs), including direct air capture (DAC). However, the tradeoffs between food, water and energy created by deploying different NETs are unclear. Here we show that DAC could provide up to 3 GtCO(2)yr(-1)of negative emissions by 2035-equivalent to 7% of 2019 global CO(2)emissions-based on current-day assumptions regarding price and performance. DAC in particular could exacerbate demand for energy and water, yet it would avoid the most severe market-mediated effects of land-use competition from bioenergy with carbon capture and storage and afforestation. This could result in staple food crop prices rising by approximately fivefold relative to 2010 levels in many parts of the Global South, raising equity concerns about the deployment of NETs. These results highlight that delays in aggressive global mitigation action greatly increase the requirement for DAC to meet climate targets, and correspondingly, energy and water impacts.",2020,"Fuhrman, J; <br>McJeon, H; <br>McJeon, H; <br>Patel, P; <br>Patel, P; <br>Doney, SC; <br>Shobe, WM; <br>Clarens, AF",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0876-z","Article","NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE"]
["Potential bioenergy production from miscanthus x giganteus in brandenburg: Producing bioenergy and fostering other ecosystem services while ensuring food self-sufficiency in the Berlin-Brandenburg region","Miscanthus x giganteus (hereafter Miscanthus) is a perennial crop characterized by its high biomass production, low nutrient requirements, its ability for soil restoration, and its cultivation potential on marginal land. The development of the bioenergy sector in the state of Brandenburg (Germany), with maize as the dominant crop, has recently drawn attention to its negative environmental impacts, competition with food production, and uncertainties regarding its further development toward the state's bioenergy targets. This study aimed to estimate the potential bioenergy production in Brandenburg by cultivating Miscanthus only on marginal land, thereby avoiding competition with food production in the Berlin-Brandenburg city-region (i.e., foodshed), after using the Metropolitan Foodshed and Self-sufficiency Scenario (MFSS) model. We estimated that by 2030, the Berlin-Brandenburg foodshed would require around 1.13 million hectares to achieve 100% food self-sufficiency under the business as usual (BAU) scenario, and hence there would be around 390,000 ha land left for bioenergy production. Our results suggest that the region would require about 569,000 ha of land of maize to generate 58 PJ-the bioenergy target of the state of Brandenburg for 2030-which is almost 179,000 ha more than the available area for bioenergy production. However, under Miscanthus plantation, the required area would be reduced by 2.5 times to 232,000 ha. Therefore, Miscanthus could enable Brandenburg to meet its bioenergy target by 2030, while at the same time avoiding the trade-offs with food production, and also providing a potential for soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration of around 255,200 t C yr-1, leading to an improvement in the soil fertility and other ecosystem services (e.g., biodiversity), compared with bioenergy generated from maize. ¬© 2020 by the authors.",2020,"Tavakoli-Hashjini, E.; <br>Piorr, A.; <br>M√ºller, K.; <br>Vicente-Vicente, J.L.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187731","Article","Sustainability"]
["With Power Comes Responsibility - A Rangelands Perspective on Forest Landscape Restoration","Tree planting has long been promoted to avert climate change and has received renewed impetus in recent years with the Bonn Challenge and related forest restoration initiatives guided by the forest and landscape restoration (FLR) framework. Much of the focus for reforestation and afforestation is on developing countries in Africa, Asia and South America, where large areas of rangelands in drylands and grassy biomes are portrayed as \"degraded,\" \"unused,\" and in need of more trees. This perception is rooted in persistent theories on forests and desertification that widely shaped colonial policy and practice and remain influential in today's science-policy frameworks. From a rangelands perspective, the global FLR thrust raises two main concerns. First, inappropriate understandings of the ecology of drylands and grassy biomes encourage afforestation, grazing restriction and fire suppression, with negative impacts on hydrology, carbon storage, biodiversity, livestock production and pastoral livelihoods. Second, their target-driven approach requires large-scale afforestation and massive funding to achieve. Nearly half of the area pledged to the Bonn Challenge is in fact destined for forestry and other commercial plantations, which threaten pastoral livelihoods and cause ecological damage while having very limited potential to mitigate climate change. As the officially endorsed framework of the Bonn Challenge and related global restoration initiatives, FLR has become a powerful instrument for guiding global restoration efforts and funding. Its proponents have a responsibility to ensure that the framework is evidence-based and underpinned by appropriate ecological models for different ecoregions.",2020,"Vetter, S","savanna; rangeland; pastoralism; grassland; climate change; Bonn Challenge; afforestation; drylands","http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.549483","Article","FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS"]
["Generation, Resuspension, and Transport of Particulate Matter From Biochar-Amended Soils: A Potential Health Risk","Large-scale soil application of biochar is one of the terrestrial carbon sequestration strategies for future climate change mitigation pathways, which can also help remove and sequester pollutants from contaminated soil and water. However, black carbon emissions from biochar-amended soils can deteriorate air quality and affect human health, as the biochar particles often contain a higher amount of sorbed toxic pollutants than the soil. Yet, the extent and mechanism of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) emission from biochar-amended soils at different wind regimes have not been evaluated. Using wind tunnel experiments to simulate different wind regimes, we quantified particulate emission from sand amended with 1-4% (by weight) biochar at two size fractions: with and without <2-mm biochar. At wind speeds below the threshold speed for soil erosion, biochar application significantly increased PM10 emission by up to 400% due to the direct resuspension of inhalable biochar particles. At wind speeds above the threshold speed, emission increased by up to 300% even from biochar without inhalable fractions due to collisions of fast-moving sand particles with large biochar particles. Using a theoretical framework, we show that particulate matter emissions from biochar-amended soils could be higher than that previously expected at wind speeds below the erosion threshold wind speed for background soil. Our results indicate that current models for fugitive dust emissions may underestimate the particulate matter emission potential of biochar-amended soils and will help improve the assessment of biochar emission from amended soils.",2020,"Ravi, S; <br>Li, JR; <br>Meng, ZJ; <br>Zhang, JG; <br>Mohanty, S","air quality; black carbon emissions; wind erosion; residence time; saltation; suspension","http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020GH000311","Article","GEOHEALTH"]
["BECCS based on bioethanol from wood residues: Potential towards a carbon-negative transport and side-effects","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is gaining broad interest as an effective strategy to go beyond carbon neutrality. So far, most of the work on BECCS focused on power systems, while its application to the transport sector has received much less attention. To contribute to filling this gap, this work investigates the potential of BECCS as a carbon-negative strategy in the transport sector by applying process modelling and life cycle assessment (LCA) to bioethanol production from lignocellulosic waste. The process was analyzed following a cradle-to-wheel approach, i.e., from biomass growth to the combustion of biofuel in the cars, assuming that the CO2 emitted in the fermentation and cogeneration units is captured, compressed and transported to be stored permanently in geological sites. Several scenarios differing in the bioethanol-gasoline blends (10-85% bioethanol) were considered for a functional unit of 1 km of distance travelled, comparing with fossil-based gasoline. Our results show that blends above 85% (ethanol/gasoline) could have the potential to deliver a net negative emissions balance of -2.74 kg CO2 eq per 100 km travelled and up to -5.05 kg CO2 eq per 100 km using a low carbon electricity source. The final amount of net CO2 removal is highly dependent on the carbon intensity of the electricity and the heating utilities. Biofuels blends could, however, lead to burden-shifting in eutrophication, ozone depletion and formation, toxicity, land use, and water consumption. This work highlights the potential of BECCS in the transport sector, and the need to analyze impacts beyond climate change in future studies to avoid shifting burdens to other categories.",2020,"Bello, S; <br>Bello, S; <br>Galan-Martin, A; <br>Feijoo, G; <br>Moreira, MT; <br>Guillen-Gosalbez, G","Negative emission technologies; Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS); Lignocellulosic bioethanol; Life cycle assessment; Cradle-to-wheel; Carbon-negative biofuel","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115884","Article","APPLIED ENERGY"]
["Vertical Farming as a Game Changer for BECCS Technology Deployment","The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report that to limit warming to 1.5 degrees C, Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is required. Integrated assessment models (IAMS) predict that a land area between the size of Argentina and Australia is required for bioenergy crops, a 3-7 time increase in the current bioenergy planting area globally. The authors pose the question of whether vertical farming (VF) technology can enable BECCS deployment, either via land sparing or supply. VF involves indoor controlled environment cultivation, and can increase productivity per unit land area by 5-10 times. VF is predominantly being used to grow small, high value leafy greens with rapid growth cycles. Capital expenditure, operational expenditure, and sustainability are challenges in current VF industries, and will affect the ability to utilise this technology for other crops. The authors argue that, whilst challenging, VF could help reach wider climate goals. Application of VF for bioenergy crops could be a game changer in delivering BECCS technologies and may reduce the land footprint required as well as the subsequent associated negative environmental impacts. VF bioenergy could allow us to cultivate the future demand for bioenergy for BECCS on the same, or less, land area than is currently used globally.",2020,"Harris, ZM; <br>Kountouris, Y","vertical farming; bioenergy; BECCS; land use change; indoor agriculture; land sparing; food","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198193","Article","SUSTAINABILITY"]
["Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm speciesEisenia fetidaandLumbricus terrestris","Biochar is the degradation-resistant product generated by the pyrolysis of organic materials and is produced for the intended use of land application in order to promote carbon sequestration and soil improvement. However, despite the many potential benefits biochar application offers, it is important to quantify any ecological impacts that may result from soil amendment in order to avoid potentially causing negative effects upon soil biota which are crucial in the many ecosystem services provided by soil. Any impacts on earthworms in particular are important to evaluate because of their pivotal role in organic matter breakdown, nutrient cycling and soil formation. In this study, we conducted a series of ecotoxicological assays to determine lethal and sublethal (avoidance, mass change and moisture content) effects of heavy biochar applications that reflect levels that may be used in soil restoration efforts. Two earthworm species,Eisenia fetida, an epigeic species, andLumbricus terrestris, an anecic species, were utilised as test organisms. Two types of biochar, produced from wheat straw and rice husk feedstocks, respectively, were applied to OECD artificial soil and to a natural soil (Kettering loam) at rates of up to 20%w/w. The influence of biochar application on soil porewater chloride, fluoride and phosphate concentrations was also assessed. The biochar applications induced only a subtle level of avoidance behaviour while effects on survival over a 4-week exposure period were inconsistent. However, death and physical damage to some individual earthworms at high biochar application rates were observed, the mechanisms and processes leading to which should be investigated further. Earthworm development (mean mass change over time) proved to be a more sensitive measure, revealing negative effects onL. terrestrisat 10% and 20% (w/w) wheat biochar applications in OECD soil and at 20% (w/w) applications of both biochars in Kettering loam. The moisture content ofE. fetidaremained remarkably consistent across all treatments (~ 82%), indicating that this is not a sensitive measure of effects. The high rates of biochar application resulted in increased chloride (2 to 3-fold) and phosphate (100-fold) concentrations in simulated soil porewaters, which has important implications for soil fertility and production but also for environmental management.",2020,"Elliston, T; <br>Oliver, IW","Earthworms; Biochar; Ecotoxicology; Soil amendment; Lumbricus terrestris; Eisenia fetida","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04542-2","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH"]
["Common but differentiated leadership: strategies and challenges for carbon neutrality by 2050 across industrialized economies","Given their historic emissions and economic capability, we analyze a leadership role for representative industrialized regions (EU, US, Japan, and Australia) in the global climate mitigation effort. Using the global integrated assessment model REMIND, we systematically compare region-specific mitigation strategies and challenges of reaching domestic net-zero carbon emissions in 2050. Embarking from different emission profiles and trends, we find that all of the regions have technological options and mitigation strategies to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. Regional characteristics are mostly related to different land availability, population density and population trends: While Japan is resource limited with respect to onshore wind and solar power and has constrained options for carbon dioxide removal (CDR), their declining population significantly decreases future energy demand. In contrast, Australia and the US benefit from abundant renewable resources, but face challenges to curb industry and transport emissions given increasing populations and high per-capita energy use. In the EU, lack of social acceptance or EU-wide cooperation might endanger the ongoing transition to a renewable-based power system. CDR technologies are necessary for all regions, as residual emissions cannot be fully avoided by 2050. For Australia and the US, in particular, CDR could reduce the required transition pace, depth and costs. At the same time, this creates the risk of a carbon lock-in, if decarbonization ambition is scaled down in anticipation of CDR technologies that fail to deliver. Our results suggest that industrialized economies can benefit from cooperation based on common themes and complementary strengths. This may include trade of electricity-based fuels and materials as well as the exchange of regional experience on technology scale-up and policy implementation.",2020,"Schreyer, F; <br>Luderer, G; <br>Luderer, G; <br>Rodrigues, R; <br>Pietzcker, RC; <br>Baumstark, L; <br>Sugiyama, M; <br>Brecha, RJ; <br>Brecha, RJ; <br>Ueckerdt, F","industrialized economies; regional; net-zero; energy system; cooperation; mitigation pathways; leadership","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abb852","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS"]
["Tree planting has the potential to increase carbon sequestration capacity of forests in the United States","Several initiatives have been proposed to mitigate forest loss and climate change through tree planting as well as maintaining and restoring forest ecosystems. These initiatives have both inspired and been inspired by global assessments of tree and forest attributes and their contributions to offset carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Here we use data from more than 130,000 national forest inventory plots to describe the contribution of nearly 1.4 trillion trees on forestland in the conterminous United States to mitigate CO2 emissions and the potential to enhance carbon sequestration capacity on productive forestland. Forests and harvested wood products uptake the equivalent of more than 14% of economy-wide CO2 emissions in the United States annually, and there is potential to increase carbon sequestration capacity by similar to 20% (-187.7 million metric tons [MMT] CO2 +/- 9.1 MMT CO2) per year by fully stocking all understocked productive forestland. However, there are challenges and opportunities to be considered with tree planting. We provide context and estimates from the United States to inform assessments of the potential contributions of forests in climate change mitigation associated with tree planting.",2020,"Domkea, GM; <br>Oswaltb, SN; <br>Waltersa, BF; <br>Morinc, RS","carbon; climate; emissions; removals; forest inventory","http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010840117","Article","PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"]
["Mapping feasibilities of greenhouse gas removal: Key issues, gaps and opening up assessments","Greenhouse gas removal technologies and practices are essential to bring emissions to net zero and limit global warming to 1.5 degrees C. To achieve this, the majority of integrated assessment models (IAMs), that generate future emissions scenarios and inform the international policy process, use large-scale afforestation and biomass energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). The feasibility of these technologies and practices has only so far been considered from a relatively narrow techno-economic or biophysical perspective. Here, we present one of the first studies to elicit perspectives through an expert mapping process to open up and broaden the discussion around feasibility of afforestation and BECCS. Our stakeholders included business and industry, non-governmental organisations and policy makers, spanning expertise in bioenergy, forestry, CCS and climate change. Perspectives were elicited on (1) issues relating to BECCS with large-scale afforestation, and (2) specific criteria for assessing feasibility. Participants identified 12 main themes with 61 sub-themes around issues, and 11 main themes with 33 sub-themes around feasibility criteria. Our findings show important societal and governance aspects of feasibility that are currently under-represented, specifically issues around real-world complexity, competing human needs, justice and ethics. Unique to the use of these technologies for greenhouse gas removal are issues around temporal and spatial scale, and greenhouse gas accounting. Using these expert insights, we highlight where IAMs currently poorly capture these concerns. These broader, often more qualitative perspectives, issues and uncertainties must be recognised and accounted for, in order to understand the real-world feasibility of large-scale afforestation and BECCS and the role they play in limiting climate change. These considerations enable widening the scope to broader and deeper discussions about possible and desirable futures, beyond a focus on achieving net-zero emissions, attentive to the effects such decisions may have. We outline approaches that can be used to attend to the complex social and political dimensions that IAMs do not render. By complementing IAMs in this way opportunities can be created to open up considerations of future options and alternatives beyond those framings proposed by IAMs, creating opportunities for inclusion of knowledges, reflexivity and responsibility.",2020,"Forster, J; <br>Forster, J; <br>Vaughan, NE; <br>Vaughan, NE; <br>Gough, C; <br>Lorenzoni, I; <br>Lorenzoni, I; <br>Chilvers, J","Greenhouse gas removal; Negative emissions; Carbon dioxide removal; BECCS; Afforestation; Expert elicitation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102073","Article","GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS"]
["Are there environmental or agricultural benefits in using forest residue biochar in boreal agricultural clay soil?","Short-term agronomic and environmental benefits are fundamental factors in encouraging farmers to use biochar on a broad scale. The short-term impacts of forest residue biochar (BC) on the productivity and carbon (C) storage of arable boreal clay soil were studied in a field experiment. In addition, rain simulations and aggregate stability tests were carried out to investigate the potential of BC to reduce nutrient export to surface waters. A BC addition of 30 t ha(-1) increased soil test phosphorus and decreased bulk density in the surface soil but did not significantly change pH or water retention properties, and most importantly, did not increase the yield. There were no changes in the bacterial or fungal communities, or biomasses. Soil basal respiration was higher in BCamended plots in the spring, but no differences in respiration rates were detected in the fall two years after the application. Rain simulation experiments did not support the use of BC in reducing erosion or the export of nutrients from the field. Of the C added, on average SON was discovered in the 0-45 cm soil layer one year after the application. Amendment of boreal clay soil with a high rate of BC characterized by a moderately alkaline pH, low surface functionalities, and a recalcitrant nature, did not induce such positive impacts that would unambiguously motivate farmers to invest in BC-BC use seems unviable from the farmer's perspective but could play a role in climate change mitigation, as it will likely serve as long-term C storage. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.",2020,"Soinne, H; <br>Keskinen, R; <br>Heikkinen, J; <br>Hyvaluoma, J; <br>Uusitalo, R; <br>Peltoniemi, K; <br>Velmala, S; <br>Pennanen, T; <br>Fritze, H; <br>Kaseva, J; <br>Hannula, M; <br>Rasa, K","Biochar; Carbon sequestration; Soil quality; Soil productivity; Nutrient leaching; Microbial community","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138955","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT"]
["Cumulative impact of cover crops on soil carbon sequestration and profitability in a temperate humid climate","Although soil C sequestration with cover crops (CCs) has been linked with the potential of CCs in climate change mitigation, the long-term usage of CCs on soil C storage and farm-based economics have been widely overlooked. Therefore, in a CC experiment established in 2007 in a temperate humid climate, four CCs and a no-CC control were compared to evaluate their potential to sequester C and provide economic returns. Total amount of plant C added to soil with CCs translated into greater soil organic carbon (SOC) content by 10-20 Mg C ha(-1) than the no-CC control across both sites. Greater crop yield and reduced yield variability with CCs suggest the long-term potential of CCs in increasing agroecosystem resiliency. Moreover, greater profit margins with CCs in processing vegetable crops but not grain and oilseed crops indicate CC effects on crop profitability are dependent on the production system. Our study results indicated that the loss in profit margins with CC usage in grain and oilseed crops might be overcome with C pricing (at $50 Mg-1) on quantity of C sequestered after 9 years of CCing; thus, providing financial compensation to growers may be a mechanism to encourage CC adoption.",2020,"Chahal, I; <br>Vyn, RJ; <br>Mayers, D; <br>Van Eerd, LL",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70224-6","Article","SCIENTIFIC REPORTS"]
["Irreversibility of Marine Climate Change Impacts Under Carbon Dioxide Removal","Artificial carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere has been proposed as a measure for mitigating climate change and restoring the climate system to a target state after exceedance (\"overshoot\"). This research investigates to what extent overshoot and subsequent recovery of a given cumulative CO(2)emissions level by CDR leaves a legacy in the marine environment using an Earth system model. We use RCP2.6 and its extension to year 2300 as the reference scenario and design a set of cumulative emissions and temperature overshoot scenarios based on other RCPs. Our results suggest that the overshoot and subsequent return to a reference cumulative emissions level would leave substantial impacts on the marine environment. Although the changes in sea surface temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen are largely reversible, global mean values and spatial patterns of these variables differ significantly from those in the reference scenario when the reference cumulative emissions are attained.",2020,"Li, XR; <br>Li, XR; <br>Zickfeld, K; <br>Mathesius, S; <br>Kohfeld, K; <br>Matthews, JBR","climate change</AUTHOR_KEYWORD>; Earth system modeling</AUTHOR_KEYWORD>; ocean biogeochemistry</AUTHOR_KEYWORD>; carbon dioxide removal</AUTHOR_KEYWORD>; overshoot scenarios</AUTHOR_KEYWORD>; ocean acidification</AUTHOR_KEYWORD>","http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088507","Article","GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS"]
["In Vivo Genotoxicity of Rice Husk Biochar onEudrilus eugeniaein Soil","Biochar (char-product), generated by pyrolyzing organic materials, is produced for the intended use of land application to promote carbon sequestration, soil improvement and crop-yield. Despite the benefits biochar applications offers, scientific probing on impacts that may result from amendments with biochar is still fragmented. In this study, impact of biochar onEudrilus eugeniaeDNA was investigated. Rice-husk biochar was applied to soil at rates up to 80% d/w and earthworms were exposed for 35-day. Impact on DNA was measured using electrophoresis-gel-extraction-method. Data obtained showed that biochar application over 25% resulted in decreased survival. Electrophoresis-gel-analysis showed that DNA decreased from 450 to 300 bp in biochar soils (p = 0.002). Biochar rates (5%-25%) induced DNA damage. The DNA showed smeared bands or tail; indicating DNA degradation and/or damage. DNA damage is a clear evidence of negative impact of biochar(s) to soil-biota; suggesting that loading of soil with biochar could have serious consequences on soil-fauna.",2020,"Anyanwu, IN; <br>Onwukwe, DJ; <br>Anorue, CO","Rice husk; Biochar; Earthworm; Base pair; DNA damage; Soil","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02980-0","Article","BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY"]
["Lower cost and more feasible options to restore forest cover in the contiguous United States for climate mitigation","Restoring forest cover is a prominent option for climate mitigation. Effective deployment requires knowing where opportunities are and how they vary in carbon capture, costs, co-benefits, and feasibility. Here, we combined spatial, economic, and feasibility analyses to examine 10 different opportunity classes for restoration of forest cover across the contiguous United States. These include non-stocked forests, shrublands, protected areas, post-burn landscapes, pasture lands, croplands with challenging soils, urban areas, floodplains, streamsides, and biodiversity corridors. We found 51.6 Mha of total opportunity, which could capture 314.2 million tons of carbon dioxide each year, equivalent to 15% of the United States' 2016 commitment to the Paris Agreement. Half of this mitigation is possible at $20 tCO2‚àí1. However, the highest-ranked opportunity class with respect to carbon capture, costs, co-benefits, and feasibility changed depending on location. Our maps are publicly available to guide policy and implementation efforts at local, state, and national levels. ¬© 2020 The AuthorsRestoring forest cover can help tackle climate change, so we created maps of opportunities to deploy this natural climate solution. We found up to 51.6 Mha of area in the US to restore forest cover, which is about double the size of Oregon. These new forests could capture 314 MtCO2 year‚àí1, equivalent to the annual emissions from 67 million cars, but not all areas are equally suitable for new forest. We divided overall area of opportunity into 10 classes to compare their carbon capture potential, cost, co-benefits, and feasibility. Pastures hold the most carbon capture potential at lowest cost, which could be realized via increased efficiencies in livestock production, reductions in meat consumption, or incorporation of trees among grasses. Non-stocked forest patches and federal lands also hold substantial low-cost opportunity, whereas watersheds and urban areas hold high potential to capture carbon, and provide water and human health benefits, but are more costly. ¬© 2020 The AuthorsTo inform decisions about where to deploy restoration of forest cover as a climate solution, we produced maps of opportunities across the contiguous United States. We found up to 51.6 Mha of opportunity for new forest, which we divided into 10 different classes to compare their carbon capture, costs, co-benefits, and feasibility. We found that the opportunity class with the strongest potential differed by state but that many opportunities fall in lower-cost and more feasible locations. ¬© 2020 The Authors",2020,"Cook-Patton, S.C.; <br>Gopalakrishna, T.; <br>Daigneault, A.; <br>Leavitt, S.M.; <br>Platt, J.; <br>Scull, S.M.; <br>Amarjargal, O.; <br>Ellis, P.W.; <br>Griscom, B.W.; <br>McGuire, J.L.; <br>Yeo, S.M.; <br>Fargione, J.E.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.11.013","Article","One Earth"]
["A double win: new pathways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve water quality in New Zealand","Y This paper explores potential land-sector policies and practices that could help meet New Zealand's 2030 Paris Agreement target of reducing their greenhouse gas emissions by 30% from 2005 levels while simultaneous achieving improvements in freshwater quality. We use an integrated model of the country's agricultural and forestry sectors to explore the economic and environmental outcomes for 21 freshwater and climate change policy alternatives and mitigation target scenarios. The agri-environmental model estimates are then included in a multidimensional decision space framework that incorporates the risk attitude of policy-makers and uses an ordered weighting average model to evaluate potential policy pathways. We find policies that feature afforestation of marginal land are often preferred over because they provide a range of co-benefits such as carbon sequestration and reduced sedimentation and nutrient loss at relatively low cost. On the contrary, policies that only target a specific practice or pollutant are often less preferred because they fail to provide ample spill overs relative to their cost savings.",2020,"Fernandez, MA; <br>Fernandez, MA; <br>Daigneault, AJ","water quality; forest carbon sequestration; primary industry; land use; abatement costs","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8255","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS"]
["Integrated assessment of biomass supply and demand in climate change mitigation scenarios","Biomass is often seen as a key component of future energy systems as it can be used for heat and electricity production, as a transport fuel, and a feedstock for chemicals. Furthermore, it can be used in combination with carbon capture and storage to provide so-called \"negative emissions\". At the same time, however, its production will require land, possibly impacting food security, land-based carbon stocks, and other environmental services. Thus, the strategies adopted in the supply, conversion, and use of biomass have a significant impact on its effectiveness as a climate change mitigation measure. We use the IMAGE 3.0 integrated assessment model to project three different global, long term scenarios spanning different socioeconomic futures with varying rates of population growth, economic growth, and technological change, and investigate the role of biomass in meeting strict climate targets. Using these scenarios we highlight different possibilities for biomass supply and demand, and provide insights on the requirements and challenges for the effective use of this resource as a climate change mitigation measure. The results show that in scenarios meeting the 1.5 degrees C target, biomass could exceed 20% of final energy consumption, or 115-180 EJ(Prim)/yr in 2050. Such a supply of bioenergy can only be achieved without extreme levels land use change if agricultural yields improve significantly and effective land zoning is implemented. Furthermore, the results highlight that strict mitigation targets are contingent on the availability of advanced technologies such as lignocellulosic fuels and carbon capture and storage.",2019,"Daioglou, V; <br>Daioglou, V; <br>Doelman, JC; <br>Wicke, B; <br>Faaij, A; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>van Vuuren, DP","Bioenergy; Scenario analysis; Climate policy; Land use; Energy system; Biochemicals","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.11.012","Article","GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS"]
["Can biochar link forest restoration with commercial agriculture?","The commercial use of low-value forest-origin biomass has long been considered for its potential to offset the cost of reducing wildfire hazard. The production of biochar simultaneously consumes low-value forest biomass and produces stable charcoal that, when applied to dryland agricultural soils, can increase water holding capacity and crop yield. In this way the production of forest-origin biochar has the potential to promote forest restoration, foster forest-related employment, increase agricultural competitiveness, and sequester carbon. Biochar offers the greatest opportunity where dryland food crops, limited water availability, existing energy transmission infrastructure, and high-fire hazard forests share the same landscape. In this paper we describe a landscape-level study based on this scenario to optimize wildfire hazard reduction treatments, biochar facility locations, and agroeconomic outcomes to evaluate the potential benefits needed to carry the costs of biochar production.",2019,"Sessions, J; <br>Sessions, J; <br>Smith, D; <br>Smith, D; <br>Trippe, KM; <br>Trippe, KM; <br>Fried, JS; <br>Fried, JS; <br>Bailey, JD; <br>Bailey, JD; <br>Petitmermet, JH; <br>Petitmermet, JH; <br>Hollamon, W; <br>Hollamon, W; <br>Phillips, CL; <br>Phillips, CL; <br>Campbell, JD; <br>Campbell, JD","biochar production and costs; Forest resilience; Food security","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.02.015","Article","BIOMASS & BIOENERGY"]
["A synergistic approach for the simultaneous decarbonisation of power and industry via bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)","There is a need for a rapid and large scale decarbonisation to reduce CO2 emissions by 45% within 12 years. Thus, we propose a method that accelerates decarbonisation across multiple sectors via a synergistic approach with bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), which is able to remove 740 kgCO2 from air per MWh electricity generated. Industry is a hard-to-decarbonise sector which presents a unique set of challenges where, unlike the power sector, there are no obvious alternatives to CCS. One of these challenges is the significant variation of CO2 concentration, which directly influences CO2 capture costs, ranging from $10/tCO2 to over $170/tCO2 for high (95‚Äì99% CO2) and low CO2 concentration (4% CO2) applications, respectively. Re-purposing the existing coal-fired power plant fleet into BECCS displaces CO2 emissions from coal-use and enables a just transition, i.e., avoiding job loss, providing a supportive economic framework that does not rely on government subsidies. Negative emissions generated from capturing and storing atmospheric CO2 can be converted into negative emission credits (NECs) and auctioned to hard-to-decarbonise sectors, thus providing another revenue stream to the power plant. A levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) between $70 and $100 per MWh can be achieved through auctioning NECs at $90‚Äì$135 per tCO2. Offsetting the global industrial CO2 emissions of 9 GtCO2 would require 3000 BECCS plants under this framework. This approach could jumpstart industrial decarbonisation whilst giving this sector more time to develop new CCS technologies. ¬© 2019 Elsevier Ltd",2019,"Cabral, R.P.; <br>Bui, M.; <br>Mac Dowell, N.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.05.020","Article","Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control"]
["Effects of soil erosion and reforestation on soil respiration, organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in an eroded area of Southern China","Soil erosion and reforestation greatly affects the functionality of many terrestrial ecosystems. However, the effects of soil erosion and reforestation on soil respiration (SR), and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the changes in SR, and SOC and TN stocks at four different soil erosion levels (severely, moderately, lightly, and non-eroded) and two different aged Pinus massoniana plantations (8- and 36-year-old) in the hilly red soil regions of Southern China. Our results showed that soil erosion level and reforestation significantly influenced SR, and SOC and TN stocks. Meanwhile, the mean SR, and SOC and TN stocks all significantly decreased with erosion level but increased significantly with times since reforestation. Soil temperature (ST) could explain 70-92% of SR seasonal variation based on exponential models, whereas no significant relationship between SR and soil water content were found. Furthermore, the structural equation modeling indicated that SOC stocks at 0-20 cm had a much stronger effect on SR than ST. Meanwhile, the SOC stocks for 0-20 cm increased by 177% and 558% in the 8- and 36-year-old Pinus massoniana plantations in comparison with the severely eroded forestland, respectively. This study highlights that reforestation could be an effective strategy for restoring the carbon and nitrogen storage in eroded regions of Southern China and emphasizes the need to consider the effects of soil erosion and reforestation when assessing regional carbon budgets under different climate scenarios. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2019,"Yao, X; <br>Yao, X; <br>Yu, KY; <br>Yu, KY; <br>Wang, GY; <br>Deng, YB; <br>Lai, ZJ; <br>Chen, Y; <br>Jiang, YS; <br>Liu, J; <br>Liu, J","Soil CO2 efflux; Water erosion; C storage; N storage; Soil temperature; Pinus massoniana","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.221","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT"]
["Assessing the viability of soil successive straw biochar amendment based on a five-year column trial with six different soils: Views from crop production, carbon sequestration and net ecosystem economic benefits","Converting straw to biochar (BC) followed by successive application to soil has been increasingly suggested as a multi-win approach for soil fertility improvement, carbon (C) sequestration and efficient disposal of straw residues in intensive cropping agroecosystems. However, different soil types response differently in terms of crop growth and non-CO2 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions after BC application. Furthermore, few studies have comprehensively evaluated the net global warming potential (GWP) and net ecosystem economic benefits (NEEB) after long-term BC incorporation across representative soil types in China. A five-year outdoor column experiment was conducted using three rice-wheat rotated paddy soils and three millet-wheat rotated upland soils developed from different parent materials. Rice straw BC application rates of 0, 2.25 and 11.3 Mg ha(-1) were used in each crop season with identical doses of NPK fertilizers. Compared with the no BC controls, BC significantly boosted crop growth, enhanced C sequestration, and decreased cumulative N2O and CH4 emissions in all six soils over five rotation cycles. The response of the upland soils to BC was better in terms of crop growth and N2O mitigation, whereas the soil organic carbon (SOC) increment and CH4 mitigation were less effective compared with the paddy soils. Net GWP decreased 0.6-19 fold after BC application; however, given the low trade price of CO2 (0.21 x 10(3) CNY Mg-1), only a small contribution was made in terms of C costs to the NEEB. The BC-induced NEEB was mainly dependent on grain yield gains and BC costs. These findings highlight that widespread adoption of successive straw BC application to farmland requires an increase in crop yield and substantial lowering of the BC cost regardless of the soil type. From the standpoints of agronomics, environment and economics, acid upland soil shows most potential in terms of BC application.",2019,"Bi, YC; <br>Bi, YC; <br>Cai, SY; <br>Wang, Y; <br>Xia, YQ; <br>Zhao, X; <br>Wang, SQ; <br>Xing, GX","Rice straw biochar; Soil types; Crop yield; Greenhouse gas emissions; Net global warming potential; Net ecosystem economic benefits","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.051","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT"]
["Techno-economic and georeferenced analysis of forestry residues-based Fischer-Tropsch diesel with carbon capture in Brazil","This study aims to identify the potential for the deployment of diesel biofuel production based on forestry residues conversion through Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in Brazil. It develops a technical and economic analysis to estimate in what extension (georeferenced analysis) and at what costs (process analysis) can this biomass-based diesel contribute to the Brazilian diesel supply, and to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Findings indicate the annual techno-economic potential of 80.3 PJ (considering the use of eucalyptus and pine residues), mostly concentrated in the South, Midwest and Southeast regions of the country. Overall, 21 production hotspots were identified, allowing the deployment of 27 facilities across the country. A clear advantage of this fuel production route is the fact that the carbon capture and storage can be intrinsic to the process, leading to negative CO2 emissions of the fuel production chain. Total mitigation potential is nearly 25 MtCO(2) yearly. Furthermore, while still not cost-competitive without ambitious climate and energy policies in place, the forestry residue-based diesel can contribute to the reduction of the country's dependency on imports, resulting in positive impacts on the Brazilian trade balance.",2019,"Tagomori, IS; <br>Rochedo, PRR; <br>Szklo, A","Fischer-Tropsch diesel; Biomass; BECCS; GIS; Brazil","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.02.018","Article","BIOMASS & BIOENERGY"]
["The physics and ecology of mining carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by ecosystems","Reforesting and managing ecosystems have been proposed as ways to mitigate global warming and offset anthropogenic carbon emissions. The intent of our opinion piece is to provide a perspective on how well plants and ecosystems sequester carbon. The ability of individual plants and ecosystems to mine carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, as defined by rates and cumulative amounts, is limited by laws of physics and ecological principles. Consequently, the rates and amount of net carbon uptake are slow and low compared to the rates and amounts of carbon dioxide we release by fossil fuels combustion. Managing ecosystems to sequester carbon can also cause unintended consequences to arise. In this paper, we articulate a series of key take-home points. First, the potential amount of carbon an ecosystem can assimilate on an annual basis scales with absorbed sunlight, which varies with latitude, leaf area index and available water. Second, efforts to improve photosynthesis will come with the cost of more respiration. Third, the rates and amount of net carbon uptake are relatively slow and low, compared to the rates and amounts and rates of carbon dioxide we release by fossil fuels combustion. Fourth, huge amounts of land area for ecosystems will be needed to be an effective carbon sink to mitigate anthropogenic carbon emissions. Fifth, the effectiveness of using this land as a carbon sink will depend on its ability to remain as a permanent carbon sink. Sixth, converting land to forests or wetlands may have unintended costs that warm the local climate, such as changing albedo, increasing surface roughness or releasing other greenhouse gases. We based our analysis on 1,163 site-years of direct eddy covariance measurements of gross and net carbon fluxes from 155 sites across the globe.",2019,"Baldocchi, D; <br>Penuelas, J","biophysical ecology; carbon sequestration; climate mitigation; ecosystem ecology; unintended consequences","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14559","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY"]
["Mitigation potential and environmental impact of centralized versus distributed BECCS with domestic biomass production in Great Britain","New contingency policy plans are expected to be published by the United Kingdom government to set out urgent actions, such as carbon capture and storage, greenhouse gas removal and the use of sustainable bioenergy to meet the greenhouse gas reduction targets of the 4th and 5th Carbon Budgets. In this study, we identify two plausible bioenergy production pathways for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) based on centralized and distributed energy systems to show what BECCS could look like if deployed by 2050 in Great Britain. The extent of agricultural land available to sustainably produce biomass feedstock in the centralized and distributed energy systems is about 0.39 and 0.5 Mha, providing approximately 5.7 and 7.3 Mt(DM)/year of biomass respectively. If this land-use change occurred, bioenergy crops would contribute to reduced agricultural soil GHG emission by 9 and 11 MtCO2eq/year in the centralized and distributed energy systems respectively. In addition, bioenergy crops can contribute to reduce agricultural soil ammonia emissions and water pollution from soil nitrate leaching, and to increase soil organic carbon stocks. The technical mitigation potentials from BECCS lead to projected CO2 reductions of approximately 18 and 23 MtCO2/year from the centralized and distributed energy systems respectively. This suggests that the domestic supply of sustainable biomass would not allow the emission reduction target of 50 MtCO2/year from BECCS to be met. To meet that target, it would be necessary to produce solid biomass from forest systems on 0.59 or 0.49 Mha, or alternatively to import 8 or 6.6 Mt(DM)/year of biomass for the centralized and distributed energy system respectively. The spatially explicit results of this study can serve to identify the regional differences in the potential capture of CO2 from BECCS, providing the basis for the development of onshore CO2 transport infrastructures.",2019,"Albanito, F; <br>Hastings, A; <br>Fitton, N; <br>Richards, M; <br>Martin, M; <br>Mac Dowell, N; <br>Bell, D; <br>Taylor, SC; <br>Butnar, I; <br>Li, PH; <br>Slade, R; <br>Smith, P","agricultural GHG emissions; BECCS; bioenergy crops; carbon capture and storage; climate mitigation strategy; future energy scenarios; greenhouse gases; land-use change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12630","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY"]
["Optimizing carbon storage and biodiversity co-benefits in reforested riparian zones","Climate change and biodiversity loss are two global challenges that can be addressed simultaneously through reforestation of previously cleared land. However, carbon markets can encourage reforestations that focus on maximizing carbon storage, potentially at the expense of biodiversity conservation. To identify opportunities to optimize reforestation design and management to meet both goals, we examined the forest stand features associated with carbon stocks in biomass and soil, as well as bird abundance and diversity, in remnant and restored riparian forest stands in central California, U.S.A. Within three decades of reforestation, both planted and naturally regenerating riparian forest stands provided significantly greater carbon storage and avian biodiversity benefits compared to baseline conditions. They were also similar to a remnant riparian forest stand. We identified a synergy between carbon storage and biodiversity benefits in their positive associations with understorey cover, but we also identified a trade-off in their relationships to forest stand density. Biomass carbon stocks were strongly positively related to stand density, while bird density and diversity suffered at the highest stand densities. The variability in understorey cover across forest stands indicates an opportunity for further enhancement of carbon and biodiversity benefits in areas where understorey cover is low, while the variability in stand density suggests an opportunity to re-examine reforestation goals and consider thinning to achieve those goals. Synthesis and applications. We identified synergies and trade-offs between carbon storage and biodiversity in their relationships to forest stand features, indicating opportunities to optimize reforestation design and management to achieve multiple goals. Our approach can be adapted to other reforestation efforts intended to simultaneously address the global challenges of climate change and biodiversity loss.",2019,"Dybala, KE; <br>Steger, K; <br>Walsh, RG; <br>Smart, DR; <br>Gardali, T; <br>Seavy, NE","biodiversity conservation; bird community; carbon sequestration; habitat restoration; reforestation; riparian forest; stand density; understorey cover","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13272","Article","JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY"]
["Biophysical potential of crop residues for biochar carbon sequestration, and co-benefits, in Uganda","Increasing organic matter/carbon contents of soils is one option proposed to offset climate change inducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, under the auspices of the UNFCC Paris Agreement. One of the complementary practices to sequester carbon in soils on decadal time scales is amending it with biochar, a carbon rich byproduct of biomass gasification. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), there is a widespread and close interplay of agrarian-based economies and the use of biomass for fuel, which makes the co-benefits of biochar production for agriculture and energy supply explicitly different from the rest of the world. To date, the quantities of residues available from staple crops for biochar production, and their potential for carbon sequestration in farming systems of SSA have not been comprehensively investigated. We assessed the productivity and usage of biomass waste from maize, sorghum, rice, millet, and groundnut crops; specifically quantifying straw, shanks, chaff, and shells, based on measurements from multiple farmer fields and household surveys in eastern Uganda. Moreover, allometric models were tested, using grain productivity, plant height, and density as predictors. These models enable rapid and low-cost assessment of the potential availability of feedstocks at various spatial scales: individual cropland, farm enterprise, region, and country. Ultimately, we modeled the carbon balance in soils of major cropping systems when amended with biochar from biomass residues, and up-scaled this for basic scenario analysis. This interdisciplinary approach showcases that there is significant biophysical potential for soil carbon sequestration in farming systems of Uganda through amendment of biochar derived from unused residues of cereals and legume crops. Furthermore, information about these biomass waste flows is used for estimating the rates of biochar input that could be made to farmlands, as well as the amounts of energy that could be produced with gasifier appliances. ¬© 2019 The Authors. Ecological Applications published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Ecological Society of America",2019,"Roobroeck, D.; <br>Hood-Nowotny, R.; <br>Nakubulwa, D.; <br>Tumuhairwe, J.-B.; <br>Mwanjalolo, M.J.G.; <br>Ndawula, I.; <br>Vanlauwe, B.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eap.1984","Article","Ecol. Appl."]
["Does Caragana korshinskii plantation increase soil carbon continuously in a water-limited landscape on the Loess Plateau, China?","Although afforestation of nitrogen-fixing shrubs, especially Caragana korshinskii in semiarid areas, is expected to improve ecosystem restoration and carbon sequestration, water shortage induced by these thirsty shrubs may negate potential benefits. Yet there is poor understating of the persistence of soil carbon sequestration in nitrogen-fixing shrub plantations. Here, we selected three C. korshinskii plantations with different ages (10, 20, and 30 years) on the Loess Plateau to evaluate the persistence of soil carbon sink. We examined dynamics of soil carbon, total nitrogen, and soil water, as well as their relationships along the plantation ages. The results showed that soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) were tightly coupled. SOC, STN, and soil water stocks (0-100 cm) were significantly decreased by 23.9%, 19.9%, and 29.2% from 10 to 30 years, respectively. The reduction of SOC and STN was likely caused by lowered intercanopy herbaceous productivity due to soil drying and intensified competition from shrubs. We present evidence that the positive carbon sequestration by afforestation of leguminous shrub in short term may be further weakened by water shortage, making our ability to restore degraded land in semiarid regions more challenging than previously thought. Therefore, it is essential to improve management of afforestation land such as thinning for maintaining SOC sequestration persistently in water-limited areas.",2019,"Chai, QL; <br>Chai, QL; <br>Ma, ZY; <br>Ma, ZY; <br>An, QQ; <br>An, QQ; <br>Wu, GL; <br>Wu, GL; <br>Chang, XF; <br>Zheng, JY; <br>Wang, GJ","Caragana korshinskii; Loess Plateau; soil carbon sequestration; soil C-N coupling; soil desiccation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3373","Article","LAND DEGRADATION & DEVELOPMENT"]
["Potential complementarity between forest carbon sequestration incentives and biomass energy expansion","There is a growing literature on the potential contributions the global forest sector could make toward long-term climate action goals through increased carbon sequestration and the provision of biomass for energy generation. However, little work to date has explored possible interactions between carbon sequestration incentives and bioenergy expansion policies in forestry. This study develops a simple conceptual model for evaluating whether carbon sequestration and biomass energy policies are carbon complements or substitutes. Then, we apply a dynamic structural model of the global forest sector to assess terrestrial carbon changes under different combinations of carbon sequestration price incentives and forest bioenergy expansion. Our results show that forest bioenergy expansion can complement carbon sequestration policies in the near- and medium-term, reducing marginal abatement costs and increasing mitigation potential. By the end of the century these policies become substitutes, with forest bioenergy expansion increasing the costs of carbon sequestration. This switch is driven by relatively high demand and price growth for pulpwood under scenarios with forest bioenergy expansion, which incentivizes management changes in the near- and medium-term that are carbon beneficial (e.g., afforestation and intensive margin shifts), but requires sustained increases in pulpwood harvest levels over the long-term.",2019,"Baker, JS; <br>Wade, CM; <br>Sohngen, BL; <br>Ohrel, S; <br>Fawcett, AA","Bioenergy expansion; Forestry; Carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.10.009","Article","ENERGY POLICY"]
["Impact of zero-till residue management and crop diversification with legumes on soil aggregation and carbon sequestration","We evaluated the long-term impact of zero tillage (ZT) in post-rainy seasons (winter and summer) crop/s, crop residue management, and crop diversification on soil aggregation and carbon sequestration. The field experiment (started in 2009) was undertaken in split-plot design for seven consecutive years on a sandy loam soil of Kanpur, India. The experiment comprised of four tillage and crop residue management treatments: PTR - conventional tillage (CT) without crop residue (PTR-CT), PTR-ZT without crop residue (PTR-ZT-R), PTR - CT with crop residue incorporation (PTR-CT + R), and PTR - ZT with surface crop residue retention (PTR-ZT + R) in main plot, and three cropping systems: rice-wheat (RW), rice-chickpea (RC), and rice-chickpea-mungbean (RCMb) in subplot. Treatment PTR-ZT + R resulted in 13% (p < 0.05) higher water stable macroaggregate over the PTR-CT. Meantime, PTR-ZT + R increased carbon content in macro- aggregate (28%) and meso-aggregate (39%) over the PTR-CT, because of added carbon through the surface-laden crop residue. The tillage and crop residue management followed the sequence of PTR-ZT + R > PTR-ZT-R > PTR-CT + R > PTR-CT (p < 0.05) across the soil depths for active and passive carbon pools. After seven years, PTR-ZT + R enhanced soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) by 70 and 56% over PTR-CT, respectively. The RCMb and RC rotations increased (p < 0.05) the macro- and meso- aggregates, and aggregate mean weight diameter compared to the RW rotation in both soil depths. Crop rotations had the following trend: RCMb > RC > RW (p < 0.05) for SMBC and POC. Notably, treatment PTR-ZT + R with RCMb or RC rotations largely increased the carbon management index compared to the PTR-CT and RW systems. The structural indices and soil carbon parameters were significantly correlated to the rice grain yield, except microaggregated carbon. Thus, crop diversification with grain legume/s, zero tillage in post rainy season crop/s, and crop residue retention provided not only higher soil aggregation but also increased carbon sequestration in Inceptisol of subtropical humid climate.",2019,"Kumar, N; <br>Natha, CP; <br>Hazraa, KK; <br>Das, K; <br>Venkatesh, MS; <br>Singh, MK; <br>Singh, SS; <br>Praharaj, CS; <br>Singh, NP","Aggregate associated carbon; Carbon management index; Carbon pools; Macroaggregate; Microbial biomass carbon; Particulate organic carbon","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.02.001","Article","SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH"]
["Climate change reduces the mitigation obtainable from sequestration in an Australian farming system",null,2019,"Thamo, T.; <br>Addai, D.; <br>Kragt, M.E.; <br>Kingwell, R.S.; <br>Pannell, D.J.; <br>Robertson, M.J.",null,null,"Article"]
["Perspectives from India on geoengineering","Geo-engineering technologies for deliberate and large-scale manipulation of the Earth's climate system are receiving serious scientific and political interest in the discourse on policy instruments for limiting temperature rise to 1.5 degrees C. While the debate on the scientific and technical feasibility of a range of geo-engineering technologies rages on, there is an urgent need for analysis of the complex ethical, social and governance issues related to research, experimentation and eventual deployment of these technologies. Our perception survey of Indian policy makers dealing with climate change has identified a number of governance concerns related to geoengineering technologies. Possible unintended consequences and 'side effects' of these technologies raises concerns of differential impacts in the vulnerable global south. Large-scale deployment of BECCS could have significant impact on food security, water resources and biodiversity. Above all, Indian policy makers are concerned about the prospect of unilateral action on geoengineering by developed nations. We examine in this article potential governance arrangements for geo-engineering technologies.",2019,"Mathur, V; <br>Roy, A","Climate change; geoenginering; governance; perspective","http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v116/i1/40-46","Article","CURRENT SCIENCE"]
["Public support for carbon dioxide removal strategies: the role of tampering with nature perceptions","Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) describes a suite of controversial approaches to mitigating climate change that involve removing existing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Through an online survey experiment with US adults (N = 980), we examine three factors that may shape public support for different types of CDR strategies: (1) perceptions that CDR tampers with nature, (2) individual-level variation in the degree to which people are uncomfortable with activities that tamper with nature, and (3) information about the risks and benefits associated with each CDR strategy. Using a moderated mediation analysis, we find that support for different CDR strategies is, in part, a function of how much each strategy is perceived to tamper with nature. Support for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and direct air capture (DAC) was lower than support for afforestation and reforestation (AR), as BECCS and DAC were perceived to tamper with nature more. These effects were particularly strong among individuals generally opposed to the idea of humans interfering with natural processes. Moreover, we find evidence that describing the risks and benefits of each CDR strategy dampens support; for AR and BECCS, this effect was again mediated through perceptions of tampering, while for DAC, the effect of describing these tradeoffs appeared to operate independently of perceived tampering. We conclude that policymakers and science communicators need to be mindful of how CDR strategies are described to the public, as perceptions of tampering with nature may be an important driver of their acceptance. ¬© 2019, Springer Nature B.V.",2019,"Wolske, K.S.; <br>Raimi, K.T.; <br>Campbell-Arvai, V.; <br>Hart, P.S.","Carbon capture; Climate change; Clock and data recovery circuits (CDR circuits); Public risks; Reforestation; Risk perception; Carbon dioxide removal; Individual levels; Mediation analysis; Natural process; Online surveys; Policy makers; Public support; Science communicators; Carbon dioxide","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02375-z","Article","Clim. Change"]
["Perceptions of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage in different policy scenarios","There is growing interest in bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) as a possible technology for removing CO2 from the atmosphere. In the first study of its kind, we investigate whether and how different forms of incentivisation impact on public perceptions of this technology. We develop a new experimental method to triangulate perceptions of BECCS in different policy scenarios through quantitative measurement and qualitative elicitation. Here we show that the type of policy instrument used to incentivise BECCS significantly affects perceptions of the technology itself. While we find approval of coercive and persuasion-based policy scenarios for incentivisation, supportive instruments proved polarising. Payments based on the amount of CO2 removed from the atmosphere were approved, but guarantees of higher prices for producers selling energy derived from BECCS were strongly opposed. We conclude that public support for BECCS is inextricably linked to attitudes towards the policies through which it is incentivised.",2019,"Bellamy, R; <br>Lezaun, J; <br>Palmer, J",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08592-5","Article","NATURE COMMUNICATIONS"]
["Policy measures for sustainable sunflower cropping in EU-MED marginal lands amended by biochar: case study in Tuscany, Italy","The aim of this study is to evaluate economic support measures based on current EU policies affecting the profitability of large-scale deployment of biochar for sunflower cultivation in dry marginal lands in Italy, paving the way to large scale carbon sequestration in the EU Mediterranean region. Two cases were considered: i) straight biochar use and ii) biochar in combination with compost (COMBI: 20% biochar and 80% compost mass fraction), at application rates of 5 and 10 Mg ha(-1) respectively. Based on realistic estimations of achievable crop-yield performances by biochar and COMBI addition to dry soils, the effect of current policies on the economic viability of biochar deployment and farmers' income has been investigated. Using a cost-model we identified the required levels of support, in the form of (i) area subsidies for crop cultivation, (ii) tradable carbon certificates (credits), and (iii) REDII-compliant biofuel support for Aviation and Maritime, so to make biochar and sunflower cultivation in EU MED dry marginal lands competitive for sustainable crop-based biofuels. Results show that, by employing existing policy instruments, sufficient income can be generated for famers to recover marginal land, sequester large amount of carbon by BECCS at costs (similar to 82 (sic) Mg-1 of CO2) falling at or below the typical range of CCS measures, as well as offer additional environmental and socio-economic positive benefits. The combination of currently operational economic mechanisms from the Common Agricultural Policy, the Climate Policy, and the Renewable Energy Directive II can: i) maintain domestic farming activities, ii) support the implementation of biochar projects at local level, iii) contribute to achieve EU and national biofuel targets without generating ILUC impacts and iv) achieve unprecedent potential for carbon sequestration. However, prior to large-scale deployment, targeted on-site R&D actions aimed at validating biochar effects under local conditions (soil, climate, crops) are recommended, together with training and capacity building activities for local farmers.",2019,"Chiaramonti, D; <br>Chiaramonti, D; <br>Panoutsou, C","Biofuels; Biochar; Policy; Marginal land; ETS; BECCS","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.04.021","Article","BIOMASS & BIOENERGY"]
["Engineering climate debt: temperature overshoot and peak-shaving as risky subprime mortgage lending","Despite the ambitious temperature goal of the 2015 Paris Agreement, the pace of reducing global CO2 emissions remains sluggish. This creates conditions in which the idea of temperature 'overshoot and peak-shaving' is emerging as a possible strategy to meet the Paris goal. An overshoot and peak-shaving scenario rests upon the 'temporary' use of speculative solar radiation management (SRM) technologies combined with large-scale carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Whilst some view optimistically the strategic interdependence between SRM and CDR, we argue that this strategy comes with a risk of escalating 'climate debt'. We explain our position using the logic of debt and the analogy of subprime mortgage lending. In overshoot and peak-shaving scenarios, the role of CDR and SRM is to compensate for delayed mitigation, placing the world in a double debt: 'emissions debt' and 'temperature debt'. Analogously, this can be understood as a combination of 'subprime mortgage' (i.e. large-scale CDR) and 'home-equity-line-of-credit' (i.e. temporary SRM). With this analogy, we draw some important lessons from the 2007-2009 US subprime mortgage crisis. The analogy signals that the efficacy of temporary SRM cannot be evaluated in isolation of the feasibility of large-scale CDR and that the failure of the overshoot promise will lead to prolonged peak-shaving, masking an ever-rising climate debt. Overshoot and peak-shaving scenarios should not be presented as a secured feasible investment, but rather as a high-risk speculation betting on insecure promises. Obscuring the riskiness of such scenarios is a precipitous step towards escalating a climate debt crisis. Key policy insights The slow progress of mitigation increases the attraction of an 'overshoot and peak-shaving' scenario which combines temporary SRM with large-scale CDR Following the logic of debt, the role of CDR and SRM in this scenario is to compensate for delayed mitigation, creating a double debt of CO2 emissions and global temperature Using the analogy of subprime lending, this strategy can be seen as offering a combination of subprime mortgage and open-ended 'line-of-credit' Because the 'success' of peak-shaving by temporary SRM hinges critically on the overshoot promise of large-scale CDR, SRM and CDR should not be discussed separately",2019,"Asayama, S; <br>Asayama, S; <br>Hulme, M","Geoengineering; solar radiation management; carbon dioxide removal; temperature overshoot; peak-shaving; climate debt","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.1623165","Article","CLIMATE POLICY"]
["Beyond carbon pricing: policy levers for negative emissions technologies","This paper explores policies for Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs), in an attempt to move beyond the supply-side focus of the majority of NETs research, as well as the current dominance of carbon pricing as the main NETs policy proposal. The paper identifies a number of existing policies from four key areas - energy/transport, agriculture, sub-soil, and oceans - which will have an impact on three NETs: Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), Direct Air Capture (DAC), and terrestrial Enhanced Rock Weathering (ERW). We propose that non-climate co-benefits may be valuable in terms of the policy 'demand pull' for NETs; in particular, we find that ERW may provide multiple co-benefits which can be mandated through existing policy structures. However, interaction with numerous policy areas may also create barriers, particularly where there is tension between the priorities of different government departments. On the basis of existing and analogous policies from a range of geographical contexts and scales, this paper proposes four options for NETs policy that could be reasonably implemented in the near-term. We also argue that ERW demonstrates the importance of scale and framing, because the policy environment depends on whether it is framed as a soil amendment at local scales or as a climate stabilization technique at international scale. Key policy insights Co-benefits may assist the 'demand pull' for novel technologies by providing multiple policy angles for incentivisation rather than relying on a 'fix-all' policy such as a high carbon price. DAC with storage might be overly reliant on a high carbon price, because it only provides one core benefit - that of atmospheric carbon reduction. ERW may provide multiple co-benefits which can be mandated through existing policy structures, but should focus on using waste rock rather than mining virgin material. We propose four near-term options for NETs policy: funding for small-scale BECCS demonstration and an international biomass certification mechanism; small-scale loans for ERW on farms and promotion of locally-sourced rock residues; amendment of fertilizer subsidy schemes to include silicate rock; and a clearer framework for licensing sub-soil access for CO2 storage.",2019,"Cox, E; <br>Edwards, NR","NETs; carbon dioxide removal; co-benefits; BECCS; enhanced rock weathering; direct air capture","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.1634509","Article","CLIMATE POLICY"]
["Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of Large-Scale Biochar Production and Use for Negative Emissions in Stockholm","Several cities in Sweden are aiming for climate neutrality within a few decades and for negative emissions thereafter. Combined biochar, heat, and power production is an option to achieve carbon sequestration for cities relying on biomass-fuelled district heating, while biochar use could mitigate environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector. By using prospective life cycle assessment, the climate impact of the pyrolysis of woodchips in Stockholm is compared with two reference scenarios based on woodchip combustion. The pyrolysis of woodchips produces heat and power for the city of Stockholm, and biochar whose potential use as a feed and manure additive on Swedish dairy farms is explored. The climate change mitigation trade-off between bioenergy production and biochar carbon sequestration in Stockholm's context is dominated by the fate of marginal power. If decarbonisation of power is achieved, building a new pyrolysis plant becomes a better climate option than conventional combustion. Effects of cascading biochar use in animal husbandry are uncertain but could provide 10-20% more mitigation than direct biochar soil incorporation. These results help design regional biochar systems that combine negative carbon dioxide emissions with increased methane and nitrous oxide mitigation efforts and can also guide the development of minimum performance criteria for biochar products.",2019,"Azzi, ES; <br>Karltun, E; <br>Sundberg, C; <br>Sundberg, C",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01615","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY"]
["Freshwater requirements of large-scale bioenergy plantations for limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees C","Limiting mean global warming to well below 2 degrees Cwill probably require substantial negative emissions (NEs) within the 21st century. To achieve these, bioenergy plantations with subsequent carbon capture and storage (BECCS) may have to be implemented at a large scale. Irrigation of these plantations might be necessary to increase the yield, which is likely to put further pressure on already stressed freshwater systems. Conversely, the potential of bioenergy plantations (BPs) dedicated to achieving NEs through CO2 assimilation may be limited in regions with low freshwater availability. This paper provides a first-order quantification of the biophysical potentials of BECCS as a negative emission technology contribution to reaching the 1.5 degrees C warming target, as constrained by associated water availabilities and requirements. Using a global biosphere model, we analyze the availability of freshwater for irrigation of BPs designed to meet the projected NEs to fulfill the 1.5 degrees C target, spatially explicitly on areas not reserved for ecosystem conservation or agriculture. Wetake account of the simultaneous water demands for agriculture, industries, and households and also account for environmental flow requirements (EFRs) needed to safeguard aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, we assess to what extent different forms of improved water management on the suggested BPs and on cropland may help to reduce the freshwater abstractions. Results indicate that global water withdrawals for irrigation of BPs range between similar to 400 and similar to 3000 km(3) yr(-1), depending on the scenario and the conversion efficiency of the carbon capture and storage process. Consideration of EFRs reduces theNE potential significantly, but can partly be compensated for by improved on-field water management.",2019,"Stenzel, F; <br>Stenzel, F; <br>Stenzel, F; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Werner, C; <br>Werner, C; <br>Werner, C; <br>Jagermeyr, J; <br>Jagermeyr, J; <br>Jagermeyr, J","BECCS; water demand; irrigation; negative emissions; environmental flow requirements; climate change; bioenergy plantations","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab2b4b","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS"]
["Deliberate enhancement of rainfall using desert plantations","Large-scale afforestation is increasingly being considered as a negative emissions method for sequestering large quantities of atmospheric CO2. At the same time, regional weather modification methods, like cloud seeding, are being used to counteract increasing water scarcity in arid regions. Large-scale sustainable desert agroforestry plantations can contribute to climate change mitigation and can also be used to modify regional climate, particularly rainfall. Climate impacts from plantations need to be well understood before considering implementation. Typically, impact studies are attempted at continental or global scales and use coarse-resolution models, which suffer from severe systematic errors. This is highly problematic because decision makers should only countenance geoengineering schemes like global afforestation if impacts are understood on the regional scale. We posit the necessity of using high-resolution regional models with sophisticated representations of land-atmosphere feedback and vegetation. This approach allows for studying desert plantations and the process chain leading to climate modification. We demonstrate that large-scale plantations enhance regional clouds and rainfall and derive an index for predicting plantation impacts. Thus, desert plantations represent a unique environmental solution via predictable regional weather modification and carbon storage.",2019,"Branch, O; <br>Wulfmeyer, V","desert plantations; weather modification; rainfall enhancement","http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904754116","Article","PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"]
["A Boundary Plane Approach to Map Hotspots for Achievable Soil Carbon Sequestration and Soil Fertility Improvement","Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is important in the global carbon cycle and an integral part of many initiatives and policies to mitigate climate change. For efficient targeting of measures leading to SOC sequestration, it is necessary to know the actual SOC content (%) and a realistic target SOC content (in contrast to the saturation content, which may not be easily achievable) under local biophysical and socioeconomic conditions. We developed a new method for the practical assessment of achievable SOC sequestration concerning soil texture based on a non-linear boundary plane approach, also applicable for mapping of SOC sequestration hotspots. The method was tested at two spatial scales (a 125 km(2) catchment and a 4 km(2) sub-area of that catchment) in a region in Western Kenya characterized by smallholder farming. Moreover, we assessed the associated benefits of increasing the SOC content from a crop production perspective and found significant correlations between SOC and other soil properties (pH, cation exchange capacity, and various plant-available macro- and micronutrients). This indicates a possible improvement in soil fertility when the SOC content is raised to the modeled target levels, which should be attainable without major changes in land use or agricultural systems.",2019,"Piikki, K; <br>Soderstrom, M; <br>Soderstrom, M; <br>Sommer, R; <br>Da Silva, M; <br>Munialo, S; <br>Munialo, S; <br>Munialo, S; <br>Abera, W","soil organic carbon; soil texture; SOC sequestration; hotspot; Western Kenya","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154038","Article","SUSTAINABILITY"]
["Tree species effects on albedo, soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in a temperate forest in Iran","Albedo and carbon sequestration, as important climatic parameters, are influenced by many factors. Since forests are important factors affecting carbon stocks, albedo, they have a significant role in global warming. This study intends to explore interactions between trees species and albedo, soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks in the Hyrcanian forest of northern Iran. The study sites consist of five 20-year-old forest plantations consisting of maple (Acer velutinum Bioss), poplar (Populus deltoides Barter. ex Marsh), Mediterranean cypress (Cupressus sempervirens var. Horizontalis (Mill.) Loudon), chestnut-leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia C. A. M. macranthera F. & M.) and alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn). In the summer, ten randomly located soil samples were taken from each stand from the top 10 cm of the soil to determine the soil characteristics, soil organic C, total C and N. Albedo was estimated with an albedometer set-up, which was installed on a movable mast in each stand. We used two analytical methods to determine the effect of tree species on albedo and soil C and N stocks. ANOVA was used to determine the significant difference between tree species and albedo, soil C and N stocks. TOPSIS technique-a commonly used classical Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method-was employed to prioritize tree species considering the combination of the examined factors (albedo, C and N stocks). Our analysis suggests significant differences in albedo and soil C and N stocks between tree species (p < 0.01). Albedo of the alder stand (0.33) was highest and for Mediterranean cypress it was lowest (0.15). The highest values of soil C and N stocks we observed in the alder stand (64.61 and 2.68 t ha(-1), respectively) and the lowest amounts in the poplar stand (26.76 and 1.2 t ha(-1) respectively). The results of TOPSIS ranking indicated that, the preferred tree species are alder, chestnut-leaved oak, maple, polar and Mediterranean cypress, respectively. The findings of this study demonstrated that different planted tree species have different substantial effects on albedo and soil properties in the study region. Our results demonstrate the benefits of intercropped broad-leaved trees on albedo and soil C and N stocks. These findings may help to optimize forest management activities, such as selection of tree species in reforestations, plantations and agroforestry systems.",2019,"Vatani, L; <br>Hosseini, SM; <br>Sarjaz, MR; <br>Alavi, SJ","Reforestation; Hyrcanian forests; litter; Climate change; Solar radiation; Mitigation",null,"Article","AUSTRIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE"]
["Diversity and abundance of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera in multiple-species reforestation plantings to offset emissions of carbon dioxide","Multiple-species (floristically diverse) plantings of trees and shrubs in former agricultural landscapes to offset (sequester) emissions of carbon dioxide are a recent component of Australian landscapes. Although their potential to mitigate biodiversity loss is recognised, this ecological function has not been investigated, in particular with respect to insect diversity. Over two summers, we used light trapping to sample Lepidoptera (moths) and Coleoptera (beetles) in multiple-species plantings in two distinct locations in Victoria (plantings of four ages per location) as well as in nearby remnant forest and in pasture. At both locations, we found that plantings had a greater abundance of Lepidoptera than remnants but that the abundance in plantings was comparable to the abundance in pasture. The species richness of Lepidoptera in plantings did not differ significantly from that in remnants but was significantly greater than that in pasture. The abundance and species richness of Coleoptera in plantings was lower than in remnant forests but higher than in pasture. The community composition of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera in plantings was intermediate between that of remnant forest and pasture, i.e. possibly transitional between the two vegetation types. Dissimilarity between all vegetation types was nevertheless high, reflecting that the abundance of individual taxa reflects the influence of temporally and spatially dependent factors, e.g. host plant size and suitability. Greater abundances of grass-feeding Lepidoptera in plantings explained much of the dissimilarity between plantings and remnant forests. Proximity to remnant forest was an important determinant of the community composition of Lepidoptera but not of Coleoptera. Moth forewing length (relevant to vagility which is an indicator of dispersal capacity) appeared less important to proximity relationships than larval host plant specificity, i.e. whether grass or dicot-feeding. The location of sequestration plantings relative to remnant forest as well as their composition (including the persistence of pasture grasses) will determine the attractiveness of the resources provided to insect herbivores and hence the rate at which they are colonised. Plantings near remnant native forest benefit insect diversity but adoption of novel silvicultural practices could hasten the rate at which they become functional mimics of native forests and support more comparable communities of insect. Potential trade-offs between increased establishment costs and more complex carbon accounting might need to be investigated to cost biodiversity credits associated with dual accreditation schemes.",2019,"Forbes, RJ; <br>Watson, SJ; <br>O'Connor, E; <br>Wescott, W; <br>Steinbauer, MJ","biodiversity; conservation biology; ecosystem services; restoration ecology","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2019.1622833","Article","AUSTRALIAN FORESTRY"]
["Do climate engineering experts display moral-hazard behaviour?","Discourse analyses and expert interviews about climate engineering (CE) report high levels of reflectivity about the technologies' risks and challenges, implying that CE experts are unlikely to display moral hazard behaviour, i.e. a reduced focus on mitigation. This has, however, not been empirically tested. Within CE experts we distinguish between experts for radiation management (RM) and for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and analyse whether RM and CDR experts display moral hazard behaviour. For RM experts, we furthermore look at whether they agree to laboratory and field research, and how they perceive the risks and benefits of one specific RM method, Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI). Analyzing experts' preferences for climate-policy options, we do not find a reduction of the mitigation budget, i.e. moral hazard, for RM or CDR experts compared to climate-change experts who are neither experts for RM nor for CDR. In particular, the budget shares earmarked for RM are low. The perceptions of risks and benefits of SAI are similar for RM and climate-change experts. Despite the difference in knowledge and expertise, experts and laypersons share an understanding of the benefits, while their perceptions of the risks differ: experts perceive the risks to be larger. Key policy insights Experts surveyed all prioritize mitigation over carbon dioxide removal and in particular radiation management. In the views of the experts, SAI is not a viable climate policy option within the next 25 years, and potentially beyond, as global field-testing (which would be a precondition for long-term deployment) is widely rejected. In the case of SAI, greater knowledge leads to increased awareness of the uncertainty and complexity involved. Policy-makers need to be aware of this relationship and the potential misconceptions among laypersons with limited knowledge, and should follow the guidelines about communicating risks and uncertainties of CE that experts have been advised to follow.",2019,"Merk, C; <br>Ponitzsch, G; <br>Rehdanz, K; <br>Rehdanz, K","Stratospheric Aerosol injection (SAI); climate engineering; geoengineering; risk perception; expert perception; moral hazard","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1494534","Article","CLIMATE POLICY"]
["Long-term charcoal-induced changes to soil properties in temperate regions of northern Iran","The long-term performance and benefits of charcoal application on the carbon sequestration and properties of forest soils in temperate or non-tropical regions has not been studied in detail in spite of its important role in global warming. This study was conducted to describe the long-term charcoal-induced changes in organic carbon (OC) content and other soil properties of temperate deciduous forests in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. Three sites were sampled to collect composite soil samples from two depths (0-20 and 20-40cm) inside and outside of a plot of charcoal-enriched soils surrounding a historical charcoal production site (abandoned for more than 120years). The presence of charcoal in soils for about 120years elevated significantly the black carbon, total OC, natural soil OC, total nitrogen, dissolved organic matter, soil OC density, exchangeable bases, saturated hydraulic conductivity, available water capacity and available Fe, Mn and Zn compared to the adjacent reference soils. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and pH were 15.5cmol(c)kg(-1) and 0.5 units, respectively, higher than the adjacent reference soils at 0-20cm soil depth. However, electrical conductivity (EC), bulk density and available Cu were higher in the adjacent reference soil. The aged charcoal had no significant effect on the microbial respiration rate of studied soils. The results of this study provide new insights and strong support for the long-term benefits of biochar application as a management strategy for improving soil productivity as well as sequestering large quantities of durable carbon in soils of the region and mitigating global warming.",2019,"Faghih, F; <br>Emadi, M; <br>Sadegh-Zadeh, F; <br>Bahmanyar, MA","Biochar; Black carbon; Forest soils; Luvisols; Temperate climate; Terra preta","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-018-0641-6","Article","JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH"]
["Implementing land-based mitigation to achieve the Paris Agreement in Europe requires food system transformation","Land-based mitigation, particularly through afforestation, reforestation and avoided deforestation, is an important component of the Paris Agreement to limit average global temperature increases to between 1.5 degrees C and 2 degrees C. However, the specific actions that would ensure sufficient carbon sequestration in forests remain unclear, as do their trade-offs against other land-based objectives. We use a regional integrated assessment model to identify the conditions under which European forests reach the extent required by mitigation targets. We compare stylised scenarios of changes in meat demand, bioenergy crop production, irrigation efficiency, and crop yield improvement. Only 42 out of 972 model simulations achieved minimum levels of food provision and forest extent without the need to change dietary preferences, but relied on crop yield improvements within Europe of at least 30%. Maintaining food imports at today's levels to avoid the potential displacement of food production and deforestation required at least a 15% yield improvement, or a drastic reduction in meat consumption (avg. 57%). The results suggest that the large-scale afforestation/reforestation planned in European targets is virtually impossible to achieve without transformation of the food system, making it unlikely that Europe will play its required role in global efforts to limit climate change without utilising land beyond its borders.",2019,"Lee, H; <br>Brown, C; <br>Seo, B; <br>Holman, I; <br>Audsley, E; <br>Cojocaru, G; <br>Rounsevell, M; <br>Rounsevell, M","the 1.5 degrees C Paris target; negative emissions technologies; dietary change; reforestation; afforestation; food consumption","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab3744","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS"]
["Biomass-based negative emission technology options with combined heat and power generation","Biomass-based combined heat and power (CHP) generation with different carbon capture approaches is investigated in this study. Only direct carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are considered. The selected processes are (i) a circulating fluidized bed boiler for wood chips connected to an extraction/condensation steam cycle CHP plant without carbon capture; (ii) plant (i), but with post-combustion CO2 capture; (iii) chemical looping combustion (CLC) of solid biomass connected to the steam cycle CHP plant; (iv) rotary kiln slow pyrolysis of biomass for biochar soil storage and direct combustion of volatiles supplying the steam cycle CHP plant with the CO2 from volatiles combustion escaping to the atmosphere; (v) case (iv) with additional post-combustion CO2 capture; and (vi) case (iv) with CLC of volatiles. Reasonable assumptions based on literature data are taken for the performance effects of the CO2 capture systems and the six process options are compared. CO2 compression to pipeline pressure is considered. The results show that both bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and biochar qualify as negative emission technologies (NETs) and that there is an energy-based performance advantage of BECCS over biochar because of the unreleased fuel energy in the biochar case. Additional aspects of biomass fuels (ash content and ash melting behavior) and sustainable soil management (nutrient cycles) for biomass production should be quantitatively considered in more detailed future assessments, as there may be certain biomass fuels, and environmental and economic settings where biochar application to soils is indicated rather than the full conversion of the biomass to energy and CO2.",2019,"Proll, T; <br>Zerobin, F","Biomass; Carbon capture and storage; Bioenergy; Biochar; Chemical looping combustion; Pyrolysis; Combined heat and power; Negative emission technologies","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-019-9841-4","Article","MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR GLOBAL CHANGE"]
["Public perceptions of climate engineering Laypersons' acceptance at different levels of knowledge and intensities of deliberation","Even if societies decarbonized rapidly, it is unlikely that they will achieve the 1.5 degrees C target without also resorting to CO2 removal, by means, for example, of bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS). Such methods were included in the special report Global Warming of 1.5 degrees C published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2018. This report also discusses solar radiation management, such as stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) which might be used to change global temperatures. However, public debate about the acceptability of these methods remains absent. We look at laypersons' perceptions of BECCS and SAI at three stylized stages of increasing knowledge and deliberation. We found a high level of uncertainty among survey respondents as to whether to accept the use of these methods, which decreases when additional information is supplied by stakeholders. When comparing survey participants to members of a citizens' jury, we found lower levels of acceptance for SAI and similar levels for BECCS among jury members who had deliberated the methods intensively. Despite fears of distracting from the aim of reducing emissions, decision-makers should publicly discuss these methods to avoid planning based on incorrect assumptions about the political feasibility of CO2 removal. People want to be informed about both approaches and the threat of SAI makes them focus their attention on mitigation.",2019,"Merk, C; <br>Klaus, G; <br>Pohlers, J; <br>Ernst, A; <br>Ott, K; <br>Rehdanz, K; <br>Rehdanz, K","bioenergy carbon capture and storage; citizens' jury; climate engineering; public perception; stratospheric aerosol injection","http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/gaia.28.4.6","Article","GAIA-ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES FOR SCIENCE AND SOCIETY"]
["Leveraging drought risk reduction for sustainable food, soil and climate via soil organic carbon sequestration","Drought is a major risk in global agriculture. Building-up soil organic carbon (SOC) enhances soil fertility and efficient use of rainwater, which can increase drought tolerance in food production. SOC management demonstrates its benefit at various locations and is a promising means to achieve food security and climate mitigation at once. However, no global assessment of its potential and co-benefits gained from SOC enhancement has been presented. Here we evaluated the extent to which SOC build-up could reduce agricultural drought risk. Using statistical analysis of spatially-explicit global crop and soil datasets, we find that relatively small enhancement in topsoil (0-30 cm) organic carbon content (OCtop) could increase drought tolerance of the food production systems operating over 70% of the global harvested area (particularly drylands). By closing the gap between current and upper limit of tolerance levels through SOC addition of 4.87 GtC at the global scale, farmer's economic output in drought years would increase by similar to 16%. This level of SOC increase has co-benefit of reducing global decadal mean temperature warming by 0.011 degrees C. Our findings highlight that progress towards multiple development goals can be leveraged by SOC enhancement in carbon (C)-poor soils in drier regions around the world.",2019,"Iizumi, T; <br>Wagai, R",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55835-y","Article","SCIENTIFIC REPORTS"]
["Biochar amendment of chromium-polluted paddy soil suppresses greenhouse gas emissions and decreases chromium uptake by rice grain","Purpose Soil chromium (Cr) pollution has received substantial attention owing to related food chain health risks and possible promotion of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The aim of the present study was to develop a promising remediation technology to alleviate Cr bioavailability and decrease GHG emissions in Cr-polluted paddy soil. Materials and methods We investigated the potential role of biochar amendment in decreasing soil CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions, as well in reducing Cr uptake by rice grains at application rates of 0 t ha(-1) (CK), 20 t ha(-1) (BC20), and 40 t ha(-1) (BC40) in Cr-polluted paddy soil in southeastern China. In addition, the soil aggregate size distribution, soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration of soil aggregates, soil available Cr concentration, and rice yield were analyzed after harvesting. Results and discussion Biochar amendment significantly reduced CO2, CH4, and N2O emission fluxes. Compared to CK, total C emissions in the BC20 and BC40 treatments decreased by 9.94% and 17.13% for CO2-C, by 30.46% and 37.10% for CH4-C, and by 34.24% and 37.49% for N2O-N, respectively. Biochar amendment increased the proportion of both the 2000-200m and 200-20m size fractions in the soil aggregate distribution. Accordingly, the organic carbon concentration of these fractions increased, which increased the total SOC. Moreover, biochar amendment significantly decreased soil available Cr concentration and total Cr content of the rice grains by 33.6% and 14.81% in BC20 and 48.1% and 33.33% in BC40, respectively. Rice yield did not differ significantly between biochar amendment treatment and that of CK. Conclusions Biochar application reduced GHG emissions in paddy soil, which was attributed to its comprehensive effect on the soil properties, soil microbial community, and soil aggregates, as well as on the mobility of Cr. Overall, the present study demonstrates that biochar has a great potential to enhance soil carbon sequestration while reducing Cr accumulation in rice grains from Cr-polluted rice paddies.",2019,"Zhou, JM; <br>Chen, HL; <br>Tao, YL; <br>Thring, RW; <br>Thring, RW; <br>Mao, JL","Biochar; Cr uptake; Greenhouse gas emission; Paddy soil","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-2170-5","Article","JOURNAL OF SOILS AND SEDIMENTS"]
["An inter-model assessment of the role of direct air capture in deep mitigation pathways","The feasibility of large-scale biological CO2 removal to achieve stringent climate targets remains unclear. Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS) offers an alternative negative emissions technology (NET) option. Here we conduct the first inter-model comparison on the role of DACCS in 1.5 and 2 degrees C scenarios, under a variety of techno-economic assumptions. Deploying DACCS significantly reduces mitigation costs, and it complements rather than substitutes other NETs. The key factor limiting DACCS deployment is the rate at which it can be scaled up. Our scenarios' average DACCS scale-up rates of 1.5 GtCO(2)/yr would require considerable sorbent production and up to 300 EJ/yr of energy input by 2100. The risk of assuming that DACCS can be deployed at scale, and finding it to be subsequently unavailable, leads to a global temperature overshoot of up to 0.8 degrees C. DACCS should therefore be developed and deployed alongside, rather than instead of, other mitigation options.",2019,"Realmonte, G; <br>Drouet, L; <br>Gambhir, A; <br>Glynn, J; <br>Hawkes, A; <br>Koberle, AC; <br>Tavoni, M; <br>Tavoni, M",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10842-5","Article","NATURE COMMUNICATIONS"]
["Co-Benefits of Wollastonite Weathering in Agriculture: CO2 Sequestration and Promoted Plant Growth","To lock atmospheric CO2 at anthropogenic timescale, fast weathering silicates can be applied to soil to speed up natural CO2 sequestration via enhanced weathering. Agricultural lands offer large area for silicate application, but expected weathering rates as a function of soil and crop type, and potential impacts on the crops, are not well known. This study investigated the role of plants on enhanced weathering of wollastonite (CaSiO3) in soils. Using rooftop pot experiments with leguminous beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and non-leguminous corn (Zea mays L.), CO2 sequestration was inferred from total inorganic carbon (TIC) accumulation in the soil and thermogravimetric analysis, and mineral weathering rate was inferred from alkalinity of soil porewater. Soil amendment with wollastonite promoted enhanced plant growth: beans showed a 177% greater dry biomass weight and corn showed a 59% greater plant height and a 90% greater dry biomass weight. Wollastonite-amended soil cultivated with beans showed a higher TIC accumulation of 0.606 +/- 0.086%, as compared to that with corn (0.124 +/- 0.053%). This demonstrates that using wollastonite as a soil amendment, along with legume cultivation, not only buffers the soil against acidification (due to microbial nitrogen fixation) but also sequesters carbon dioxide (12.04 kg of CO2/tonne soil/month, 9 times higher than the soil without wollastonite amendment).",2019,"Haque, F; <br>Santos, RM; <br>Dutta, A; <br>Thimmanagari, M; <br>Chiang, YW",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b02477","Article","ACS OMEGA"]
["Soil biota, carbon cycling and crop plant biomass responses to biochar in a temperate mesocosm experiment","Background and aims Biochar addition to soil is a carbon capture and storage option with potential to mitigate rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations, yet the consequences for soil organisms and linked ecosystem processes are inconsistent or unknown. We tested biochar impact on soil biodiversity, ecosystem functions, and their interactions, in temperate agricultural soils. Methods We performed a 27-month factorial experiment to determine effects of biochar, soil texture, and crop species treatments on microbial biomass (PFLA), soil invertebrate density, crop biomass and ecosystem CO2 flux in plant-soil mesocosms. Results Overall soil microbial biomass, microarthropod abundance and crop biomass were unaffected by biochar, although there was an increase in fungal-bacterial ratio and a positive relationship between the 16:1 omega 5 fatty acid marker of AMF mass and collembolan density in the biochar-treated mesocosms. Ecosystem CO2 fluxes were unaffected by biochar, but soil carbon content of biochar-treated mesocosms was significantly lower, signifying a possible movement/loss of biochar or priming effect. Conclusions Compared to soil texture and crop type, biochar had minimal impact on soil biota, crop production and carbon cycling. Future research should examine subtler effects of biochar on biotic regulation of ecosystem production and if the apparent robustness to biochar weakens over greater time spans or in combination with other ecological perturbations.",2019,"McCormack, SA; <br>McCormack, SA; <br>Ostle, N; <br>Bardgett, RD; <br>Hopkins, DW; <br>Hopkins, DW; <br>Pereira, MG; <br>Vanbergen, AJ; <br>Vanbergen, AJ","Soil community; Charcoal; Soil carbon cycling; Crop production; Ecosystem CO2 flux; Biodiversity-function; Collembola; Mites; Nematode; AM fungi; PLFA","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04062-5","Article","PLANT AND SOIL"]
["Beyond ‚ÄúNet-Zero‚Äù: A Case for Separate Targets for Emissions Reduction and Negative Emissions","Targets and accounting for negative emissions should be explicitly set and managed separately from existing and future targets for emissions reduction. Failure to make such a separation has already hampered climate policy, exaggerating the expected future contribution of negative emissions in climate models, while also obscuring the extent and pace of the investment needed to deliver negative emissions. Separation would help minimize the negative impacts that promises and deployments of negative emissions could have on emissions reduction, arising from effects such as temporal trade-offs, excessive offsetting, and technological lock-in. Benefits for international, national, local, organizational, and sectoral planning would arise from greater clarity over the role and timing of negative emissions alongside accelerated emissions reduction. Copyright ¬© 2019 McLaren, Tyfield, Willis, Szerszynski and Markusson.",2019,"McLaren, D.P.; <br>Tyfield, D.P.; <br>Willis, R.; <br>Szerszynski, B.; <br>Markusson, N.O.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2019.00004","Article","Front. Clim."]
["Competitive interaction with keystone taxa induced negative priming under biochar amendments","BackgroundBiochar amendments have been widely proposed as a conventional and efficient strategy to promote soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration via negative priming. Unfortunately, the extent and biological mechanisms responsible for biochar-induced negative priming are still not fully understood. Despite traditional explanations focused on the environmental filtering mechanisms of biochar amendments on microbial biomass and community composition underlying the priming effect on SOC dynamics, whether and how a biochar-induced competitive interaction with keystone taxa determines SOC mineralization in natural ecosystems has been minimally explored.ResultsHere, we paid particular attention to the relationships between the diversity and network structure of soil bacterial and fungal communities and SOC mineralization. A 3-year field experiment was conducted comprising five treatments: no fertilization, conventional fertilization, and conventional fertilization with three rates of biochar amendments. Biochar amendments considerably increased soil moisture capacity and pH and subsequently shaped the composition and co-occurrence networks of soil bacterial and fungal communities. Importantly, network analysis revealed that the biochar amendments triggered the competitive interaction with putative keystone taxa in the bacterial and fungal networks. Structural equation modeling suggested that the competitive interaction with keystone taxa promoted bacterial and fungal diversity and consequently reduced carbohydrate catabolism and soil metabolic quotient. Stable isotope probing incubations further provided consistent evidence of competition by keystone taxa with the increases in bacterial and fungal diversity under the biochar amendments.ConclusionsWe found that biochar-induced competition with keystone taxa stimulated the bacterial and fungal diversity and consequently decreased SOC mineralization. The comprehensive understanding of the unexplored biological mechanisms underlying the biochar-induced negative priming may provide crucial implications for enabling SOC sequestration.",2019,"Chen, LJ; <br>Chen, LJ; <br>Jiang, YJ; <br>Liang, C; <br>Luo, Y; <br>Xu, QS; <br>Han, C; <br>Zhao, QG; <br>Sun, B","Biochar; Bacterial and fungal diversity; Competitive interaction; DNA-SIP microcosms; Keystone taxa; Soil organic carbon mineralization","http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0693-7","Article","MICROBIOME"]
["Fixing the Climate? How Geoengineering Threatens to Undermine the SDGs and Climate Justice","Geoengineering‚Äîlarge-scale technological interventions in the Earth‚Äôs natural processes and ecosystems promoted to counteract some of the symptoms of climate change‚Äîthreaten to undermine the achievement of SDGs and climate justice. Both Carbon Dioxide Removal and Solar Radiation Management¬†schemes are bound to exacerbate concomitant socio-ecological and socio-economic global crises, deepen societal dependence on technocratic elites and large-scale technological systems and create new spaces for profit and power for new and old economic elites. ¬© 2019, Society for International Development.",2019,"Schneider, L.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41301-019-00211-6","Article","Developmen"]
["The Role of Direct Air Capture in Mitigation of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions","In recent years Direct Air Capture (DAC) has established itself as a promising approach to atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) also referred to as Negative Emissions. However, due to the amounts likely needed to be removed CDR technologies like DAC will only become climate relevant if they rapidly reach gigaton scale, around the middle of this century. Here we give a brief insight into DAC and in particular, the modular low temperature DAC technology developed by Climeworks of Switzerland. We discuss potential co benefits, in particular in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations and conclude by suggesting some policy approaches on how a climate relevant scale could be achieved in time. Copyright ¬© 2019 Beuttler, Charles and Wurzbacher.",2019,"Beuttler, C.; <br>Charles, L.; <br>Wurzbacher, J.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2019.00010","Article","Front. Clim."]
["Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (BECCS): The Distracting Injustice of an Infeasible and Unlikely Technofix","In their constant attempt to avoid responsibility, polluters promote technological innovation as the ‚Äòtrue‚Äô solution to global warming. This article, through the case of BECCS, illustrates all that is faulty with such reasoning, and how indulging such diversion from addressing the environmental crisis with science-backed solutions violates human rights and the SDGs, and evidently, deepens the crisis and postpones the responsibility of making inconvenient changes to future generations. ¬© 2019, Society for International Development.",2019,"Smolker, R.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41301-019-00213-4","Article","Developmen"]
["Synergy and trade-off between carbon sequestration and soil water balance: impact of revegetation choices",null,2019,"Liu, Y.; <br>Li, Y.",null,null,"Article"]
["Negative CO2 emissions - An analysis of the retention times required with respect to possible carbon leakage","With present emissions the global CO2 budget associated with a maximum temperature increase of about 1.5-2 degrees C will likely be spent within a few decades, Thus, it will be very difficult or perhaps even impossible to meet the climate targets agreed upon in Paris only by decreasing emissions of greenhouse gases. Scenarios presented in the IPCC reports accommodate for this by introducing so-called negative CO2 emissions. The idea is that the cumulative CO2 emission budget will be exceeded, but that massive negative emissions, especially during the latter part of the century, will remove the surplus of CO2 in the atmosphere. A number of different Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs) have been proposed, including Biomass Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), afforestation/reforestation, altered agricultural practices, biochar production, enhanced weathering and direct air captured. However, many of the options proposed could be associated with carbon leakage which could compromise the purpose of negative emissions, e.g. storage in of carbon in growing/dead biomass that leaks to the atmosphere. Furthermore, it may be difficult to safely assess the long-term leakage rates. To reach the large negative emissions needed it is expected to require a mix of approaches having different expected retention times, and different safety in terms of leakage rates. Could the risk of leakage mean that we are just delaying the problem and transferring the problem to coming generations? The short answer to this is that it all depends on the leakage rates. Different leakage rates and mixes of leakage rates are investigated in the paper. For the case of a mixture of leakage time scales of 300, 1000 and 10,000 years and assuming that 80% or more was permanently stored, the contribution to the atmospheric stock was small, peaking at about 3 ppm CO2. It was concluded that leakage would not significantly compromise the benefits of negative emissions unless leakage is substantial and rapid. To quantify what could be meant by substantial and rapid, an example would be if 100% of the CO2 stored would leak out at a rate of the order of 1%/year.",2019,"Lyngfelt, A; <br>Johansson, DJA; <br>Lindeberg, E","Negative CO2 emissions; Negative emission technologies; NETs; BECCS; CO2 leakage","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.04.022","Article; Proceedings Paper","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS CONTROL"]
["Viable and convivial technologies: Considerations on Climate Engineering from a degrowth perspective","Faced with the urgency of climate change, Climate Engineering has been framed as a fast and feasible technological solution. At the same time, however, critique against it is getting increasingly louder. This paper articulates a critical analysis of Climate Engineering technologies from a point of view situated within the degrowth discourse. In the first part two approaches discussed within the degrowth debate are presented: the concept of viability based on a biophysical perspective and the concept of conviviality based on a socio-cultural approach. In a second step formalized arguments from the point of view of applied ethics are articulated and applied to three Climate Engineering Technologies: Sulfate Aerosol Injection, Bio-energy with Carbon Capture and Storage, and Afforestation. In a third step, an extended version of the trade-off argument about mitigation versus Climate Engineering solution is discussed from a degrowth perspective: accordingly, within the current dominant growth paradigm, climate engineering technologies might lead to reduced mitigation efforts. The paper follows the argumentative turn in applied ethics and displays a formalization of arguments that can help clarify decision-making and identify the different dimensions at stake. The paper articulates arguments against the deployment of CE technologies and advances a new version of the trade-off-argument based on a degrowth perspective. From the point of view of a degrowth-based critique of technology, the only type of Climate Engineering Technology ethically acceptable would be afforestation under specific conditions. ¬© 2017 Elsevier Ltd",2018,"Muraca, B.; <br>Neuber, F.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.159","Article","J. Clean. Prod."]
["Stover retention rather than no-till decreases the global warming potential of rainfed continuous maize cropland","During the past two decades, conservation management practices to sequester soil carbon have been recommended to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the long-term effects of no-till, stover retention, and their interaction on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and GHG emissions from rainfed croplands remain uncertain. In this study, tillage practice and stover management effects were investigated in a long-term rainfed continuous maize cropping system. Measurements of soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes and SOC change were conducted in four treatments: conventional tillage with stover removal (CT), conventional tillage with stover retention (CS), no tillage with stover removal (NT) and no tillage with stover retention (NS). Annual N2O emissions with stover retention (CS and NS, 0.52-0.74 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than those with stover removal (CT and NT, 0.40-0.55 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)), but N2O emissions were not affected by tillage practice. Net CH4 consumption occurred in all treatments, but no significant effect of tillage practice or stover management was found. Surface (0-20 cm) SOC stocks decreased with both stover removal and no tillage practice, while deep SOC (20-100 cm) was not affected by tillage practice or stover management over ten years. Stover retention led to a net GHG sink with annual global warming potential (GWP) values of -2.52 +/- 0.05 and -1.03 +/- 0.02 Mg CO2-eq. ha(-1) yr(-1) for CS and NS, respectively, but stover removal practices were a net GHG source with annual GWP values of 0.83 +/- 0.04 and 1.40 +/- 0.04 Mg CO(2)eq. ha(-1) yr(-1) for CT and NT, respectively. Our results highlight the importance of C input from crop residues for increasing SOC stocks and mitigating GHG emissions. Therefore, conventional tillage with crop residue return is the most promising management system for simultaneously achieving maximum yield and minimum GWP.",2018,"Fan, JL; <br>Luo, RY; <br>Liu, DY; <br>Chen, ZM; <br>Luo, JF; <br>Boland, N; <br>Tang, JW; <br>Hao, MD; <br>McConkey, B; <br>Ding, WX","Stover retention; No-till; Nitrous oxide; Soil organic carbon; Global warming potential","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.01.023","Article","FIELD CROPS RESEARCH"]
["Exploring SSP land-use dynamics using the IMAGE model: Regional and gridded scenarios of land-use change and land-based climate change mitigation","Projected increases in population, income and consumption rates are expected to lead to rising pressure on the land system. Ambitions to limit global warming to 2 degrees C or even 1.5 degrees C could also lead to additional pressures from land-based mitigation measures such as bioenergy production and afforestation. To investigate these dynamics, this paper describes five elaborations of the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSP) using the IMAGE 3.0 integrated assessment model framework to produce regional and gridded scenarios up to the year 2100. Additionally, land-based climate change mitigation is modelled aiming for long-term mitigation targets including 1.5 degrees C. Results show diverging global trends in agricultural land in the baseline scenarios ranging from an expansion of nearly 826 Mha in SSP3 to a decrease of more than 305 Mha in SSP1 for the period 2010-2050. Key drivers are population growth, changes in food consumption, and agricultural efficiency. The largest changes take place in Sub-Saharan Africa in SSP3 and SSP4, predominantly due to high population growth. With low increases in agricultural efficiency this leads to expansion of agricultural land and reduced food security. Land use also plays a crucial role in ambitious mitigation scenarios. First, agricultural emissions could form a substantial component of emissions that cannot be fully mitigated. Second, bioenergy and reforestation are crucial to create net negative emissions reducing emissions in SSP2 in 2050 by 8.7 Gt CO2/yr and 1.9 Gt CO2/yr, respectively (1.5 degrees C scenario compared to baseline). This is achieved by expansion of bioenergy area (516 Mha in 2050) and reforestation. Expansion of agriculture for food production is reduced due to REDD policy (290 Mha in 2050) affecting food security especially in Sub-Saharan Africa indicating an important trade-off of land-based mitigation. This set of SSP land-use scenarios provides a comprehensive quantification of interacting trends in the land system, both socio-economic and biophysical. By providing high resolution data, the scenario output can improve interactions between climate research and impact studies.",2018,"Doelman, JC; <br>Stehfest, E; <br>Tabeau, A; <br>van Meijl, H; <br>Lassaletta, L; <br>Gernaat, DEHJ; <br>Gernaat, DEHJ; <br>Hermans, K; <br>Hermans, K; <br>Harmsen, M; <br>Harmsen, M; <br>Daioglou, V; <br>Daioglou, V; <br>Biemans, H; <br>van der Sluis, S; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>van Vuuren, DP","Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs); Integrated assessment; Land-use change; Climate change mitigation; Bioenergy; REDD","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.11.014","Article","GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS"]
["Opportunities for application of BECCS in the Australian power sector","Australia has committed to meeting its international obligations to decrease its greenhouse gas emissions including transitioning toward decarbonising its emission-intense energy sector. However, it is facing the dual problems of increasing electricity cost and decreasing energy security. One of the potential contributions to reducing its emission while supplying reliable power is deployment of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). BECCS is a carbon removal technology that offers permanent net removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere together with the prospect of negative emissions. The present study was undertaken to assess the potential contribution of BECCS to achieving long term decarbonising of the Australian energy sector. This study considers the availability of sustainable bioenergy resources and the economic viability and environmental impacts of BECCS. In order to avoid the ecological uncertainties and social challenges of dedicated energy crops, this study focuses on organic waste from the municipal, agricultural, and forestry sectors. Based on the quantity of biomass resources available, BECCS options in Australia have the potential to remove a total of 25 million tonne CO2/year from the atmosphere as negative emissions by 2050. In addition, BECCS systems could supply Australia with up to 13.7 terawatt-hours of renewable power by mid-century which is around 3.6% of expected gross electricity generation in 2050. Deployment of BECCS as a reliable supplier of electricity would potentially enhance the flexibility and diversity of Australia's energy portfolio and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, deployment of BECCS as a carbon negative strategy will require strong policy support.",2018,"Pour, N; <br>Webley, PA; <br>Cook, PJ","Bioenergy; BECCS; Negative emission; LCA; Australian power sector; Organic waste; Sustainability","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.04.117","Article","APPLIED ENERGY"]
["Long-term impact of conservation agriculture and diversified maize rotations on carbon pools and stocks, mineral nitrogen fractions and nitrous oxide fluxes in inceptisol of India","Given the increasing scarcity of production resources such as water, energy and labour coupled with growing climatic risks, maize-based production systems could be potential alternatives to intensive rice-wheat (RW) rotation in western Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). Conservation agriculture (CA) in maize systems has been widely promoted for minimizing soil degradation and ensuring sustainability under emerging climate change scenario. Such practices are also believed to provide mitigation co-benefits through reduced GHG emission and increased soil carbon sequestration. However, the combined effects of diversified crop rotations and CA-based management on GHG mitigation potential and other co-benefits are generally over looked and hence warrant greater attention. A field trial was conducted for 5-years to assess the changes in soil organic carbon fractions, mineral-N, N2O emission and global warming potential (GWP) of maize-based production systems under different tillage & crop establishment methods. Four diversified cropping systems i.e. maize-wheat-mungbean (MWMb), maize-chickpea-Sesbania (MCS), maize-mustard-mungbean (MMuMb) and maize-maize-Sesbania (MMS) were factorially combined with three tillage & crop establishment methods i.e. zero tilled permanent beds (PB), zero-tillage flat (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) in a split-plot design. After 5-years of continued experimentation, we recorded that across the soil depths, SOC content, its pools and mineral-N fractions were greatly affected by tillage & crop establishment methods and cropping systems. ZT and PB increased SOC stock (0-30 cm depth) by 7.22-7.23 Mg C ha(-1) whereas CT system increased it only by 0.88 Mg C ha(-1) as compared to initial value. Several researchers reported that SOC & mineral-N fraction contents in the top 30 cm soil depth are correlated with N2O-N emission. In our study, global warming potential (GWP) under CT system was higher by 18.1 and 17.4%, compared to CA-based ZT and PB, respectively. Among various maize systems, GWP of MMS were higher by 11.2, 6.7 and 6.6%, compared that of MWMb (1212 kg CO2-eq. ha(-1)), MCS (1274 kg CO2-eq. ha(-1)) and MMuMb (1275 kg CO2-eq. ha(-1)), respectively. The results of our study suggest that CA and diversified crop rotations should be promoted in north-western IGP and other similar agroecologies across the globe for ensuring food security, restoration of soil health and climate change mitigation, the key sustainable development goals (SDGs). (c) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2018,"Parihar, CM; <br>Parihar, CM; <br>Parihar, MD; <br>Sapkota, TB; <br>Nanwal, RK; <br>Singh, AK; <br>Jat, SL; <br>Nayak, HS; <br>Mahala, DM; <br>Singh, LK; <br>Kakraliya, SK; <br>Kakraliya, SK; <br>Stirling, CM; <br>Jat, ML","Global warming potential; Soil carbon dynamics; Tillage; Soil health","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.405","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT"]
["Land use options for staying within the Planetary Boundaries - Synergies and trade-offs between global and local sustainability goals","In this paper we develop and assess alternative global land use patterns, guided by the Planetary Boundaries framework, to quantify land use opportunities for staying within the safe environmental operating space. Through a simulation based multi-criteria land use optimisation procedure, we determine the potential upper bounds of improved terrestrial carbon storage and of biodiversity conservation, while also meeting the Planetary Boundaries of land and water use and ensuring improved food supply for a population of 9 billion people. We present alternative global land use scenarios that could simultaneously yield better outcomes on all of these goals, in particular if substantial increases in agricultural productivity are realised. Terrestrial carbon sequestration potentials reach 98 GtC, whereas the potential reduction of the risk to biodiversity is 53%. Furthermore, we analyse the potential synergies and trade-offs of these global land use scenarios with national- and local-level environmental and developmental goals such as those specified in the SDGs, e.g. related to nature conservation, afforestation, bioenergy, employment and equity. This model-based information on synergies and trade-offs between different sustainability goals at different scales can be used in scientific assessments of transformation pathways, in policy making, in support of improved horizontal and vertical policy coherence and multi-level institutional solutions, as well as in SDG implementation, sustainable production and consumption (SDG 12) and global partnership mechanisms (SDG 17).",2018,"Heck, V; <br>Heck, V; <br>Heck, V; <br>Hoff, H; <br>Hoff, H; <br>Wirsenius, S; <br>Meyer, C; <br>Meyer, C; <br>Kreft, H","Land use; Optimisation; Biodiversity; Carbon sequestration; Planetary Boundaries; Sustainable Development Goals","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.02.004","Article","GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS"]
["The moderating or amplifying biophysical effects of afforestation on CO2-induced cooling depend on the local background climate regimes in China","Afforestation can significantly influence regional climates through both the biogeochemical and biophysical processes involved in land surface-atmosphere interactions. However, many studies have ignored the biophysical processes that can, in some cases, offset the biogeochemical impacts. In this paper, the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide absorbed by forests and the surface energy balance changes due to land cover changes from croplands and grasslands to forests were quantitatively analyzed, and the impacts of afforestation on the regional temperatures were thoroughly investigated over various climate zones of China, especially over the temperate and arid regions. According to our analysis, (1) when considering only the CO2-induced effects, afforestation led to carbon sequestration ranging from 267.7 to 531.5 Mg CO2.eq hm(-2)50 yr(-1) and carbon sinks ranging from 2.6 to 15.7 Mg CO2-eq hm(-2)50 yr(-1) in all climate regions; therefore, the cooling effects were achieved. (2) When considering only the biophysical effects, the increase in the net radiation was greater than the increase in the latent heat fluxes in the arid and semiarid regions. Therefore, the land surface provides a positive heat fluxes to the atmosphere and warms the Earth. In contrast, afforestation leads to a decrease in the net radiation and a large increase in the latent heat flux in humid subtropical regions. The increase in net radiation was less than the increase in the latent heat fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau and mid-temperate humid regions, resulting in atmospheric cooling effects. (3) When considering both the CO2-induced and biophysical effects simultaneously, the potential cooling effects caused by afforestation were amplified 1.3-1.5 times relative to those resulting from considering only the CO2 for the subtropical regions. However, the potential cooling effects in arid and semiarid regions were moderated to only approximately 50% of those when only the CO2 was considered. Therefore, the biophysical processes of afforestation have amplified the CO2-induced changes in the subtropical regions and moderated them in temperate regions, while the reverse is true in arid regions.",2018,"Huang, L; <br>Zhai, J; <br>Liu, JY; <br>Sun, CY","Afforestation; CO2-induced cooling; Biophysical processes; Moderating or amplifying; Local background climate","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.05.020","Article","AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY"]
["The Impact of Biochar on the Soil","In the present paper are presented the experimental results of biomass gasification, the biochair was produced from vineyards by controlled pyrolysis at 750 degrees C, in order to increase the fertility of soils, it was found the increase of the fertility produced by the development of the vegetables in the soil to which was added biochar. Soil was added to soil 4 g/dm(3) biochar, 8 g/dm(3) biochar, the soil had no high humidity, was taken at a time when it had not rained for at least one week, the soil pH was 8, in the soil with 8 g/dm(3) biochar the plants increased compared to the soil with 4 g/dm(3) and the soil without biochar. The biochar resulting from pyrolysis and gasification processes is a valuable amendment to agricultural soils and an efficient and economical way to seize carbon. Using biochar it is possible to increase the diversity of agricultural land in an environmentally sound way in areas with depleted soils, limited organic resources and insufficient water for development. Helps to soil carbon sequestration with negative CO2 balance, increases the productive potential of agricultural ecosystems.",2018,"Rusanescu, CO; <br>Murad, E; <br>Jinescu, C; <br>Rusanescu, M","biomass; micro-gasification energy potential; biochar",null,"Article","REVISTA DE CHIMIE"]
["Using water scarcity footprint to choose the most suitable location for forest carbon sinks: A case study","The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is an urgent and internationally shared target. One of the existing measures to do so is carbon offsetting through afforestation. However, when designing afforestation projects meant to act as carbon sinks, the remaining environmental issues are usually overlooked, with the potential risk of shifting environmental burdens. This study uses the water scarcity footprint as an indicator to choose the most adequate location for afforestation. To do so, a particular case study aimed at offsetting the carbon emissions of a canning company has been chosen. This multinational company has two main locations: Galicia (NW Spain), and La Union (El Salvador). First, the annual carbon and water footprints of the production of the company's flagship product (a pack of 3 tuna cans) have been calculated. The carbon footprint has been calculated following the corresponding ISO 14067 and PAS 2050 recommendations. Then, an afforestation project aimed at offsetting those carbon emissions has been designed following the corresponding Spanish regulations, and its prospective water scarcity impacts have been calculated. Two potential locations for the afforestation measure (next to the two company facilities in Galicia and La Union) were assessed regarding green water scarcity impacts, in order to choose the more sustainable location. If the afforestation project were located in El Salvador, its water scarcity footprint would be 30% higher than in Galicia, and thus Galicia has been chosen as the location for this offsetting action. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out to evaluate how the use of different evapotranspiration values would affect the results, and the choice of the methodological approach used has been justified. Still, the approach used in this study has some limitations which have also been discussed, and ideas for its further improvement in subsequent studies have been presented. The relevance of following a holistic approach when designing carbon offsetting projects has been stated. If an afforestation project was planned focusing only on its carbon absorption rate, it may result in a burden shift to other impact areas (such as the water scarcity considered here). Thus, by linking indicators, we make sure that the carbon footprint reduction achieved does not imply an unsustainable contribution to water scarcity. (C) 2018 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2018,"Roibas, L; <br>Cuevas, A; <br>Vazquez, ME; <br>Vilas, M; <br>Hospido, A","Carbon footprint; Life cycle assessment; Afforestation; Canned tuna; Water scarcity footprint; Carbon offset","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2018.06.001","Article","SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION"]
["Land use strategies to mitigate climate change in carbon dense temperate forests","Strategies to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions through forestry activities have been proposed, but ecosystem process-based integration of climate change, enhanced CO2, disturbance from fire, and management actions at regional scales are extremely limited. Here, we examine the relative merits of afforestation, reforestation, management changes, and harvest residue bioenergy use in the Pacific Northwest. This region represents some of the highest carbon density forests in the world, which can store carbon in trees for 800 y or more. Oregon's net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) was equivalent to 72% of total emissions in 2011-2015. By 2100, simulations show increased net carbon uptake with little change in wildfires. Reforestation, afforestation, lengthened harvest cycles on private lands, and restricting harvest on public lands increase NECB 56% by 2100, with the latter two actions contributing the most. Resultant cobenefits included water availability and biodiversity, primarily from increased forest area, age, and species diversity. Converting 127,000 ha of irrigated grass crops to native forests could decrease irrigation demand by 233 billion m(3).y(-1). Utilizing harvest residues for bioenergy production instead of leaving them in forests to decompose increased emissions in the short-term (50 y), reducing mitigation effectiveness. Increasing forest carbon on public lands reduced emissions compared with storage in wood products because the residence time is more than twice that of wood products. Hence, temperate forests with high carbon densities and lower vulnerability to mortality have substantial potential for reducing forest sector emissions. Our analysis framework provides a template for assessments in other temperate regions.",2018,"Law, BE; <br>Hudiburg, TW; <br>Berner, LT; <br>Kent, JJ; <br>Buotte, PC; <br>Harmon, ME","forests; carbon balance; greenhouse gas emissions; climate mitigation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720064115","Article","PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"]
["Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment","This study assesses the effects of deep electricity decarbonisation and shifts in the choice of power plant cooling technologies on global electricity water demand, using a suite of five integrated assessment models. We find that electricity sector decarbonisation results in co-benefits for water resources primarily due to the phase-out of water-intensive coal-based thermoelectric power generation, although these co-benefits vary substantially across decarbonisation scenarios. Wind and solar photovoltaic power represent a win-win option for both climate and water resources, but further expansion of nuclear or fossil- and biomass-fuelled power plants with carbon capture and storage may result in increased pressures on the water environment. Further to these results, the paper provides insights on the most crucial factors of uncertainty with regards to future estimates of water demand. These estimates varied substantially across models in scenarios where the effects of decarbonisation on the electricity mix were less clear-cut. Future thermal and water efficiency improvements of power generation technologies and demand-side energy efficiency improvements were also identified to be important factors of uncertainty. We conclude that in order to ensure positive effects of decarbonisation on water resources, climate policy should be combined with technology-specific energy and/or water policies.",2018,"Mouratiadou, I; <br>Mouratiadou, I; <br>Bevione, M; <br>Bevione, M; <br>Bijl, DL; <br>Drouet, L; <br>Drouet, L; <br>Hejazi, M; <br>Mima, S; <br>Pehl, M; <br>Luderer, G",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-2117-7","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE"]
["Biogeochemical potential of biomass pyrolysis systems for limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees C","Negative emission (NE) technologies are recognized to play an increasingly relevant role in strategies limiting mean global warming to 1.5 degrees C as specified in the Paris Agreement. The potentially significant contribution of pyrogenic carbon capture and storage (PyCCS) is, however, highly underrepresented in the discussion. In this study, we conduct the first quantitative assessment of the global potential of PyCCS as a NE technology based on biomass plantations. Using a process-based biosphere model, we calculate the land use change required to reach specific climate mitigation goals while observing biodiversity protection guardrails. We consider NE targets of 100-300 GtC following socioeconomic pathways consistent with a mean global warming of 1.5 degrees C as well as the option of additional carbon balancing required in case of failure or delay of decarbonization measures. The technological opportunities of PyCCS are represented by three tracks accounting for the sequestration of different pyrolysis products: biochar (as soil amendment), bio-oil (pumped into geological storages) and permanent-pyrogas (capture and storage of CO2 from gas combustion). In addition, we analyse how the gain in land induced by biochar-mediated yield increases on tropical cropland may reduce the pressure on land. Our results show that meeting the 1.5 degrees C goal through mitigation strategies including large-scale NE with plantation-based PyCCS may require conversion of natural vegetation to biomass plantations in the order of 133-3280 Mha globally, depending on the applied technology and the NE demand. Advancing towards additional bio-oil sequestration reduces land demand considerably by potentially up to 60%, while the benefits from yield increases account for another 3%-38% reduction (equalling 82-362 Mha). However, when mitigation commitments are increased by high balancing claims, even the most advanced PyCCS technologies and biochar-mediated co-benefits cannot compensate for delayed action towards phasing-out fossil fuels.",2018,"Werner, C; <br>Schmidt, HP; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Kammann, C","negative emission technologies; biochar; bio-oil; mitigation; 1.5 goal; PyCCS; geoengnieering","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabb0e","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS"]
["Evaluating the use of biomass energy with carbon capture and storage in low emission scenarios","Biomass Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is heavily relied upon in scenarios of future emissions that are consistent with limiting global mean temperature increase to 1.5 degrees C or 2 degrees C above pre-industrial. These temperature limits are defined in the Paris Agreement in order to reduce the risks and impacts of climate change. Here, we explore the use of BECCS technologies in a reference scenario and three low emission scenarios generated by an integrated assessment model (IMAGE). Using these scenarios we investigate the feasibility of key implicit and explicit assumptions about these BECCS technologies, including biomass resource, land use, CO2 storage capacity and carbon capture and storage (CCS) deployment rate. In these scenarios, we find that half of all global CO2 storage required by 2100 occurs in USA, Western Europe, China and India, which is compatible with current estimates of regional CO2 storage capacity. CCS deployment rates in the scenarios are very challenging compared to historical rates of fossil, renewable or nuclear technologies and are entirely dependent on stringent policy action to incentivise CCS. In the scenarios, half of the biomass resource is derived from agricultural and forestry residues and half from dedicated bioenergy crops grown on abandoned agricultural land and expansion into grasslands (i.e. land for forests and food production is protected). Poor governance of the sustainability of bioenergy crop production can significantly limit the amount of CO2 removed by BECCS, through soil carbon loss from direct and indirect land use change. Only one-third of the bioenergy crops are grown in regions associated with more developed governance frameworks. Overall, the scenarios in IMAGE are ambitious but consistent with current relevant literature with respect to assumed biomass resource, land use and CO2 storage capacity.",2018,"Vaughan, NE; <br>Gough, C; <br>Mander, S; <br>Littleton, EW; <br>Welfle, A; <br>Gernaat, DEHJ; <br>Gernaat, DEHJ; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>van Vuuren, DP","1.5 degrees C; biomass energy with carbon capture and storage; integrated assessment model; negative emissions technologies; carbon dioxide removal; 2 degrees C; climate change mitigation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaaa02","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS"]
["Estimating water-food-ecosystem trade-offs for the global negative emission scenario (IPCC-RCP2.6)","Negative emission technologies such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) are regarded as an option to achieve the climatic target of the Paris Agreement. However, our understanding of the realistic sustainable feasibility of the global lands for BECCS remains uncertain. In this study, we assess the impact of BECCS deployment scenarios on the land systems including land use, water resources, and ecosystem services. Specifically, we assess three land-use scenarios to achieve the total amount of 3.3 GtC year(-1) (annual negative emission level required for IPCC-RCP 2.6) emission reduction by growing bioenergy crops which requires huge use of global agricultural and forest lands and water. Our study shows that (1) vast conversion of food cropland into rainfed bio-crop cultivation yields a considerable loss of food production that may not be tolerable considering the population increase in the future. (2) When irrigation is applied to bio-crop production, the bioenergy crop productivity is enhanced. This suppresses the necessary area for bio-crop production to half, and saves the land for agricultural productions. However, water consumption is doubled and this may exacerbate global water stress. (3) If conversion of forest land for bioenergy crop cultivation is allowed without protecting the natural forests, large areas of tropical forest could be used for bioenergy crop production. Forest biomass and soil carbon stocks are reduced, implying degradation of the climate regulation and other ecosystem services. These results suggest that without a careful consideration of the land use for bioenergy crop production, a large-scale implementation of BECCS could negatively impact food, water and ecosystem services that are supporting fundamental human sustainability.",2018,"Yamagata, Y; <br>Hanasaki, N; <br>Ito, A; <br>Kinoshita, T; <br>Murakami, D; <br>Zhou, Q","BECCS; Land use; Water resources; Ecosystem service; Sustainability","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-017-0522-5","Article","SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE"]
["Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to reconcile with planetary boundaries","Under the Paris Agreement, 195 nations have committed to holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 degrees C above pre-industrial levels and to strive to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees C (ref. (1)). It is noted that this requires \"a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of the century\"(1). This either calls for zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or a balance between positive and negative emissions (NE)(2,3). Roadmaps and socio-economic scenarios compatible with a 2 degrees C or 1.5 degrees C goal depend upon NE via bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) to balance remaining GHG emissions(4-7). However, large-scale deployment of BECCS would imply significant impacts on many Earth system components besides atmospheric CO2 concentrations(8,9). Here we explore the feasibility of NE via BECCS from dedicated plantations and potential trade-offs with planetary boundaries (PBs)(10,11) for multiple socio-economic pathways. We show that while large-scale BECCS is intended to lower the pressure on the PB for climate change, it would most likely steer the Earth system closer to the PB for freshwater use and lead to further transgression of the PBs for land-system change, biosphere integrity and biogeochemical flows.",2018,"Heck, V; <br>Heck, V; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Popp, A",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0064-y","Article","NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE"]
["Ratcheting ambition to limit warming to 1.5 degrees C-trade-offs between emission reductions and carbon dioxide removal","Mitigation scenarios to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees C or less in 2100 often rely on large amounts of carbon dioxide removal (CDR), which carry significant potential social, environmental, political and economic risks. A precautionary approach to scenario creation is therefore indicated. This letter presents the results of such a precautionary modelling exercise in which the models C-ROADS and En-ROADS were used to generate a series of 1.5 degrees C mitigation scenarios that apply increasingly stringent constraints on the scale and type of CDR available. This allows us to explore the trade-offs between near-term stringency of emission reductions and assumptions about future availability of CDR. In particular, we find that regardless of CDR assumptions, near-term ambition increase ('ratcheting') is required for any 1.5 degrees C pathway, making this letter timely for the facilitative, or Talanoa, dialogue to be conducted by the UNFCCC in 2018. By highlighting the difference between net and gross reduction rates, often obscured in scenarios, we find that mid-term gross CO2 emission reduction rates in scenarios with CDR constraints increase to levels without historical precedence. This in turn highlights, in addition to the need to substantially increase CO2 reduction rates, the need to improve emission reductions for non-CO2 greenhouse gases. Further, scenarios in which all or part of the CDR is implemented as non-permanent storage exhibit storage loss emissions, which partly offset CDR, highlighting the importance of differentiating between net and gross CDR in scenarios. We find in some scenarios storage loss trending to similar values as gross CDR, indicating that gross CDR would have to be maintained simply to offset the storage losses of CO2 sequestered earlier, without any additional net climate benefit.",2018,"Holz, C; <br>Siegel, LS; <br>Johnston, E; <br>Jones, AP; <br>Sterman, J","carbon dioxide removal; Paris Agreement; climate change mitigation; mitigation pathways; GHG emission pathways; climate model","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aac0c1","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS"]
["Integrating carbon dioxide removal into EU climate policy: Prospects for a paradigm shift","Scenarios meeting the Paris Agreement's temperature targets envisage a major and imminent deployment of technologies to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, of which there has been almost no practical implementation to date. Here we explore the political dimensions and policy implications of expectations for \"negative emissions\" in the European Union (EU), considering its largely successful leadership role in mitigation action and corresponding low-carbon technology development and deployment. Carbon dioxide removal and especially Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage present significant challenges to the EU's dominant climate policy paradigm and low-carbon policy experience. Considering this challenge, we assess expectations for widespread implementation of carbon dioxide removal in the EU to be unrealistic, and explore possible pathways for its more limited introduction. This article is categorized under: Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior",2018,"Geden, O; <br>Geden, O; <br>Scott, V; <br>Palmer, J; <br>Palmer, J","carbon dioxide removal; climate policy; European Union; negative emissions; paradigm","http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcc.521","Article","WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-CLIMATE CHANGE"]
["The role of large-scale BECCS in the pursuit of the 1.5 degrees C target: an Earth system model perspective","The increasing awareness of the many damaging aspects of climate change has prompted research into ways of reducing and reversing the anthropogenic increase in carbon concentrations in the atmosphere. Most emission scenarios stabilizing climate at low levels, such as the 1.5 degrees C target as outlined by the Paris Agreement, require large-scale deployment of Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS). Here, the potential of large-scale BECCS deployment in contributing towards the 1.5 degrees C global warming target is evaluated using an Earth system model, as well as associated climate responses and carbon cycle feedbacks. The geographical location of the bioenergy feedstock is shown to be key to the success of such measures in the context of temperature targets. Although net negative emissions were reached sooner, by similar to 6 years, and scaled up, land use change emissions and reductions in forest carbon sinks outweigh these effects in one scenario. Re-cultivating mid-latitudes was found to be beneficial, on the other hand, contributing in the right direction towards the 1.5 degrees C target, only by -0.1 degrees C and -54 GtC in avoided emissions, however. Obstacles remain related to competition for land from nature preservation and food security, as well as the technological availability of CCS.",2018,"Muri, H; <br>Muri, H","BECCS; 1.5 degrees C target; Earth system modelling; carbon cycle","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab324","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS"]
["Mitigation gambles: uncertainty, urgency and the last gamble possible","A rejection by current generations of more ambitious mitigation of carbon emissions inflicts on future generations inherently objectionable risks about which they have no choice. Any gains through savings from less ambitious mitigation, which are relatively minor, would accrue to current generations, and all losses, which are relatively major, would fall on future generations. This mitigation gamble is especially unjustifiable because it imposes a risk of unlimited losses until carbon emissions cease. Ultimate physical collapses remain possible. Much more ominous is prior social collapse from political struggles over conflicting responses to threatened physical collapse. The two most plausible objections to the thesis that less ambitious mitigation is unjustifiable rely, respectively, on the claim that negative emissions will allow a later recovery from a temporary overshoot in emissions and on the claim that ambitious mitigation is incompatible with poverty alleviation that depends on inexpensive fossil fuels. Neither objection stands up. Reliance on negative emissions later instead of ambitious mitigation now permits the passing of tipping points for irreversible change meanwhile, and non-carbon energy is rapidly becoming price competitive in developing countries like India that are committed to poverty alleviation. This article is part of the themed issue 'The Paris Agreement: understanding the physical and social challenges for a warming world of 1.5 degrees C above preindustrial levels'.",2018,"Shue, H","carbon emissions; future generations; mitigation; negative emissions; risk","http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0105","Article","PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES"]
["Opportunities and Trade-offs among BECCS and the Food, Water, Energy, Biodiversity, and Social Systems Nexus at Regional Scales","Carbon dioxide must be removed from the atmosphere to limit climate change to 2 degrees C or less. The integrated assessment models used to develop climate policy acknowledge the need to implement net negative carbon emission strategies, including bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), to meet global climate imperatives. The implications of BECCS for the food, water, energy, biodiversity, and social systems (FWEBS) nexus at regional scales, however, remain unclear. Here, we present an interdisciplinary research framework to examine the trade-offs as well as the opportunities among BECCS scenarios and FWEBS on regional scales using the Upper Missouri River Basin (UMRB) as a case study. We describe the physical, biological, and social attributes of the UMRB, and we use grassland bird populations as an example of how biodiversity is influenced by energy transitions, including BECCS. We then outline a \"conservation\" BECCS strategy that incorporates societal values and emphasizes biodiversity conservation.",2018,"Stoy, PC; <br>Ahmed, S; <br>Jarchow, M; <br>Rashford, B; <br>Swanson, D; <br>Albeke, S; <br>Bromley, G; <br>Brookshire, ENJ; <br>Dixon, MD; <br>Haggerty, J; <br>Miller, P; <br>Peyton, B; <br>Royem, A; <br>Spangler, L; <br>Straub, C; <br>Poulter, B","agroecosystems; biofuels; land-use management; natural resources; sustainability","http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix145","Article","BIOSCIENCE"]
["Potential and costs of carbon dioxide removal by enhanced weathering of rocks","The chemical weathering of rocks currently absorbs about 1.1 Gt CO2 a(-1) being mainly stored as bicarbonate in the ocean. An enhancement of this slow natural process could remove substantial amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere, aiming to offset some unavoidable anthropogenic emissions in order to comply with the Paris Agreement, while at the same time it may decrease ocean acidification. We provide the first comprehensive assessment of economic costs, energy requirements, technical parameterization, and global and regional carbon removal potential. The crucial parameters defining this potential are the grain size and weathering rates. The main uncertainties about the potential relate to weathering rates and rock mass that can be integrated into the soil. The discussed results do not specifically address the enhancement of weathering through microbial processes, feedback of geogenic nutrient release, and bioturbation. We do not only assess dunite rock, predominantly bearing olivine (in the form of forsterite) as the mineral that has been previously proposed to be best suited for carbon removal, but focus also on basaltic rock to minimize potential negative side effects. Our results show that enhanced weathering is an option for carbon dioxide removal that could be competitive already at 60 US $ t(-1) CO2 removed for dunite, but only at 200 US $ t(-1) CO2 removed for basalt. The potential carbon removal on cropland areas could be as large as 95 Gt CO2 a(-1) for dunite and 4.9 Gt CO2 a(-1) for basalt. The best suited locations are warm and humid areas, particularly in India, Brazil, South-East Asia and China, where almost 75% of the global potential can be realized. This work presents a techno-economic assessment framework, which also allows for the incorporation of further processes.",2018,"Strefler, J; <br>Amann, T; <br>Bauer, N; <br>Kriegler, E; <br>Hartmann, J","enhanced weathering; carbon dioxide removal; supply curve; negative emissions; 1.5C; climate change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa9c4","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS"]
["Land-based negative emissions: risks for climate mitigation and impacts on sustainable development","This paper focuses on the risks associated with \"negative emissions\" technologies (NETs) for drawing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and storing it in land-based sinks or underground. Modelled mitigation pathways for 1.5 A degrees C assume NETs that range as high as 1000 Gt CO2. We argue that this is two to three times greater than the amount of land-based NETs that can be realistically assumed, given critical social objectives and ecological constraints. Embarking on a pathway that assumes unrealistically large amounts of future NETs could lead society to set near-term targets that are too lenient and thus greatly overshoot the carbon budget, without a way to undo the damage. Pathways consistent with 1.5 A degrees C that rely on smaller amounts of NETs, however, could prove viable. This paper presents a framework for assessing the risks associated with negative emissions in the context of equity and sustainable development. To do this, we identify three types of risks in counting on NETs: (1) that NETs will not ultimately prove feasible; (2) that their large-scale deployment involves unacceptable ecological and social impacts; and (3) that NETs prove less effective than hoped, due to irreversible climate impacts, or reversal of stored carbon. We highlight the technical issues that need to be resolved and-more importantly-the value judgements that need to be made, to identify the realistic potential for land-based NETs consistent with social and environmental goals. Given the critical normative issues at stake, these are decisions that should be made within an open, transparent, democratic process. As input, we offer here an indicative assessment of the realistic potential for land-based NETs, based on a precautionary assessment of the risks to their future effectiveness and a provisional assessment of the extent to which they are in conflict with sustainable development goals related to land, food and climate.",2018,"Dooley, K; <br>Dooley, K; <br>Kartha, S","Negative emissions technologies (NETs); Ecosystem restoration; SDGs; Equity; Sustainable development","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10784-017-9382-9","Article","INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS-POLITICS LAW AND ECONOMICS"]
["Land-use emissions play a critical role in landbased mitigation for Paris climate targets","Scenarios that limit global warming to below 2 degrees C by 2100 assume significant land-use change to support large-scale carbon dioxide (CO2) removal from the atmosphere by afforestation/reforestation, avoided deforestation, and Biomass Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS). The more ambitious mitigation scenarios require even greater land area for mitigation and/or earlier adoption of CO2 removal strategies. Here we show that additional land-use change to meet a 1.5 degrees C climate change target could result in net losses of carbon from the land. The effectiveness of BECCS strongly depends on several assumptions related to the choice of biomass, the fate of initial above ground biomass, and the fossil-fuel emissions offset in the energy system. Depending on these factors, carbon removed from the atmosphere through BECCS could easily be offset by losses due to land-use change. If BECCS involves replacing high-carbon content ecosystems with crops, then forest-based mitigation could be more efficient for atmospheric CO2 removal than BECCS.",2018,"Harper, AB; <br>Powell, T; <br>Cox, PM; <br>House, J; <br>Huntingford, C; <br>Lenton, TM; <br>Sitch, S; <br>Burke, E; <br>Chadburn, SE; <br>Chadburn, SE; <br>Collins, WJ; <br>Comyn-Platt, E; <br>Daioglou, V; <br>Daioglou, V; <br>Doelman, JC; <br>Hayman, G; <br>Robertson, E; <br>van Vuuren, D; <br>van Vuuren, D; <br>Wiltshire, A; <br>Webber, CP; <br>Bastos, A; <br>Bastos, A; <br>Boysen, L; <br>Ciais, P; <br>Devaraju, N; <br>Jain, AK; <br>Krause, A; <br>Poulter, B; <br>Shu, SJ",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05340-z","Article","NATURE COMMUNICATIONS"]
["Large uncertainty in carbon uptake potential of land-based climate-change mitigation efforts","Most climate mitigation scenarios involve negative emissions, especially those that aim to limit global temperature increase to 2 degrees C or less. However, the carbon uptake potential in land-based climate change mitigation efforts is highly uncertain. Here, we address this uncertainty by using two land-based mitigation scenarios from two land-use models (IMAGE and MAgPIE) as input to four dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs; LPJ-GUESS, ORCHIDEE, JULES, LPJmL). Each of the four combinations of land-use models and mitigation scenarios aimed for a cumulative carbon uptake of 130 GtC by the end of the century, achieved either via the cultivation of bioenergy crops combined with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) or avoided deforestation and afforestation (ADAFF). Results suggest large uncertainty in simulated future land demand and carbon uptake rates, depending on the assumptions related to land use and land management in the models. Total cumulative carbon uptake in the DGVMs is highly variable across mitigation scenarios, ranging between 19 and 130 GtC by year 2099. Only one out of the 16 combinations of mitigation scenarios and DGVMs achieves an equivalent or higher carbon uptake than achieved in the land-use models. The large differences in carbon uptake between the DGVMs and their discrepancy against the carbon uptake in IMAGE and MAgPIE are mainly due to different model assumptions regarding bioenergy crop yields and due to the simulation of soil carbon response to land-use change. Differences between land-use models and DGVMs regarding forest biomass and the rate of forest regrowth also have an impact, albeit smaller, on the results. Given the low confidence in simulated carbon uptake for a given land-based mitigation scenario, and that negative emissions simulated by the DGVMs are typically lower than assumed in scenarios consistent with the 2 degrees C target, relying on negative emissions to mitigate climate change is a highly uncertain strategy.",2018,"Krause, A; <br>Pugh, TAM; <br>Pugh, TAM; <br>Pugh, TAM; <br>Bayer, AD; <br>Li, W; <br>Leung, F; <br>Bondeau, A; <br>Doelman, JC; <br>Humpenoder, F; <br>Anthoni, P; <br>Bodirsky, BL; <br>Ciais, P; <br>Muller, C; <br>Murray-Tortarolo, G; <br>Murray-Tortarolo, G; <br>Olin, S; <br>Popp, A; <br>Sitch, S; <br>Stehfest, E; <br>Arneth, A","avoided deforestation and afforestation; BECCS; carbon dioxide removal; land-based mitigation; negative emissions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14144","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY"]
["The energy return on investment of BECCS: is BECCS a threat to energy security?","Compliance with long term climate targets whilst maintaining energy security is understood to rely heavily on the large-scale deployment of negative emissions technologies (NETs). One option, Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), is prominent in Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), with projected annual contributions of 8-16.5 GtCO2 per year of atmospheric carbon dioxide removal whilst contributing 150-300 EJ per year, or 14 to 20% of global primary energy supply, in 2100. Implicit in these scenarios is the assumption that BECCS is a net producer of energy. However, relatively energy intensive biomass supply chains and low power generation efficiency could challenge this ubiquitous assumption. Deploying an energy negative technology at this scale could thus represent a threat to energy security. In this contribution, we evaluate the energy return on investment (EROI) of an archetypal BECCS facility. In order to highlight the importance of biomass sourcing, two feedstock scenarios are considered: use of domestic biomass pellets (UK) and import of biomass pellets from Louisiana, USA. We use the Modelling and Optimisation of Negative Emissions Technologies (MONET) framework to explicitly account for growing, pre-treating, transporting and converting the feedstock in a 500 MW BECCS facility. As an example, we illustrate how the net electricity balance (NElB) of a UK-based BECCS facility can be either positive or negative, as a function of supply chain decisions. Power plant efficiency, fuel efficiency for transport, transport distance, moisture content, drying method, as well as yield were identified as key factors that need to be carefully managed to maximise BECCS net electricity balance. A key insight of this contribution is that, given an annual carbon removal target, increasing BECCS' power generation efficiency by using a more advanced biomass conversion and CO2 capture technology could improve BECCS net electricity balance, but at the cost of increasing the amount of BECCS capacity required to meet this target. BECCS optimal deployment pathway is thus heavily dependent on which service provided by BECCS is most valued: carbon dioxide removal or power generation.",2018,"Fajardy, M; <br>Fajardy, M; <br>Mac Dowell, N; <br>Mac Dowell, N",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee03610h","Article","ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE"]
["Integrating Algae with Bioenergy Carbon Capture and Storage (ABECCS) Increases Sustainability","Bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) has been proposed to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations, but concerns remain about competition for arable land and freshwater. The synergistic integration of algae production, which does not require arable land or freshwater, with BECCS (called \"ABECCS\") can reduce CO2 emissions without competing with agriculture. This study presents a technoeconomic and life-cycle assessment for colocating a 121-ha algae facility with a 2,680-ha eucalyptus forest for BECCS. The eucalyptus biomass fuels combined heat and power (CHP) generation with subsequent amine-based carbon capture and storage (CCS). A portion of the captured CO2 is used for growing algae and the remainder is sequestered. Biomass combustion supplies CO2, heat, and electricity, thus increasing the range of sites suitable for algae cultivation. Economic, energetic, and environmental impacts are considered. The system yields as much protein as soybeans while generating 61.5TJ of electricity and sequestering 29,600t of CO2 per year. More energy is generated than consumed and the freshwater footprint is roughly equal to that for soybeans. Financial break-even is achieved for product value combinations that include 1) algal biomass sold for $1,400/t (fishmeal replacement) with a $68/t carbon credit and 2) algal biomass sold for $600/t (soymeal replacement) with a $278/t carbon credit. Sensitivity analysis shows significant reductions to the cost of carbon sequestration are possible. The ABECCS system represents a unique technology for negative emissions without reducing protein production or increasing water demand, and should therefore be included in the suite of technologies being considered to address global sustainability. Plain Language Summary We evaluated the sustainability of integrating algae production with bioenergy CCS (called ABECCS). Our motivation is to devise an affordable system that removes CO2 from the atmosphere without negatively impacting food security. The International Panel on Climate Change suggested that in addition to zero-emissions systems (such as solar power or crops), negative-emissions systems are needed to mitigate global warming. Bioenergy CCS (BECCS) is a promising negative-emissions approach in which biomass is combusted to generate electricity in conjunction with CCS. However, on a scale relevant to mitigating global warming, the arable land and freshwater requirements for BECCS could be unviable and cause competition with food production. In the ABECCS system, soy cropland is replaced by eucalyptus forests used for BECCS that provides marine algae with CO2, heat, and electricity. The integrated 2,800-ha facility produces as much high-quality protein as soy without increasing freshwater demand, and generates 61.5 TJ of electricity while sequestering 29,600t of CO2 per year. The system is economically viable when receiving $600/t of algae and $278/t of CO2 sequestered. With favorable economic conditions, ABECCS could contribute to the reduction of CO2 in the atmosphere in a sustainable way.",2018,"Beal, CM; <br>Beal, CM; <br>Archibald, I; <br>Archibald, I; <br>Huntley, ME; <br>Huntley, ME; <br>Huntley, ME; <br>Huntley, ME; <br>Greene, CH; <br>Greene, CH; <br>Johnson, ZI; <br>Johnson, ZI",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000704","Article","EARTHS FUTURE"]
["Geoengineering: neither economical, nor ethical-a risk-reward nexus analysis of carbon dioxide removal","This article addresses a central debate in combatting climate change: whether we should focus on reducing CO2 emissions or on removing the emitted CO2 from the atmosphere. We favor the former by arguing against the economic viability of the carbon dioxide removal (CDR) branch of geoengineering. This is of course not a question of either or, but we argue that the perception of CDR as a viable option reduces the willingness to reduce CO2 emissions. Using the recently developed approach of risk-reward nexus (RRN) in the economics of innovation, we question the economic viability of CDR. The main argument is simple: if one uses the new framework of RRN in evaluating the innovations involved in the CDR branch of geoengineering, not only does one include more areas of risk but also one has to consider a broader base for distributing the rewards. Consequently, from RRN's point of view, it would be less likely to find investing in CDR economically viable for the investor firms. Although the core argument of the paper concerns the economics of CDR, in a final section the paper tries to show that the economic argument has also ethical implications against relying on CDR.",2018,"Faran, TS; <br>Olsson, L","Economics of geoengineering; Carbon dioxide removal; Risk-reward nexus; Justice and economics; Hegelian ethics","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10784-017-9383-8","Article","INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS-POLITICS LAW AND ECONOMICS"]
["Collective action and geoengineering","This paper investigates some of the myriad collective action implications of geoengineering. Its two major components - carbon dioxide reduction and albedo modification - present diverse collective action and strategic aspects. Carbon dioxide reduction may be characterized by Prisoners' Dilemma, threshold, or harmony games, depending on capture and sequestration procedures. In contrast, albedo modification may abide by chicken, coordination, or threshold games. Once deployed, albedo modification presents an addiction problem that makes current efforts difficult to alter, even by countries originally opposed to such modification. With its many procedures, geoengineering is tied to a host of collective action problems that may ensue prior, during, or after geoengineering deployment. For carbon dioxide reduction, governance concerns encouraging action, while for albedo modification, governance concerns inhibiting unilateral action. The latter may be a more difficult governance issue.",2018,"Sandler, T","Geoengineering; Collective action; Strategic aspects; Carbon dioxide reduction; Albedo modification","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11558-017-9282-3","Article","REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS"]
["Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems","Beef cattle have been identified as the largest livestock-sector contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Using life cycle analysis (LCA), several studies have concluded that grass-finished beef systems have greater GHG intensities than feedlot-finished (FL) beef systems. These studies evaluated only one grazing management system - continuous grazing - and assumed steady-state soil carbon (C), to model the grass-finishing environmental impact. However, by managing for more optimal forage growth and recovery, adaptive multi-paddock (AMP) grazing can improve animal and forage productivity, potentially sequestering more soil organic carbon (SOC) than continuous grazing. To examine impacts of AMP grazing and related SOC sequestration on net GHG emissions, a comparative LCA was performed of two different beef finishing systems in the Upper Midwest, USA: AMP grazing and FL. We used on-farm data collected from the Michigan State University Lake City AgBioResearch Center for AMP grazing. Impact scope included GHG emissions from enteric methane, feed production and mineral supplement manufacture, manure, and on-farm energy use and transportation, as well as the potential C sink arising from SOC sequestration. Across-farm SOC data showed a 4-year C sequestration rate of 3.59 Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1) in AMP grazed pastures. After including SOC in the GHG footprint estimates, finishing emissions from the AMP system were reduced from 9.62 to -6.65 kg CO2-e kg carcass weight (CW)(-1), whereas FL emissions increased slightly from 6.09 to 6.12 kg CO2-e kg CW-1 due to soil erosion. This indicates that AMP grazing has the potential to offset GHG emissions through soil C sequestration, and therefore the finishing phase could be a net C sink. However, FL production required only half as much land as AMP grazing. While the SOC sequestration rates measured here were relatively high, lower rates would still reduce the AMP emissions relative to the FL emissions. This research suggests that AMP grazing can contribute to climate change mitigation through SOC sequestration and challenges existing conclusions that only feedlot-intensification reduces the overall beef GHG footprint through greater productivity.",2018,"Stanley, PL; <br>Stanley, PL; <br>Rowntree, JE; <br>Beede, DK; <br>DeLonge, MS; <br>Hamm, MW","Life cycle assessment; Greenhouse gas emissions; Soil carbon sequestration; Beef production; Adaptive multi-paddock grazing; Feedlot finishing","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.02.003","Article","AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS"]
["Short-term greenhouse emission lowering effect of biochars from solid organic municipal wastes","Qatar economy has been growing rapidly during the last two decades during which waste generation and greenhouse gas emissions increased exponentially making them among the main environmental challenges facing the country. Production of biochar from municipal solid organic wastes (SOWs) for soil application may offer a sustainable waste management strategy while improving crop productivity and sequestering carbon. This study was conducted to (1) investigate the physicochemical parameters of biochars for SOW, (2) select the best-performing biochars for soil fertility, and (3) evaluate the potential benefits of these biochars in lowering greenhouse gases (GHGs) during soil incubation. Biochars were produced from SOW at pyrolysis temperatures of 300-750 A degrees C and residence times of 2-6 h. Biochars were characterized before use in soil incubation to select the best-performing treatment and evaluation of potential GHG-lowering effect using CO2 emission as proxy. Here, soil-biochar mixtures (0-2%w/w) were incubated in greenhouse settings for 120 days at 10% soil moisture. Soil properties, such as pH, EC, TC, and WHC, were significantly improved after soil amendment with biochar. Two biochars produced from mixed materials at 300-500 A degrees C for 2 h and used at 0.5-1% application rate performed the best in enhancing soil fertility parameters. A significant decrease in CO2 emission was observed in vials with soil-biochar mixtures, especially for biochars produced at 500 A degrees C compared the corresponding raw materials which exhibited an exponential increase in the CO2 emission. Hence, application of biochar to agricultural soils could be beneficial for simultaneously improving soil fertility/crop productivity while sequestering carbon, thereby reducing anthropogenic emissions of GHGs.",2018,"Rehrah, D; <br>Bansode, RR; <br>Hassan, O; <br>Ahmedna, M","Municipal organic solid waste; Biochar; Qatari sandy soil; Principal components analysis; Greenhouse gas emission","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-017-1470-4","Article","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY"]
["Response of surface albedo and soil carbon dioxide fluxes to biochar amendment in farmland","Understanding the effect of biochar on surface albedo and soil CO2 fluxes is a crucial issue in evaluating the impact of biochar on carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas mitigation. In this study, we consider the following research questions: (1) Under bare soil and crop coverage conditions, do different dosages of biochar decrease the surface albedo? (2) How does the application of biochar affect soil CO2 fluxes? (3) What are the influencing factors of surface albedo and soil CO2 fluxes after biochar is applied? We examined the influence of biochar applications on farmland on the surface albedo, soil CO2 flux, soil temperature, soil moisture, and soil organic carbon fractions over a period of 15 months. There are six treatments (CK+, CK-, BC5+, BC5-, BC45+, and BC45-) in this study, and three biochar application rates, which are as follows: 0 t ha(-1) year(-1) (CK), 5 t ha(-1) year(-1) (BC5), and 45 t ha(-1) year(-1) (BC45) of biochar, and each application is rated with two crop coverage conditions, a wheat-maize crop rotation (+) and bare soil (-). We found that in the early stage of crop growth, the surface albedo of BC45+ and BC5+ were decreased significantly compared with the control treatment (P < 0.05). As the crop canopy structures developed, the surface albedo reduction weakened or even disappeared. Under the bare soil condition, the surface albedos of BC45- and BC5- was decreased significantly in most of the measurements (P < 0.05). The soil CO2 fluxes of the biochar treatments were increased significantly (P < 0.05). However, the growth rates of the soil CO2 fluxes of BC45+, BC5+, BC45-, and BC5- gradually decreased with time. The increase in the CO2 emissions of biochar treatments may be due to mineralization of the readily oxidizable organic carbon (e.g., water-soluble organic carbon) in the biochar-soil system. Adding biochar to the soil reduced the sensitivity of the soil respiration to temperature changes. The leaf area index is one of the factors that affects the surface albedo. The surface albedo did not decrease proportionally with the increase in biochar application. Readily oxidizable organic carbon played an important role in the soil CO2 emissions. The reduction of surface albedo caused by the biochar has no direct effect on soil CO2 fluxes. The findings were helpful in evaluating the effects of adding biochar to soil and its consequences for C sequestration in agricultural soils.",2018,"Zhang, YY; <br>Hu, XY; <br>Zou, J; <br>Zhang, D; <br>Chen, W; <br>Liu, Y; <br>Chen, YJ; <br>Wang, XQ","Biochar; Carbon dioxide; Climate change; Q(10); Surface albedo","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-017-1889-8","Article","JOURNAL OF SOILS AND SEDIMENTS"]
["What is the potential of cropland albedo management in the fight against global warming? A case study based on the use of cover crops","Land cover management in agricultural areas is a powerful tool that could play a role in the mitigation of climate change and the counterbalance of global warming. First, we attempted to quantify the radiative forcing that would increase the surface albedo of croplands in Europe following the inclusion of cover crops during the fallow period. This is possible since the albedo of bare soil in many areas of Europe is lower than the albedo of vegetation. By using satellite data, we demonstrated that the introduction of cover crops into the crop rotation during the fallow period would increase the albedo over 4.17% of Europe's surface. According to our study, the effect resulting from this increase in the albedo of the croplands would be equivalent to a mitigation of 3.16 MtCO(2)-eq.year(-1) over a 100 year time horizon. This is equivalent to a mitigation potential per surface unit (m(2)) of introduced cover crop over Europe of 15.91 gCO(2)-eq.year(-1). m(-2). This value, obtained at the European scale, is consistent with previous estimates. We show that this mitigation potential could be increased by 27% if the cover crop is maintained for a longer period than 3 months and reduced by 28% in the case of no irrigation. In the second part of this work, based on recent studies estimating the impact of cover crops on soil carbon sequestration and the use of fertilizer, we added the albedo effect to those estimates, and we argued that, by considering areas favourable to their introduction, cover crops in Europe could mitigate human-induced agricultural greenhouse gas emissions by up to 7% per year, using 2011 as a reference. The impact of the albedo change per year would be between 10% and 13% of this total impact. The countries showing the greatest mitigation potentials are France, Bulgaria, Romania, and Germany.",2018,"Carrer, D; <br>Pique, G; <br>Pique, G; <br>Ferlicoq, M; <br>Ceamanos, X; <br>Ceschia, E","surface albedo; radiative forcing; cropland; cover crops; agriculture","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab650","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS"]
["The potential for implementation of Negative Emission Technologies in Scotland","The reduction of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission rates alone appears insufficient to limit the rise in global temperatures. Negative Emission Technologies (NETs) can be helpful in this critical goal by actively removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Industrialised countries like Scotland will require NETs to address their climate targets and reach net-zero carbon emissions in a timely manner. However, the implementation of NETs has varied energy, economic and environmental implications that need to be analysed in detail. In this paper, we explore the potential energy and economic costs for implementation of land-based NETs in Scotland. This analysis is based on the calculated averaged costs of the different technologies and the availability of resources for its implementation in Scotland. We found that the country has a maximum technical potential to abate 90-100% of its annual CO2 emissions by means of land-based NETs, thanks to its low annual emissions and large land area for implementation of NETs. Even in less optimistic scenarios, Scotland is exceptionally well suited for land NETs, which can complement and enhance the potential of more conventional technologies, like renewable energy resources. Our results show that Scotland could lead the transformation towards a carbon-neutral society.",2018,"Alcalde, J; <br>Alcalde, J; <br>Alcalde, J; <br>Smith, P; <br>Smith, P; <br>Haszeldine, RS; <br>Bond, CE; <br>Bond, CE","Negative Emission Technologies; Bioenergy; Carbon capture and storage; Direct air capture; Enhanced weathering; Afforestation-reforestation; Soil carbon sequestration; Biochar; Scotland","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2018.06.021","Article","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS CONTROL"]
["What risks matter? Public views about assisted migration and other climate-adaptive reforestation strategies","The world's forests play an important role in regulating climate change through their capacity to sequester carbon. At the same time, they are also increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. In the western Canadian province of British Columbia, changes in temperature, precipitation, and disturbance regimes are already impacting forests. In response to these observed and anticipated changes, adapted reforestation practices are being developed and proposed as a means to help forest ecosystems adjust to changing climatic conditions. One such practice under consideration is assisted migrationplanting species within or outside of the native historical range into areas that are anticipated to be climatically suitable in the future. We used a survey of British Columbia's population at large (n=1923) to quantify levels of support for a range of potential reforestation options (including assisted migration) to adapt to climate change, and to explore what factors can help predict this support. Our findings reveal that the likely location of potential public controversy resides not with the potential implementation of assisted migration strategies per se, but rather with assisted migration strategies that involve movement of tree species beyond their native range.",2018,"St-Laurent, GP; <br>Hagerman, S; <br>Kozak, R",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2310-3","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE"]
["High pyrolysis temperature biochars reduce nitrogen availability and nitrous oxide emissions from an acid soil","Biochar-bioenergy coproduction from biomass pyrolysis has the potential to contribute to climate change mitigation. Biochar produced at various pyrolysis temperatures (<600 degrees C) has been widely studied. However, the effect of biochars, produced at high pyrolysis temperature (>= 600 degrees C), on soil nitrogen (N) dynamics and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission is largely unknown. A pot trial was performed to examine the effect of high pyrolysis temperature (600, 700, 850 and 950 degrees C) woody biochars on soil N dynamics, microbial gene abundance and N2O emissions with (+N) and without N (-N) fertilization from an acid soil. Results showed that all biochar treatments significantly lowered the N2O emissions in both fertilized and unfertilized regimes. However, the suppressive effect on N2O emission among different high pyrolysis temperatures was not statistically different. Biochar amendment significantly decreased the concentration of soil NH4+, and lower levels of soil NO3- were observed at the later stage of experiment. Under -N, plant biomass and N uptake were significantly lowered in all biochar treatments. Under +N, biochar addition significantly increased plant biomass, while only the 700 degrees C biochar significantly increased N uptake. This suggests that single application of biochar could limit soil mineral N bioavailability and further decrease plant growth and N uptake in the plant-soil system. Biochar amendments tended to increase nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) gene abundance, but this effect was only significant for biochar produced at 950 degrees C under +N. In conclusion, high pyrolysis temperature biochars can be effectively used to reduce N2O emission, while increases in nosZ gene abundance and decreases in NH4+ and NO3- concentrations in the acid soil are likely to be responsible for the reduction in N2O emission. Thus, woody biochars as a by-product produced at high pyrolysis temperature have the potential to mitigate soil N2O emission via modifying N transformation and further affect climate change.",2018,"Lan, ZM; <br>Lan, ZM; <br>Chen, CR; <br>Rashti, MR; <br>Yang, H; <br>Zhang, DK","Biochar amendment; biomass pyrolysis; greenhouse gas mitigation; microbial gene abundance; mineral nitrogen dynamics; plant nitrogen uptake","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12529","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY"]
["Investigating the BECCS resource nexus: delivering sustainable negative emissions","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), and other negative emissions technologies (NETs), are integral to all scenarios consistent with meeting global climate ambitions. BECCS's ability to promptly remove CO2 from the atmosphere in a resource efficient manner, whilst being a net energy generator to the global economy, remains controversial. Given the large range of potential outcomes, it is crucial to understand how, if at all, this technology can be deployed in a way which minimises its impact on natural resources and ecosystems, while maximising both carbon removal and power generation. In this study, we present a series of thought experiments, using the Modelling and Optimisation of Negative Emissions Technologies (MONET) framework, to provide insight into the combinations of biomass feedstock, origin, land type, and transport route, to meet a given CO2 removal target. The optimal structure of an international BECCS supply chain was found to vary both quantitatively and qualitatively as the focus shifted from conserving water, land or biomass, to maximising energy generated, with the water use in particular increasing threefold in the land and biomass use minimisation scenario, as compared to the water minimisation scenario. In meeting regional targets, imported biomass was consistently chosen over indigenous biomass in the land and water minimisation scenarios, confirming the dominance of factors such as yield, electricity grid carbon intensity, and precipitation, over transport distance. A pareto-front analysis was performed and, in addition to highlighting the strong trade-offs between BECCS resource efficiency objectives, indicated the potential for tipping points. An analysis of the sensitivity to the availability of marginal land and agricultural residues showed that (1) the availability of agricultural residues had a great impact on BECCS land, and that (2) water use and land use change, two critical sustainability indicators for BECCS, were negatively correlated. Finally, we showed that maximising energy production increased water use and land use fivefold, and land use change by two orders of magnitude. It is therefore likely that an exclusive focus on energy generation and CO2 removal can result in negative consequences for the broader environment. In spite of these strong trade-offs however, it was found that BECCS could meet its electricity production objective without compromising estimated safe land use boundaries. Provided that the right choices are made along BECCS value chain, BECCS can be deployed in a way that both satisfies its resource efficiency and technical performance objectives.",2018,"Fajardy, M; <br>Fajardy, M; <br>Chiquier, S; <br>Chiquier, S; <br>Mac Dowell, N; <br>Mac Dowell, N",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ee01676c","Article","ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE"]
["Cover crops mitigate direct greenhouse gases balance but reduce drainage under climate change scenarios in temperate climate with dry summers","Cover crops provide ecosystem services such as storing atmospheric carbon in soils after incorporation of their residues. Cover crops also influence soil water balance, which can be an issue in temperate climates with dry summers as for example in southern France and Europe. As a consequence, it is necessary to understand cover crops' long-term influence on greenhouse gases (GHG) and water balances to assess their potential to mitigate climate change in arable cropping systems. We used the previously calibrated and validated soil-crop model STICS to simulate scenarios of cover crop introduction to assess their influence on rainfed and irrigated cropping systems and crop rotations distributed among five contrasted sites in southern France from 2007 to 2052. Our results showed that cover crops can improve mean direct GHG balance by 315 kg CO(2)e ha(-1) year(-1) in the long term compared to that of bare soil. This was due mainly to an increase in carbon storage in the soil despite a slight increase in N2O emissions which can be compensated by adapting fertilization. Cover crops also influence the water balance by reducing mean annual drainage by 20 mm/year but increasing mean annual evapotranspiration by 20 mm/year compared to those of bare soil. Using cover crops to improve the GHG balance may help to mitigate climate change by decreasing CO(2)e emitted in cropping systems which can represent a decrease from 4.5% to 9% of annual GHG emissions of the French agriculture and forestry sector. However, if not well managed, they also could create water management issues in watersheds with shallow groundwater. Relationships between cover crop biomass and its influence on several variables such as drainage, carbon sequestration, and GHG emissions could be used to extend our results to other conditions to assess the cover crops' influence in a wider range of areas.",2018,"Tribouillois, H; <br>Constantin, J; <br>Justes, E","carbon; catch crop; evapotranspiration; N2O; simulation; STICS model; water balance","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14091","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY"]
["Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China","Although afforestation of farmlands has been proposed as an effective method of carbon (C) sequestration, there remain uncertainties that deter us from developing a clear picture of C stocks in plantation ecosystems. This study investigated the dynamics of stand structure and plant diversity, and C and nitrogen (N) pools in trees, herbs, litter, and soil (0-100 cm depth) in black locust plantations aged 9, 17, 30, and 37 years, and in newly abandoned farmlands as pre-afforestation sites, on the Loess Plateau, China. Stand density decreased significantly, while tree diameter at breast height and height increased during stand development. The dominant species of the herb layer differed with age. Afforestation resulted in slight increases in tree C and N storage in plantations from 9 to 30 years of age, and then significantly increased from 30 to 37 years. Compared to pre-afforestation, C and N storage in soil decreased to minimum values in stands aged 17 and 9 years, respectively. The soil re-accumulated C and N during stand development, attaining equilibrium levels similar to those in pre-afforestation when stands reached about 30 years of age. Soil C and N storage in 37-year stands were 29 and 16% higher, respectively, than in pre-afforestation levels. However, C and N concentrations in the subsoil (20-40 cm) were still less than the pre-afforestation levels for stands of all ages (from 9 to 37 years). The relative contribution to the total ecosystem C and N pools increased in trees and decreased in soil during the observed period. Our results indicate that afforestation reduced soil C and N storage during the early stages of stand development. We conclude that the growing phase of an afforested stand over its initial 30 years is important for C and N sequestration by black locust due to the C and N storage that result from recovered soil quality and an increase in tree biomass.",2018,"Zhang, GQ; <br>Zhang, P; <br>Cao, Y; <br>Cao, Y","Afforestation; Biomass; Carbon content; Plantation ecosystem; Nitrogen sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-017-0479-3","Article","JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH"]
["Blurred lines: The ethics and policy of Greenhouse Gas Removal at scale","The topic of Greenhouse Gas Removal (GGR) for climate geoengineering is becoming increasingly salient following the IPCC's 5th Assessment Report and the Paris Agreement. GGR is thought of as a separate category to mitigation techniques such as low-carbon supply or demand reduction, yet multiple social, ethical and acceptability concerns cut across categories. We propose moving beyond classifying climate strategies as a set of discrete categories (which may implicitly homogenize diverse technologies), toward a prioritization of questions of scale of both technology and decision-making in the examination of social and ethical risks. This is not just a theoretical issue: important questions for policy, governance and finance are raised, for instance over the future inclusion of GGR in carbon markets. We argue that the conclusions drawn about how best to categorize, govern and incentivize any strategy will depend on the framing used, because different framings could lead to very different policy recommendations being drawn. Because of this, a robust approach to developing, governing and financing GGR should pay attention first to urgent concerns regarding democracy, justice and acceptability. ¬© 2018 Cox, Pidgeon, Spence and Thomas.",2018,"Cox, E.M.; <br>Pidgeon, N.; <br>Spence, E.; <br>Thomas, G.","Acceptability; Ethics; Geoengineering; Greenhouse gas removal; Policy; Risk","http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00038","Article","Front. Environ. Sci."]
["Increased vegetation growth and carbon stock in China karst via ecological engineering","Afforestation and reforestation projects in the karst regions of southwest China aim to combat desertification and improve the ecological environment. However, it remains unclear at what scale conservation efforts have impacted on carbon stocks and if vegetation regrowth occurs at a large spatial scale as intended. Here we use satellite time series data and show a widespread increase in leaf area index (a proxy for green vegetation cover), and aboveground biomass carbon, which contrasted negative trends found in the absence of anthropogenic influence as simulated by an ecosystem model. In spite of drought conditions, aboveground biomass carbon increased by 9% (+0.05 Pg C y(-1)), mainly in areas of high conservation effort. We conclude that large scale conservation projects can contribute to a greening Earth with positive effects on carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change. At the regional scale, such ecological engineering projects may reduce risks of desertification by increasing the vegetation cover and reducing the ecosystem sensitivity to climate perturbations.",2018,"Tong, XW; <br>Brandt, M; <br>Yue, YM; <br>Yue, YM; <br>Horion, S; <br>Wang, KL; <br>Wang, KL; <br>De Keersmaecker, W; <br>Tian, F; <br>Schurgers, G; <br>Xiao, XM; <br>Xiao, XM; <br>Luo, YQ; <br>Luo, YQ; <br>Luo, YQ; <br>Chen, C; <br>Myneni, R; <br>Shi, Z; <br>Chen, HS; <br>Chen, HS; <br>Fensholt, R",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-017-0004-x","Article","NATURE SUSTAINABILITY"]
["The Impact of Biochar Incorporation on Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilizer Plant Uptake; An Opportunity for Carbon Sequestration in Temperate Agriculture","Field studies of biochar addition to soil and nutrient cycling using N-15 fertilizers in temperate agriculture are scant. These data are required in order to make evidence based assessments. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that biochar application can increase crop yields through improving the nitrogen uptake and utilization of added inorganic fertilizer, whilst sequestering significant quantities of carbon. Results showed that although biochar addition led to significant spring barley grain yield increases in the first year of biochar application, an unusually dry year; this was possibly not solely the result of improved nitrogen uptake, as total crop N was similar in both treatments. Results suggested it was improved water utilization, indicated by the crop carbon isotope values and soil moisture characteristics. In the second year, there were no significant effects of the previous year's biochar addition on the sunflower yield, N status, fertilizer recovery or any signs of improved water utilization. These data add to a growing body of evidence, suggesting that biochar addition has only slightly positive or neutral effects on crop growth and fertilizer retention but has the potential to sequester vast amounts of carbon in the soil with minimal yield losses in temperate agriculture.",2018,"Hood-Nowotny, R; <br>Watzinger, A; <br>Wawra, A; <br>Soja, G; <br>Soja, G","N-15; stable isotopes; isotope ratio mass spectrometry; chernozem; soil; biochar","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8110420","Article","GEOSCIENCES"]
["The politics of negative emissions technologies and decarbonization in rural communities","Non-Technical summary Technologies and practices to remove carbon from the atmosphere ('negative emissions technologies') will be challenging to scale-up. Efforts to incentivize or govern their scale-up globally risk failing if they miss the social challenges. This paper analyzes prospective challenges for negative emissions through examining how decarbonization practices are evolving in one particular landscape: The Imperial Valley in southeast California, a desert landscape engineered for industrial agriculture. Based on semi-structured interviews and site visits, this paper examines how community actors have received, participated in, imagined or contested new energy technologies and climate practices, and draws out takeaways for negative emissions policy. Technical summary This article examines prospective challenges and opportunities for scaling up negative emissions technologies (NETs) through examining how decarbonization practices are evolving in one particular landscape: The Imperial Valley in southeast California, a desert landscape engineered for industrial agriculture. Local officials, community activists and business ventures are re-imagining the valley as a renewable energy landscape, some with interest in carbon-negative technologies. At the same time, aspects of this strategy for economic development via green energy are often contested. Based on semi-structured interviews and site visits, this paper examines how landscape-level actors have received, participated in, imagined or contested new energy technologies and climate practices. Through analyzing local perspectives on climate change and emerging energy technologies, the paper draws out three takeaways for the governance of NETs: (1) entrenched interests can play a role in shaping how particular NETs compete; (2) environmental justice concerns around NETs should be viewed as more than not-in-my-backyard-ism; and (3) incentives for NETs must be tailored to local contexts. The conclusion discusses two crosscutting challenges: The lack of institutions to build out new infrastructure and the challenge of generating narratives around invisible 'negative' emissions. ¬© The Author(s) 2018.",2018,"Buck, H.J.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/sus.2018.2","Article","Glob. Sustain."]
["Graphical Pinch Analysis for Planning Biochar-Based Carbon Management Networks","Biochar is a potentially scalable negative emission technology (NET). The negative net flow of carbon is achieved sequentially via photosynthesis which fixes atmospheric carbon into biomass, followed by thermochemical processing of biomass into biochar which converts the bulk of the fixed carbon into stable or recalcitrant form, and finally by the application of the resulting biochar to soil. In addition, this process can result in additional carbon offsets through favorable modification of soil by reducing fertilizer requirement, as well as other secondary benefits. On the other hand, biochar is typically contaminated with traces of organic (e.g., dioxins) and inorganic impurities (e.g., salts) that are detrimental to soil quality. The presence of such impurities and the capacity of the receiving soil to tolerate their presence put an upper limit on the amount of biochar that can be added without causing adverse environmental effects. Thus, scaling up biochar-based systems requires the planning of a carbon management network (CMN) consisting of biochar sources (i.e., production facilities) and biochar sinks (i.e., receiving tracts of land). In general, such CMNs need to be operated so as to maximize system-wide carbon sequestration without exceeding the tolerance limits of the biochar sinks. This paper proposes a graphical pinch analysis approach to planning such biochar-based CMNs. The applicability of the methodology is illustrated using a hypothetical case study.",2018,"Tan, RR; <br>Bandyopadhyay, S; <br>Foo, DCY","Biochar; Negative emission technology (NET); Process integration (PI); Pinch analysis; Carbon management network (CMN)","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41660-018-0033-6","Article","PROCESS INTEGRATION AND OPTIMIZATION FOR SUSTAINABILITY"]
["Towards a cultural political economy of mitigation deterrence by negative emissions technologies (NETs)","Non-technical summary. In the face of limited carbon budgets, negative emissions technologies (NETs) offer hopes of removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. It is difficult to determine whether the prospect of NETs is significantly deterring or delaying timely action to cut emissions. This paper sets out a novel theoretical perspective to this challenge, enabling analysis that accounts for interactions between technologies, society and political and economic power. The paper argues that, seen in this light, the scope of NETs to substitute for mitigation may be easily exaggerated, and thus that the risk of harm from mitigation deterrence should be taken seriously. Technical summary. This paper offers a new theoretical perspective on the risk that geoengineering interventions might deter or delay mitigation (previously typically described as moral hazard). Drawing on a brief review of mitigation deterrence (MD) in solar geoengineering, it suggests a novel analytical viewpoint going beyond and contrasting with the methodological individualist, managerialist and economist analyses common in the literature. Three distinct registers to assist identification and interpretation of situations and processes through which MD might arise are elaborated and compared. The paper shows that moving from a realist register via a cultural register to a cultural political economy register, makes it clearer how and why misperceived substitutability (between negative emissions technologies (NETs) and mitigation) and narrow climate policy goals matter for MD. We have also identified several plausible mechanisms for MD under a neoliberal political regime. The paper argues that MD cannot be overcome simply by better informing decision makers (the 'realist' response), or even by opening up the standard techno-economic framing of climate change and our responses (the 'cultural' response). The paper also concludes that the entire political regime that has evolved alongside specific economic interests is implicated in MD, and that the likelihood and significance of MD probably remain underappreciated and understudied.",2018,"Markusson, N; <br>McLaren, D; <br>Tyfield, D","climate geoengineering; cultural political economy; mitigation deterrence; moral hazard; negative emissions technologies","http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/sus.2018.10","Article","GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY"]
["The paradox of regulating negative emissions technologies under US environmental laws","Non-technical summary Most domestic environmental laws control the act of emitting pollutants into the environment. As a result, they do not apply squarely to negative emissions technologies (NETs) that remove ambient contaminants and do not emit pollutants themselves. As a result, current US environmental laws cannot readily govern a NET unless it has features that would typically allow regulation of a clean-up, such as ownership of the polluted resources, being at fault for polluting them or instituting projects to restore them. We should reinterpret such laws to focus on actual disruption or harm to the environment instead of using emission of pollutants as a proxy for ecological damage. Technical summary Negative emissions technologies (NETs) promise to remove greenhouse gases (particularly carbon dioxide) from the ambient atmosphere and current plans to attain the Paris Agreement's secondary goal relies heavily on them. Their governance, however, remains an open question, and most domestic environmental laws regulate pollutant emissions rather than their removal from the environment. Under US environmental laws, the clean-up of prior pollutant releases typically occurs when (i) the person releasing the pollutant bears fault or liability, (ii) the contaminated natural resource is owned by a party who must remediate it regardless of fault or (iii) a governmental authority removes it as a public work. The historical releases of greenhouse gases and anthropogenic climate change will not fall into these categories. This governance gap may spark concerns if the uncoordinated or overzealous deployment of NETs might cause unintended consequences, their full use unexpectedly transfers ownership of public resources to private parties or their deployment without transparency disenfranchises stakeholders. We should reinterpret domestic environmental laws to focus on direct harms to ecological systems rather than requiring a pollutant release. Federal and state legislatures and agencies should explicitly declare how (or if) current environmental laws will apply to NETs and provide guidance to the public and stakeholders.",2018,"Hester, TD","climate engineering; domestic environmental law; governance policy; negative emissions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/sus.2018.1","Article","GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY"]

{"sheet":"Suppl. Table 8. Docs (n=982)","index":4,"n_rows":983,"n_cols":9,"rows_kept":983}
["title","abstract","year","author","keywords","doi","article type","journal","method_group"]
["Improving Effects of Afforestation with Different Forest Types on Soil Nutrients and Bacterial Community in Barren Hills of North China","Afforestation can improve soil nutrient content and microbial community structure, increase soil carbon sequestration, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, at present, there is a lack of research on the low hills and mountainous areas in North China. In order to scientifically evaluate the effect of afforestation recovery with different forest types on the improvement of the soil ecological system, the Fanggan ecological restoration in North China was taken as the research sample, and the coniferous forests, mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest quadrats and broad-leaved forests, as well as the contrast of barren hills bushes were set to achieve the research goals. Research results of different forest types on soil nutrient and bacterial community in the Fanggan ecological restoration area have shown that afforestation with broad-leaved forests most obviously improved the nutrition properties and bacterial community of soil. (1) Broad-leaved forest afforestation obviously improved water retention and ammonia nitrogen content but reduced the content of available phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen of surface soil. It also increased available phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen content of lower soil. (2) Broad-leaved forest afforestation significantly increased alpha-diversity of the bacterial community in surface soil, but only enhanced the Chao1 and ACE indices of lower soil. In addition, afforestation has also significantly changed the structure of soil bacterial community and beta-diversity index. (3) Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia accounted for the highest proportion of soil bacterial community. Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia occupied higher proportion in broad-leaved forests than in other forest types, while the proportion of Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria was the opposite. (4) Afforestation decreased cooperation and increased competition among bacteria of surface soil as well as increased coexistence and rejection among subsoil bacteria. (5) pH, ammonia nitrogen, organic carbon, and available phosphorus have exhibited a significant impact on the structure of bacterial community in the surface soil, while the bacterial community structure of the lower soil was mainly affected by pH and available phosphorus. Results have fully demonstrated the positive effects of broad-leaved forest on the restoration of soil nutrients and microbial community structure. Meanwhile, the important combinations of soil physical and chemical factors affecting soil bacterial community structure were also explored. The results can provide scientific basis for revealing the mechanism of soil organic matter, nutrient and ecological function restoration by artificial afforestation, and also offer theoretical support and practical reference for the restoration of artificial afforestation in the hilly and mountainous areas of North China.",2022,"Qiu, ZL; <br>Shi, C; <br>Zhao, MY; <br>Wang, KF; <br>Zhang, M; <br>Wang, TT; <br>Shi, FC","vegetation restoration; soil nutrition; soil bacteria community; diversity; high-throughput sequencing","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031202","Article","SUSTAINABILITY","Field experiments"]
["Biochar promotes soil organic carbon sequestration and reduces net global warming potential in apple orchard: A two-year study in the Loess Plateau of China","The Loess Plateau is China's primary apple-growing area, and the orchard is a significant source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions due to high nitrogen fertilizer input. Thus, a two-year field study was carried out to investigate the effects of apple wood derived biochar on GHGs emissions during apple orchard production, including soil organic carbon sequestration (SOCSR) and net global warming potential (NGWP) assessments. There are four treatments in this study: 20 t ha(-1) biochar in a non-fertilized plot (B); no biochar in a fertilized plot (F); 20 t ha(-1) biochar in a fertilized plot (FB); no biochar in a non-fertilized plot (CK). Results showed that the combined application of biochar and fertilizer stimulated CO2 emissions by 9.25% and 8.39% than either biochar or fertilizer alone. Meanwhile, biochar in fertilized plot increased annual N2O emissions by 32.6% as compared to fertilized plot without biochar amendment. Compared with CK, biochar had no significant effect on GHG emissions in unfertilized plot. The N2O emission factor of FB and F were 0.91% and 0.45% respectively in 2017-2018 and they were both 0.34% in 2018-2019. Moreover, compared with CK, the FB and B treatments increased the SOCSR by 316.52% and 354.78%, while, decreased the NGWP by 368.93% and 480.91%, respectively. Thus, biochar application may help reduce the impact of apple production on climate change by sequestering more soil organic carbon and decreasing the NGWP. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.",2022,"Han, JL; <br>Han, JL; <br>Zhang, AF; <br>Zhang, AF; <br>Kang, YH; <br>Kang, YH; <br>Han, JQ; <br>Han, JQ; <br>Yang, B; <br>Hussain, Q; <br>Wang, XD; <br>Wang, XD; <br>Zhang, M; <br>Zhang, M; <br>Khan, MA","Wood biochar; Greenhouse gases; Carbon sequestration; Apple orchard; Net global warming potential","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150035","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["Contrasting Responses of Soil Inorganic Carbon to Afforestation in Acidic Versus Alkaline Soils","Afforestation is recommended as an effective approach for carbon sequestration and environmental benefits. However, it remains less clear, and sometimes controversial, regarding how afforestation may impact soil inorganic carbon (SIC), a crucial component of the ecosystem carbon pool. Using field data from 619 afforested plots and 163 control plots across northern China, we here investigated the relative and absolute differences in SIC between afforested and corresponding control plots. Our results suggested that afforestation increased SIC in acidic soils, while decreased SIC in alkaline soils. Fitting a linear mixed model and further a structure equation model, we found that afforestation-induced soil pH change was the most significant factor regulating SIC responses. In particular, SIC was more sensitive to pH change in more arid areas, where both soil pH and SIC stocks were high. Other factors could indirectly affect SIC responses to afforestation through modulating soil pH and soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. Moreover, afforestation-induced SIC changes also varied considerably among different species of tree plantations and across different soil depths. Importantly, in plantations of Pinus sylvestris var. mongholica, Pinus tabuliformis, and Populus spp., changes in SIC caused by afforestation were even comparable to that in SOC. Overall, our findings provide a data-based understanding on the comprehensive soil carbon dynamics following afforestation and its underlying mechanisms. With the increased use of afforestation and reforestation as nature-based solutions to climate change, their associated impacts on SIC need to be taken into account, especially in SIC-rich areas.",2022,"Hong, SB; <br>Chen, AP; <br>Chen, AP","plant-soil interactions; soil carbon; soil pH; structural equation model; nature-based solution","http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2021GB007038","Article","GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES","Field experiments"]
["Development of phosphorus composite biochar for simultaneous enhanced carbon sink and heavy metal immobilization in soil","As a porous and carbon material, biochar is focused on respectively in sequestrating carbon and stabilizing metals in soil, while few studies attempted to design biochar for simultaneously achieving these two targets. This study proposed to produce phosphorus-composite biochar for synchronously enhancing carbon sequestration and heavy metals immobilization. Two phosphorus materials from tailings, Ca(H2PO4)2 and Ca5(PO4)3(OH), were selected as modifier to load into biomass prior to pyrolysis. Results showed that incorporating P not only increased pyrolytic C retention in biochar by 36.1‚Äì50.1%, but also obtained biochar with higher stability by chemically formation of C[sbnd]O[sbnd]P, C-PO3 and C2-PO2. After 90-day incubation with soil, more C was sequestrated in the P-biochar amended soil (59.6‚Äì67.0%) than those pristine biochar (43.2‚Äì46.6%). Highly soluble Ca(H2PO4)2 was more efficient than Ca5(PO4)3(OH) in this regard. Meanwhile, these P-composite biochar exhibited more Pb/Cd immobilization (31.3‚Äì92.3%) compared with the pristine biochar (9.5‚Äì47.2%), which was mainly due to the formation of stable precipitates Pb5(PO4)3Cl and Cd3(PO4)2, especially for Ca5(PO4)3(OH) modification. Additionally, P-composite biochar ‚Äúintelligently‚Äù altered soil microbial community, i.e., they suppressed Actinobacteria proliferation, which is correlated to carbon degradation, while promoted Proteobacteria growth, facilitating phosphate dissolution for ready reaction with heavy metals to form precipitate, benefiting the Pb and Cd immobilization. A dual functions biochar was engineered via simply loading phosphorous prior to pyrolysis and simultaneously enhanced carbon sequestration and heavy metal immobilization. ¬© 2022 Elsevier B.V.",2022,"Luo, Y.; <br>Li, Z.; <br>Xu, H.; <br>Xu, X.; <br>Qiu, H.; <br>Cao, X.; <br>Zhao, L.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154845","Article","Sci. Total Environ.","Field experiments"]
["Recovery of soil carbon and nitrogen stocks following afforestation with xerophytic shrubs in the Tengger Desert, North China","Afforestation, as a key measure to curb land degradation and to drive the changes in soil C and N stocks and cycles, has been increasingly implemented in drylands worldwide. However, the long-term effects of this restoration practice on C accumulation in soil are still uncertain, especially because C-N interactions are poorly understood, which constrains the accurate assessment of potential soil C sequestration. In this study, we investigated the soil organic C (SOC) and soil total N (STN) storage in artificial shrublands in chronosequences in the Tengger Desert to address the hypothesis that afforestation with xerophytic shrubs significantly enhanced SOC and STN stocks in desert regions and that SOC and STN stocks would be positively correlated during the restoration processes. Our results showed that afforestation significantly enhanced SOC and STN accumulation. The SOC and STN stocks in 17-, 52- and 60-year-old artificial shrublands were 1.22, 2.67, 2.80 and 1.21, 2.33, 2.47 times greater than those in mobile sand dunes, respectively, with increased rates of 5.61 g C m‚àí2 yr‚àí1, 14.25 g C m‚àí2 yr‚àí1 and 13.30 g C m‚àí2 yr‚àí1 and 1.27 g N m‚àí2 yr‚àí1, 2.61 g N m‚àí2 yr‚àí1 and 2.50 g N m‚àí2 yr‚àí1, respectively. The significant enhancement of SOC and STN stocks primarily occurred in the upper 0‚Äì20 cm soil layer. SOC stocks were positively correlated with STN stocks and the C:N ratio, and the regression slopes increased with vegetation age, indicating a coupling relationship between SOC and STN stocks. Additionally, this finding suggests that the increase in STN stocks was slower than that of SOC during restoration, leading to an asynchrony in N supply and the demand and subsequent N limitations on SOC accumulation. It would take approximately 139 and 177 years to fully recover SOC and STN stocks in the 100 cm soil profile, respectively, in mobile sand dunes through afforestation with xerophytic shrubs in the Tengger Desert, which implied that afforestation-induced soil quality improvements were a long-term process and that soil conservation was a key issue in water-limited ecosystems; therefore, optimized management strategies are urgently needed. ¬© 2022 Elsevier B.V.",2022,"Li, X.; <br>Li, Y.; <br>Xie, T.; <br>Chang, Z.; <br>Li, X.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106277","Article","Catena","Field experiments"]
["Spring pasture renewal involving full inversion tillage and a summer crop can facilitate soil C storage, improve crop yields and lower N leaching","Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in pastoral soils could offset net greenhouse gas emissions by reducing global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and, thereby, slow climate warming. Long-term pastures typically have topsoils (0‚Äì10 cm) rich in SOC, with subsoils (10‚Äì30 cm) storing less than half as much SOC. In New Zealand, lowland farmers are advised to renew (reseed) their pastures every 7‚Äì10 years to improve pasture production. Renewal typically involves desiccating the old pasture followed by shallow tillage (or direct drilling) to establish a short season forage crop as a weed break, then direct drilling new pasture species. Minimum till at renewal maintains the vertical stratification of SOC, limiting the scope to increase SOC stocks under new pasture. During the spring of 2016 and 2017, two independent trials were established, on an Alfisol (trial 1) and on an Andisol (trial 2), to assess the effects of establishing a summer Brassica crop with either full inversion tillage (FIT; 30 cm furrow depth, as a one-off or infrequent (every 25‚Äì30 years) management), shallow tillage or no-till (direct drill) on SOC stocks and crop/pasture agronomic performance. In autumn, new pasture species were direct drilled into the stubble of the summer forage crop. Changes in SOC vertical distribution, plant growth, herbage quality (at both trials) and nitrogen (N) leaching (trial 1 only) were monitored. At both trials, FIT effectively buried SOC below 0‚Äì10 cm depth and increased crop yields compared to no-till treatment. After re-grassing pasture production was similar among all treatments. In trial 1, N leaching losses were 42% lower under FIT than under no-till. These results highlight the potential agronomic and environmental benefits of pasture renewal including FIT. Economic and N cycling benefits depend on the timely inclusion of a crop phase. ¬© 2022 Elsevier B.V.",2022,"Calvelo-Pereira, R.; <br>Hedley, M.J.; <br>Hanly, J.A.; <br>Beare, M.H.; <br>McNally, S.R.; <br>Bretherton, M.R.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2022.105347","Article","Soil Tillage Res.","Field experiments"]
["Removal of atmospheric CO2 by engineered soils in infrastructure projects","The use of crushed basic igneous rock and crushed concrete for enhanced rock weathering and to facilitate pedogenic carbonate precipitation provides a promising method of carbon sequestration. However, many of the controls on precipitation and subsequent effects on soil properties remain poorly understood. In this study, engineered soil plots, with different ratios of concrete or dolerite combined with sand, have been used to investigate relationships between sequestered inorganic carbon and geotechnical properties, over a two-year period. Cone penetration tests with porewater pressure measurements (CPTu) were conducted to determine changes in tip resistance and pore pressure. C and O isotope analysis was carried out to confirm the pedogenic origin of carbonate minerals. TIC analysis shows greater precipitation of pedogenic carbonate in plots containing concrete than those with dolerite, with the highest sequestration values of plots containing each material being equivalent to 33.7 t C ha‚àí1 yr‚àí1 and 17.5 t C ha‚àí1 yr‚àí1, respectively, calculated from extrapolation of results derived from the TIC analysis. TIC content showed reduction or remained unchanged for the top 0.1 m of soil; at a depth of 0.2 m however, for dolerite plots, a pattern of seasonal accumulation and loss of TIC emerged. CPTu tip resistance measurements showed that the presence of carbonates had no observable effect on penetration resistance, and in the case of porewater pressure measurements, carbonate precipitation does not change the permeability of the substrate, and so does not affect drainage. The results of this study indicate that both the addition of dolerite and concrete serve to enhance CO2 removal in soils, that soil temperature appears to be a control on TIC precipitation, and that mineral carbonation in constructed soils does not lead to reduced drainage or an increased risk of flooding. ¬© 2022 The Authors",2022,"Jorat, M.E.; <br>Kraavi, K.E.; <br>Manning, D.A.C.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115016","Article","J. Environ. Manage.","Field experiments"]
["Hedge and Alder-Based Agroforestry Systems: Potential Interventions to Carbon Sequestration and Better Crop Productivity in Indian Sub-Himalayas","Agroforestry systems (AFSs) have potential to combat climate change and to ensure food security. AFSs can sequester carbon and amend the organic matter, thereby enhancing the crop productivity. Carbon sequestration depends on the type of AFSs, climate, cropping pattern, and management practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate different AFSs for their potential to sequester carbon and impact on soil organic matter (SOM) in the eastern sub-Himalayas, India. Hedge-, alder-, and guava-based AFSs were established along with control (without any tree), and the maize‚Äìmustard‚Äìpotato cropping pattern was followed in each AFS. Soil samples were collected after the fifth crop cycle and further analyzed. The results showed that crop productivity was significantly higher in all the AFSs than control. On average, soil organic carbon (SOC) was found to be significantly higher by 62 and 64% in hedge-based AFSs as compared to guava-based AFSs and control, respectively, and at par with alder-based AFSs. Particulate organic carbon (POC) was higher in all the three AFSs than in the control. For microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) contents, the trend of AFSs was expressed as alder-based AFS &gt; hedge-based AFS &gt; guava-based AFS &gt; control. Hedge- and alder-based AFSs had higher SOC stocks than guava-based AFSs and control. Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 eq.) emissions were greater in control than hedge-based AFSs (35.2¬†Mg¬†ha‚àí1), followed by alder-based AFSs (28.6¬†Mg¬†ha‚àí1), and the lowest was observed in guava-based AFSs. On an average, hedge species accumulated more nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), which were 60, 12, and 28¬†kg¬†ha‚àí1 yr‚àí1, respectively. This conclusively proved that AFSs were significantly affecting SOM pools and crop productivity and had a significant role in carbon retention in the soil. Overall, hedge- and alder-based AFSs retained higher soil carbon, and hence, hedge- and alder-based AFSs may be promoted to achieve climate-smart agriculture practices in the acid soils of the Indian sub-Himalayan region. Copyright ¬© 2022 Parmar, Vishwakarma, Padbhushan, Kumar, Kumar, Kumari, Kumar Yadav, Giri, Kaviraj and Kumar.",2022,"Parmar, B.; <br>Vishwakarma, A.; <br>Padbhushan, R.; <br>Kumar, A.; <br>Kumar, R.; <br>Kumari, R.; <br>Kumar Yadav, B.; <br>Giri, S.P.; <br>Kaviraj, M.; <br>Kumar, U.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.858948","Article","Front. Environ. Sci.","Field experiments"]
["Potential of no-till agriculture as a nature-based solution for climate-change mitigation in Brazil","Despite increasing efforts to combat climate change, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions continued to grow. In this context, conservationist agricultural systems such as no-till (NT) can play an important role. However, the potential of this system to mitigate GHG emissions has been questioned more recently. Brazil is the second country with the largest NT area, representing around 18% of the global area under NT. Here, we examined the effects of the adoption of NT from the conversion of native vegetation, conventional tillage (CT), and pasture in layers 0‚Äì30 and 0‚Äì50 cm of the soil. We used a total of 124 comparison pairs to analyze changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) using two approaches (deriving SOC change factors and the adjustment of empirical equations on SOC temporal dynamics). Our results showed that the adoption of NT in NV areas reduces SOC stocks by between 4% and 8%. However, in areas previously managed by CT systems or pasture, NT is a potential alternative for promoting carbon sequestration in agricultural soils in Brazil's different regions. The results showed that the SOC accumulation is not restricted to superficial layers of the soil (0‚Äì30 cm) but was also effective up to 50 cm in depth, with gains varying between 9% and 25%. Thus, our results consistently demonstrate that for Brazilian conditions, NT when compared to CT systems or pastures, predominantly result in SOC gains, and represent an alternative to promote sustainable agriculture, which can contribute to the mitigation of GHG emissions and food security. ¬© 2022 Elsevier B.V.",2022,"Maia, S.M.F.; <br>de Souza Medeiros, A.; <br>dos Santos, T.C.; <br>Lyra, G.B.; <br>Lal, R.; <br>Assad, E.D.; <br>Cerri, C.E.P.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2022.105368","Article","Soil Tillage Res.","Field experiments"]
["Infrequent compost applications increased plant productivity and soil organic carbon in irrigated pasture but not degraded rangeland","Improved agricultural soil management can facilitate the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to help keep planetary warming at or below 2 ¬∞C as outlined in the Paris Agreement. The application of compost to agricultural soils increases soil carbon by directly fertilizing the soil with carbon (no net carbon dioxide removal), and by stimulating plant productivity and plant-derived carbon inputs (net carbon dioxide removal). In semi-arid managed grasslands, it is unclear how compost application may impact plant production and soil carbon stocks. We conducted a multi-year experiment measuring plant and soil carbon and nitrogen responses following additions of compost in two adjacent semi-arid grasslands: an irrigated cool season perennial pasture and a degraded rangeland. Compost application altered plant production and soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in the irrigated pasture, but not in the degraded rangeland. Aboveground biomass increased approximately 40% under the compost amendment in the irrigated pasture, while belowground biomass only differed between treatments in the first experimental year. Over eight years, soil organic carbon stocks increased 0.6 Mg OC ha-1 yr-1 in the 0‚Äì10 cm depth of the irrigated pasture, which was a net increase of 0.3 Mg OC ha-1 yr-1 after accounting for the carbon supplied by the compost. Soil inorganic carbon was highly variable at both experimental sites contributing to about half or more of total soil carbon at depth. Soil inorganic carbon decreased over the 8 year study period through the entire profile (0‚Äì50 cm) in the compost amended irrigated pasture (P = 0.01) and but not in the other systems, demonstrating the importance of accounting for soil inorganic carbon in carbon stock change estimates under improved soil management practices in semi-arid climates. We conclude that moderate, infrequent applications of high-quality compost to irrigated pastures can promote plant productivity and soil organic carbon, but degraded rangelands may be less responsive to this practice. ¬© 2022 Elsevier B.V.",2022,"McClelland, S.C.; <br>Cotrufo, M.F.; <br>Haddix, M.L.; <br>Paustian, K.; <br>Schipanski, M.E.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.107969","Article","Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.","Field experiments"]
["Contrasting effects of eucalyptus, pine and oak plantations on nest predation risk in Mediterranean grasslands","Large scale afforestation (i.e., establishment of forests on farmland, grassland and other land not previously forested) is increasingly regarded as a cost-effective option to mitigate climate change by promoting carbon sequestration. However, this strategy can have negative biodiversity impacts, potentially causing the loss and fragmentation of open habitats of conservation value, as well as edge effects that can extend well beyond forest boundaries. Mitigating impacts of afforestation programs thus requires a detailed understanding of the mechanisms whereby they affect biodiversity, particularly where new plantations are established close to areas important for open habitat species. Here, we examined how afforestation with oak, pine or eucalyptus trees, commonly planted in Mediterranean Europe, may have distinct effects on nest predation risk of grassland birds in southern Portugal. We used artificial nests with quail eggs and camera traps to: (i) identify nest predators and estimate predation risk of ground-nesting birds in grasslands adjacent to oak, pine and eucalyptus plantations across a distance gradient (0 m to 300 m) from the plantation edge; and (ii) examine how predation risk was influenced by avian predator abundance, sward height and vegetation clearing for photo-monitoring (nest-site manipulation), and their interactions with plantation type. Carrion crow was by far the main egg predator identified, followed by Montagu's harrier, raven and magpie. Overall, nest predation risk and predator abundance were higher around eucalyptus plantations, compared to either pine or oak plantations. Predation decreased with increasing sward height, but this effect was less noticeable when vegetation around nests was cleared. In pine and oak plantations, predation risk was slightly higher close to edges, and decreased with distance from the edge. Conversely, in eucalyptus plantations predation was lower close to edges, and increased with distance to edges. Distance effects around eucalyptus plantation were, however, absent in manipulated nests. Overall, results show that afforestation with different tree species has distinct impacts on predation risk of artificial nests in Mediterranean farmland. This is probably a consequence of an increasing structural complexity of the plantations, from oak to eucalyptus, driven by differences in tree growth rates and undergrowth cover. These findings suggest that farmland afforestation should favour agro-forest plantations with slow growing species (oak and pine) to mitigate negative effects on breeding grassland birds in adjacent open habitats. ¬© 2022 Elsevier B.V.",2022,"Faria, J.; <br>S√°nchez-Oliver, J.S.; <br>Beja, P.; <br>Moreira, F.; <br>Catry, I.; <br>Vasconcelos, S.; <br>Pina, S.; <br>Rotenberry, J.T.; <br>Reino, L.; <br>Santana, J.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120116","Article","For. Ecol. Manage.","Field experiments"]
["Biochar Application Increases Labile Carbon and Inorganic Nitrogen Supply in a Continuous Monocropping Soil","Biochar is an effective method for increasing soil carbon (C) sequestration and nitrogen (N) supply under continuous monocropping. To investigate the impact of biochar placement methods on soil C and N, a one-year field experiment with five treatments was conducted including control, mineral fertilizers only (F), biochar hole placement (BFH; biochar applied to the soil layer at 5‚Äì10 cm) + F, biochar band placement (BFB; biochar applied to the soil layer at 15‚Äì20 cm) + F, and biochar band and hole placement + F (BFBH). The results showed that, regardless of the placement method, biochar application increased soil total organic C (TOC) and C pool management index by 6.9‚Äì39.7% and 4.1‚Äì36.1%, respectively, especially for dissolved organic C (DOC; 6.9‚Äì51.3%), readily oxidizable C (ROC; 2.4‚Äì46.4%), and microbial biomass C (MBC; 10.4‚Äì41.7%). Single biochar placement methods significantly influenced DOC, MBC, and ROC contents of both soil layers in the rank order of BFH ‚âà BFBH &gt; BFB at 0‚Äì15 cm and BFB ‚âà BFBH &gt; BFH at 15‚Äì30 cm. Soil TN and microbial biomass N (MBN) mainly accumulated at the site of biochar placement. The increased soil TOC:TN and MBC:N ratios under biochar treatments promoted inorganic N immobilization and reduced the loss of ammonium N and nitrate N (NO3‚àí-N) through leaching at the early stage of tobacco growth. Biochar-adsorbed N was remobilized at a later period (vigorous growth stage and maturity), possibly causing the slow decrease in NO3‚àí-N content. Additionally, soil C and N pools were significantly influenced by the main effects of soil layer and growth stage. Overall, biochar application increased soil C and N pools and inorganic N supply through N remobilization. However, the increased labile organic C content and microbial activity may prevent C sequestration in biochar-amended soils. ¬© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",2022,"Huang, R.; <br>Li, B.; <br>Chen, Y.; <br>Tao, Q.; <br>Xu, Q.; <br>Wen, D.; <br>Gao, X.; <br>Li, Q.; <br>Tang, X.; <br>Wang, C.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11040473","Article","Land","Field experiments"]
["Large-scale tree planting initiatives as an opportunity to derive carbon and biodiversity co-benefits: a case study from Aotearoa New Zealand","Planting trees is widely regarded as an important part of climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. As a result, large-scale tree planting projects have been initiated around the world. However, a number of these initiatives have unintentionally opened up risks to native forests and biodiversity while increasing exotic tree cover. Using the Aotearoa New Zealand One Billion Trees programme as a case study we reflect on what trees are being incentivised by these projects and the downstream impacts of how these projects are realised. We suggest ten recommendations for how these initiatives could be adapted to avoid perverse outcomes for native species while jointly achieving our carbon and biodiversity goals: (1) Diversify strategies-protect first, restore second, plant third; (2) Consider net change in trees-do not just count trees planted; (3) Consider the co-benefits of carbon and biodiversity from the outset; (4) Consider the broader landscape; (5) Consider the carbon and biodiversity benefits of soil; (6) Consider the importance of existing carbon stocks; (7) Consider potential impacts to non-tree ecosystems; (8) Consider the longevity of the future forest; (9) Support landowners in planting and maintaining native trees; (10) Remember that climate goals cannot be achieved by planting trees alone. We believe these recommendations are critical for improving the outcomes of the One Billion Trees programme in Aotearoa New Zealand, while providing important insights relevant to other tree planting initiatives around the world.",2022,"Suryaningrum, F; <br>Jarvis, RM; <br>Buckley, HL; <br>Hall, D; <br>Case, BS","Tree-planting initiatives; One billion trees; Carbon sequestration; Biodiversity co-benefits; Climate change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11056-021-09883-w","Article","NEW FORESTS","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Biochar Pyrolyzed from Municipal Solid Waste‚ÄîProperties, Activation, Applications and Climate Benefits","The dense population and increasing urbanisation rate in developing countries produces billion tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) causing environmental and climate threats. The composition of MSW reveals that around 60% are biodegradable and diverting this waste for production of valuable-added product like ‚ÄúBiochar‚Äù is a sustainable option. Biochar through thermo-chemical pyrolysis of MSW in the absence of oxygen is a potential option for reducing the greenhouse gas emissions and minimising the waste quantity. This chapter explores the various biochar production methods from MSW, reactor operational conditions, presence of catalysts during pyrolysis, activation, modification, MSW biochar properties (pH, electrical conductivity, density, porosity, surface area, fixed carbon, volatile content, elemental composition, functional groups, cation exchange capacity, water holding capacity, heavy metal contents, etc.) and its applications for various fields. It also demonstrates the present study results of MSW pyrolysis of kitchen waste at 500¬†¬∞C and their biochar yield and properties are compared with other MSW-biochar studies. Initial MSW characteristics are responsible for the physico-chemical properties of the end-product biochar. The effects of various physical/chemical agents in the modification and activation of MSW biochar for improved surface and porosity properties is covered in-detail in this chapter. Biochar reduces the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and its carbon negative system helps to achieve climate neutrality. The wide application routes of biochar in climate benefits as climate change mitigation potential, contaminant removal and bioenergy are addressed along with the techno-economic analysis of biochar production. ¬© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.",2022,"Sri Shalini, S.; <br>Palanivelu, K.; <br>Ramachandran, A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8682-5_14","Book Chapter","Energy. Environ. Sustain.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The underworld of tomorrow? How subsurface carbon dioxide storage leaked out of the public debate","This perspective paper illustrates that the critical debate regarding geological storage of carbon dioxide has been discursively marginalised in recent years. However, two crucial factors make it reasonable to assume that significant storage-related uncertainties and challenges still exist. Firstly, experiences of geological storage are primarily related to enhanced oil recovery. Secondly, recent assessments indicate a doubling of the required quantity compared to what was envisioned back in 2005. Therefore, there seems to be a contradiction: as the visions of geological carbon dioxide storage have grown increasingly ambitious, the risks and challenges associated with storage have been marginalised. The paper suggests geological storage should become a topic of concern for critical social science and concludes with a reflection on five tentative explanations to the discursive marginalisation: 1) Increasing experience and knowledge have resulted in reduced risks; 2) The climate crisis and urgency have supported a broader acceptance of controversial mitigation options; 3) A shifting focus from fossil fuels with CCS to bioenergy with CCS has introduced new and salient problems that make storage-related challenges seem relatively less significant; 4) Coupling CCS to bioenergy has disarmed critics that primarily argue against prolongation of the fossil fuel era, and finally 5) Familiarisation and normalisation processes. ¬© 2022",2022,"Hansson, A.; <br>Anshelm, J.; <br>Fridahl, M.; <br>Haikola, S.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102606","Short Survey","Energy Res. Soc. Sci.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Soil carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation: Mineralization kinetics of organic inputs as an overlooked limitation","Over the last few years, the question of whether soil carbon sequestration could contribute significantly to climate change mitigation has been the object of numerous debates. All of these debates so far appear to have entirely overlooked a crucial aspect of the question. It concerns the short-term mineralization kinetics of fresh organic matter added to soils, which is occasionally alluded to in the literature, but is almost always subsumed in a broader modelling context. In the present article, we first summarise what is currently known about the kinetics of mineralization of plant residues added to soils, and about its modelling in the long run. We then argue that in the short run, this microbially-mediated process has important practical consequences that cannot be ignored. Specifically, since at least 90% of plant residues added to soils to increase their carbon content over the long term are mineralized relatively rapidly and are released as CO2 to the atmosphere, farmers would have to apply to their fields 10 times more organic carbon annually than what they would eventually expect to sequester. Over time, because of a well-known sink saturation effect, the multiplier may even rise significantly above 10, up to a point when no net carbon sequestration takes place any longer. The requirement to add many times more carbon than what one aims to sequester makes it practically impossible to add sufficient amounts of crop residues to soils to have a lasting, non-negligible effect on climate change. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that raising the organic matter content of soils is desirable for other reasons, in particular guaranteeing that soils will be able to keep fulfilling essential functions and services in spite of fast-changing environmental conditions.",2022,"Berthelin, J; <br>Laba, M; <br>Lemaire, G; <br>Powlson, D; <br>Tessier, D; <br>Wander, M; <br>Baveye, PC; <br>Baveye, PC","climate change mitigation; microbial activity; soil carbon modelling; soil functions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13221","Article","EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Global implications of crop-based bioenergy with carbon capture and storage for terrestrial vertebrate biodiversity","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) based on purpose-grown lignocellulosic crops can provide negative CO2 emissions to mitigate climate change, but its land requirements present a threat to biodiversity. Here, we analyse the implications of crop-based BECCS for global terrestrial vertebrate species richness, considering both the land-use change (LUC) required for BECCS and the climate change prevented by BECCS. LUC impacts are determined using global-equivalent, species-area relationship-based loss factors. We find that sequestering 0.5-5 Gtonne of CO2 per year with lignocellulosic crop-based BECCS would require hundreds of Mha of land, and commit tens of terrestrial vertebrate species to extinction. Species loss per unit of negative emissions decreases with: (i) longer lifetimes of BECCS systems, (ii) less overall deployment of crop-based BECCS and (iii) optimal land allocation, that is prioritizing locations with the lowest species loss per negative emission potential, rather than minimizing overall land use or prioritizing locations with the lowest biodiversity. The consequences of prevented climate change for biodiversity are based on existing climate response relationships. Our tentative comparison shows that for crop-based BECCS considered over 30 years, LUC impacts on vertebrate species richness may outweigh the positive effects of prevented climate change. Conversely, for BECCS considered over 80 years, the positive effects of climate change mitigation on biodiversity may outweigh the negative effects of LUC. However, both effects and their interaction are highly uncertain and require further understanding, along with the analysis of additional species groups and biodiversity metrics. We conclude that factoring in biodiversity means lignocellulosic crop-based BECCS should be used early to achieve the required mitigation over longer time periods, on optimal biomass cultivation locations, and most importantly, as little as possible where conversion of natural land is involved, looking instead to sustainably grown or residual biomass-based feedstocks and alternative strategies for carbon dioxide removal.",2022,"Hanssen, SV; <br>Steinmann, ZJN; <br>Steinmann, ZJN; <br>Daioglou, V; <br>Daioglou, V; <br>Cengic, M; <br>Van Vuuren, DP; <br>Van Vuuren, DP; <br>Huijbregts, MAJ","BECCS; biodiversity; biomass; climate change; land-use change; species loss; trade-offs","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12911","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Land-based climate change mitigation measures can affect agricultural markets and food security","Emissions abatement efforts in the agriculture, forestry and land-use sector are vital to achieve climate change mitigation targets, but their effects on food security remain poorly understood. Using six global agroeconomic models, this study explores how afforestation, bioenergy and non-CO2 emissions reductions could impact agricultural prices and the risk of hunger under different scenarios. Earlier studies have noted potential adverse impacts of land-related emissions mitigation strategies on food security, particularly due to food price increases-but without distinguishing these strategies' individual effects under different conditions. Using six global agroeconomic models, we show the extent to which three factors-non-CO2 emissions reduction, bioenergy production and afforestation-may change food security and agricultural market conditions under 2 degrees C climate-stabilization scenarios. Results show that afforestation (often simulated in the models by imposing carbon prices on land carbon stocks) could have a large impact on food security relative to non-CO2 emissions policies (generally implemented as emissions taxes). Respectively, these measures put an additional 41.9 million and 26.7 million people at risk of hunger in 2050 compared with the current trend scenario baseline. This highlights the need for better coordination in emissions reduction and agricultural market management policies as well as better representation of land use and associated greenhouse gas emissions in modelling.",2022,"Fujimori, S; <br>Fujimori, S; <br>Fujimori, S; <br>Wu, WC; <br>Doelman, J; <br>Doelman, J; <br>Frank, S; <br>Hristov, J; <br>Kyle, P; <br>Sands, R; <br>Van Zeist, WJ; <br>Havlik, P; <br>Dominguez, IP; <br>Sahoo, A; <br>Stehfest, E; <br>Tabeau, A; <br>Valin, H; <br>van Meijl, H; <br>van Meijl, H; <br>Hasegawa, T; <br>Hasegawa, T; <br>Takahashi, K",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00464-4","Article","NATURE FOOD","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Carbon sequestration and water yield tradeoffs following restoration of abandoned agricultural lands in Mediterranean mountains","Abandoned cropland areas have the potential to contribute to climate change mitigation through natural revegetation and afforestation programs. These programs increase above and belowground carbon sequestration by expanding forest cover. However, this potential to mitigate climate change often involves tradeoffs between carbon sequestration and water availability. Particularly in a water limited environments such as the Mediterranean region, any loss of recharge to groundwater or streamflow can have critical societal consequences. In this study, we used an ecohydrologic model, Regional Hydro-Ecological Simulation System (RHESSys), to quantify these tradeoffs for land management plans in abandoned cropland areas in Mediterranean mountains. Changes to Net Ecosystem Production (NEP), water yield and Water-Use Efficiency (WUE) under different land management and climate scenarios were estimated for Arnas, a catchment with similar geology, vegetation and climate to many of the locations targeted for land abandonment restoration in the Spanish Pyrenees. Results showed significant changes to both carbon and water fluxes related to land management, while changes related to a warming scenario were not significant. Afforestation scenarios showed the highest average annual carbon sequestration rates (112 g C.m(-2).yr(-1)) but were also associated with the lowest water yield (runoff coefficient of 26%) and water use efficiency (1.4 g C.mm(-1)) compared to natural revegetation (-27 g C.m(-2).yr(-1), 50%, 1.7 g C.mm(-1) respectively). Under both restoration scenarios, results showed that the catchment ecosystem is a carbon sink during mid-February to July, coinciding with peak monthly transpiration and WUE, while during the rest of the year the catchment ecosystem is a carbon source. These results contribute to understanding carbon and water tradeoffs in Mediterranean mountains and can help adapt restoration plans to address both carbon sequestration and water management objectives.",2022,"Khorchani, M; <br>Nadal-Romero, E; <br>Lasanta, T; <br>Tague, C","Land abandonment; Afforestation; Carbon fluxes; Streamflow; Net ecosystem production; Water-use efficiency; Pyrenees","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112203","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The role of cover crops for cropland soil carbon, nitrogen leaching, and agricultural yields - a global simulation study with LPJmL (V.5.0-tillage-cc)","Land management practices can reduce the environmental impact of agricultural land use and production, improve productivity, and transform cropland into carbon sinks. In our study we assessed the biophysical and biogeochemical impacts and the potential contribution of cover crop practices to sustainable land use. We applied the process-based, global dynamic vegetation model LPJmL (Lund-Potsdam-Jena managed Land) V. 5.0-tillage-cc with a modified representation of cover crops to simulate the growth of grasses on cropland in periods between two consecutive main crops' growing seasons for near-past climate and land use conditions. We quantified simulated responses of agroecosystem components to cover crop cultivation in comparison to bare-soil fallowing practices on global cropland for a period of 50 years. For cover crops with tillage, we obtained annual global median soil carbon sequestration rates of 0.52 and 0.48 t C ha(-1) yr(-1) for the first and last decades of the entire simulation period, respectively. We found that cover crops with tillage reduced annual nitrogen leaching rates from cropland soils by medians of 39 % and 54 % but also the productivity of the following main crop by an average of 1.6 % and 2 % for the 2 analyzed decades. The largest reductions in productivity were found for rice and modestly lowered ones for maize and wheat, whereas the soybean yield revealed an almost homogenously positive response to cover crop practices replacing bare-soil fallow periods. The obtained simulation results of cover crop with tillage practices exhibit a good ability of the model version to reproduce observed effects reported in other studies. Further, the results suggest that having no tillage is a suitable complementary practice to cover crops, enhancing soil carbon sequestration and the reduction in nitrogen leaching, while reducing potential trade-offs with the main-crop productivity due to their impacts on soil nitrogen and water dynamics. The spatial heterogeneity of simulated impacts of cover crops on the variables assessed here was related to the time period since the introduction of the management practice as well as to environmental and agronomic conditions of the cropland. This study supports findings of other studies, highlighting the substantial potential contribution of cover crop practices to the sustainable development of arable production.",2022,"Porwollik, V; <br>Porwollik, V; <br>Porwollik, V; <br>Rolinski, S; <br>Rolinski, S; <br>Heinke, J; <br>Heinke, J; <br>von Bloh, W; <br>von Bloh, W; <br>Schaphoff, S; <br>Schaphoff, S; <br>Muller, C; <br>Muller, C",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-957-2022","Article","BIOGEOSCIENCES","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Possibility for strong northern hemisphere high-latitude cooling under negative emissions","A strong decrease or collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation would cool down the northern high latitudes. This study reveals the possibility that such cooling could be amplified under deliberate CO2 removal from the atmosphere. It is well established that a collapse or strong reduction of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) would substantially cool the northern high latitudes. Here we show that there is a possibility that such cooling could be amplified under deliberate CO2 removal and result in a temporary undershoot of a targeted temperature level. We find this behaviour in Earth system models that show a strong AMOC decline in response to anthropogenic forcing. Idealized simulations of CO2 removal with one of these models indicate that the timing of negative emissions relative to AMOC decline and recovery is key in setting the strength of the temporary cooling. We show that the pronounced temperature-fluctuations at high northern latitudes found in these simulations would entail considerable consequences for sea-ice and permafrost extent as well as for high latitude ecosystems.",2022,"Schwinger, J; <br>Asaadi, A; <br>Goris, N; <br>Lee, H; <br>Lee, H",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28573-5","Article","NATURE COMMUNICATIONS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Life cycle assessment of urban uses of biochar and case study in Uppsala, Sweden","Biochar is a material derived from biomass pyrolysis that is used in urban applications. The environmental impacts of new biochar products have however not been assessed. Here, the life cycle assessments of 5 biochar products (tree planting, green roofs, landscaping soil, charcrete, and biofilm carrier) were performed for 7 biochar supply-chains in 2 energy contexts. The biochar products were benchmarked against reference products and oxidative use of biochar for steel production. Biochar demand was then estimated, using dynamic material flow analysis, for a new city district in Uppsala, Sweden. In a decarbonised energy system and with high biochar stability, all biochar products showed better climate performance than the reference products, and most applications outperformed biomass use for decarbonising steel production. The climate benefits of using biochar ranged from - 1.4 to - 0.11 tonne CO2-eq tonne(-1) biochar in a decarbonised energy system. In other environmental impact categories, biochar products had either higher or lower impacts than the reference products, depending on biochar supply chain and material substituted, with trade-offs between sectors and impact categories. However, several use-phase effects of biochar were not included in the assessment due to knowledge limitations. In Uppsala's new district, estimated biochar demand was around 1700 m(3) year(-1) during the 25 years of construction. By 2100, 23% of this biochar accumulated in landfill, raising questions about end-of-life management of biochar-containing products. Overall, in a post-fossil economy, biochar can be a carbon dioxide removal technology with benefits, but biochar applications must be designed to maximise co-benefits.",2022,"Azzi, ES; <br>Karltun, E; <br>Sundberg, C; <br>Sundberg, C","Biochar; Carbon dioxide removal; Urban areas; Bioeconomy; Life cycle assessment; Material flow analysis","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42773-022-00144-3","Article","BIOCHAR","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Modeling long-term attainable soil organic carbon sequestration across the highlands of Ethiopia","The objectives of this study across the highlands of Ethiopia were: (i) to characterize the association between soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and biophysical variables and (ii) to model and map attainable SOC sequestration associated with five improved land management practices. The spatial distribution of the SOC stock was studied using a multiple linear regression model driven by eight biophysical predictors. A widely used SOC model (RothC) was then used to model changes in SOC over the next 20-50 years of improved land management. Simulations were driven by the derived SOC stocks, pH and clay contents that are available in the ISRIC soils database at 250 m resolution and climate data from the \"Enhancing National Climate Services Initiative\" database. Organic carbon inputs to the model were estimated from the \"Improved Crop Varieties Yield Register\" of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Resource and the Central Statistics Authority. After 50 years of conservation tillage with 80% of available manure applied to cultivated land, the total SOC stock increased by 169,182,174 t, which is 2.8 times higher than the stock increase with only 50% of available manure applied. Introduction of improved pasture species and measures to control soil erosion was an important source of net carbon sequestration in grasslands. Afforestation and reforestation of degraded landscapes and protection of natural ecosystems further increased soil carbon. This highlights the importance of improved land management practices to SOC sequestration, which in turn could enhance agricultural productivity, food security and sustainable development.",2022,"Abegaz, A; <br>Ali, A; <br>Tamene, L; <br>Tamene, L; <br>Abera, W; <br>Abera, W; <br>Smith, JU","SOC stock; Improved land management; Long-term simulated SOC sequestration; Biophysical variables affecting SOC sequestration; RothC model","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01653-0","Article","ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Climate impact from agricultural management practices in the Canadian Prairies: Carbon equivalence due to albedo change","It is generally accepted that land use and land management practices impact climate change through sequestration of carbon in soils, but modulation of surface energy budget can also be important. Using Landsat data to characterize cropland albedos in Canada's three prairie soil zones, this study estimates the atmospheric carbon equivalent drawdown of albedo radiative forcing for three management practices: 1) moving from conventional tillage to no-till, 2) eliminating summer fallow in crop rotations, and 3) growing crops with higher albedos. In a 50-year time horizon, conversion from conventional tillage to no-till results in a total equivalent atmospheric CO2 (CO2-eq) drawdown of 1.0-1.5 kg m(-2), and conversion from summer fallow to crops results in CO2-eq drawdown of 1.1-2.4 kg m(-2). Conversion of summer fallow to crops results in different magnitudes of CO2-eq drawdown depending on specific crops. Lentils, peas, and canola have relatively higher albedo than that of spring wheat and flax; hence, a larger magnitude of CO2-eq drawdown results when they replace summer fallow in the rotation. For the management changes from 1990 to 2019 for the whole Canadian Prairies, albedo changes induced a CO2-eq drawdown of about 179.3 +/- 20.9 Tg due to increased area of no-till, and 101.6 +/- 9.5 Tg due to reduced area under fallow. The study shows that the magnitudes of CO2-eq drawdown due to albedo change are comparable to that due to soil carbon sequestration. Therefore, it is important to account for cropland albedo changes in assessing the potential of agricultural management practices to mitigate climate change.",2022,"Liu, JG; <br>Desjardins, RL; <br>Wang, SS; <br>Worth, DE; <br>Qian, BD; <br>Shang, JL","Albedo; Radiative forcing; Tillage; Summer fallow; Carbon sequestration; Remote sensing","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113938","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The global potential of forest restoration for drought mitigation","Forest restoration is increasingly applied as a climate change mitigation measure. Apart from sequestering carbon, the large-scale addition of trees on Earth may enhance global precipitation levels. Here we estimate the global precipitation effects of the global forest potential by estimating its effects on evaporation and simulating the downwind precipitation effect of the moisture added to the atmosphere. We find that maximum forestation would on average increase evaporation by 0.6 mm d(-1) and that two-thirds of that additional evaporation would rain out over land, especially during the growing season. Next, by excluding natural grasslands and prioritizing precipitation enhancement above areas that are projected to become drier due to global climate change, we establish where on Earth forest restoration would have the greatest precipitation benefits. Our results thus provide a first step towards forest restoration programs as double climate-change mitigation efforts.",2022,"Tuinenburg, OA; <br>Bosmans, JHC; <br>Staal, A","regreening; reforestation; climate change; moisture recycling","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac55b8","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Accounting for local temperature effect substantially alters afforestation patterns","Human intervention in forested ecosystems is hoped to perform a fundamental shift within the next decade by reverting current forest loss-a major source of CO2 emissions-to net forest gain taking up carbon and thus aiding climate change mitigation. The demanded extensive establishment of forests will change the local surface energy fluxes, and with it the local climate, in addition to competing with food and fiber production for land and water. Scenario building models encompass this competition for resources but have turned a blind eye to the biogeophysical (BGP) local surface energy flux disturbance so far. We combine the benefit of CO2 sequestration of afforestation/reforestation (A/R) with the additional incentive or penalty of local BGP induced cooling or warming by translating the local BGP induced temperature change to a CO2 equivalent. We then include this new aspect in the land-use model Model for Agricultural Production and their Impact on the Environment (MAgPIE) via modifying the application of the price on greenhouse gases (GHGs). This enables us to use MAgPIE to produce A/R scenarios that are optimized for both their potential CO2 sequestration and the CO2 equivalent local BGP effect, as well as the socio-economic trade-offs of A/R. Here we show that optimal A/R patterns are substantially altered by taking the local BGP effects into account. Considering local cooling benefits of establishing forests triples (+203.4%) the viable global A/R area in 2100 from 116 to 351 Mha under the conditions of the shared socioeconomic pathway 2 (SSP2) scenario driven by the same GHG price. Three quarters (76.0%, +179 Mha) of the additionally forested area is established in tropical climates alone. Therefore, a further neglect of BGP effects in scenario building models undervalues the benefit of tropical forests while simultaneously running the risk of proposing counterproductive measures at high latitudes. However, the induced focus on tropical forestation intensifies the competition with food production where forests contribute most to mitigation. A/R related trade-offs need to be considered alongside their climate benefit to inhibit unintentional harm of mitigation efforts.",2022,"Windisch, MG; <br>Windisch, MG; <br>Humpenoder, F; <br>Lejeune, Q; <br>Schleussner, CF; <br>Schleussner, CF; <br>Lotze-Campen, H; <br>Lotze-Campen, H; <br>Popp, A","afforestation; reforestation; biogeophysical effect; land-based mitigation; trade-offs","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac4f0e","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Economic potential for carbon sequestration by short rotation eucalypts using biochar in Florida, USA","Above- and below-ground carbon sequestration by Eucalyptus depends on management options, which in Florida include short rotation woody crops (SRWC) and windbreaks (WB). Applying growth and economic models to E. grandis and E. grandis x E. urophylla cultivars grown as SRWCs and to E. grandis cultivars in a related WB, with and without soil amendments including biochar (BC), we developed preliminary estimates of their carbon sequestration potentials. The cultivars may sequester over 10 Mg of C/ha/year as SRWCs. Under the assumed management costs and market conditions, SRWC management with BC will be more profitable than operational culture if BC application costs are <=$450/Mg. In WBs, E. grandis cultivars may sequester up to 34 Mg of C/ha in three years, with additional sequestration by amending soil with BC. Using BC, e. g., derived from eucalypts, as a soil amendment is both a long-term sequestration strategy and an opportunity to increase plantation and crop productivity.",2022,"Rockwood, DL; <br>Rockwood, DL; <br>Ellis, MF; <br>Fabbro, KW","Eucalyptus; Carbon sequestration; Economic potential; Short rotation woody crops; Biochar","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100187","Article","TREES FORESTS AND PEOPLE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Carbon dioxide removal potential from decentralised bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and the relevance of operational choices","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) technology is expected to support net-zero targets by supplying low carbon energy while providing carbon dioxide removal (CDR). BECCS is estimated to deliver 20 to 70 MtCO2 annual negative emissions by 2050 in the UK, despite there are currently no BECCS operating facility. This research is modelling and demonstrating the flexibility, scalability and attainable immediate application of BECCS. The CDR potential for two out of three BECCS pathways considered by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios were quantified (i) modular-scale CHP process with post-combustion CCS utilising wheat straw and (ii) hydrogen production in a small-scale gasifier with pre-combustion CCS utilising locally sourced waste wood. Process modelling and lifecycle assessment were used, including a whole supply chain analysis. The investigated BECCS pathways could annually remove between ‚àí0.8 and ‚àí1.4 tCO2e tbiomass‚àí1 depending on operational decisions. Using all the available wheat straw and waste wood in the UK, a joint CDR capacity for both systems could reach about 23% of the UK's CDR minimum target set for BECCS. Policy frameworks prioritising carbon efficiencies can shape those operational decisions and strongly impact on the overall energy and CDR performance of a BECCS system, but not necessarily maximising the trade-offs between biomass use, energy performance and CDR. A combination of different BECCS pathways will be necessary to reach net-zero targets. Decentralised BECCS deployment could support flexible approaches allowing to maximise positive system trade-offs, enable regional biomass utilisation and provide local energy supply to remote areas. ¬© 2022 The Authors",2022,"Almena, A.; <br>Thornley, P.; <br>Chong, K.; <br>R√∂der, M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2022.106406","Article","Biomass Bioenergy","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Life-cycle assessment to unravel co-benefits and trade-offs of large-scale biochar deployment in Norwegian agriculture","Limiting temperature rise below 2 ¬∞C requires large deployment of Negative Emission Technologies (NET) to capture and store atmospheric CO2. Compared to other types of NETs, biochar has emerged as a mature option to store carbon in soils while providing several co-benefits and limited trade-offs. Existing life-cycle assessment studies of biochar systems mostly focus on climate impacts from greenhouse gasses (GHGs), while other forcing agents, effects on soil emissions, other impact categories, and the implications of a large-scale national deployment are rarely jointly considered. Here, we consider all these aspects and quantify the environmental impacts of application to agricultural soils of biochar from forest residues available in Norway considering different scenarios (including mixing of biochar with synthetic fertilizers and bio-oil sequestration for long-term storage). All the biochar scenarios deliver negative emissions under a life-cycle perspective, ranging from -1.72 ¬± 0.45 tonnes CO2-eq. ha‚àí1 yr‚àí1 to -7.18 ¬± 0.67 tonnes CO2-eq. ha‚àí1 yr‚àí1 (when bio-oil is sequestered). Estimated negative emissions are robust to multiple climate metrics and a large range of uncertainties tested with a Monte-Carlo analysis. Co-benefits exist with crop yields, stratospheric ozone depletion and marine eutrophication, but potential trade-offs occur with tropospheric ozone formation, fine particulate formation, terrestrial acidification and ecotoxicity. At a national level, biochar has the potential to offset between 13% and 40% of the GHG emissions from the Norwegian agricultural sector. Overall, our study shows the importance of integrating emissions from the supply chain with those from agricultural soils to estimate mitigation potentials of biochar in specific regional contexts. ¬© 2021 The Author(s)",2022,"Tisserant, A.; <br>Morales, M.; <br>Cavalett, O.; <br>O'Toole, A.; <br>Weldon, S.; <br>Rasse, D.P.; <br>Cherubini, F.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106030","Article","Resour. Conserv. Recycl.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["PRospective EnvironMental Impact asSEment (premise): A streamlined approach to producing databases for prospective life cycle assessment using integrated assessment models","Prospective Life Cycle Assessment (pLCA) is useful to evaluate the environmental performance of current and emerging technologies in the future. Yet, as energy systems and industries are rapidly shifting towards cleaner means of production, pLCA requires an inventory database that encapsulates the expected changes in technologies and the environment at a given point in time, following specific socio-techno-economic pathways. To this end, this study introduces premise, a tool to streamline the generation of prospective inventory databases for pLCA by integrating scenarios generated by Integrated Assessment Models (IAM). More precisely, premise applies a number of transformations on energy-intensive activities found in the inventory database ecoinvent according to projections provided by the IAM. Unsurprisingly, the study shows that, within a given socio-economic narrative, the climate change mitigation target chosen affects the performance of nearly all activities in the database. This is illustrated by focusing on the effects observed on a few activities, such as systems for direct air capture of CO2, lithium-ion batteries, electricity and clinker production as well as freight transport by road, in relation to the applied sector-based transformation and the chosen climate change mitigation target. This work also discusses the limitations and challenges faced when coupling IAM and LCA databases and what improvements are to be brought in to further facilitate the development of pLCA. ¬© 2022",2022,"Sacchi, R.; <br>Terlouw, T.; <br>Siala, K.; <br>Dirnaichner, A.; <br>Bauer, C.; <br>Cox, B.; <br>Mutel, C.; <br>Daioglou, V.; <br>Luderer, G.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112311","Article","Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Extended graphical approach for the implementation of energy-consuming negative emission technologies","The implementation of negative emission technologies (NETs) is vital to limit global warming to manageable levels. Despite the lack of technological maturity of NETs, their full-scale implementations are expected to take place within the next few decades. Potential interactions with energy infrastructures need to be considered during scale-up. This paper develops a graphical targeting technique for the implementation of energy-consuming NETs (EC-NETs) for sustainable energy planning. The graphical targeting technique is illustrated using a case study, which demonstrates the usefulness of EC-NETs for an effective carbon management strategy. However, the energy demand of EC-NETs requires compensation from additional renewable energy sources. The deployment of CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) decreases the requirement of renewable energy sources by 88%. On the other hand, the implementation of EC-NETs coupled with energy-producing NETs (EP-NETs) eliminates the need for renewable energy sources to compensate for the incremental demand, as EP-NETs supplies the energy requirements of EC-NETs. CCS deployment reduces the use of EP-NETs by 82%. The case studies illustrate how a systematic methodology for integrated energy planning can optimise decarbonisation while minimising the impacts on energy infrastructure. ¬© 2022 Elsevier Ltd",2022,"Nair, P.N.S.B.; <br>Tan, R.R.; <br>Foo, D.C.Y.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112082","Article","Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Potential for hydrogen production from sustainable biomass with carbon capture and storage","Low-carbon hydrogen is an essential element in the transition to net-zero emissions by 2050. Hydrogen production from biomass is a promising bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) scheme that could produce low-carbon hydrogen and generate the carbon dioxide removal (CDR) envisioned to be required to offset hard-to-abate emissions. Here, we design a BECCS supply chain for hydrogen production from biomass with carbon capture and storage and quantify, at high spatial resolution, the technical potential for hydrogen production and CDR in Europe. We consider sustainable biomass feedstocks that have minimal impacts on food security and biodiversity, namely agricultural residues and waste. We find that this BECCS supply chain can produce up to 12.5 Mtons of H2 per year (currently ‚àº10 Mtons of H2 per year are used in Europe) and remove up to 133 Mtons CO2 per year from the atmosphere (or 3% of European total greenhouse gas emissions). We then perform a geospatial analysis to quantify transportation distances between where biomass feedstocks are located and potential hydrogen users, and find that 20% of hydrogen potential is located within 25 km from hard-to-electrify industries. We conclude that BECCS supply chains for hydrogen production from biomass represent an overlooked near-term opportunity to generate carbon dioxide removal and low-carbon hydrogen. ¬© 2022 The Authors",2022,"Rosa, L.; <br>Mazzotti, M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112123","Article","Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Substantial carbon drawdown potential from enhanced rock weathering in the United Kingdom","Achieving national targets for net-zero carbon emissions will require atmospheric carbon dioxide removal strategies compatible with rising agricultural production. One possible method for delivering on these goals is enhanced rock weathering, which involves modifying soils with crushed silicate rocks, such as basalt. Here we use dynamic carbon budget modelling to assess the carbon dioxide removal potential and agricultural benefits of implementing enhanced rock weathering strategies across UK arable croplands. We find that enhanced rock weathering could deliver net carbon dioxide removal of 6‚Äì30 MtCO2 yr‚àí1 for the United Kingdom by 2050, representing up to 45% of the atmospheric carbon removal required nationally to meet net-zero emissions. This suggests that enhanced rock weathering could play a crucial role in national climate mitigation strategies if it were to gain acceptance across national political, local community and farm scales. We show that it is feasible to eliminate the energy-demanding requirement for milling rocks to fine particle sizes. Co-benefits of enhanced rock weathering include substantial mitigation of nitrous oxide, the third most important greenhouse gas, widespread reversal of soil acidification and considerable cost savings from reduced fertilizer usage. Our analyses provide a guide for other nations to pursue their carbon dioxide removal ambitions and decarbonize agriculture‚Äîa key source of greenhouse gases. ¬© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.",2022,"Kantzas, E.P.; <br>Val Martin, M.; <br>Lomas, M.R.; <br>Eufrasio, R.M.; <br>Renforth, P.; <br>Lewis, A.L.; <br>Taylor, L.L.; <br>Mecure, J.-F.; <br>Pollitt, H.; <br>Vercoulen, P.V.; <br>Vakilifard, N.; <br>Holden, P.B.; <br>Edwards, N.R.; <br>Koh, L.; <br>Pidgeon, N.F.; <br>Banwart, S.A.; <br>Beerling, D.J.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00925-2","Article","Nat. Geosci.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Environmental performance of different sorbents used for direct air capture","Currently, conventional carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigation solutions may be insufficient to achieve the stringent environmental targets set for the coming decades. CO2 removal (CDR) technologies, such as direct air capture (DAC), capturing CO2 from the ambient air, are required. In this research, an independent life cycle assessment (LCA) of DAC adsorption systems based on three physisorbents (metal organic frameworks) and two chemisorbents (amine functionalized sorbents) is presented. These capture processes have been optimised by us in previous work. Results show that for the overall capture process, negative CO2 emissions are ensured by using a cellulose-based amine sorbent (cradle-to-gate) ensuring even the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere (cradle-to-grave). Processes using physisorbents have poorer performances. Chemisorbents yield operating conditions allowing lower impacts on the environment. In 2050, these processes could reduce climate change but can generate other environmental impacts. With the aim to have better environmental performances of DAC systems, future research should be focused on improving the physical properties of sorbents such as the silica gel based amine sorbent to increase their capture capacities. If metal organic frameworks are to be used, it is necessary to drop their energy consumption (by increasing the loading) and the required mass of sorbent. ¬© 2022 The Authors",2022,"Leonzio, G.; <br>Mwabonje, O.; <br>Fennell, P.S.; <br>Shah, N.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2022.04.004","Article","Sustain. Prod. Consum.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Human and planetary health implications of negative emissions technologies","Meeting the 1.5‚Äâ¬∞C target may require removing up to 1,000 Gtonne CO2 by 2100 with Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs). We evaluate the impacts of Direct Air Capture and Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS and BECCS), finding that removing 5.9 Gtonne/year CO2 can prevent <9¬∑102 disability-adjusted life years per million people annually, relative to a baseline without NETs. Avoiding this health burden-similar to that of Parkinson's-can save substantial externalities (‚â§148 US$/tonne CO2), comparable to the NETs levelized costs. The health co-benefits of BECCS, dependent on the biomass source, can exceed those of DACCS. Although both NETs can help to operate within the climate change and ocean acidification planetary boundaries, they may lead to trade-offs between Earth-system processes. Only DACCS can avert damage to the biosphere integrity without challenging other biophysical limits (impacts ‚â§2% of the safe operating space). The quantified NETs co-benefits can incentivize their adoption. ¬© 2022. The Author(s).",2022,"Cobo, S.; <br>Gal√°n-Mart√≠n, √Å.; <br>Tulus, V.; <br>Huijbregts, M.A.J.; <br>Guill√©n-Gos√°lbez, G.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30136-7","Article","Nat Commun","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Future bioenergy expansion could alter carbon sequestration potential and exacerbate water stress in the United States","The maximum future projected bioenergy expansion potential, in scenarios limiting warming to 2¬∞C or below, is equivalent to half of present-day croplands. We quantify the impacts of large-scale bioenergy expansion against re/afforestation, which remain elusive, using an integrated human-natural system modeling framework with explicit representation of perennial bioenergy crops. The end-of-century net carbon sequestration due to bioenergy deployment coupled with carbon capture and storage largely depends on fossil fuel displacement types, ranging from 11.4 to 31.2 PgC over the conterminous United States. These net carbon sequestration benefits are inclusive of a 10 PgC carbon release due to land use conversions and a 2.4 PgC loss of additional carbon sink capacity associated with bioenergy-driven deforestation. Moreover, nearly one-fourth of U.S. land areas will suffer severe water stress by 2100 due to either reduced availability or deteriorated quality. These broader impacts of bioenergy expansion should be weighed against the costs and benefits of re/afforestation-based strategies.",2022,"Cheng, Y.; <br>Huang, M.; <br>Lawrence, D.M.; <br>Calvin, K.; <br>Lombardozzi, D.L.; <br>Sinha, E.; <br>Pan, M.; <br>He, X.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm8237","Article","Sci Adv","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Assessing the impacts of agricultural managements on soil carbon stocks, nitrogen loss, and crop production - a modelling study in eastern Africa","Improved agricultural management plays a vital role in protecting soils from degradation in eastern Africa. Changing practices such as reducing tillage, fertilizer use, or cover crops are expected to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, with climate change mitigation co-benefits, while increasing crop production. However, the quantification of cropland management effects on agricultural ecosystems remains inadequate in this region. Here, we explored seven management practices and their potential effects on soil carbon (C) pools, nitrogen (N) losses, and crop yields under different climate scenarios, using the dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS. The model performance is evaluated against observations from two long-term maize field trials in western Kenya and reported estimates from published sources. LPJ-GUESS generally produces soil C stocks and maize productivity comparable with measurements and mostly captures the SOC decline under some management practices that is observed in the field experiments. We found that for large parts of Kenya and Ethiopia, an integrated conservation agriculture practice (no-tillage, residue and manure application, and cover crops) increases SOC levels in the long term (+11g% on average), accompanied by increased crop yields (+22g%) in comparison to the conventional management. Planting nitrogen-fixing cover crops in our simulations is also identified as a promising individual practice in eastern Africa to increase soil C storage (+4g%) and crop production (+18g%), with low environmental cost of N losses (+24g%). These management impacts are also sustained in simulations of three future climate pathways. This study highlights the possibilities of conservation agriculture when targeting long-term environmental sustainability and food security in crop ecosystems, particularly for those with poor soil conditions in tropical climates. ¬© 2022 Jianyong Ma et al.",2022,"Ma, J.; <br>Rabin, S.S.; <br>Anthoni, P.; <br>Bayer, A.D.; <br>Nyawira, S.S.; <br>Olin, S.; <br>Xia, L.; <br>Arneth, A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2145-2022","Article","Biogeosciences","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Impact of bioenergy crop expansion on climate-carbon cycle feedbacks in overshoot scenarios","Stringent mitigation pathways frame the deployment of second-generation bioenergy crops combined with carbon capture and storage (CCS) to generate negative CO2 emissions. This bioenergy with CCS (BECCS) technology facilitates the achievement of the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. Here, we use five state-of-the-art Earth system models (ESMs) to explore the consequences of large-scale BECCS deployment on the climate-carbon cycle feedbacks under the CMIP6 SSP5-3.4-OS overshoot scenario keeping in mind that all these models use generic crop vegetation to simulate BECCS. First, we evaluate the land cover representation by ESMs and highlight the inconsistencies that emerge during translation of the data from integrated assessment models (IAMs) that are used to develop the scenario. Second, we evaluate the land-use change (LUC) emissions of ESMs against bookkeeping models. Finally, we show that an extensive cropland expansion for BECCS causes ecosystem carbon loss that drives the acceleration of carbon turnover and affects the CO2 fertilization effect- and climate-change-driven land carbon uptake. Over the 2000-2100 period, the LUC for BECCS leads to an offset of the CO2 fertilization effect-driven carbon uptake by 12.2g% and amplifies the climate-change-driven carbon loss by 14.6g%. A human choice on land area allocation for energy crops should take into account not only the potential amount of the bioenergy yield but also the LUC emissions, and the associated loss of future potential change in the carbon uptake. The dependency of the land carbon uptake on LUC is strong in the SSP5-3.4-OS scenario, but it also affects other Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios and should be taken into account by the IAM teams. Future studies should further investigate the trade-offs between the carbon gains from the bioenergy yield and losses from the reduced CO2 fertilization effect-driven carbon uptake where BECCS is applied. ¬© 2022 Irina Melnikova et al.",2022,"Melnikova, I.; <br>Boucher, O.; <br>Cadule, P.; <br>Tanaka, K.; <br>Gasser, T.; <br>Hajima, T.; <br>Quilcaille, Y.; <br>Shiogama, H.; <br>S√©f√©rian, R.; <br>Tachiiri, K.; <br>Vuichard, N.; <br>Yokohata, T.; <br>Ciais, P.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-779-2022","Article","Earth Syst. Dyn.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Phytoprevention of Heavy Metal Contamination From Terrestrial Enhanced Weathering: Can Plants Save the Day?","Enhanced weathering is a promising approach to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, it may also pose environmental risks through the release of heavy metals, in particular nickel and chromium. In this perspective article I explore the potential role of plants in modulating these heavy metal fluxes. Agricultural basaltic soils may be valuable study sites in this context. However, the effect of biomass harvesting on the accumulation of heavy metals is currently not well studied. Mostly caused by different parent rock concentrations, there is a large variability of heavy metal concentrations in basaltic and ultramafic soils. Hence, to minimize environmental risks of enhanced weathering, basalts with low heavy metal concentrations should be favored. Existing phytoremediation strategies may be used to ‚Äúphytoprevent‚Äù the accumulation of nickel and chromium released from enhanced weathering in soils. As a result, elevated nickel and chromium concentrations in rocks must not preclude enhanced weathering in all settings. In particular, hyperaccumulating plants could be used as part of a crop rotation to periodically remove heavy metals from soils. Enhanced weathering could also be employed on fields or forests of (non-hyper) accumulating plants that have a high primary production of biomass. Both approaches may have additional synergies with phytomining or bioenergy carbon capture and storage, increasing the total amount of carbon dioxide drawdown and at the same time preventing heavy metal accumulation in soils. Copyright ¬© 2022 Suhrhoff.",2022,"Suhrhoff, T.J.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.820204","Article","Front. Clim.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Life cycle assessment of negative emission technologies for effectiveness in carbon sequestration","As climate change and emissions targets tighten, negative emissions technologies (NETs) will play a crucial role in making sure global temperature rises do not exceed Paris Agreement goals. There are a variety of NETs that can be used to abate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but it is uncertain which are more effective, and by how much, as well as what the net GHG removal is as all NETs will emit GHGs and other pollutants throughout their life cycles. We conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) to compare four NETs: afforestation/reforestation, enhanced weathering, direct air capture and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage. These are compared on their life cycle impacts to climate change, land use change and toxicity (human and terrestrial). We find that the most effective NET is afforestation/reforestation for the environmental impacts considered while enhanced weathering and direct air capture are less effective. However, when the rate of carbon removal is considered, we find that afforestation/reforestation is much slower than the other NETs. Therefore, while it has the lowest impacts to the environment, either long time frames or large-scale implementation is needed for it to match the capacity of direct air capture or bioenergy with carbon capture and storage. ¬© 2022 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.",2022,"Cooper, J.; <br>Dubey, L.; <br>Hawkes, A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2022.02.059","Conference Paper","Procedia CIRP","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Climate change induces carbon loss of arable mineral soils in boreal conditions","One-fourth of the global soil organic carbon (SOC) is stored in the boreal region, where climate change is predicted to be faster than the global average. Planetary warming is accelerated if climate change promotes SOC release into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. However, the soil carbon-climate feedbacks have been poorly confirmed by SOC measurements despite their importance on global climate. In this study, we used data collected as part of the Finnish arable soil monitoring program to study the influence of climate change, management practices, and historical land use on changes in SOC content using a Bayesian approach. Topsoil samples (n¬†=¬†385) collected nationwide in 2009 and 2018 showed that SOC content has decreased at the rate of 0.35%¬†year‚àí1 on average. Based on the Bayesian modeling of our data, we can say with a certainty of 79%‚Äì91% that increase in summertime (May‚ÄìSep) temperature has resulted in SOC loss while increased precipitation has resulted in SOC loss with a certainty of 90%‚Äì97%. The exact percentages depend on the climate dataset used. Historical land use was found to influence the SOC content for decades after conversion to cropland. Former organic soils with a high SOC-to-fine-fraction ratio were prone to high SOC loss. In fields with long cultivation history (&gt;100¬†years), however, the SOC-to-fine-fraction ratio had stabilized to approximately 0.03‚Äì0.04 and the changes in SOC content leveled off. Our results showed that, although arable SOC sequestration can be promoted by diversifying crop rotations and by cultivating perennial grasses, it is unlikely that improved management practices are sufficient to counterbalance the climate change-induced SOC losses in boreal conditions. This underlines the importance of the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to avoid the acceleration of planetary warming. ¬© 2022 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.",2022,"Heikkinen, J.; <br>Keskinen, R.; <br>Kostensalo, J.; <br>Nuutinen, V.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16164","Article","Global Change Biol.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Valorizing biomass to engineered biochar and its impact on soil, plant, water, and microbial dynamics: a review","Till date there is not much concrete data available linking valorization of biomass-derived engineered biochar for soil, plant, water system, and microbial dynamics under changing climatic conditions. This review article deals with the abovementioned burning topic by collection of world literature. It summarizes the conversion of biomass into biochar, their characterization, and pyrolysis influence on composition. Besides it discusses about biomass through biochar which can help to establish a relationship with soil, plant, and water to manage soil fertility-related issues and microbe interactions. Biochar addition exerts measurable changes in carbon footprint, physicochemical and biological soil properties, nutrient sorption-retention, water retention, crop production, and nutrient leaching. Mechanistic evidences of biochars' potential on soil biology, systemic resistance, carbon mineralization kinetics and N-2-fixation, and mycorrhizal colonization were mentioned in this review article. The recalcitrance, pore space, surface morphology, and pH of biochar on soil, plant, water system, and microbes are found to be controlled by biomass type, pyrolysis temperature, biotic interactions, etc. Biochar with fertilizer integration offers an improved soil management strategy, and therefore, biomass valorization through its application in soil, plant, water, and microbial dynamics comes out as a \"win-winstrategy\" for adequate climate change mitigation and environmental eco-friendly technology.",2022,"Das, SK; <br>Das, SK; <br>Kumar, D; <br>Kumar, D; <br>Ghosh, GK; <br>Avasthe, R","Biochar; Soil; Plant; Water; Microbes; Pyrolysis; Biomass type","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00836-5","Review; Early Access","BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Multifunctional applications of biochar beyond carbon storage","Biochar is produced as a charred material with high surface area and abundant functional groups by pyrolysis, which refers to the process of thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen. The carbon component in biochar is relatively stable, and, hence, biochar was originally proposed as a soil amendment to store carbon in the soil. Biochar has multifunctional values that include the use of it for the following purposes: soil amendment to improve soil health, nutrient and microbial carrier, immobilising agent for remediation of toxic metals and organic contaminants in soil and water, catalyst for industrial applications, porous material for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and odorous compounds, and feed supplement to improve animal health and nutrient intake efficiency and, thus, productivity. This article provides for the first time an overview of the multifunctional values and unintended consequences of biochar applications.",2022,"Bolan, N; <br>Bolan, N; <br>Hoang, SA; <br>Beiyuan, JZ; <br>Gupta, S; <br>Hou, DY; <br>Karakoti, A; <br>Joseph, S; <br>Joseph, S; <br>Joseph, S; <br>Joseph, S; <br>Jung, S; <br>Kim, KH; <br>Kirkham, MB; <br>Kua, HW; <br>Kumar, M; <br>Kwon, EE; <br>Ok, YS; <br>Ok, YS; <br>Perera, V; <br>Rinklebe, J; <br>Rinklebe, J; <br>Shaheen, SM; <br>Shaheen, SM; <br>Shaheen, SM; <br>Sarkar, B; <br>Sarmah, AK; <br>Singh, BP; <br>Singh, BP; <br>Singh, G; <br>Tsang, DCW; <br>Vikrant, K; <br>Vithanage, M; <br>Vinu, A; <br>Wang, HL; <br>Wang, HL; <br>Wijesekara, H; <br>Yan, YB; <br>Yan, YB; <br>Younis, SA; <br>Younis, SA; <br>Van Zwieten, L","Multifunctional values of biochar; biochar-derived catalysts; biochar for carbon storage and capturing greenhouse gases; soil health; remediation of contaminated soil; water; and air; animal feed; composite manufacturing; construction; life-cycle analysis of biochar","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09506608.2021.1922047","Review","INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS REVIEWS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Plant Nutrition under Climate Change and Soil Carbon Sequestration","The climate is one of the key elements impacting several cycles connected to soil and plant systems, as well as plant production, soil quality, and environmental quality. Due to heightened human activity, the rate of CO2 is rising in the atmosphere. Changing climatic conditions (such as temperature, CO2, and precipitation) influence plant nutrition in a range of ways, comprising mineralization, decomposition, leaching, and losing nutrients in the soil. Soil carbon sequestration plays an essential function-not only in climate change mitigation but also in plant nutrient accessibility and soil fertility. As a result, there is a significant interest globally in soil carbon capture from atmospheric CO2 and sequestration in the soil via plants. Adopting effective management methods and increasing soil carbon inputs over outputs will consequently play a crucial role in soil carbon sequestration (SCseq) and plant nutrition. As a result, boosting agricultural yield is necessary for food security, notoriously in developing countries. Several unanswered problems remain regarding climate change and its impacts on plant nutrition and global food output, which will be elucidated over time. This review provides several remarkable pieces of information about the influence of changing climatic variables on plant nutrients (availability and uptake). Additionally, it addresses the effect of soil carbon sequestration, as one of climate change mitigations, on plant nutrition and how relevant management practices can positively influence this.",2022,"Elbasiouny, H; <br>El-Ramady, H; <br>Elbehiry, F; <br>Rajput, VD; <br>Minkina, T; <br>Mandzhieva, S; <br>Mandzhieva, S","climate change; elevated CO2; precipitation; plant nutrition; soil carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020914","Article","SUSTAINABILITY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["A global meta-analysis of the impacts of tree plantations on biodiversity","Aim Planted forests are becoming increasingly common world-wide for a variety of reasons, including water conservation and carbon sequestration, although the effects of tree plantations on biodiversity are unclear with respect to whether planted ecosystems are \"green deserts\" or valuable habitats for biodiversity. Location Global. Time period 1980-2020. Taxa studied Flora, fauna and microorganisms. Methods By conducting a meta-analysis of 361 observations from 138 sites world-wide, we explored the global patterns and associated drivers of biodiversity responding to tree plantations by comparing biodiversity levels in plantations and adjacent habitats (primary or secondary forests). Results Overall, the biodiversity (species richness) and abundance across multitrophic levels in tree plantations were lower than those in primary forests, reached similar values to secondary succession, but varied with plantation and management regimes. Specifically, the biodiversity across multitrophic levels in reforestation was higher than that in afforestation; the biodiversity in mixed, native species and unmanaged plantations was higher than that in monoculture, exotic species and managed plantations. The diversity of vertebrates, invertebrates and plants in reforestation was lower than that in primary forests, whereas belowground biodiversity in reforestation showed no difference from primary forests. Invertebrate diversity in reforestation was lower than that in secondary succession, whereas plant diversity was higher than that in secondary succession. Moreover, the biodiversity in reforestation increased with reforestation age. Furthermore, structural equation models showed that aboveground faunal diversity in reforestation was driven by canopy coverage and plant diversity and that reforestation affected belowground biodiversity mainly by changing soil organic carbon. Main conclusions Our findings suggest that reforestation by planting mixed native species will be more beneficial to biodiversity. We reveal that biodiversity in intensively managed plantations is significantly lower than that in restoration-oriented plantations. We highlight that primary forests are not replaceable, but that planted forests might be a reliable way to restore biodiversity rapidly.",2022,"Wang, C; <br>Zhang, WW; <br>Li, XN; <br>Wu, JY","biodiversity; multitrophic levels; plantation age; primary forest; secondary succession; tree plantation regimes","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.13440","Article","GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar from constructed wetland biomass waste: A review of its potential and challenges","Constructed wetland is considered a promising approach for water remediation due to its high efficiency, low operation costs, and ecological benefits, but the large amounts of wetland plant biomass need to be properly harvested and utilized. Recently, wetland plant derived biochar has drawn extensive attention owing to its application potential. This paper provides an updated review on the production and characteristics of wetland plant derived biochar, and its utilization in soil improvement, carbon sequestration, environmental remediation, and energy production. In comparison to hydrothermal carbonization and gasification, pyrolysis is a more common technique to convert wetland plant to biochar. Characteristics of wetland plant biochars varied with plant species, growth environment of plant, and preparation conditions. Wetland plant biochar could be a qualified soil amendment owing to its abundant nutrients. Notably, wetland plant biochar exhibited considerable sorption capacity for various inorganic and organic contaminants. However, the potentially toxic substances (e.g. heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) retained in wetland plant biochar should be noticed before large-scale application. To overcome the drawbacks from the scattered distribution, limited productivity, and seasonal operation of constructed wetlands, the economic feasibility of wetland plant biochar production system could be improved via using mobile pyrolysis unit, utilizing local waste heat, and exploiting all the byproducts. Future challenges in the production and application of wetland plant derived biochar include the continuous supply of feedstock and proper handling of potentially hazardous components in the biochar.",2022,"Cui, XQ; <br>Wang, JT; <br>Wang, XT; <br>Khan, MB; <br>Lu, M; <br>Khan, KY; <br>Song, YJ; <br>He, ZL; <br>Yang, XE; <br>Yan, BB; <br>Chen, GY; <br>Chen, GY","Aquatic plant; Biochar; Carbon sequestration; Sorption; Soil improvement","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132259","Review","CHEMOSPHERE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Impact of agricultural management practices on soil carbon sequestration and its monitoring through simulation models and remote sensing techniques: A review","Toward an attempt to limit the global warming to 2 degrees C, there has been an increasing emphasis on devising suitable policies and practices for entrapment and storage of atmospheric CO(2)to mitigate the detrimental effects of climatic change. Agriculture being a predominant global land use, C sequestration under different agro-ecosystems through appropriate management practices is an important option to combat the anthropogenic climate change. Conservation tillage along with residue management, stubble retention, mulching, organic farming and integrated nutrient management not only facilitates soil C storage but also improves soil health. Change in land-uses and cropping system also impart notable effects on soil C turnover. Biochar application is found effective in augmenting soil C stock and improving soil aggregation. Bioenergy plantations are also effective in sequestering C. Simulation models and remote sensing are innovative tools for predicting and mapping soil C status and identifying site-specific strategic policies to minimize the risk of land degradation and to maintain environmental sustainability. Therefore, the aim of this review is to disseminate ideas regarding current C status, identify researchable priorities and to deliberate pros and cons of agricultural management practices for better implementation of soil C sequestration strategies for mitigating the consequences of climate change.",2022,"Mandal, A; <br>Mandal, A; <br>Majumder, A; <br>Dhaliwal, SS; <br>Toor, AS; <br>Mani, PK; <br>Mani, PK; <br>Naresh, RK; <br>Gupta, RK; <br>Mitran, T","Soil carbon sequestration; agricultural management practices; remote sensing and simulation models","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2020.1811590","Review","CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Energy, economic, and environmental impacts of sustainable biochar systems in rural China","Biochar production from biomass is a promising solution to tackle the energy and environmental challenges of rural China such as air pollution, soil contamination and degradation, sustainable agricultural waste management, and climate change. Small- and medium-scale (a few kW to 3 MW) gasification systems consisting of a gasification reactor and a gas engine had an energy efficiency of 15-20% and large-scale (>5 MW) systems via an integrated gasification combined cycle had an electrical efficiency of 26-30%. Low system efficiencies and high costs incurred by collection, transport, and pretreatment are some of the major barriers to the economic feasibility of biochar production systems in China. Mobile systems or distributed biochar production systems serve as promising solutions to reduce the biomass cost by utilizing locally generated waste biomass and catering for the bioenergy and biochar demands of local rural communities. From an energy application perspective, biochar production systems can generate heat and electricity, and biochar can serve as an energy storage material in supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries systems and can be used in anaerobic digestion to enhance overall energy recovery. Biochar can be used to achieve carbon sequestration and remediation of soil, and odor control in livestock farms. Systems converting locally generated biomass into energy and biochar that are used by local villages wait to be tested to clarify the intricacies of their viability and large-scale environmental and energy impacts in rural China.",2022,"You, SM; <br>Li, WL; <br>Zhang, WH; <br>Lim, H; <br>Kua, HW; <br>Park, YK; <br>Igalavithana, AD; <br>Igalavithana, AD; <br>Igalavithana, AD; <br>Ok, YS; <br>Ok, YS","Sustainable development goals; green and sustainable energy; waste management","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2020.1848170","Review","CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Remineralizing soils? The agricultural usage of silicate rock powders: A review","Soil nutrient depletion threatens global food security and has been seriously underestimated for potassium (K) and several micronutrients. This is particularly the case for highly weathered soils in tropical countries, where classical soluble fertilizers are often not affordable or not accessible. One way to replenish macro- and micronutrients are ground silicate rock powders (SRPs). Rock forming silicate minerals contain most nutrients essential for higher plants, yet slow and inconsistent weathering rates have restricted their use in the past. Recent findings, however, challenge past agronomic objections which insufficiently addressed the factorial complexity of the weathering process. This review therefore first presents a framework with the most relevant factors for the weathering of SRPs through which several outcomes of prior studies can be explained. A subsequent analysis of 48 crop trials reveals the potential as alternative K source and multi-nutrient soil amendment for tropical soils, whereas the benefits for temperate soils are currently inconclusive. Beneficial results prevail for mafic and ultra-mafic rocks like basalts and rocks containing nepheline or glauconite. Several rock modifications are highly efficient in increasing the agronomic effectiveness of SRPs. Enhanced weathering of SRPs could additionally sequester substantial amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere and silicon (Si) supply can induce a broad spectrum of plant biotic and abiotic stress resistance. Recycling massive amounts of rock residues from domestic mining industries could furthermore resolve serious disposal challenges and improve fertilizer self-sufficiency. In conclusion, under the right circumstances, SRPs could not only advance low-cost and regional soil sustaining crop production but contribute to various sustainable development goals. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.",2022,"Swoboda, P; <br>Doring, TF; <br>Hamer, M","Fertilizer; Enhanced weathering; Rock dust; Soil health; Food security; Sustainable development","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150976","Review","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Nature-based framework for sustainable afforestation in global drylands under changing climate","Drylands cover more than 40% of Earth's land surface and occur at the margin of forest distributions due to the limited availability of water for tree growth. Recent elevated temperature and low precipitation have driven greater forest declines and pulses of tree mortality on dryland sites compared to humid sites, particularly in temperate Eurasia and North America. Afforestation of dryland areas has been widely implemented and is expected to increase in many drylands globally to enhance carbon sequestration and benefits to the human environment, but the interplay of sometimes conflicting afforestation outcomes has not been formally evaluated yet. Most previous studies point to conflicts between additional forest area and water consumption, in particular water yield and soil conservation/desalinization in drylands, but were generally confined to local and regional scales. Our global synthesis demonstrates that additional tree cover can amplify water consumption through a nonlinear increase in evapotranspiration-depending on tree species, age, and structure-which will be further intensified by future climate change. In this review we identify substantial knowledge gaps in addressing the dryland afforestation dilemma, where there are trade-offs with planted forests between increased availability of some resources and benefits to human habitats versus the depletion of other resources that are required for sustainable development of drylands. Here we propose a method of addressing comprehensive vegetation carrying capacity, based on regulating the distribution and structure of forest plantations to better deal with these trade-offs in forest multifunctionality. We also recommend new priority research topics for dryland afforestation, including: responses and feedbacks of dryland forests to climate change; shifts in the ratio of ecosystem ET to tree cover; assessing the role of scale of afforestation in influencing the trade-offs of dryland afforestation; and comprehensive modeling of the multifunctionality of dryland forests, including both ecophysiological and socioeconomic aspects, under a changing climate.",2022,"Liu, HY; <br>Liu, HY; <br>Xu, CY; <br>Xu, CY; <br>Allen, CD; <br>Hartmann, H; <br>Wei, XH; <br>Yakir, D; <br>Wu, XC; <br>Wu, XC; <br>Yu, PT","afforestation; climate impact; comprehensive vegetation carrying capacity; dryland; forest; trade-offs; water","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16059","Review","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["A Critical Survey of Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS)","Rising levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are still a global concern. International organizations have indicated that to meet the 2¬†¬∞C thresholds until 2100, carbon-negative technologies must be employed. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is one of the options to offer reduced fossil-based CO2 emissions from a variety of industries and sectors. This promises the significant potential to remove atmospheric CO2 at a comparable cost to conventional carbon capture and storage technologies while producing energy. From a technical standpoint, BECCS is referred to a group of technologies utilized to produce energy from biomass and storing CO2 simultaneously. Substituting fossil fuels with biomass offers the possibility to utilize the carbon in the atmosphere for power generation. While BECCS might be a promising technology in theory, it has its own pros and cons which has made it one of the most controversial technologies to fight climate change. This chapter aims to investigate the advantages and the shortcomings of BECCS, from carbon removal efficiency and economic feasibility to scale-up issues associated with it. The urgency of the climate issues has created a political drive for environmental technologies like BECCS which might not be well-established. Also, the public perception of such technologies could promote or hinder their deployment in various parts of the globe. In addition, the deployment of BECCS cannot take place in isolation, and detailed investigations addressing the undeniable links within the food-water-energy-climate nexus will be required. ¬© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.",2022,"Hajian, C.S.S.; <br>Sedighi, M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90720-4_10","Book Chapter","Green Energy and Technology","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Advantage of mixed trees in the trade-off between soil water storage and tree biomass: A meta-analysis from artificially planted forests in Chinese Loess Plateau","Afforestation is an effective measure to combat land degradation and mitigate climate change. However, afforestation tends to consume a tremendous amount of soil moisture while increasing vegetation biomass and coverage. Although convincing evidence indicates that mixed trees have higher resistance and resilience to climate change and natural disturbance than pure trees, it is unclear how tree mixtures affect the relationship between soil water storage and tree biomass. By conducting a meta-analysis of 86 observations from 27 studies, we showed that there was a trade-off between soil water storage and tree biomass in artificially planted trees on the Loess Plateau, with an average root mean square deviation (RMSD) value of 0.22. The RMSD value between soil water storage and tree biomass for mixed trees was significantly lower than that for pure trees, and the relative benefits of the trade-off were biased toward soil water storage. In dry areas (aridity index (AI) < 0.3), the RMSD value between soil water storage and tree biomass of artificially planted trees was the highest, and this value of mixed trees was significantly lower than that of pure trees. In terms of different plantation ages, the RMSD value between soil water storage and tree biomass for mixed trees was significantly lower than that for pure trees in plantations aged >20 years. Additionally, RMSD values between soil water storage and tree biomass under different afforestation patterns were negatively correlated with the initial water storage and soil organic carbon content. Our results show that tree mixtures optimize the trade-off between soil water storage and tree biomass in arid and semiarid areas. ¬© 2022 Elsevier B.V.",2022,"Gong, C.; <br>Tan, Q.; <br>Liu, G.; <br>Xu, M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106232","Article","Catena","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Potential green applications of biochar derived from biomass","In recent years, various researches and studies have been done to identify ways to convert biomass into biochar, namely by means of thermochemical conversion methods. A few common thermochemical conversion processes for biochar production includes gasification, hydrothermal carbonisation, torrefaction and pyrolysis. Biochar is a highly carbonaceous and microporous solid which has been widely studied on due to its potential prominence in energy, environmental and agronomical applications. Since biochar is typically produced from biomass, the production and application of biochar can be considered as a sustainable process. The high energy and carbon content of biochar, which are comparable to fossil coals, could potentially allow biochar to be used as an alternative renewable fuel in the power generation sector. Biochar can also be used as an adsorbent for carbon sequestration, which could contribute to mitigate climate change by lowering carbon dioxide (CO2) level in the atmosphere. The micropores developed during the pyrolysis process has improved the microscopic surface area of biochar, thus enhancing its efficiency in carbon capture. In the agriculture sector, biochar can be used as a soil amendment to improve agricultural productivity. Biochar helps to increase the soil's water and nutrients holding capacity, hence lowering the fertiliser requirement. Multiple studies have shown success in improving plant growth and productivity when biochar is mixed with the soil. In this paper, an in-depth understanding on how the difference in operating conditions and biomass feedstock will affect quality of the biochar produced will be discussed. The effects of the biochar on its applications in energy, environmental and agronomical field will also be discussed extensively. Overall, this paper will provide great insights into waste reutilisation to generate value-added products while providing attention and solutions to environmental concerns via easing agricultural wastes pollution. ¬© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2022,"Selvarajoo, A.; <br>Tee, J.X.; <br>Liew, Y.W.; <br>Wong, Y.L.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.058","Article","Mater. Today Proc.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Soil carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas emissions, and water pollution under different tillage practices","Tillage is a common agricultural practice and a critical component of agricultural systems that is frequently employed worldwide in croplands to reduce climatic and soil restrictions while also sustaining various ecosystem services. Tillage can affect a variety of soil-mediated processes, e.g., soil carbon sequestration (SCS) or depletion, greenhouse gas (GHG) (CO2, CH4, and N2O) emission, and water pollution. Several tillage practices are in vogue globally, and they exhibit varied impacts on these processes. Hence, there is a dire need to synthesize, collate and comprehensively present these interlinked phenomena to facilitate future researches. This study deals with the co-benefits and trade-offs produced by several tillage practices on SCS and related soil properties, GHG emissions, and water quality. We hypothesized that improved tillage practices could enable agriculture to contribute to SCS and mitigate GHG emissions and leaching of nutrients and pesticides. Based on our current understanding, we conclude that sustainable soil moisture level and soil temperature management is crucial under different tillage practices to offset leaching loss of soil stored nutrients/pesticides, GHG emissions and ensuring SCS. For instance, higher carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) could be attributed to the fluctuations in soil moisture and temperature regimes. In addition, NT may enhance nitrate (NO3‚àí) leaching over CT because of improved soil structure, infiltration capacity, and greater water flux, however, suggesting that the eutrophication potential of NT is high. Our study indicates that the evaluation of the eutrophication potential of different tillage practices is still overlooked. Our study suggests that improving tillage practices in terms of mitigation of N2O emission and preventing NO3‚àí pollution may be sustainable if nitrification inhibitors are applied. ¬© 2022 Elsevier B.V.",2022,"Bhattacharyya, S.S.; <br>Leite, F.F.G.D.; <br>France, C.L.; <br>Adekoya, A.O.; <br>Ros, G.H.; <br>de Vries, W.; <br>Melchor-Mart√≠nez, E.M.; <br>Iqbal, H.M.N.; <br>Parra-Sald√≠var, R.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154161","Review","Sci. Total Environ.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Diversifying crop rotations enhances agroecosystem services and resilience","A significant challenge in our time is to produce sufficient agricultural products on limited farmable land to meet the needs for food, feed, fiber, and industrial uses in the face of a changing climate. Conventional cropping systems mostly rely on inputs, such as fertilizers and pesticides, to boost crop yields. However, excessive inputs increase production costs and entail more direct and indirect emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere that negatively impact the environment. Finding sustainable ways to increase crop productivity with little or no impact on the environment is the primary goal of modern agriculture. This review reveals that temporal-spatial diversification of crop rotations is critically needed to advance toward this goal sustainably. We find that (i) intensified crop rotations enhance carbon conversion from atmospheric CO2 into plant biomass and thus sequester more carbon into soil; (ii) diversified crop mixtures improve system resilience, i.e., increased resistance to pest/disease incidence and weed infestation, and faster recovery after removal of the abiotic or biotic stress; (iii) diversifying crop rotations increases crop yields at the system level with improved water and fertilizer use efficiencies; (iv) legume-based crop rotations reduce the need for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers thus lowering N2O and CO2 emissions to the atmosphere; (v) crop diversity leads to soil microbiome diversity that optimizes soil microenvironment, improving soil health. We believe that developing and adopting of diversified cropping systems are key factors for agricultural policy setting and a top priority for on-farm decision-making to increase crop productivity and enhance soil health, while reducing negative environmental impacts. ¬© 2022 Elsevier Inc.",2022,"Liu, C.; <br>Plaza-Bonilla, D.; <br>Coulter, J.A.; <br>Kutcher, H.R.; <br>Beckie, H.J.; <br>Wang, L.; <br>Floc'h, J.-B.; <br>Hamel, C.; <br>Siddique, K.H.M.; <br>Li, L.; <br>Gan, Y.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2022.02.007","Book Chapter","Adv. Agron.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["What do we mean when we talk about the moral hazard of geoengineering?","Geoengineering technologies ‚Äì deliberate, large-scale interventions to alter the Earth's climate ‚Äì present an opportunity to ameliorate the effects of climate change; an opportunity policy-makers are beginning to consider. However, the safety and efficacy of geoengineering strategies is uncertain, and there is concern advancing these technologies engenders a range of non-physical risks; in particular, moral hazard. In economics, moral hazard occurs when insured agents no longer bear the full consequences of risk-taking, and consequentially increase their exposure to risk. However, while certainly analogous, the way the term is used in the geoengineering literature is ambiguous, describing a patchwork of mechanisms of action, hazardous behaviours, and undesirable outcomes. Importantly, as moral hazard concerns are likely to inform policy-making and regulatory responses to these technologies, this unclear specification could impede scholarly, policy, and public debate. This article charts this ambiguity, documenting the range of meanings of moral hazard in the geoengineering literature. Results suggest moral hazard is used at least eight different ways in the literature, with the three most common frames being Insurance, Unwilling and Avoid. With this, we suggest that those articulating moral hazard concerns about geoengineering technologies work to articulate as clearly as possible what the problem actually is. ¬© The Author(s) 2021.",2022,"Tsipiras, K.; <br>Grant, W.J.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14614529211069839","Article","Environ. Law Rev.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Review: biological engineering for nature-based climate solutions","Nature-based Climate Solutions are landscape stewardship techniques to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase soil or biomass carbon sequestration. These mitigation approaches to climate change present an opportunity to supplement energy sector decarbonization and provide co-benefits in terms of ecosystem services and landscape productivity. The biological engineering profession must be involved in the research and implementation of these solutions‚Äîdeveloping new tools to aid in decision-making, methods to optimize across different objectives, and new messaging frameworks to assist in prioritizing among different options. Furthermore, the biological engineering curriculum should be redesigned to reflect the needs of carbon-based landscape management. While doing so, the biological engineering community has an opportunity to embed justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion within both the classroom and the profession. Together these transformations will enhance our capacity to use sustainable landscape management as an active tool to mitigate the risks of climate change. ¬© 2022, The Author(s).",2022,"Runkle, B.R.K.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13036-022-00287-8","Review","J. Biol. Eng.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Improved and sustainable agroecosystem, food security and environmental resilience through zero tillage with emphasis on soils of temperate and subtropical climate regions: A review","Tillage is one of the agricultural management practices that significantly impacts agroecosystems, crop production, and the environment. Conventional tillage (CT) practices alter the soil environment and induce organic constituents‚Äô decomposition and the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs), which contribute to the greenhouse effect and global warming. Low organic matter, biological diversity, aggregate stability, high erosion and degradation of the soil environment, and sequestration strength are additional factors associated with CT, which negatively affect food security and environmental sustainability. As a result, CT is no more beneficial in the long run; consequently, zero tillage (ZT) could be a viable candidate for sustainable agriculture. The review to establish this systematically compared and summarized the effect of tillage systems (i.e. CT and ZT) by synthesizing and interpreting published data (>150 peer-reviewed articles) with >200 observations on soil ecosystem services and properties/agroecosystem, crop yield/food security, GHG emission, and carbon sequestration/environmental resilience. The review established that ZT improves soil structure, aggregate stability, biological diversity, organic matter and nutrients, water and water use efficiency, and reduces soil degradation, erosion, tillage machinery impacts, and GHG emissions. It allows timely seeding and better crop growth, increases yield and food security, improves carbon sequestration, strengthens soil storage potential, and helps to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on environmental resilience. Based on various latent direct and indirect benefits, resource-saving ability, and broad adoption scope of ZT, it is corroborated that ZT is a practical and potential approach for improved and sustainable agroecosystem, food security, and environmental resilience. ¬© 2022 International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation, China Water and Power Press, and China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",2022,"Hassan, W.; <br>Li, Y.; <br>Saba, T.; <br>Jabbi, F.; <br>Wang, B.; <br>Cai, A.; <br>Wu, J.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2022.01.005","Review","Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Life cycle and techno-economic assessments of direct air capture processes: An integrated review","To limit the increase of the global average temperature in the range of 1.5¬∞C to 2¬∞C above pre-industrial levels, it is mandatory to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Aggressive mitigation measures are thus needed to tackle these emissions leading to ‚Äúnet negative CO2 emissions.‚Äù The present study focuses on direct air capture (DAC) processes among the diverse negative emissions approaches. DAC refers to man-made technologies that selectively extract CO2 from ambient air and deliver it in a concentrated form for further use or storage. DAC technologies are currently developed at different levels of maturity and performance. They can be classified into three main approaches, the liquid sorbent approach, the solid sorbent approach, and a panel of more innovative technologies combining different approaches. They involve various unit operations and different materials and energy types (electrical and thermal). To better evaluate the status and both the environmental and economic performances, the present paper provides a literature review of the life cycle (LCA) and techno-economic (TEA) assessments in relation to DAC process chains. It was emphasized that DAC could lead to negative emissions if paired with subsequent storage, while the production of synthetic fuels can at best be carbon neutral when using CO2 from the air. Building large DAC plants has an impact on the amount of energy required to operate them, as well as other environmental impacts with regard to land, water, and material use. Even if the carbon-negative characteristic of DAC was confirmed, these technologies are still expensive. It was highlighted that large DAC costs ranges are currently provided in the literature, from ‚Ç¨80/tCO2 to ‚Ç¨1133/tCO2 for the current DAC processes, while estimations from ‚Ç¨34 to ‚Ç¨260/tCO2 are expected in the future. Different levers were identified to improve the environmental and economic performances of DAC processes, such as the availability of waste heat, the heat integration possibilities, and, among others, the improvement of contactors and sorbents properties. Highlights: The paper entitled ‚ÄúLife cycle and techno-economic assessments of direct air capture processes: An integrated review,‚Äù submitted by Dr Remi Chauvy and Dr Lionel Dubois, fills the current gap in terms of comprehensive systematic and impacts assessment research on Direct Air Capture (DAC) technologies. Indeed, to better evaluate the status and both the environmental and economic performances of DAC technologies, the present paper provides an up-to-date literature review of the life cycle (LCA) and techno-economic (TEA) assessments in relation with DAC process chains. The paper goes beyond the literature review as key levers, related to technology developments, to the energy use and to the implementation characteristics, are also identified to improve the environmental and economic performances of DAC processes. ¬© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.",2022,"Chauvy, R.; <br>Dubois, L.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.7884","Review","Int. J. Energy Res.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar and its twin benefits: Crop residue management and climate change mitigation in India","Crop residue management remains a major problem in the Indian agriculture sector. The in-situ firing of crop residues has been linked to air pollution, global warming, soil fertility decline and others. Biochar conversion through slow pyrolysis could be one of the techniques for the safe disposal of crop residues. 212.04 ¬± 44.27 MT biochar could be produced from 517.82 MT crop residues in India. Biochar conversion of crop residues can address agriculture production, safe drinking water, livelihood, energy security and environmental protection. Soil amendment with biochar sequestrate about 376.11 ¬± 78.52 MT CO2e carbon and help retain about 1.66 ¬± 0.46 MT of soil nutrients. Also, crop residues derived biochar has an estimated market value of approximately $500 billion in India. Biochar applications in the cosmetics, pharma and chemical industries offer market and employment opportunities. This review discusses the impact of in-situ crop residue burning and its biochar conversion through slow pyrolysis as part of sustainable crop residue management. Also, biochar applications and socio-economic aspects of crop residues ‚Äì biochar system has been deliberated to fulfil several sustainable development goals (SDGs). ¬© 2021 Elsevier Ltd",2022,"Anand, A.; <br>Kumar, V.; <br>Kaushal, P.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111959","Review","Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Socio-Economic Determinants for Biochar Deployment in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania","Biochar may contribute to both agricultural productivity and atmospheric carbon dioxide removal. However, despite the many potential upsides of adding biochar to amend carbon-depleted soils in sub-Saharan Africa, deployment is largely lacking. This paper explores the socio-economic factors that can explain tendencies to avoid action. Based on a survey of 172 farming households, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions in the Mbeya and Songwe regions of Tanzania, which were targeted for a biochar aid program in 2014, several socio-economic drivers behind the continued use of biochar deployment were identified in this follow-up study. A key deployment driver was the increased crop yields, perceived to be the result of adding biochar to soils, increasing yields from 1 metric ton per hectare to 3 metric tons per hectare. Food security and family income were cited as the main reasons to engage in biochar production and use. Climate change mitigation and increased resilience were other key reasons that motivated adoption. In terms of socio-economic factors, farmers with low education and income, the majority being males aged 40-60 years, contributed to low adoption rates in the study area. Respondents often cited the alternative usage of biochar feedstocks, lack of government involvement or extension services, traditions, and farming customs as the main constraints limiting biochar deployment.",2022,"Rogers, PM; <br>Fridahl, M; <br>Yanda, P; <br>Hansson, A; <br>Pauline, N; <br>Haikola, S","biochar; socio-economic influence; food security; climate adaptation and mitigation","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010144","Article","ENERGIES","Surveys & interviews"]
["Risk‚Äìrisk governance in a low-carbon future: Exploring institutional, technological, and behavioral tradeoffs in climate geoengineering pathways","Deliberations are underway to utilize increasingly radical technological options to help address climate change and stabilize the climatic system. Collectively, these options are often referred to as ‚Äúclimate geoengineering.‚Äù Deployment of such options, however, can create wicked tradeoffs in governance and require adaptive forms of risk management. In this study, we utilize a large and novel set of qualitative expert interview data to more deeply and systematically explore the types of risk‚Äìrisk tradeoffs that may emerge from the use of 20 different climate geoengineering options, 10 that focus on carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas removal, and 10 that focus on solar radiation management and reflecting sunlight. We specifically consider: What risks does the deployment of these options entail? What types of tradeoffs may emerge through their deployment? We apply a framework that clusters risk‚Äìrisk tradeoffs into institutional and governance, technological and environmental, and behavioral and temporal dimensions. In doing so, we offer a more complete inventory of risk‚Äìrisk tradeoffs than those currently available within the respective risk-assessment, energy-systems, and climate-change literatures, and we also point the way toward future research gaps concerning policy, deployment, and risk management. ¬© 2022 The Authors. Risk Analysis published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Risk Analysis.",2022,"Sovacool, B.K.; <br>Baum, C.M.; <br>Low, S.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.13932","Article","Risk Anal.","Surveys & interviews"]
["Carbon footprints and social carbon cost assessments in a perennial energy crop system: A comparison of fertilizer management practices in a Mediterranean area","Agriculture is strongly linked to climate change and has a two-sided relationship with climate change. Although climate change contributes to reducing agricultural productivity, the primary sector is responsible for the production of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; on the other hand, the primary sector could mitigate emissions to foster soil carbon sequestration. Specifically, perennial energy crop systems could produce relevant environmental and socio-economic benefits. This study aimed to highlight the potential efficacy of various fertilizer management strategies in reducing GHG emissions and increasing the social value obtained from carbon storage. Using two methodological approaches, namely, the carbon footprint (CF) and social carbon cost (SCC) methods, five nitrogen fertilization patterns (low input, LI; high input, HI; LI + biochar, LI + Bi; LI + cover crop, LI + CC; and LI + Bi + CC) were compared in an experiment on cardoon cultivation for three consecutive growing seasons. GHG release exceeded GHG removal and ranged from 0.20 (HI) to 0.14 (LI + CC) t CO(2)e per production unit. LI + CC reduced GHG emissions and optimized yield. The rates of carbon sequestration ranged from 72.7 (HI) to 26.2 (LI) t CO(2)e t(-1) of biomass. Furthermore, the combined use of biochar and a cover crop had no positive effects on C sequestration or GHG emission reduction, unlike these treatments individually. In fact, LI + Bi provided the highest value for C storage (61.1 t CO(2)e t(-1) of biomass), and LI + CC had the best GHG balance (0.14 t CO(2)e per production unit). The monetary evaluation of C storage showed that HI would produce the greatest benefits until 2050 (i.e., 9 K US dollars per t CO(2)e). Although a single best option was not identified among the fertilizer management practices, identifying the optimal trade-offs among productivity, GHG emissions reduction and SCC value is important in ensuring that an energy crop will provide food security as well as environmental and socio-economic sustainability. Furthermore, a potential optimal solution could allow improvements in long-term crop system planning and land use and the development of effective strategies to combat climate change.",2021,"Solinas, S; <br>Tiloca, MT; <br>Deligios, PA; <br>Cossu, M; <br>Ledda, L","Cardoon; Climate change; Sustainability; Life cycle assessment; Carbon storage; Nitrogen supply","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102989","Article","AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS","Field experiments"]
["Microbial Ecotoxicity of Biochars in Agricultural Soil and Interactions with Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates","Large-scale application of biochar on agricultural land offers the prospect of soil improvement and carbon sequestration for climate-change mitigation. However, negative side-effects on the soil microbial ecosystem are poorly understood, notably in relation to the functions of native microbiomes under realistic routes of biochar exposure. Due to divergent properties, different biochars might interact with soil in complex ways. This might result in decreased or increased ecotoxicity from biochar contaminants, such as heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Using five biochars produced from straw and wood under contrasting pyrolysis conditions, we traced their ecotoxicological dose-effect using a bioassay for potential ammonia oxidation (PAO), through microorganisms that are sensitive stress indicators. Assays were made after soil/biochar interaction for up to 3 weeks, where straw biochar with the lowest PAH content (<0.5 mg kg(-1)) showed the most pronounced dose-effects to PAO, corresponding to a 10% effect concentration (EC10) of 4.6% (dry weight biochar/dry weight soil). In comparison, straw biochar with the highest PAH content was least ecotoxic (EC10, 15.2% after 3 weeks) and wood biochars pyrolysed at high temperature (700-725 degrees C) showed no ecotoxicity to PAO. Interactions between biochars and anionic surfactants, i.e., linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, which are common soil pollutants, resulted in varying effects on PAO, but the effects were small and of limited ecological importance for soil-amended biochars. In conclusion, the results showed that short-term microbial side-effects of biochar in the soil ecosystem were minor at relevant field application rates (such as <30 Mg ha(-1) mixed into a plough layer of 20 cm), and that inherent PAHs in biochar were not a likely source of short-term ecotoxicity. However, there were notable differences in the effects eventually observed at very high biochar rates, stressing that individual biochars need specific ecotoxicological assessment before their safe application at large scale in agricultural soils.",2021,"Nissen, R; <br>Nissen, R; <br>Khanal, G; <br>Elsgaard, L","biochar; soil; ecotoxicity; LAS; ammonia oxidation; microorganisms; PTE","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050828","Article","AGRONOMY-BASEL","Field experiments"]
["Controlled Grazing of Maize Residues Increased Carbon Sequestration in No-Tillage System: A Case of a Smallholder Farm in South Africa","Despite the positive impact of no-tillage (NT) on soil organic carbon (SOC), its potential to reduce soil CO2 emission still needs enhancing for climate change mitigation. Combining NT with controlled-grazing of crop residues is known to increase nutrient cycling; however, the impacts on soil CO2 effluxes require further exploration. This study compared soil CO2 effluxes and SOC stocks from conventional tillage with free grazing (CTFG), NT with free grazing (NTFG), NT without grazing (NTNG), NT without crop residues (NTNR) and NT with controlled-grazing (NTCG), in South Africa. Soil CO2 effluxes were measured 1512 times over two years using LI-COR 6400XT, once to thrice a month. Baseline SOCs data were compared against values obtained at the end of the trial. Overall, NTCG decreased soil CO2 fluxes by 55 and 29% compared to CTFG and NTNR, respectively. NTCG increased SOCs by 3.5-fold compared to NTFG, the other treatments resulted in SOC depletion. The increase in SOCs under NTCG was attributed to high C input and also low soil temperature, which reduce the SOC mineralization rate. Combining NT with postharvest controlled-grazing showed high potential to increase SOCs, which would help to mitigate climate change. However, it was associated with topsoil compaction. Therefore, long-term assessment under different environmental, crop, and soil conditions is still required.",2021,"Abdalla, K; <br>Abdalla, K; <br>Abdalla, K; <br>Mutema, M; <br>Chivenge, P; <br>Chivenge, P; <br>Chaplot, V; <br>Chaplot, V","conservative agriculture; carbon dioxide; carbon sequestration; smallholder systems; soil respiration","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071421","Article","AGRONOMY-BASEL","Field experiments"]
["Impact of biochar on nutrient supply, crop yield and microbial respiration on sandy soils of northern Germany","The application of biochar to agricultural soils to increase nutrient availability, crop production and carbon sequestration has gained increasing interest but data from field experiments on temperate, marginal soils are still under-represented. In the current study, biochar, produced from organic residues (digestates) from a biogas plant, was applied with and without digestates at low (3.4 t ha(-1)) and intermediate (17.1 t ha(-1)) rates to two acidic and sandy soils in northern Germany that are used for corn (Zea mays L.) production. Soil nutrient availability, crop yields, microbial biomass and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from heterotrophic respiration were measured over two consecutive years. The effects of biochar application depended on the intrinsic properties of the two tested soils and the biochar application rates. Although the soils at the fallow site, with initially low nutrient concentrations, showed a significant increase in pH, soil nutrients and crop yield after low biochar application rates, a similar response was found at the cornfield site only after application of substantially larger amounts of biochar. The effect of a single dose of biochar at the beginning of the experiment diminished over time but was still detectable after 2 years. Whereas plant available nutrient concentrations increased after biochar application, the availability of potentially phytotoxic trace elements (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr) decreased significantly, and although slight increases in microbial biomass carbon and heterotrophic CO2 fluxes were observed after biochar application, they were mostly not significant. The results indicate that the application of relatively small amounts of biochar could have positive effects on plant available nutrients and crop yields of marginal arable soils and may decrease the need for mineral fertilizers while simultaneously increasing the sequestration of soil organic carbon. Highlights A low rate of biochar increased plant available nutrients and crop yield on marginal soils. Biochar application reduced the availability of potentially harmful trace elements. Heterotrophic respiration showed no clear response to biochar application. Biochar application may reduce fertilizer need and increase carbon sequestration on marginal soils.",2021,"Knoblauch, C; <br>Knoblauch, C; <br>Priyadarshani, SHR; <br>Haefele, SM; <br>Schroder, N; <br>Pfeiffer, EM; <br>Pfeiffer, EM","black carbon; carbon sequestration; corn; digestate; heterotrophic respiration; marginal soils; microbial biomass","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13088","Article","EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE","Field experiments"]
["Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Soybean Cultivation Fertilized with Biochar from Various Utility Plants","Organic matter is an indispensable element of soil. Its quantity and quality affect its properties, e.g., structure, buffering, sorption capacity, air-water relations, and thermal properties. The purpose of the research was to assess greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in soybean cultivation, fertilized with biochar from various crops. Two experimental factors were included: the dose of biochar and the type of biochar used as per raw material used in its production. The adopted functional unit was 1 ton of soybeans. To reach the adopted goal, a strict field experiment was carried out. The total amount of GHG emitted by the cultivation was calculated according to the ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards. The system boundaries included: GHG emissions from fertilizers and seeds used, GHG emissions related to biochar production, emissions related to fossil fuel combustion, and emissions related to the decomposition of crop residues and soil organic matter and the decomposition of biochar. The results of the research indicate a significant potential of biochar to reduce GHG emissions in agricultural production. From the environmental and production perspective, the addition of biochar at 60 Mg ha(-1) is the most advantageous. A further increase in the addition of biochar was related to a decrease in plant yield and an increase in GHG emissions per functional unit of the product. The use of biochar in soybean cultivation resulted in a 25% reduction in GHG emissions compared to the object without the biochar addition. The amount of GHG emissions for soybeans ranged from 846.9 to 1260.1 kg of CO2/Mg. The use of biochar from forest biomass resulted in a higher yield, 12% on average, compared to sunflower husk biochar. The introduction of biochar to soils can be an effective improvement in the economic and environmental efficiency of plant production, as it increases the use of nutrients by the plant and intensifies carbon sequestration in soils.",2021,"Kubon, M; <br>Niemiec, M; <br>Klimek-Kopyra, A; <br>Gliniak, M; <br>Sikora, J; <br>Sadowska, U; <br>Latawiec, AE; <br>Latawiec, AE; <br>Latawiec, AE; <br>Latawiec, AE; <br>Kobylecki, R; <br>Zarzycki, R; <br>Kacprzak, A; <br>Wichlinski, M","greenhouse gas emission; soybean cultivation; biochar; fertilization","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112224","Article","AGRONOMY-BASEL","Field experiments"]
["No-tillage with rye cover crop can reduce net global warming potential and yield-scaled global warming potential in the long-term organic soybean field","No-tillage (NT) and the introduction of cover crops, owing to their positive effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and crop yields, are potential agricultural practices that both support food security under the new realities of climate change and alleviate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the effects of the combination of long-term NT systems and cover crops on non-carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and SOC sequestration have not been adequately documented, particularly in East Asia. We conducted a split-plot field experiment involving two tillage systems [NT and moldboard plowing (MP)] and three cover crops, namely, fallow (FA), hairy vetch (HV), and rye (RY). NT had slightly higher soybean yield than MP, although tillage methods and cover crop treatments had no significant effects on soybean yield. Cover crop treatments rather than tillage methods significantly affected methane (CH4) emissions; under FA and RY treatments, we observed CH4 uptakes, whereas under HV, we observed CH4 emissions. In contrast, rather than cover crop treatments, tillage methods affected nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Higher WFPS and soil bulk density under NT resulted in significantly higher annual N2O emissions than those under MP. However, under NT, the annual SOC sequestration rate significantly increased compared with that under MP, the global warming potential (GWP) caused by CH4 and N2O emissions was fully offset by net CO2 retention under NT. Additionally, treatment under NT reduced net GWP and yield-scaled GWP to a significantly greater degree than did treatment under MP. Treatments under NT with RY cover crop had the lowest net GWP (-2324 kg CO2 equivalent ha(-1) year(-1)) and yield-scaled GWP (-1037 kg CO2 equivalent Mg-1 soybean yield). These findings suggest that treatments under NT with cover crop systems-especially RY cover crop-in the long-term organic soybean field maintains sustainable crop production and reduces net GWP and yield-scaled GWP, which will be an effective climate-smart agriculture practice in the humid, subtropical regions prevailing in Kanto, Japan.",2021,"Gong, YT; <br>Li, PR; <br>Sakagami, N; <br>Komatsuzaki, M","No-tillage; Cover crop; Greenhouse gas emission; Global warming potential; Carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2020.104747","Article","SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH","Field experiments"]
["Effect of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse biochar on soil properties and sugar beet production","Recently, biochar has shown to be an alternative to waste disposal and a source of nutrients, acting as a soil amendment. The effects of two types of biochar on soil properties and sugar beet production as well as potential for carbon (C) sequestration were evaluated: biochar produced from sewage sludge (SB) and biochar produced from a 1:1 mixture of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse (MB). A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted using a sandy loam soil from the Brazilian savanna under treatments of MB applications at 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10.0%, SB application at 5.0%, and a conventional fertilization (CF) using lime and mineral fertilizers, with no fertilization as a control. After incubation for 45 d, seedlings were transplanted into each pot and cultivated for 55 d. Biochar characterization showed that pyrolysis reduced the biomass volume drastically, but concentrated the trace elements per unit of biochar weight. The MB treatments increased soil total C (by 27.8%) and pH (by 0.6), reduced the concentrations of nutrients, except for potassium (K), and chromium (Cr), and did not significantly alter lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations. Results of stable isotopes showed that all biochar treatments increased the total soil C stock and stability, suggesting a potential for application in C sequestration, and improved overall soil fertility. However, the biochar treatments also increased the concentrations of trace elements in the soil and plants. The sugar beet yields at 10.0% MB and 5.0% SB corresponded to 55% and 29% of the yield obtained in the CF treatment, respectively. These results may be due to biochar nutrients not being bioavailable when required by plants or to biochar nutrient adsorption.",2021,"Alves, BSQ; <br>Zelaya, KPS; <br>Colen, F; <br>Frazao, LA; <br>Napoli, A; <br>Parikh, SJ; <br>Fernandes, LA","carbon sequestration; food safety; organic wastes; plant fertilizers; soil fertility; soil organic matter fractions; stable isotopes; waste management","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(21)60003-6","Article","PEDOSPHERE","Field experiments"]
["Management intensive grazing on New England dairy farms enhances soil nitrogen stocks and elevates soil nitrous oxide emissions without increasing soil carbon","Management intensive grazing (MIG), also known as rotational grazing or multi-paddock grazing, is purported to sequester carbon (C) in soils compared to other agricultural management systems. Prior research examining the potential for MIG to enhance soil C has been inconclusive, and past investigations have not addressed whether higher nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions may accompany increases in soil C stocks. Here we examined linkages among MIG, soil C accumulation, and N2O emissions in cool-season, organic pastures of the northeastern United States. We found that pastures under MIG increased soil C concentrations by 11% from 0-15 cm depth but that soil C stocks at all sampled depths did not differ between hayed and grazed fields. We observed a divergent response in soil N to MIG, where both N concentrations and stocks significantly increased and the soil C:N ratio significantly decreased in rotationally grazed pastures. Our results also demonstrated that during the second year of the study, N2O emissions were on average 33% higher in grazed fields and compared to hayed fields. These elevated N2O fluxes in MIG fields may have offset any soil C gains achieved under MIG, as demonstrated by similar climate forcing values (as CO2-equivalents) for hayed and grazed pastures over a 100-year time horizon. The significant variation we detected among farms in soil C and N stocks, soil microbial activity, plant biomass production, and soil greenhouse gas emissions demonstrates that MIG does not have uniform effects across the landscape. Overall, our study demonstrates that care should be taken when promoting management practices that may have unintended climate consequences.",2021,"Contosta, AR; <br>Arndt, KA; <br>Campbell, EE; <br>Grandy, AS; <br>Perry, A; <br>Varner, RK; <br>Varner, RK","Management intensive grazing; Cool-season pasture; Soil carbon storage; Greenhouse gas emissions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107471","Article","AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["Single Application of Biochar Increases Fertilizer Efficiency, C Sequestration, and pH over the Long-Term in Sandy Soils of Senegal","This study evaluated the long-term effects of a single application of different biochar types and quantities in combination with cow manure and annual inorganic fertilizer on soil properties and grain yield under millet monocropping and millet-peanut rotation in sandy soils of the peanut basin of Senegal. Results of over six years showed that a single application of 5-10 t ha(-1) biochar (rice husk or Typha australis) and/or manure significantly increased soil pH (from 5.5 to 6.3) and total C (from 1.84% to an average of 2.69%). Soil available P increased due to all treatments. These improved soil properties were maintained for at least eight years following a single application of 5-10 t ha(-1) biochar and/or manure. There was limited or slightly negative effects of biochar application on soil N and total soil microbial activity. Applications of either one-third or half of national recommended NPK rate, in combination with a single application of biochar or cow manure, increased millet grain yield up to four to five times (i.e., 100 to 450 kg ha(-1)), which was equivalent to the yield of treatments receiving the full national recommended fertilizer rate. Limited improvement was observed on peanut yield. This research clearly shows the synergistic benefits of applying single low rates of organic materials in combination with annual low levels of inorganic fertilizer. Treatments receiving the national recommended inorganic fertilizer rates (150 kg ha(-1) NPK 15-15-15 and 100 kg ha(-1) of urea four weeks after planting) did not produce more than 400 kg ha(-1). Biochar application alone did not increase millet yields. With a recommended biochar application rate of 5 t ha(-1), we calculate that Senegal has enough biomass available for biochar to cover all of its cropland every 4.4 to 5.5 years. Of particular importance, the 0.85% increase in stable total C has the potential to sequester 27.2 tons C ha(-1) and if scaled across Senegal's 1.6-2.0 million ha of peanut and millet cropland, this practice could sequester 43.52 to 54.4 million tons of C having mutual benefits on crop productivity and climate change mitigation.",2021,"Faye, A; <br>Faye, A; <br>Stewart, ZP; <br>Stewart, ZP; <br>Stewart, ZP; <br>Diome, K; <br>Edward, CT; <br>Fall, D; <br>Ganyo, DKK; <br>Akplo, TM; <br>Akplo, TM; <br>Prasad, PVV; <br>Prasad, PVV","biochar; cropping system; fertilizer use efficiency; groundnut; manure; millet; nutrient use efficiency; peanut","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111817","Article","SUSTAINABILITY","Field experiments"]
["In search of weakened resolve: Does climate-engineering awareness decrease individuals' commitment to mitigation?*","As climate predictions become more dire, it is increasingly clear that society cannot rely on mitigation alone. In response, climatologists and engineers have been developing climate-engineering technology to directly intervene on the climate through strategies such as solar radiation management and carbon dioxide removal. While these technologies have some encouraging features, they also involve risk on many dimensions. One behavioral risk that concerns many observers is the possibility that the prominence of climate-engineering scenarios could decrease the public's commitment to mitigation, a concern variously described as moral hazard or weakened resolve. Across 8 experiments (N = 2514) we tested whether exposure to naturalistic information about climateengineering technology decreases individuals' commitment to mitigation efforts. We did not find compelling evidence of strong or reliable effects. We draw from motivational theory to contextualize our findings in a literature characterized by mixed results, and we propose new directions for behavioral research on the weakened-resolve/moral-hazard concern with respect to climate engineering.",2021,"Austin, MMK; <br>Converse, BA; <br>Converse, BA","Climate engineering; Licensing; Moral hazard; Climate change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101690","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY","Field experiments"]
["Effects of afforestation with different species on carbon pools and soil and forest floor properties","Land use and land use change are factors that affect carbon and nutrient stocks in ecosystems. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of forest land use types on carbon pools and soil and forest floor features. This study was conducted in areas afforested with black pine (Pinus nigra Am. subsp. pallasiana Lamb. Holmboe) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and on adjacent bare land within the Akdag Nature Park, which is located in the West-Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. Three 20 x 20 m sample plots were selected within each forest land use, and the diameters at breast height and heights of all trees were measured. Tree biomass and carbon stocks in the unit areas were calculated using tree biomass equations, and carbon conversion factors were developed for two tree species. Within each sample plot, disturbed and core soil samples and forest floor samples were taken at three points at depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm. The physical and chemical properties of the soil and forest floor samples were determined in the laboratory and measurements were converted to a unit area using volume values. The data were evaluated using independent sample t-tests and analysis of variance. The results showed that the ecosystem carbon (C) stocks differed significantly with forest land use type; black pine plantations, Scots pine plantations and bare land accumulated 235.2 t C ha(-1), 206.1 t C ha(-1) and 37.4 t C ha(-1), respectively. We found that in addition to the positive effect of afforestation on soil, black pine had a greater impact on some forest floor and soil characteristics in the region than Scots pine. Thus, we suggest that priority should be given to black pine in afforestation of the region and in other ecosystems with similar climates. Additionally, our results reveal the importance of afforestation on bare lands for reducing the impact of global climate change.",2021,"Guner, ST; <br>Erkan, N; <br>Karatas, R","Land-use change; Pinus nigra; Pinus sylvestris; Ecosystem; Carbon pools; Nutrient stocks","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104871","Article","CATENA","Field experiments"]
["The effect of land-use systems on greenhouse gas production and crop yields in Wakiso District, Uganda","Land-use systems are among the leading sources of anthropogenic GHG into the atmosphere; driving global warming, climate change, and associated extreme weather events. To estimate GHGs from the land-use systems, we measured fluxes (positive/negative emissions per unit of time) of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) from the cropping and adjacent non-cropping systems in Wakiso District, Uganda. The study comprised of 9 treatments with 2 inter-cropping systems (banana-coffee and maize-beans), 4 sole-cropped systems (banana, maize, beans, and sweet potato), and 3 non-cropping systems (fallow lands, pasture lands, and grasslands). Four management practices: mulching with no-tillage (mulched-NT); non-mulching with reduced-tillage (non-mulched-RT); non-mulching with deep-tillage (non-mulched-DT); compositing with reduced-tillage (compost-RT) were embedded in the cropping systems. The study also assessed the effect of the cropping systems and their management practices on crop yields. The GHG fluxes were monitored using the static chamber technique and analysed using a gas chromatography (G.C.). The results showed that all the land-use systems were sources of CO2 flux with sole-cropped sweet potato under non-mulched-DT (148.12 +/- 3.4 mu g C m(-2) h(-1)) as the most substantial source, and the grasslands (33.03 +/- 1.7 mu g C m(-2) h(-1)) as the weakest source. Similarly, all the land-use systems were sources of N2O flux with sole-cropped beans under non-mulched-RT (14.21 +/- 0.4 mu g N m(-2) h(-1)) as the strongest source, and grasslands (3.43 +/- 0.4 mu g N m(-2) h(-1)) as the weakest source. The management practices were sinks (any system that absorbs more GHGs than it releases) of CH4 except mulched-NT in the maize-beans intercrop, solecropped beans, and sole-cropped maize. The sole-cropped sweet potato under mulched-RT (0.3 +/- 0.01 mu g C m(-2) h(-1)) was the strongest source of CH4, while the grasslands (0.67 +/- 0.01 mu g C m(-2) h(-1)) were the strongest sink. The intercropped systems significantly reduced GHG fluxes and had a yield advantage relative to the sole-cropped systems. Our results suggested that intercropping in central Uganda could be a more sustainable and eco-friendly approach concerning GHG fluxes.",2021,"Fatumah, N; <br>Munishi, LK; <br>Ndakidemi, PA","Cropping systems; Non-cropping systems; Crop yields; Carbon dioxide; Nitrous oxide; Methane; Mitigation measures","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2020.100607","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT","Field experiments"]
["Long-term effects of biochar application on greenhouse gas production and microbial community in temperate forest soils under increasing temperature","Biochar management has been proposed as a promising strategy to mitigate climate change. However, the long-term effects of biochar amendment on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) production and microbial community in forest ecosystems under projected warming remain highly uncertain. In this study, we conducted a 49-day incubation experiment to investigate the impact of biochar application on soil physico-chemical properties, GHG production rates, and microbial community at three temperature levels using a temperate forest soil amended with spruce biochar four years ago. Our results showed that temperature exerted a positive effect on soil CO2, CH4 and N2O production, leading to an increase in total global warming potential by 169% and 87% as temperature rose from 5 to 15 degrees C and from 15 to 25 degrees C, respectively, and thus a positive feedback to warming. Moreover, warming was found to reduce soil microbial biomass significantly, but at the same time promote the selection of an activated microbial community towards some phyla, e.g. Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria We observed that biochar amendment reduced soil CH4 consumption and N2O production in the absence of litter by 106% and 94%, respectively, but did not affect soil CO2 production. While biochar had no significant influence of total global warming potential of forest soil, it could promote climate change mitigation by increasing the total soil carbon content by 26% in the presence of litter. In addition. biochar application was shown to enhance soil available phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon concentrations, as well as soil microbial biomass under a warmer environment. Our findings highlighted the potential of spruce biochar as a soil amendment in improving soil fertility and carbon sequestration in temperate forest over the long term, without creating any adverse climatic impacts associated with soil GHG production. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2021,"Cui, JL; <br>Glatzel, S; <br>Bruckman, VJ; <br>Wang, BZ; <br>Lai, DYF; <br>Lai, DYF","Biochar; Greenhouse gas; Global warming potential; Litter; Temperate soils; Warming","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145021","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["Production potential, biodiversity and soil properties of forest reclamations: Opportunities or risk of introduced coniferous tree species under climate change?","In the time of ongoing climate change and the increasing area of post-mining landscape, the successful afforestation of reclamation sites by suitable adaptive tree species is gaining in importance. One of possible ways may be the use of introduced tree species, which is, however, a controversial topic in relation to risks for forest management and nature conservation. The objective of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the forest stands (age 48 years) of 9 introduced and 3 native coniferous tree species in lowland post-mining coal site of the Czech Republic. The research was focused on production potential, health status, resistance to climate change, carbon sequestration, biodiversity and soil properties. The highest timber production, biomass and carbon stock (49-95% above average), was observed in case of Pinus sylvestris, P. nigra and Pseudotsuga menziesii. On the other hand, unsuitable habitat, insect and pathogens caused poor health status and extremely low production parameters (by 55-62% than average) in Pinus strobus and P. rotundata. In terms of climate, Pinus sylvestris, P. nigra, Larix decidua, Pseudotsuga menziesii and Picea omorika were the most resistance tree species in relation to climatic extremes. Conversely, Pinus rotundata, P. strobus, P. ponderosa, Picea pungens and P. abies were very sensitive to climate events, especially to the lack of precipitation in vegetation period with synergism of high temperature. In terms of soil parameters, the content of plant available nutrients (K, Ca, Mg) was adequate except P deficiency. The highest soil reaction was detected for Pinus nigra and P. sylvestris (pH 6.9-7.1) compared to Picea mariana (pH 4.8). The benefits of \"suitable\" introduced tree species (Pinus nigra, Pseudotsuga menziesii) are high timber production potential and good adaptation and mitigation of the changing climate; however, native tree species (Pinus sylvestris, Larix decidua) can provide better environmental benefits on reclamation sites.",2021,"Vacek, Z; <br>Cukor, J; <br>Cukor, J; <br>Vacek, S; <br>Linda, R; <br>Linda, R; <br>Prokupkova, A; <br>Podrazsky, V; <br>Gallo, J; <br>Vacek, O; <br>Simunek, V; <br>Drabek, O; <br>Hajek, V; <br>Spasic, M; <br>Brichta, J","Post-mining landscape; Radial growth; Climate resistance; Forest structure; Central Europe","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-021-01392-x","Article","EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH","Field experiments"]
["Effects of biochar application with fertilizer on soil microbial biomass and greenhouse gas emissions in a peanut cropping system","This study investigated the effects of biochar application with organic or mineral fertilizers on soil microbial biomass, and associated emissions of CO2 and CH4 under field settings planted with peanut. The results indicated that physicochemical properties of soil were improved under biochar application. Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was significantly increased with the application of biochar plus organic fertilizer compared to that of organic fertilizer only, but no significant difference of MBC was found between the treatment under biochar application plus mineral fertilizer and that under mineral fertilizer only. Biochar application did not affect the amount of microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) with either mineral or organic fertilizer. The cumulative CO2 emission did not change under biochar application, while the cumulative CH4 emission was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) by 68.67% on average with the application of organic fertilizer plus biochar compared to that of organic fertilizer only. When biochar was applied in combination with either mineral or organic fertilizer, both the net global warming potential (GWP) and the greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) were significantly decreased compared to that without biochar amendment. In all, biochar can improve soil quality, and enhance soil carbon sequestration as well as peanut yields.",2021,"Tan, GC; <br>Wang, HY; <br>Xu, N; <br>Junaid, M; <br>Liu, HB; <br>Zhai, LM","Biochar; fertilizer; microbial biomass; greenhouse gas emissions; peanut yield","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2019.1620344","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY","Field experiments"]
["The impact of agricultural land afforestation on soil water content in Central Bohemia","In the Czech Republic, the afforestation of agricultural land has been supported by providing subsidies from the government and the European Union. Afforestation of less-productive agricultural land provides many benefits including carbon sequestration, soil erosion control, biodiversity, water retention, cooling, social benefits, decreasing noise and light pollution, increasing air quality, wind speed reduction, oxygen production, wood production and non-wood products. In some aspects, it is possible to produce wood of the same quality on former agricultural land compared to permanent forest land. In this study, we attempted to find out the course of temperatures and volumetric water content as well as some other physical soil properties (at depths of 20, 40 and 60 cm) 9 years after the afforestation of agricultural land (warm, mild dry region of the Czech Republic) with a mixture of broadleaved tree species (Quercus robur L., Quercus rubra L. and Acer platanoides L.) or monospecific Pinus sylvestris L. stand; the study was performed in the period from April to the beginning of November 2020. Concerning the studied physical soil properties, the value of bulk density was higher (and total porosity lower) at a depth of 20 cm in Pinus sylvestris L. compared with agricultural land or the mixture of broadleaves; the water stability of soil aggregates was higher after the afforestation with the mixture of broadleaves. The temperature was lower in the soil of afforested plots (at all studied depths) compared to the agriculturally used land. Differences in rainfall interception, transpiration, soil (and forest floor) properties and other factors could influence the obtained values of water content in the soil of the studied plots. The average volumetric water contents were the highest in the plots with Scots pine (depth of 20 cm) and broadleaves (depth of 40 cm), and on the control plot (depth of 60 cm). The volumetric water content at a soil depth of 20 cm was not significantly (P 0.05) different when the plot with Scots pine and agriculturally used land were compared. In all other cases and depths, the differences between plots were significant (P < 0.05).",2021,"Vopravil, J; <br>Vopravil, J; <br>Formanek, P; <br>Hermanovska, D; <br>Khel, T; <br>Jacko, K","Chernozem; forest; physical soil properties; precipitation; soil temperature","http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/108/2021-JFS","Article","JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE","Field experiments"]
["Adaptive multi-paddock grazing enhances soil carbon and nitrogen stocks and stabilization through mineral association in southeastern US grazing lands","Grassland soils are a large reservoir of soil carbon (C) at risk of loss due to overgrazing in conventional grazing systems. By promoting regenerative grazing management practices that aim to increase soil C storage and soil health, grasslands have the potential to help alleviate rising atmospheric CO2 as well as sustain grass productivity across a vast area of land. Previous research has shown that rotational grazing, specifically adaptive multipaddock (AMP) grazing that utilizes short-duration rotational grazing at high stocking densities, can increase soil C stocks in grassland ecosystems, but the extent and mechanisms are unknown. We conducted a large-scale on-farm study on five ?across the fence? pairs of AMP and conventional grazing (CG) grasslands covering a spectrum of southeast United States grazing lands. We quantified soil C and nitrogen (N) stocks, their isotopic and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy signatures as well as their distribution among soil organic matter (SOM) physical fractions characterized by contrasting mechanisms of formation and persistence in soils. Our findings show that the AMP grazing sites had on average 13% (i.e., 9 Mg C ha-1) more soil C and 9% (i.e., 1 Mg N ha-1) more soil N compared to the CG sites over a 1 m depth. Additionally, the stocks? difference was mostly in the mineral-associated organic matter fraction in the A-horizon, suggesting long-term persistence of soil C in AMP grazing farms. The higher N stocks and lower 15N abundance of AMP soils also point to higher N retention in these systems. These findings provide evidence that AMP grazing is a management strategy to sequester C in the soil and retain N in the system, thus contributing to climate change mitigation.",2021,"Mosier, S; <br>Mosier, S; <br>Apfelbaum, S; <br>Byck, P; <br>Byck, P; <br>Calderon, F; <br>Teague, R; <br>Thompson, R; <br>Cotrufo, MF; <br>Cotrufo, MF","Adaptive multi-paddock grazing; Soil carbon sequestration; Mineral-associated organic matter; Soil nitrogen","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112409","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT","Field experiments"]
["Effects of biochar aging in the soil on its mechanical property and performance for soil CO2 and N2O emissions","Biochar application into the soils has been reported to have huge carbon sequestration potential, although it remains unclear that how the biochar aging in the soil affects its mechanical properties and soil CO2 and N2O emissions. This work assessed the impact of soil biochar aging on its physicochemical properties, microbiota community in the biochar, and soil CO2 and N2O emissions. Various characterizations (e.g., SEM-EDS, XRD, and FTIR) of fresh and aged biochar indicated that soil minerals accumulated on the biochar during the field aging process, forming organo-mineral complexes and blocking the cracks and channels on the biochar. The measured hardness and compressive strength of aged biochar were significantly higher than those of fresh biochar, consistent with the presence of soil minerals on the aged biochar. The soil CO2 and N2O emissions were significantly decreased after the addition of aged biochar particles, as compared to fresh biochar particles. This was probably because that the improved mechanical properties could inhibit the fragmentation of biochar particles, reducing the release of labile fractions from the biochar and the subsequent CO2 and N2O emissions. Moreover, the presence of CO2-fixing bacteria (e.g., Chloroflexi) and inhibited nitrification and ammonia oxidation in aged biochar particles might also reduce CO2 and N2O emissions. These findings suggest aged biochar particles with improved physical stability to the soil could enhance soil carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emission reduction. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.",2021,"Wang, L; <br>Wang, L; <br>Gao, CC; <br>Gao, CC; <br>Yang, K; <br>Yang, K; <br>Sheng, YQ; <br>Sheng, YQ; <br>Xu, J; <br>Xu, J; <br>Zhao, YX; <br>Zhao, YX; <br>Lou, J; <br>Lou, J; <br>Sun, R; <br>Zhu, LZ; <br>Zhu, LZ","Biochar; Field aging; Soil minerals; Mechanical strength; Greenhouse gas emissions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146824","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["Long-term effects of gasification biochar application on soil functions in a Mediterranean agroecosystem: Higher addition rates sequester more carbon but pose a risk to soil faunal communities","Biochar applications can have important implications for many of the soil functions upon which agroecosystems rely, particularly regarding organic carbon storage. This study evaluated the impacts of adding a highly aromatic gasification biochar at different rates (0, 12 and 50 t ha(-1)) to a barley crop on the provision of crucial soil functions (carbon sequestration, water content, greenhouse gas emissions, nutrient cycling, soil food web functioning, and food production). After natural ageing in the field for six years, a wide range of soil properties representative of the studied soil functions were measured and integrated into a soil quality index. Results showed that C sequestration increased with biochar rate (23 and 68% higher than in the control for the 12 and 50 t biochar ha(-1) treatments, respectively). Water content was enhanced at the 50 t ha(-1) treatment depending on the sampling date. Despite biochar additions neither abating nor increasing CO2 equivalent emissions (carbon dioxide plus nitrous oxide and methane), the system shifted from being a methane sink (-0.017 +/- 0.01 mg CH4-C m(-2) h(-1) at the 12 t ha(-1) treatment), to a net source (0.025 +/- 0.02 mg CH4-Cm-2 h(-1) at the 50 t ha(-1) treatment). In addition, biochar ageing provoked a loss of nitrate mitigation potential, and indeed ammonium production was stimulated at the 50 t ha(-1) rate. The 50 t ha(-1) treatment also adversely affected nematode and collembolan functional diversity. Lastly, biochar did not affect barley yield. The results of the soil quality index indicated that no biochar treatment provided more benefits to our agricultural soil, and, although the 50 t ha(-1) treatment increased C sequestration, this was potentially offset by its harmful effects on soil faunal communities. Therefore, application of this biochar at high rates should be avoided to prevent risks to soil biological communities. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2021,"Llovet, A; <br>Llovet, A; <br>Mattana, S; <br>Chin-Pampillo, J; <br>Chin-Pampillo, J; <br>Chin-Pampillo, J; <br>Gasco, G; <br>Sanchez, S; <br>Mondini, C; <br>Briones, MJI; <br>Marquez, L; <br>Marquez, L; <br>Alcaniz, JM; <br>Alcaniz, JM; <br>Ribas, A; <br>Ribas, A; <br>Domene, X; <br>Domene, X","Gasification biochar; Soil functions; Ageing; Soil food web; Greenhouse gas; Nutrient cycling","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149580","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["Assessing the diverse environmental effects of biochar systems: An evaluation framework","Biochar has been recognised as a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technology. Unlike other CDR technologies, biochar is expected to deliver various valuable effects in e.g. agriculture, animal husbandry, industrial processes, remediation activities and waste management. The diversity of biochar side effects to CDR makes the systematic environmental assessment of biochar projects challenging, and to date, there is no common framework for evaluating them. Our aim is to bridge the methodology gap for evaluating biochar systems from a life-cycle perspective. Using life cycle theory, actual biochar projects, and reviews of biochar research, we propose a general description of biochar systems, an overview of biochar effects, and an evaluation framework for biochar effects. The evaluation framework was applied to a case study, the Stockholm Biochar Project. In the framework, biochar effects are classified according to life cycle stage and life cycle effect type; and the biochar's end-of-life and the reference situations are made explicit. Three types of effects are easily included in life cycle theory: changes in biosphere exchanges, technosphere inputs, and technosphere outputs. For other effects, analysing the cause-effect chain may be helpful. Several biochar effects in agroecosystems can be modelled as future productivity increases against a reference situation. In practice, the complexity of agroecosystems can be bypassed by using empirical models. Existing biochar life cycle studies are often limited to carbon footprint calculations and quantify a limited amount of biochar effects, mainly carbon sequestration, energy displacements and fertiliser-related emissions. The methodological development in this study can be of benefit to the biochar and CDR research communities, as well as decision-makers in biochar practice and policy. ¬© 2021 The Author(s)",2021,"Azzi, E.S.; <br>Karltun, E.; <br>Sundberg, C.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112154","Article","J. Environ. Manage.","Field experiments"]
["Conservation tillage (CT) for climate-smart sustainable intensification: Assessing the impact of CT on soil organic carbon accumulation, greenhouse gas emission and water footprint of wheat cultivation in Bangladesh","Soil organic carbon (SOC), greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and water footprint (WF) are the key indicators of environmental sustainability in agricultural systems. Increasing SOC while reducing GHG emissions and WF are effective measures to achieve high crop productivity with minimum environmental impact (i.e. a multi-pronged approach of sustainable intensification (SI) and climate-smart agriculture (CSA) to achieve food security). In conventional agricultural systems, intensive soil tillage and removal of crop residues can lead to increase negative environmental impact due to reduce SOC, GHG emission and high water consumption. Conservation agriculture (CA) based conservation tillage systems (CTS) with crop residue retention is often suggested as a resource conserving alternative to increase crop productivity without compromising soil health and environmental sustainability of cereal cropping systems. The environmental impact of CTS in terms of SOC, WF and GHG emissions nonetheless remains understudied in Bangladesh. A two-year field experiment was carried out to evaluate the impacts of CTS with retention of crop residue on SOC accumulation, GHG emission and WF in wheat cultivation of Bangladesh. In the experiment, CTS such as zero tillage (ZT) and minimum tillage (MT) were compared with the conventional tillage (CT) practice. Result observed that the SOC accumulation in the soil was 0.11 t ha‚àí1, 0.97 t ha‚àí1, and 1.3 t ha‚àí1 for CT, MT and ZT practices, respectively. A life cycle GHG emission estimation by farm efficiency analysis tool (FEAT) calculated 1987, 1992 and 2028 kg CO2eq ha‚àí1 for ZT, MT and CT practices, respectively. Among the studied tillage options, lowest WF was achieved by MT (570.05 m3 t‚àí1) followed by ZT (578.56 m3 t‚àí1) and CT (608.85 m3 t‚àí1). Since the results are in favor of CTS, this study recommends MT and ZT practice to reduce negative environmental externalities in wheat cultivation in Bangladesh. In comparison between the methods, the MT, which retains crop residue (20 cm), and involves principles of CA, is suitable for both CSA and SI of wheat cultivation in Bangladesh due to its ability to increase SOC accumulation, prevent both water loss, and GHG emission without compromising yield. ¬© 2021 The Authors",2021,"Rahman, M.M.; <br>Aravindakshan, S.; <br>Hoque, M.A.; <br>Rahman, M.A.; <br>Gulandaz, M.A.; <br>Rahman, J.; <br>Islam, M.T.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2021.100106","Article","Environ. Sustain. Ind.","Field experiments"]
["Forest regeneration can positively contribute to local hydrological ecosystem services: Implications for forest landscape restoration","Governments are increasingly committing to significant forest restoration. While carbon sequestration is a major objective, the case for restoration often includes benefits to local communities. However, the impacts of forest restoration on local hydrological services (e.g. flood and erosion risk, stream flow during dry periods) are surprisingly poorly understood. Particularly limited information is available on the impacts of passive tropical forest restoration following shifting cultivation. The outcome depends on the trade-off between the improved soil infiltration capacity (reducing overland flow and increasing soil and groundwater recharge) and greater evapotranspiration (diminishing local water availability). Using measurements from highly instrumented plots under three vegetation types in the shifting cultivation cycle in Madagascar's eastern rainforests (forest, tree fallow and degraded abandoned agricultural land), and infiltration measurements for the same vegetation types across the landscape, we explore the impacts of forest regeneration on the ecohydrological processes that underpin locally important ecosystem services. Overland flow was minimal for the tree fallow (similar to the forest) and much lower than for the degraded land, likely leading to a lower risk of erosion and flooding compared to the degraded land. Conversely, evapotranspiration losses were lower for the tree fallow than the forest, leading to a higher net recharge, likely resulting in more streamflow between rainfall events. These results demonstrate that young regenerating tropical forest vegetation can positively contribute to locally important hydrological ecosystem services. Allowing tree fallows to recover further is unlikely to further reduce the risk of overland flow but may, at least temporarily, result in less streamflow. Synthesis and applications. Encouraging natural regeneration is increasingly seen as a cost-effective way to deliver forest landscape restoration. Our data suggest that increasing the abundance of young secondary forest in the tropics, by increasing fallow lengths in the shifting cultivation cycle, could make a positive contribution to locally important hydrological ecosystem services (specifically reducing overland flow and therefore erosion and flooding, while maintaining streamflows). Such empirical understanding is needed to inform the models used for planning forest landscape restoration to maximize benefits to local communities. ¬© 2021 The Authors. Journal of Applied Ecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society",2021,"van Meerveld, H.J.; <br>Jones, J.P.G.; <br>Ghimire, C.P.; <br>Zwartendijk, B.W.; <br>Lahitiana, J.; <br>Ravelona, M.; <br>Mulligan, M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13836","Article","J. Appl. Ecol.","Field experiments"]
["Temporal variation of SOC storage and crop yield and its relationship - A fourteen year field trial about tillage practices in a double paddy cropping system, China.","Carbon (C) sequestration in agricultural systems is recommended as a beneficial measure for climate change mitigation and food security. Despite much research, the relationship between soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and sustainable crop productivity has not been identified for various agricultural ecosystems, especially in the paddy ecosystem where conservation tillage has been adopted. Thus, a long-term experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of tillage practices on SOC storage, yield, and their relationship in a double-cropped rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddy in Southern China from 2005 to 2018. Four tillage systems were investigated: no-till with residue retained on the soil surface (NTS), rotary tillage with residue retention (RTS), plow tillage with residue retention (CTS), and plow tillage with residue removed (CT). The SOC accumulation in the 0-20cm layer in tillage systems included two stages: the rapid accumulation stage (2005-2007) and the slow fluctuation stage (2007-2018), with a tendency for C saturation. After reaching C saturation, the increase in SOC storage was not obvious, even with continued C input, and the SOC storage under different tillage systems was inconsistent. In general, SOC storage under NTS was the greatest. Interannual changes were not significant, while cumulative yield (2005-2018) was highest under CTS (162.13tha-1), followed by RTS (158.46tha-1), NTS (153.99tha-1), and CT (149.70tha-1). Tillage practices had no effect on the yield stability of late rice, but a significant difference in early rice was noticed between CTS and RTS. A non-linear relationship between rice yield and SOC storage was significant (P<0.0001). With increasing SOC, yields tended to increase first and then decrease. Thus, innovative tillage strategies (such as NTS) could increase SOC storage before it reaches C saturation, but maintaining SOC storage within a reasonable range and optimizing SOC distribution might be more beneficial for crop productivity than a higher SOC storage, especially in C-rich paddy fields. Copyright ¬© 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2021,"Wang, Xing; <br>Jing, Zhen-Huan; <br>He, Cong; <br>Liu, Qiu-Yue; <br>Qi, Jian-Ying; <br>Zhao, Xin; <br>Xiao, Xiao-Ping; <br>Zhang, Hai-Lin",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143494","Journal Article","The Science of the total environment","Field experiments"]
["Organic vegetable farming system enhancing soil carbon sequestration in Bali, Indonesia","Climate change as an implication of global warming due to the influence of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has become an important issue in recent decades. Organic farming plays an important role in mitigating climate change by reducing atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions through increased soil carbon sequestration. This study was designed to compare soil carbon sequestration levels between conventional and organic vegetable farming fields in Bali, Indonesia. Soil samples were taken from organic fields and conventional fields in pairs. Variables of soil organic carbon, soil labile carbon, and soil bulk density are measured. Vegetable yields were estimated by fresh weights from a quadrant of 45 plants (1.12 m2) in each farming system, which is then converted to the fresh weight per hectare. The results from soil analysis indicate that organic farming leads to soil with significantly higher soil carbon storage capacity than conventional farming. The labile C fraction shows a more significant increase compared to total C. Organic farming can increase by 1.13 tons C per hectare per year compared with the conventional farming system. The use of manure compost as an alternative in vegetable fields of Bali has resulted in increased soil organic carbon storage and gross benefits for farming. Although more research is needed on the actual emissions of CO2 gas from organic and conventional farming, this research can be used as an early indication that organic vegetable farming system can increase the mitigation of global warming, and build sustainable agriculture in Bali, Indonesia. ¬© Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.",2021,"Sardiana, I.K.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/724/1/012025","Conference Paper","IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci.","Field experiments"]
["Effect of biochar on soil characteristics of Yellow River Delta coastal wetland, China","Coastal wetland soil quality has been threatened due to anthropogenic disturbance and thus an effective measure is urgent to be used to reclaim the degraded wetland soils. Biochar is a promising carbonaceous material that has been proved an effective strategy for soil carbon sequestration and soil remediation. However, few researches have paid attention to effect of biochar on soil characteristics under rainfall conditions in coastal wetland. Thus, we conducted a leaching experiment to explore the effect of biochar on soil pH, EC, CEC, Ex-Na+ and ESP. The results showed that biochar addition significantly decreased soil pH, EC, Ex-Na+ and ESP, and increased soil CEC. Our findings showed that biochar could be a promising soil remediation in degraded coastal wetland ecosystems with multiple benefits. ¬© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2021.",2021,"Cao, Y.; <br>Li, X.; <br>Wang, X.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125102039","Conference Paper","E3S Web Conf.","Field experiments"]
["Solar geoengineering: Scenarios of future governance challenges","In the face of increasingly clear climate-change impacts and continued inadequacy of efforts to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions and adapt to ongoing climate changes, increasing attention has been directed to geoengineering: deliberate large-scale interventions in the Earth's climate system to moderate global warming. Such interventions could reduce risks in novel ways, but are controversial because they present an uncertain, high-stakes mix of potential benefits and risks. Solar geoengineering poses especially acute international governance needs, particularly in the case of potential future demands to use it. Many aspects of geoengineering present deep, ill structured uncertainties that carry high stakes for near-term decisions, and are thus suitable for exploration through scenarios. This collection of papers reports on a major scenario exercise examining governance challenges and potential responses for solar geoengineering, held at the International Summer School on Geoengineering Governance in Banff, Canada in 2019. This opening paper introduces geoengineering and the concerns it raises, particularly as they pertain to governance; reviews the design and use of scenario exercises to inform decisions under uncertainty, including their prior uses related to climate change and geoengineering; and outlines the aims, design, and process of this scenario exercise.",2021,"Parson, EA; <br>Reynolds, JL; <br>Reynolds, JL","Scenarios; Climate change; Global warming; Geoengineering; Solar geoengineering; Carbon dioxide removal","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2021.102806","Article","FUTURES","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["But They Told Us It Was Safe! Carbon Dioxide Removal, Fracking, and Ripple Effects in Risk Perceptions","Reaching net-zero for global greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2050 will require a portfolio of new technologies and approaches, potentially requiring direct removal and sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide using negative emissions technologies (NETs). Since energy and climate systems are fundamentally interconnected it is important that we understand the impacts of policy decisions and their associated controversies in other related technologies and sectors. Using a secondary analysis of data from a series of deliberative workshops conducted with lay publics in the United Kingdom, we suggest that perceptions of CO2 removal technologies were negatively impacted by risk perceptions and recent policy decisions surrounding shale gas and fracking. Using the social amplification of risk framework, we argue that heightened risk perceptions have extended via \"ripple effects\" across these technologies. Participants' attitudes were underpinned by deeper misgivings regarding the actions and motives of experts and policymakers; a pervasive discourse of \"but they told us it was safe\" regarding fracking negatively affected people's trust in assurances of the safety and efficacy of CO2 removal. This has the potential to undermine attempts to build societal agreement around future deployment of CO2 removal technologies.",2021,"Cox, E; <br>Pidgeon, N; <br>Spence, E","Carbon capture and storage; climate change; greenhouse gas removal; negative emissions technologies; risk amplification; shale gas","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.13717","Article","RISK ANALYSIS","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Limits to climate action-Narratives of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage","In recent years, bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) has been awarded a key role in climate mitigation scenarios explored by integrated assessment models and referenced in reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Because a majority of scenarios limiting global warming to 2 degrees C or 1,5 degrees C include vast deployment of BECCS, a critical discussion has emerged among experts about the moral implications of thus introducing an unproven technology into the policy realm. In this paper, we analyse this discussion as it has played out between 2013 and 2019, with a focus on how expert narratives are constructed in the mass media about the possibilities for decarbonisation within the current political-economic order. We find there are almost no narratives that support massive deployment of BECCS, and that all narratives presuppose limits to decarbonisation imposed by the current political-economic system. The perception of such limits lead some to argue, through deterministic and apolitical narratives, for the necessity of negative emissions technologies, while others argue instead that \"degrowth\" is the only solution. Thus, there is a distinct lack of positive narratives about how capitalism can bring about decarbonisation.",2021,"Haikola, S; <br>Anshelm, J; <br>Hansson, A","Climate narratives; Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage; BECCS; Climate imaginaries; Political geography; Climate and capitalism; Climate politics","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2021.102416","Article","POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["From moral hazard to risk-response feedback","The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessments (IPCC) Special Report on 1.5 degrees C of global warming is clear. Nearly all pathways that hold global warming well below 2 degrees C involve carbon removal (IPCC, 2015). In addition, solar geoengineering is being considered as a potential tool to offset warming, especially to limit temperature until negative emissions technologies are sufficiently matured (MacMartin et al., 2018). Despite this, there has been a reluctance to embrace carbon removal and solar geoengineering, partly due to the perception that these technologies represent what is widely termed a \"moral hazard\": that geoengineering will prevent people from developing the will to change their personal consumption and push for changes in infrastructure (Robock et al., 2010), erode political will for emissions cuts (Keith, 2007), or otherwise stimulate increased carbon emissions at the social-system level of analysis (Bunzl, 2008). These debates over carbon removal and geoengineering echo earlier ones over climate adaptation. We argue that debates over \"moral hazard\" in many areas of climate policy are un-helpful and misleading. We also propose an alternative framework for dealing with the tradeoffs that motivate the appeal to \"moral hazard, \"which we call \"risk-response feedback.\"",2021,"Jebari, J; <br>Taiwo, OO; <br>Andrews, TM; <br>Aquila, V; <br>Beckage, B; <br>Beckage, B; <br>Belaia, M; <br>Clifford, M; <br>Fuhrman, J; <br>Keller, DP; <br>Mach, KJ; <br>Mach, KJ; <br>Morrow, DR; <br>Raimi, KT; <br>Visioni, D; <br>Nicholson, S; <br>Trisos, CH; <br>Trisos, CH","Moral hazard; Climate policy; Climate behavior change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100324","Article","CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The role of soils in the regulation of ocean acidification","Soils play an important role in mediating chemical weathering reactions and carbon transfer from the land to the ocean. Proposals to increase the contribution of alkalinity to the oceans through 'enhanced weathering' as a means to help prevent climate change are gaining increasing attention. This would augment the existing connection between the biogeochemical function of soils and alkalinity levels in the ocean. The feasibility of enhanced weathering depends on the combined influence of what minerals are added to soils, the formation of secondary minerals in soils and the drainage regime, and the partial pressure of respired CO2 around the dissolving mineral. Increasing the alkalinity levels in the ocean through enhanced weathering could help to ameliorate the effects of ocean acidification in two ways. First, enhanced weathering would slightly elevate the pH of drainage waters, and the receiving coastal waters. The elevated pH would result in an increase in carbonate mineral saturation states, and a partial reversal in the effects of elevated CO2. Second, the increase in alkalinity would help to replenish the ocean's buffering capacity by maintaining the 'Revelle Factor', making the oceans more resilient to further CO2 emissions. However, there is limited research on the downstream and oceanic impacts of enhanced weathering on which to base deployment decisions. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of soils in delivering Nature's Contributions to People'.",2021,"Renforth, P; <br>Campbell, JS","ocean alkalinity; enhanced weathering; ocean acidification","http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0174","Article","PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Earth system interventions as technologies of the Anthropocene","Earth system interventions (ESIs)-intentional large-scale interventions in Earth systems-are not entirely new. However, in response to threats to sustainability, particularly from climate change and biodiversity loss, some scientists and others are researching, developing, and using new, largely technological ESIs. These include carbon dioxide removal, solar geoengineering, in situ genetically modified organisms, gene drive organisms, de-extinction, and high-tech ecosystem restoration. Some emerging ESIs appear to be effective and feasible, both technically and economically, and may be necessary to achieve important sustainability and human welfare objectives. They also pose serious environmental risks. This paper identifies more than a dozen social, political, and ethical challenges that are common across many of the emerging technological ESIs. Governance could mitigate and manage these issues, and it would be made more effective and robust by understanding and treating new ESIs as such and as a potentially trans formative set of innovations in human-Earth system relations.",2021,"Reynolds, JL; <br>Reynolds, JL; <br>Reynolds, JL","Anthropocene; Biotechnology; Earth systems; Emerging technologies; Environmental governance; Geoengineering","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2021.06.010","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL INNOVATION AND SOCIETAL TRANSITIONS","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["On the Permissibility (Or Otherwise) of Negative Emissions","Limiting dangerous climate change is now widely believed to require negative emissions (NETs), a prospect some believe to be unjust and unacceptably risky. While NETs are not risk-free, I argue that they could be part of minimally just responses to climate change. In doing so, I identify a dilemma between limiting warming to 1.5 degrees C, which promises lower climate impacts but implies greater NETs risks, and 2 degrees C, which requires less NETs but promises greater climate impacts. Finally, I consider what the case of NETs reveals about permissibility in the face of non-compliance with principles of climate justice.",2021,"Lenzi, D","Climate justice; negative emissions; carbon dioxide removal; geoengineering","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21550085.2021.1885249","Article","ETHICS POLICY & ENVIRONMENT","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Balancing a budget or running a deficit? The offset regime of carbon removal and solar geoengineering under a carbon budget","The idea of the carbon budget is a powerful conceptual tool to define and quantify the climate challenge. Whilst scientists present the carbon budget as the geophysical foundation for global net-zero targets, the financial metaphor of a budget implies figuratively the existence of a 'budget manager' who oversees the budget balance. Using this fictive character of budget manager as a heuristic device, the paper analyses the roles of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and solar radiation management (SRM) under a carbon budget. We argue that both CDR and SRM can be understood as 'technologies of offset'. CDR offsets positive carbon emissions by negative emissions, whereas SRM offsets the warming from positive greenhouse gas forcing by the induced cooling from negative forcing. These offset technologies serve as flexible budgeting tools in two different strategies for budget management: they offer the promise of achieving a balanced budget, but also introduce the possibility for running a budget deficit. The lure of offsetting rests on the flexibility of keeping up an 'appearance' of delivering a given budget whilst at the same time easing budget constraints for a certain period of time. The political side-effect of offsetting is to change the stringency of budgetary constraints from being regulated by geophysics to being adjustable by human discretion. As a result, a budget deficit can be normalised as an acceptable fiscal condition. We suggest that the behavioural tendency of policymakers to avoid blame could lead them to resort to using offset technologies to circumvent the admission of failure to secure a given temperature target.",2021,"Asayama, S; <br>Asayama, S; <br>Asayama, S; <br>Hulme, M; <br>Markusson, N","Carbon budget; Climate geoengineering; Carbon dioxide removal; Solar radiation management; Offset; Net zero","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03174-1","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["As Much as Possible, as Soon As Possible: Getting Negative About Emissions","This paper is a report on the viability, both technical and ethical, of negative emissions technologies (NETs) in climate change mitigation. Given present levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, NETs are almost certainly required in order to avoid the most serious consequences of anthropogenic carbonization. Critics argue that we should not rely on the promise of future NETs because that could be taken as an excuse to avoid decarbonization in the near term. The concern is genuine, but if the prima facie arguments for drawing down carbon as soon as possible are correct, ways must be found to counter the incentives to defer the immediate deployment of NETs and other forms of mitigation. A policy instrument is sketched which could help accomplish that task.",2021,"Peacock, KA","negative emissions; global warming; BECCS; DAC","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21550085.2021.1904497","Article","ETHICS POLICY & ENVIRONMENT","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["From fAIrplay to climate wars: making climate change scenarios more dynamic, creative, and integrative","Understanding possible climate futures that include carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and solar radiation modification (SRM) requires thinking not just about staying within the remaining carbon budget, but also about politics and people. However, despite growing interest in CDR and SRM, scenarios focused on these potential responses to climate change tend to exclude feedbacks between social and climate systems (a criticism applicable to climate change scenarios more generally). We adapted the Manoa Mash Up method to generate scenarios for CDR and SRM that were more integrative, creative, and dynamic. The method was modified to identify important branching points in which different choices in how to respond to climate change (feedbacks between climate and social dynamics) lead to a plurality of climate futures. An interdisciplinary group of participants imagined distant futures in which SRM or CDR develop into a major social-environmental force. Groups received other \"seeds\" of change, such as Universal Basic Income or China's Belt and Road Initiative, and surprises, such as permafrost collapse that grew to influence the course of events to 2100. Groups developed narratives describing pathways to the future and identified bifurcation points to generate families of branching scenarios. Four climate-social dynamics were identified: motivation to mitigate, moral hazard, social unrest, and trust in institutions. These dynamics could orient toward better or worse outcomes with SRM and CDR deployment (and mitigation and adaptation responses more generally) but are typically excluded from existing climate change scenarios. The importance of these dynamics could be tested through the inclusion of social-environmental feedbacks into integrated assessment models (IAM) exploring climate futures. We offer a step-by-step guide to the modified Manoa Mash-up method to generate more integrative, creative, and dynamic scenarios; reflect on broader implications of using this method for generating more dynamic scenarios for climate change research and policy; and provide examples of using the scenarios in climate policy communication, including a choose-your-own adventure game called Survive the Century (https://survivethecentury.net/), which was played by over 15,000 people in the first 2 weeks of launching.",2021,"Pereira, LM; <br>Pereira, LM; <br>Pereira, LM; <br>Pereira, LM; <br>Morrow, DR; <br>Aquila, V; <br>Beckage, B; <br>Beckage, B; <br>Beckbesinger, S; <br>Beukes, L; <br>Buck, HJ; <br>Buck, HJ; <br>Carlson, CJ; <br>Geden, O; <br>Jones, AP; <br>Keller, DP; <br>Mach, KJ; <br>Mach, KJ; <br>Mashigo, M; <br>Moreno-Cruz, JB; <br>Visioni, D; <br>Nicholson, S; <br>Trisos, CH; <br>Trisos, CH","carbon dioxide removal; climate change; futures; geoengineering scenarios; science fiction; solar radiation management","http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-12856-260430","Article","ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Climate policy decision making in contexts of deep uncertainty-from optimisation to robustness","Integrated assessment models are often used to evaluate the role of different technologies in meeting global climate goals. Such models have been criticised for failing to address the deep uncertainties and plurality of values that are fundamental to energy transitions. One consequence is that model scenarios overwhelmingly depend on large-scale carbon dioxide removal to hold warming to below 2 degrees C. Here we propose an alternative approach using Scenario-Focused Decision Analysis (SFDA) as methods that embrace decision making under deep uncertainty. SFDA can accommodate a range of value sets and perspectives, and most importantly can integrate value-based decision-making in designing climate policy. We specifically consider Robust Decision Making (RDM) as an exemplar of SFDA for developing climate policy. We outline an iterative five-stage framework for RDM using the role of carbon dioxide removal in long-term mitigation pathways as an example. The five steps comprise (i) participatory definition of goals, values, potential policy options and uncertainties; (ii) modelling the performance of policy portfolios across a wide range of future scenarios; (iii) visualisation and identification of portfolio vulnerabilities; (iv) analysis of trade-offs; and (v) development of policy strategies. SFDA, and specifically RDM, provide untapped opportunities for diverse actors to explore alternative mitigation pathways and evaluate the robustness of climate policy choices through \"deliberation with analysis\". In relation to carbon dioxide removal methods, RDM provides a framework for evaluating their potential for safely meeting climate goals in a societally acceptable manner.",2021,"Workman, M; <br>Workman, M; <br>Darch, G; <br>Dooley, K; <br>Lomax, G; <br>Maltby, J; <br>Pollitt, H","International climate policy; Carbon dioxide removal technologies; Integrated assessment modelling; Robust Decision Making; Deliberation with Analysis; Diversity in value-sets","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.03.002","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Managing the risks of missing international climate targets","The Paris targets are based on assumptions that a global temperature increase of 1.5 degrees C-2 degrees C above preindustrial levels will be safe, and that the climate can be stabilized at these higher temperatures. However, global average temperatures are already measurably impacting the Earth's systems at 1.2 degrees C above preindustrial levels. Many human and environmental systems cannot adapt to higher temperatures, which may exceed critical tipping points in physical climate and ecological systems. Compounding these risks is the likelihood that the international 2 degrees C limit will be overshot due to political obstacles and systemic inertia from existing greenhouse gases, warming oceans, and the decades required to replace existing infrastructure. Moreover, the Earth energy imbalance may have to be reduced to approximately zero to stabilize the global climate (i.e., CO2 concentrations lowered to around 350 ppm.) Most IPCC mitigation scenarios assume that climate targets will be temporarily overshot, and require large-scale carbon dioxide removal [CDR] to subsequently lower temperatures. However, many CDR methods may not be politically and/or technologically feasible, and they will act too slowly to prevent dangerous overshoot. These issues raise serious doubts about the ability of current mitigation polices to ensure safe outcomes. They also indicate the need to investigate whether rapid climate cooling measures may be required to reduce the risks associated with high temperatures during the long time it will take to decarbonize the global economy and stabilize the climate. Given the uncertainty of future mitigation success, and the potentially existential costs of failure, there is now an urgent need to examine whether or not current efforts are credible, and if not, what mitigation measures will be required to prevent dangerous overshoot and ensure a safe, stable climate. In order to develop a feasible mitigation strategy, it will be necessary to prioritize research both on climate overshoot risks, and on the relative effectiveness, risks, costs and timelines of potential mitigation and adaptation approaches. Since large scale climate interventions will be needed to prevent dangerous global warming, all plausible options need to be investigated, including carbon dioxide removal methods and technologies for rapidly cooling global temperatures. This research is a prerequisite for evaluating the comparative benefits, costs and risks of using, or not using, various forms of mitigation and adaptation, and then developing a realistic overshoot risk management plan.",2021,"Taylor, G; <br>Taylor, G; <br>Vink, S","Climate risk management; Paris agreement; Overshoot; Tipping points; Climate interventions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100379","Short Survey","CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Carbon-dioxide Removal and Biodiversity: A Threat Identification Framework","Carbon-dioxide removal (CDR) technologies offer the potential to contribute to the restoration and protection of natural ecosystems, the achievement of development goals and the safeguarding of human wellbeing. However, these technologies can also present risks to biodiversity, particularly those techniques that depend on large-scale manipulation of ecosystems and earth-system processes. Debates around the development of these technologies have historically focused on the dichotomy between the need to expand the knowledge base on all options related to emerging technologies, and the concern that research represents a slippery slope to deployment. This paper introduces a new approach to governing CDR research - one based on threat identification. We present a framework for assessing the impacts (positive or negative) on biodiversity and ecosystems from a spectrum of CDR interventions, so as to prioritize research to those CDR options that present minimal threats to biodiversity. Application of the framework indicates that while many CDR interventions present threats to biodiversity, certain options, such as regenerative CDR, may have positive impacts.",2021,"Dooley, K; <br>Harrould-Kolieb, E; <br>Talberg, A",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12828","Article","GLOBAL POLICY","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Searching for a Public in Controversies over Carbon Dioxide Removal: An Issue Mapping Study on BECCS and Afforestation","The roles digital media-technologies play in raising public issues relating to emerging technologies and their potential for engaging publics with science and policy assessments is a lively field of inquiry in Science and Technology Studies (STS). This paper presents an analysis of controversies over proposals for the large-scale removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CDR). The study combines a digital method (web-querying) with document analysis to map debates about two CDR approaches: bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and afforestation. In the first step, we locate actors using the web to engage with BECCS and afforestation and map their alignments in relation to competing framings of CDR. In a second step, we examine the devices deployed by UK-based actors to evidence and contest the feasibility of BECCS and afforestation. Our analysis shows that policy distinctions between \"natural\" and \"engineered\" CDR are used flexibly in practice and do not map neatly onto actor engagement with BECCS and afforestation. We highlight the predominance of cross-cutting techno-economic expertise and argue that framings of CDR as a solution to governing climate change may contribute to public disengagement from climate policy processes. The paper reflects on methods for studying controversies, publics, and issues emerging around processes of technoscientific assessment.",2021,"Waller, L; <br>Rayner, T; <br>Chilvers, J","digital methods; climate change; greenhouse gas removal; BECCS; afforestation; publics","http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01622439211043568","Article; Early Access","SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY & HUMAN VALUES","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Addressing power imbalances in biosequestration governance","Climate change is a global challenge that requires strong governance on a global scale. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has suggested that large-scale biosequestration in the form of forest restoration or tree plantation establishment is a potential form of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) that could contribute significantly to climate change mitigation. Yet it has also cautioned that this approach has social and environmental trade-offs that need to be addressed through enhanced land governance. Land governance, per definition, has a strong local dimension as most lands are inhabited by local communities. Glocal and other multi-scale governance approaches have been proposed to address potential conflicts between global policies and the rights, needs and priorities of local communities. Yet these approaches often overlook the power imbalances between the actors that design global climate policies and the local, often politically and economically marginalized, indigenous and other forest-dependent communities that are directly impacted by these policies. The paper will explore to what extent theoretical concepts like rights-based approaches have been able to address these conflicts and power imbalances, and whether more profound changes in governance systems are required to ensure equitable implementation of CDR.",2021,"Lovera-Bilderbeek, S; <br>Lahiri, S",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12882","Article","GLOBAL POLICY","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Carbon Removal as Carbon Revival? Bioenergy, Negative Emissions, and the Politics of Alternative Energy Futures","Conscious of the need to limit climate warming to 1.5 degrees, many countries are pinning their hopes upon carbon dioxide (CO2) removal through the industrial-scale combination of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). But it is not merely by storing captured CO2 that BECCS enthusiasts hope to harness biomass combustion for climate repair. Increasingly, more productive and ostensibly profitable uses for captured CO2 are also being identified. The concept of BECCS is evolving, in other words, into ‚ÄúBECCUS‚Äù ‚Äîbioenergy with carbon capture, utilisation and storage. Against this backdrop, this Perspective sets out two main arguments. Firstly, regardless of the precise use to which captured CO2 is put, efforts to predicate large-scale negative emissions upon biomass combustion should in our view be understood as attempts to reconfigure the fundamental relationship between climate change and energy use, turning the latter from a historical driver of climate warming into a remedial tool of climate repair. Secondly, the emergence of BECCUS cannot be understood solely as an attempt to make bioenergy-based negative emissions more economically viable. At stake, rather, are conflicting ideas about the role that intensive energy use should play in future global sustainable development pathways. This Perspective therefore calls for governance frameworks for carbon dioxide removal to adjudicate between conflicting approaches to achieving negative emissions not only on the basis of technical efficiency, or even ‚Äúon-the-ground‚Äù social and environmental impacts, but also according to compatibility with socially legitimate visions and understandings of what energy‚Äîand more specifically energy use‚Äîshould ultimately be for in the post-fossil fuel era. Copyright ¬© 2021 Palmer and Carton.",2021,"Palmer, J.; <br>Carton, W.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.678031","Article","Front. Clim.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Governing Net Zero Carbon Removals to Avoid Entrenching Inequities","Climate change embeds inequities and risks reinforcing these in policies for climate change remediation. In particular, with policies designed to achieve ‚Äúnet zero‚Äù carbon dioxide, offsets may be considered inequitable if seen to avoid or delay gross emission reductions; offsets to emissions through technologically mature methods of carbon dioxide removals (CDR) require natural resources at scales threatening food security; knowledge of the potential of immature CDR is largely a global north monopoly; and CDR in particular environments is ill-understood and its implications for development unexamined. The use of CDR to contribute to robust progress toward Paris climate goals requires global agreement on simultaneously reducing emissions and enhancing removals, equity in burden sharing, and an interdisciplinary effort led by individual jurisdictions and focused on the co-development of technologies and governance to create CDR portfolios matched to local needs. Copyright ¬© 2021 Healey, Scholes, Lefale and Yanda.",2021,"Healey, P.; <br>Scholes, R.; <br>Lefale, P.; <br>Yanda, P.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.672357","Article","Front. Clim.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The Oxymoron of Carbon Dioxide Removal: Escaping Carbon Lock-In and yet Perpetuating the Fossil Status Quo?","There appears to be a paradox in the debate over carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies. On the one hand, CDR is recognised as a crucial technical option to offset residual carbon emissions from fossil fuel use, so that it can help a transition to the net-zero energy system. But on the other hand, a serious concern is raised about CDR as a way to circumvent necessary emissions reduction, hence perpetuating the status quo of fossil fuel use. This apparent paradox of CDR, however, has less to do with technology itself but more with the difficulty to move away from carbon lock-in‚Äîthe deeply entrenched fossil-fuel-based energy system. The challenge of decarbonisation is indeed about eroding the deep lock-ins that perpetuate the production and consumption of fossil fuels. To understand the role of CDR in overcoming carbon lock-in, looking back the past debate on carbon capture and storage (CCS) is instructive. Although both CCS and CDR are criticised for keeping the fossil status quo, there is a crucial difference between them. Unlike CCS, CDR can possibly avoid the risk of reinforced lock-in, given its physical decoupling from fossil fuel use. And yet CDR has the risk of undue substitution that continues unjustly fossil carbon emissions. A change of the framing question is thus needed to puzzle out the paradox of CDR. To rightly place CDR in the challenge of rapid decarbonisation, we should ask more how CDR technologies can be used in alignment with a managed decline to fossil fuel production. Copyright ¬© 2021 Asayama.",2021,"Asayama, S.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.673515","Article","Front. Clim.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Undoing Equivalence: Rethinking Carbon Accounting for Just Carbon Removal","Concerns are increasingly raised over the centrality of carbon removal in climate policy, particularly in the guise of ‚Äúnet-zero‚Äù targets. Most significantly perhaps, treating emissions and removals as equivalent obscures emission reductions, resulting in ‚Äúmitigation deterrence.‚Äù Yet the conflation of emission reductions and removals is only one among several implicit equivalences in carbon removal accounting. Here, we examine three other forms‚Äîcarbon, geographical, and temporal equivalence‚Äîand discuss their implications for climate justice and the environmental risks with carbon removal. We conclude that ‚Äúundoing‚Äù these equivalences would further a just response to the climate crisis and tentatively explore what such undoing might look like in practice. Copyright ¬© 2021 Carton, Lund and Dooley.",2021,"Carton, W.; <br>Lund, J.F.; <br>Dooley, K.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.664130","Article","Front. Clim.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["A relationship paradigm between biochar amendment and greenhouse gas emissions","Agriculture is among one of the potent economic sectors that affects the climate change contributing directly or indirectly approximately 20% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. To reduce GHG emission, mitigation strategies used till date are not feasible or ineffective due to the negative effects on crop productivity, and being costly for operation. Hence a promising and cost-effective mitigation strategy/solution to reduce GHG emission is prerequisite while not compromising the farm productivity in terms of quality or quantity of farm produce. Nowadays, use of biochar for reducing GHG emission has been emerged as a feasible and potential agro-technology from farm waste which can potentially mitigate GHG emissions from agricultural soils as well as improves soil health by enhancing soil C contents. The role of recalcitrant biochar C, impact of biochar on the indigenous soil organic carbon, methanotrophy and underlying responsible mechanisms for soil C sequestration and mitigation of GHGs emission has been discussed in the present chapter. ¬© 2021 Elsevier Inc.",2021,"Ahsaan, M.; <br>Tripathi, P.; <br>Anupama; <br>Khare, P.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.apmp.2021.09.001","Book Chapter","Adv. Chem. Pollut. Environ. Manag. Prot.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Biochar for sustainable agriculture: Prospects and implications","Biochar application in soil can play a substantial part in altering the soil nutrients dynamics, pollutants, and microbial ecology. Also, strategic biochar treatments in soil may promote sustainable agriculture while providing numerous agronomic, economic, and environmental benefits. Both physical characteristics of biochar including surface area, particle density, and pore size distribution, and chemical characteristics like pH, electrical conductivity, total and plant-available concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus, cation exchange capacity, and selected minor nutrient contents influence its agronomic potential in soil. Some of the key outputs of biochar amendment include better nutrient management in soil, improved crop growth and productivity, enhanced crop physiological parameters and quality, reduced bioavailability of contaminants in soil and overall decrease in greenhouse gas emissions from soil. Moreover, the associated benefits of carbon sequestration through its highly recalcitrant nature could aid in the mitigation of climate change. The economic benefits of improved crop yield along with reduced costs of frequent fertilizers application and reduced irrigation can help in achieving economic stability and profitability to the farmers without compromising the preservation of environmental ecosystems. However, since most of these effects of biochar are highly dependent on variable factors including soil type, crop type and agroclimatic conditions, etc., long term field investigations focussing on positive and negative implications and potential limitations are necessary to propose biochar for practical agricultural applications. ¬© 2021 Elsevier Inc.",2021,"Vanapalli, K.R.; <br>Samal, B.; <br>Dubey, B.K.; <br>Bhattacharya, J.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.apmp.2021.08.008","Book Chapter","Adv. Chem. Pollut. Environ. Manag. Prot.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The Geopolitics of Negative Emissions Technologies - Learning lessons from REDD+ and Renewable Energies for Afforestation, BECCS and Direct Air Capture","Negative emissions technologies (NETs) have received increasing interest in recent years as a potential part of a portfolio of measures to address anthropogenic climate change, in particular following the 2015 UNFCCC Paris Agreement and the 2018 IPCC Special Report 'Global Warming of 1.5¬∞C'. This increasing significance for global climate policy is faced with a multitude of open questions regarding, among others, the geopolitical implications of large-scale use of NETs. This paper outlines what we can learn for the possible geopolitical futures of NETs from existing international 'green' approaches. ¬© 2021 Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.",2021,"Kreuter, J.; <br>Lederer, M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/sus.2021.24","Article","Glob. Sustain.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Urban Vegetable Gardening Brings Greening to Slum Environment and Helps Mitigate Climate Change Effects","Urban Health Resource Centre‚Äôs (UHRC) social facilitators encourage families to grow vegetables in small spaces in slum houses. Seeds were provided. Facilitators motivate families to tend plants as they grow. During 2018‚Äì2019, 495 families grew beans, bottle gourds, round gourds, sponge gourds, tomatoes, brinjals, small green peppers, and pumpkins in small spaces, broken buckets. A total of 495 families shared with 1485 neighbor families, thereby benefitting 9,900 population. Costs saved over the 3¬†years total to INR 8,251,932. Slum families can be motivated and overcome space constraints of small slum houses to nurture household vegetable gardens. Despite each home garden being small, these have the potential to mitigate carbon emissions a key climate change challenge affecting the world. Vegetable plants release oxygen, sequester carbon in the soil, and reduce atmospheric carbon. Vegetable gardens contribute to the cooling effect in urban spaces. Growing vegetables despite small spaces and sharing with neighbors promote a sense of psychological well-being, accomplishment, and enhances social cooperation all crucial to the well-being of vulnerable city populations. Home-based vegetable gardens save costs for the family. Methods used in this program research to grow vegetables in small slum houses and other lessons learned of perseveringly motivating slum families have the potential of their replication or adaptation in cities of India and other LMICs. ¬© 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.",2021,"Agarwal, S.; <br>Verma, S.; <br>Verma, N.; <br>Vishvakarma, K.; <br>Kothiwal, K.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5608-1_7","Book Chapter","Adv. 21st Century Human Settl.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Mysteries and musings at the biochar/plant/stress/ growing media interface","Since the late 1990s revival of the pyrolysis/biochar platform by the soil scientist Wim Sombroek, who promoted the development of ‚ÄúTerra Preta Nova‚Äù, people‚Äôs reactions to Biochar have taken on an almost religious fervor. There is a large set of enthusiasts, scientists and business people that makes up the ‚Äòbelievers‚Äô, a similar group comprising the ‚Äònon-believers‚Äô, and yet a third collection of people who find themselves at the interface ‚Äì the ‚Äòagnostics‚Äô. Indeed, delving into the literature, whether it be black, gray, or otherwise, one learns that biochar can improve almost anything: soil fertility, climate change, farmer‚Äôs yields, planetary albedo, waste treatment, animal health, soil pollution, bioenergy, building composites, air quality, etc. the list is practically endless. At the same time, we learn that biochar has numerous negative attributes: toxic to fauna and flora, locks up nutrients, releases rather than sequesters soil carbon, hazardous to health, flammable, emits gaseous and particulate air pollutants, causes waterlogging, contains dangerous organic and metallic pollutants, and more. Pity the poor agnostics ‚Äì usually scientists ‚Äì who are supposed to make sense of this all. They often find themselves at the intersection between two polarized sects. This is because the impact of the pyrolysis/biochar platform is generally a function of its extent of implementation, for example, in soil, the amount added. In other words, to credit Paracelsus, ‚ÄúThe dose makes the poison‚Äù. The other difficulty is that the biochar, particularly when used in soil systems, becomes a part of an already complex and multifaceted network of linked micro and macro compartments, where processes in one will then feed back into others, most commonly in obscure and unknown ways. Often a concentration that benefits one aspect may be detrimental to another. Pulling apart and looking at some of these intricacies through the lens of research from my group is the purpose of this address. ¬© 2021 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.",2021,"Graber, E.R.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2021.1317.8","Conference Paper","Acta Hortic.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Excuse Us, While We Fix the Sky: WEIRD Supermen and Climate Intervention","As alarm over global warming spreads, a radical idea is taking hold. An emerging breed of so-called climate engineers is promoting invasive techniques to cool the planet through albedo modification and so-called ‚Äúnegative carbon emissions‚Äù will be necessary. Shoot sulphates or reflective nanoparticles into the upper atmosphere, turning the blue sky milky white. Make the clouds thicker and brighter. Fertilise the oceans to stimulate massive algae blooms that turn the blue seas soupy green. Suck CO2 out of the air with hundreds of thousands of giant artificial trees. Store the captured CO2 safely underground for millennia. While these proposals seem edgy and exciting, they often test the limits of scientific, technological, and institutional possibility and overlook the political, ethical, and social consequences of managing the world‚Äôs climate. Advocates of climate engineering, with vanishingly few exceptions, are Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) males with superman complexes. Their views are short-sighted, dangerous, and ‚Äúbarking mad.‚Äù This chapter provides historical perspectives, social context, and a gendered analysis of these dangerous proposals. ¬© 2021, The Author(s).",2021,"Fleming, J.R.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54486-7_24","Book Chapter","Palgrave. Stud. Hist. Sci. Technol.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Design of a Soil-based Climate-Smartness Index (SCSI) using the trend and variability of yields and soil organic carbon","Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) has had an increasing role in the agricultural policy arena, as it aims to address climate change mitigation, adaptation and food security goals in an integrated way. In regions where agriculture has been constrained because of soil degradation and climate change, CSA aims to implement soil-based strategies that restore soil function and increase carbon storage. The extent to which such strategies succeed in achieving mitigation, adaptation and productivity goals is referred to as climate-smartness. The co-evolution of yield and Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) over the years presents a proxy for the trade-off between productivity, soil fertility and carbon sequestration. Yield and SOC are widely monitored, analysed and used to inform CSA planning. Yet their analysis is often conducted separately and for a small number of years, which neglects longterm soil fertility dynamics and their impact on crops. Given the absence of integrated climate-smartness metrics to capture the trade-offs and synergies between SOC and yield, we present a soil-based Climate-Smartness Index (SCSI). The SCSI is computed using normalized indicators of trend and variability of annual changes on yield and SOC data. The SCSI was calculated for a set of published experiments that compared Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices with conventional management. The CA treatments scored higher SCSI during the first 5 years of evaluation as compared to conventional management. Analysis of the temporal dynamics of climate-smartness indicated that minimum SCSI values typically occurred before 5 years after the start of the experiment, indicating potential trade-offs between SOC and yield. Conversely, SCSI values peaked between 5 and 10 years. After 20 years, the SCSI tended towards zero, as substantial changes in either SOC or yield are no longer evidenced. The SCSI can be calculated for annual crops under any soil management and at different time periods, providing a consistent metric for climate-smartness across both practices and time.",2021,"Arenas-Calle, LN; <br>Ramirez-Villegas, J; <br>Ramirez-Villegas, J; <br>Whitfield, S; <br>Challinor, AJ; <br>Challinor, AJ","Climate-smart agriculture; Climate-smartness; Metrics; Conservation agriculture","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103086","Article","AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The water footprint of carbon capture and storage technologies","Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is an important technology to reduce fossil CO2 emissions and remove CO2 from the atmosphere. Scenarios for CCS deployment consistent with global climate goals involve gigatonne-scale deployment of CCS within the next several decades. CCS technologies typically involve large water consumption during their energy-intensive capture process. Despite potential concerns, the water footprint of large-scale CCS adoption consistent with stringent climate change mitigation has not yet been explored. This study presents the water footprints (m(3) water per tonne CO2 captured) of four prominent CCS technologies: Post-combustion CCS, Pre-combustion CCS, Direct Air CCS, and Bioenergy with CCS. Depending on technology, the water footprint of CCS ranges from 0.74 to 575 m(3) H2O/tonne CO2. Bioenergy with CCS is the technology that has the highest water footprint per tonne CO2 captured, largely due to the high water requirements associated with transpiration. The widespread deployment of CCS to meet the 1.5 degrees C climate target would almost double anthropogenic water footprint. Consequently, this would likely exacerbate and create green and blue water scarcity conditions in many regions worldwide. Climate mitigation scenarios with a diversified portfolio of CCS technologies have lower impacts on water resources than scenarios relying mainly on one of them. The water footprint assessment of CCS is a crucial factor in evaluating these technologies. Water-scarce regions should prioritize water-efficient CCS technologies in their mitigation goals. In conclusion, the most water-efficient way to stabilize the Earth's climate is to rapidly decarbonize our energy systems and improve energy efficiency.",2021,"Rosa, L; <br>Sanchez, DL; <br>Realmonte, G; <br>Baldocchi, D; <br>D'Odorico, P","Water footprint; Carbon dioxide removal; Carbon capture and storage; Negative emission technologies; Water scarcity; Sustainability; Climate change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110511","Article","RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Understanding environmental trade-offs and resource demand of direct air capture technologies through comparative life-cycle assessment","Direct air capture (DAC) technologies remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from ambient air through chemical sorbents. Their scale-up is a backstop in many climate policy scenarios, but their environmental implications are debated. Here we present a comparative life-cycle assessment of the current demonstration plants of two main DAC technologies coupled with carbon storage: temperature swing adsorption (TSA) and high-temperature aqueous solution (HT-Aq) DAC. Our results show that TSA DAC outperforms HT-Aq DAC by a factor of 1.3-10 in all environmental impact categories studied. With a low-carbon energy supply, HT-Aq and TSA DAC have a net carbon removal of up to 73% and 86% per ton of CO2 captured and stored. For the same climate change mitigation effect, TSA DAC needs about as much renewable energy and land occupation as a switch from gasoline to electric vehicles, but with approximately five times higher material consumption. Input requirements for chemical absorbents do not limit DAC scale-up. Direct air capture (DAC) technologies to remove CO2 from the atmosphere are widely used in climate policy scenarios, but their real-world impacts are not well understood. A life-cycle assessment by Madhu et al. compares two main DAC approaches and quantifies their environmental impact and resource needs.",2021,"Madhu, K; <br>Pauliuk, S; <br>Dhathri, S; <br>Creutzig, F; <br>Creutzig, F",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41560-021-00922-6","Article","NATURE ENERGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Life cycle meta-analysis of carbon capture pathways in power plants: Implications for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) based electricity generation is one possible approach for delivering large-scale carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere. This study evaluates the environmental impacts of leveraging existing power plants for BECCS. We performed a life cycle meta-analysis of eight carbon capture technologies, including five previously simulated only for coal and natural gas, for both steam cycle and integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants. We found that IGCC plants offer the best balance of negative emissions, energy return on investment (EROI) and low water use irrespective of capture technologies. Planned IGCC plants tend to be large whereas biomass-fired power plants are often small and distributed in the landscape because of the distributed nature of the fuel. Steam cycle plants had larger negative emissions, but also lower EROI, and so blending with coal may be necessary to achieve a suitable EROI. Steam cycles were sensitive to capture technology type, and results found membrane and calcium looping capture technologies offer a balance between negative emissions, EROI and water use when fired using coal-biomass blends. These results suggest that steam cycle power plants may be the most desirable candidates to support early-stage deployment of BECCS.",2021,"Bennett, JA; <br>Abotalib, M; <br>Zhao, F; <br>Clarens, AF","Life cycle assessment; Bioenergy; Carbon capture; Meta-analysis; BECCS","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2021.103468","Article","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS CONTROL","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Evaluating the use of BECCS and afforestation under China's carbon-neutral target for 2060","Almost all global scenarios under ambitious climate targets rely on the deployment of negative emission technologies (NETs). Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and afforestation are two promising NET options. However, their roles in most countries' deep decarbonization pathways and the potential economic and environmental implications have not been fully investigated. Besides, broad economic interactions and complex technical information of NETs bring challenges for traditional top-down or bottom-up models. To address the methodological issues, we integrate energy technology details into a macroeconomic framework and develop a national hybrid computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for China. Based on this, insights are provided into the deployment scale of BECCS and afforestation in China's mitigation pathways towards carbon neutrality by 2060, as well as the induced macroeconomic and land-use consequences. The results indicate that NETs are necessary for realizing carbon neutrality. BECCS would enter the market around 2030 and the share of negative emissions provided by it would reach about 79% in 2060. The carbon removals in 2060 would be 2,118 MtCO(2)yr(-1), 170 MtCO(2)yr(-1), and 617 MtCO(2)yr(-1) from bioelectricity with CCS, biofuel with CCS, and afforestation, respectively. When only BECCS is deployed as NET, more fossil energy needs to be phased out and renewable energy would take larger market shares. In 2060, most biomass would consist of cellulosic crops (43-47%) and residues (49-52%). Cropland would decrease by 6.9-8.3% due to land competition caused by NET deployment. GDP loss would be 6.4% in 2060 to reach near-zero without NETs. If BECCS and afforestation are both adopted, GDP loss would be alleviated to 4.8%. This study supplements the existing global literature to identify the local feasibility and trade-offs of NET expansion.",2021,"Weng, YW; <br>Cai, WJ; <br>Cai, WJ; <br>Wang, C","Land-based mitigation; Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS); Afforestation; Negative emission; Carbon-neutral; Computable general equilibrium (CGE) model","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117263","Article","APPLIED ENERGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Consumptive life cycle water use of biomass-to-power plants with carbon capture and sequestration","Biomass-to-power conversion provides the most promising route to bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration (BECCS). The objectives of this study are to estimate the water consumption of biomass-to-power plants with CCS and then quantify its variability and uncertainty on a life cycle basis. The fuel-based life cycle analysis reveals that compared to the case of complete coal combustion with CCS, co-firing biomass at coal-fired power plants with CCS significantly increases the life cycle blue water consumption, depending on the type, cofiring rate, and production location of biomass; and dedicated biomass combustion with CCS further increases the life cycle blue water consumption by a factor of more than 55. Among the numerous stages across both the coal and biomass fuel cycles, the biomass production is the dominant stage accounting for more than 70% of the life cycle blue water consumption for the co-firing path and about 98% for the dedicated biomass-to-power path. These results indicate the importance of advancing agricultural practices and technologies to reduce the overall water consumption. Large-scale BECCS deployment may pose a challenge for water sustainability. Thus, this study calls for a strong need for a close coordination of technology, resource, and policy in transition to a sustainable net-zero carbon energy future.",2021,"Wu, ZT; <br>Zhai, HB; <br>Zhai, HB","Bioenergy; Carbon capture and sequestration; Biomass-to-power; Life cycle blue water consumption; Co-firing; Dedicated biomass; Energy crops; Agricultural residues","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117702","Article","APPLIED ENERGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Assessment of future potential carbon sequestration and water consumption in the construction area of the Three-North Shelterbelt Programme in China","In the background of global warming, the carbon stock of afforestation is increasingly important. However, afforestation may consume large amounts of water, putting pressure on regional water resources. How to balance the carbon stock and water consumption of afforestation is a vital problem throughout the world. The Three-North Shelterbelt may be a vital carbon pool in the future while consuming a large amount of water. Therefore, it is urgent to predict and evaluate the future carbon stock potential and water consumption of the Three-North Shelterbelt. Indicator system assessment and MaxEnt are used to predict the potential forest habitat in the construction area of the Three-North Shelterbelt program. The results show that the area of the potential forest habitat is 0.58 million km(2) in the indicator system assessment. The potential forest habitat area totals 2.22 million km(2) in the MaxEnt results, including a poorly suitable habitat with an area of 1.35 million km(2). Scenario-I is the hypothetical forest structure based on indicator system assessment, and scenarios-II and scenarios-III are based on the suitability level of MaxEnt model results. the potential carbon stock in scenario-I is 0.71 billion Mg, and its potential water consumption in the forest growing season is 261.36 billion m(3). The potential carbon stock in scenario-II and scenario-III is 3.54 billion Mg and 1.19 billion Mg, and the potential water consumption is 625.83 billion m(3) and 631.28 billion m(3), respectively. There is a strong correlation between carbon stock and water consumption, with a correlation coefficient of more than 0.718. Three-North Shelterbelt construction may bring huge carbon sink benefits, but it may also bring huge pressure to local water security.",2021,"Zhang, DN; <br>Zhang, DN; <br>Zuo, XX; <br>Zang, CF","Three-North region in China; Maximum entropy model; Carbon sequestration; Transpiration; Shelterbelt forest","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108377","Article","AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Land-based implications of early climate actions without global net-negative emissions","Delaying climate mitigation action and allowing a temporary overshoot of temperature targets require large-scale carbon dioxide removal (CDR) in the second half of this century that may induce adverse side effects on land, food and ecosystems. Meanwhile, meeting climate goals without global net-negative emissions inevitably needs early and rapid emission reduction measures, which also brings challenges in the near term. Here we identify the implications for land-use and food systems of scenarios that do not depend on land-based CDR technologies. We find that early climate action has multiple benefits and trade-offs, and avoids the need for drastic (mitigation-induced) shifts in land use in the long term. Further long-term benefits are lower food prices, reduced risk of hunger and lower demand for irrigation water. Simultaneously, however, near-term mitigation pressures in the agriculture, forest and land-use sector and the required land area for energy crops increase, resulting in additional risk of food insecurity. Delaying climate mitigation requires large-scale carbon dioxide removal (CDR) in the second half of this century, with possible adverse effects. Under scenarios with no dependence on CDR technologies, this study examines the short- and long-term implications of climate mitigation for land-use and food systems.",2021,"Hasegawa, T; <br>Hasegawa, T; <br>Fujimori, S; <br>Fujimori, S; <br>Fujimori, S; <br>Frank, S; <br>Humpenoder, F; <br>Bertram, C; <br>Despres, J; <br>Drouet, L; <br>Emmerling, J; <br>Gusti, M; <br>Gusti, M; <br>Harmsen, M; <br>Harmsen, M; <br>Keramidas, K; <br>Ochi, Y; <br>Oshiro, K; <br>Rochedo, P; <br>van Ruijven, B; <br>Cabardos, AM; <br>Deppermann, A; <br>Fosse, F; <br>Havlik, P; <br>Krey, V; <br>Popp, A; <br>Schaeffer, R; <br>van Vuuren, D; <br>van Vuuren, D; <br>Riahi, K; <br>Riahi, K",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00772-w","Article","NATURE SUSTAINABILITY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Life Cycle Assessment of Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage with Low-Carbon Energy Sources","Direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS) is an emerging carbon dioxide removal technology, which has the potential to remove large amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere. We present a comprehensive life cycle assessment of different DACCS systems with low-carbon electricity and heat sources required for the CO2 capture process, both stand-alone and grid-connected system configurations. The results demonstrate negative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for all eight selected locations and five system layouts, with the highest GHG removal potential in countries with low-carbon electricity supply and waste heat usage (up to 97%). Autonomous system layouts prove to be a promising alternative, with a GHG removal efficiency of 79-91%, at locations with high solar irradiation to avoid the consumption of fossil fuel-based grid electricity and heat. The analysis of environmental burdens other than GHG emissions shows some trade-offs associated with CO2 removal, especially land transformation for system layouts with photovoltaics (PV) electricity supply. The sensitivity analysis reveals the importance of selecting appropriate locations for grid-coupled system layouts since the deployment of DACCS at geographic locations with CO2-intensive grid electricity mixes leads to net GHG emissions instead of GHG removal today.",2021,"Terlouw, T; <br>Terlouw, T; <br>Treyer, K; <br>Bauer, C; <br>Mazzotti, M","life cycle assessment (LCA); direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS); carbon dioxide removal (CDR); negative emission technologies (NETs)","http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c03263","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Global cooling induced by biophysical effects of bioenergy crop cultivation","Bioenergy crop with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a key negative emission technology to meet carbon neutrality. However, the biophysical effects of widespread bioenergy crop cultivation on temperature remain unclear. Here, using a coupled atmosphere-land model with an explicit representation of lignocellulosic bioenergy crops, we find that after 50 years of large-scale bioenergy crop cultivation following plausible scenarios, global air temperature decreases by 0.03-0.08 degrees C, with strong regional contrasts and interannual variability. Over the cultivated regions, woody crops induce stronger cooling effects than herbaceous crops due to larger evapotranspiration rates and smaller aerodynamic resistance. At the continental scale, air temperature changes are not linearly proportional to the cultivation area. Sensitivity tests show that the temperature change is robust for eucalypt but more uncertain for switchgrass among different cultivation maps. Our study calls for new metrics to take the biophysical effects into account when assessing the climate mitigation capacity of BECCS.",2021,"Wang, JM; <br>Li, W; <br>Li, W; <br>Ciais, P; <br>Li, LZX; <br>Chang, JF; <br>Goll, D; <br>Gasser, T; <br>Huang, XM; <br>Devaraju, N; <br>Boucher, O",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27520-0","Article","NATURE COMMUNICATIONS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Bioenergy Crops for Low Warming Targets Require Half of the Present Agricultural Fertilizer Use","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a key option for removing CO2 from the atmosphere over time to achieve climate mitigation. However, an overlooked impact of BECCS is the amount of nutrients required to sustain the production. Here, we use an observation-driven approach to estimate the future bioenergy biomass production for land-use scenarios maximizing BECCS and the pertaining nutrient requirements. The projected global biomass production during the 21st century is comparable to the CO2 removal target for 2 degrees C warming scenarios. However, 9-19% of this future production hinges on agrotechnology improvement, which remains uncertain. Additional nutrients from fertilizers, corresponding to 56.8 +/- 6.1% of the present-day agricultural fertilizer, will be needed to replenish the nutrients removed in harvested biomass at the end of the century, resulting in additional costs and greenhouse gas emissions. Our study reveals the nutrient challenges associated with BECCS and calls for additional management efforts to grow bioenergy crops in a sustainable way.",2021,"Li, W; <br>Li, W; <br>Ciais, P; <br>Han, MJ; <br>Zhao, Q; <br>Chang, JF; <br>Goll, DS; <br>Zhu, L; <br>Wang, JM","bioenergy crop; BECCS; global production; nutrient demand; climate mitigation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c02238","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Cloud cooling effects of afforestation and reforestation at midlatitudes","Because of the large carbon sequestration potential, reforestation and afforestation (R&A) are among the most prominent natural climate solutions. However, while their effectiveness is well established for wet tropics, it is often argued that R&A are less advantageous or even detrimental at higher latitudes, where the reduction of forest albedo (the amount of reflected solar radiation by a surface) tends to nullify or even overcome the carbon benefits. Here, we carefully analyze the situation for R&A at midlatitudes, where the warming effects due to vegetation albedo are regarded to be almost balanced by the cooling effects from an increased carbon storage. Using both satellite data and atmospheric boundary-layer models, we show that by including cloud- albedo effects due to land-atmosphere interactions, the R&A cooling at midlatitudes becomes prevalent. This points to a much greater poten-tial of R&A for wet temperate regions than previously considered.",2021,"Cerasoli, S; <br>Yin, J; <br>Porporato, A; <br>Porporato, A","afforestation; cloud feedback; carbon mitigation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026241118","Article","PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Delaying carbon dioxide removal in the European Union puts climate targets at risk","Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) will be essential to meet the climate targets, so enabling its deployment at the right time will be decisive. Here, we investigate the still poorly understood implications of delaying CDR actions, focusing on integrating direct air capture and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (DACCS and BECCS) into the European Union power mix. Under an indicative target of -50 Gt of net CO2 by 2100, delayed CDR would cost an extra of 0.12-0.19 trillion EUR per year of inaction. Moreover, postponing CDR beyond mid-century would substantially reduce the removal potential to almost half (-35.60 Gt CO2) due to the underused biomass and land resources and the maximum technology diffusion speed. The effective design of BECCS and DACCS systems calls for long-term planning starting from now and aligned with the evolving power systems. Our quantitative analysis of the consequences of inaction on CDR-with climate targets at risk and fair CDR contributions at stake-should help to break the current impasse and incentivize early actions worldwide. The implications of delaying carbon dioxide removal (CDR) are poorly understood. Here the authors highlight the potential extra costs and reduced removal potential of delayed CDR action, with a special focus on direct air capture and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (DACCS and BECCS).",2021,"Galan-Martin, A; <br>Galan-Martin, A; <br>Galan-Martin, A; <br>Vazquez, D; <br>Vazquez, D; <br>Cobo, S; <br>Mac Dowell, N; <br>Mac Dowell, N; <br>Caballero, JA; <br>Guillen-Gosalbez, G",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26680-3","Article","NATURE COMMUNICATIONS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Energy systems in scenarios at net-zero CO2 emissions","Despite global initiatives to reach net-zero CO2 emissions, the tradeoffs of energy systems to reach that goal remain understudied. Here the authors analyze all net-zero scenarios used for the 2018 IPCC report and quantify the role of renewable energy, fuels, and emissions in attaining a zero CO2 world. Achieving net-zero CO2 emissions has become the explicitgoal of many climate-energy policies around the world. Although many studies have assessed net-zero emissions pathways, the common features and tradeoffs of energy systems across global scenarios at the point of net-zero CO2 emissions have not yet been evaluated. Here, we examine the energy systems of 177 net-zero scenarios and discuss their long-term technological and regional characteristics in the context of current energy policies. We find that, on average, renewable energy sources account for 60% of primary energy at net-zero (compared to similar to 14% today), with slightly less than half of that renewable energy derived from biomass. Meanwhile, electricity makes up approximately half of final energy consumed (compared to similar to 20% today), highlighting the extent to which solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels remain prevalent in the scenarios even when emissions reach net-zero. Finally, residual emissions and offsetting negative emissions are not evenly distributed across world regions, which may have important implications for negotiations on burden-sharing, human development, and equity.",2021,"DeAngelo, J; <br>Azevedo, I; <br>Bistline, J; <br>Clarke, L; <br>Luderer, G; <br>Byers, E; <br>Davis, SJ; <br>Davis, SJ",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26356-y","Article","NATURE COMMUNICATIONS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Global bioenergy with carbon capture and storage potential is largely constrained by sustainable irrigation","Capturing the carbon from energy crops-bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)-requires water to grow the crops. This study finds that although unlimited irrigation could increase BECCS potential by 60-71% by 2100, doing so sustainably would increase it by only 5-6%. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is crucial in many stringent climate scenarios. Although irrigation can enhance BECCS potential, where and to what extent it can enhance global BECCS potential are unknown when constrained by preventing additional water stress and suppressing withdrawal of nonrenewable water resources. With a spatially explicit representation of bioenergy crop plantations and water cycle in an internally consistent model framework, we identified the irrigable bioenergy cropland on the basis of the water resources reserve. Irrigation of such cropland enhanced BECCS potential by only 5-6% (<60-71% for unconstrained irrigation) above the rain-fed potential (0.82-1.99 Gt C yr(-1)) by the end of this century. Nonetheless, it limited additional water withdrawal (166-298 km(3) yr(-1)), especially from nonrenewable water sources (16-20%), compared with unconstrained irrigation (1,392-3,929 km(3) yr(-1) and 73-78%). Our findings highlight the importance of irrigation constraints in global BECCS potential.",2021,"Ai, ZP; <br>Hanasaki, N; <br>Heck, V; <br>Hasegawa, T; <br>Hasegawa, T; <br>Fujimori, S; <br>Fujimori, S; <br>Fujimori, S",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00740-4","Article","NATURE SUSTAINABILITY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF SEWAGE SLUDGE PYROLYSIS: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF BIOCHAR AS CARBON SEQUESTRATOR AND NUTRIENT RECYCLER","The pyrolysis of sewage sludge is an alternative method to recycle the contained nutrients, such as phosphorus, by material use of the resulting biochar. However, the ecological effects of pyrolysis are not easy to evaluate. Therefore, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out to determine the environmental impact of sewage sludge pyrolysis and to compare it with the common method of sewage sludge incineration. In order to identify the most sustainable applications of the resulting biochar, four different scenarios were analyzed. The modeled life cycles include dewatering, drying and pyrolysis of digested sewage sludge and utilization paths of the by-products as well as various applications of the produced biochar and associated transports. The life cycle impact assessment was carried out using the ReCiPe midpoint method. The best scenario in terms of global warming potential (GWP) was the use of biochar in horticulture with net emissions of 2 g CO2 eq./kg sewage sludge. This scenario of biochar utilization can achieve savings of 78% of CO2 eq. emissions compared to the benchmark process of sewage sludge mono-incineration. In addition, no ecological hotspots in critical categories such as eutrophication or ecotoxicity were identified for the material use of biochar compared to the benchmark. Pyrolysis of digested sewage sludge with appropriate biochar utilization can therefore be an environmentally friendly option for both sequestering carbon and closing the nutrient cycle.",2021,"Gievers, F; <br>Gievers, F; <br>Loewen, A; <br>Nelles, M; <br>Nelles, M","LIfe cycle assessment; Pyrolysis; Sewage sludge; Biochar; Nutrient recovery; Carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15111","Article","DETRITUS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Evaluating negative emissions technologies using neutrosophic data envelopment analysis","Growing energy demand due to population growth and economic progress has led to the need for intensive climate change mitigation. Negative emissions technologies (NETs) will play an important role in limiting global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere. Available options for NETs can be integrated into energy and climate change policies. However, this strategy requires an assessment tool to select a suitable set of NETs to be integrated. A mathematical framework considering multiple environmental and economic factors under uncertainty is needed for the assessment tool. This paper has two main contributions: (1) development of a novel multi-criteria decision analysis tool based on data envelopment analysis method under neutrosophic environment, and (2) application of this tool in the evaluation of NETs considering the risks associated with the uncertainties in these technologies. The model incorporates uncertainties that result in risks when higher performance levels are assumed. A novel neutrosophic data envelopment analysis (NDEA) model is developed for evaluating NETs; this approach uses neutrosophic set theory to account for membership, nonmembership and indeterminacy in uncertain parameter values. A case study is presented to illustrated this technique. Then, a representative case study considering four alternative options for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is used to demonstrate the tool. The performance assessment of candidate NETs based on literature data is made. Results show different characteristics of NETs in terms of their sensitivity to expert's risk attitude and perception towards the different dimensions of neutrosophic decision-making environment. For instance, the preference of underground storage over ocean storage for BECCS is evident when improving the technology is assumed to be challenging. Various NETs are evaluated; technologies such as BECCS, and afforestation and reforestation show consistent ranking in different decision environments. The capability of the model to account for uncertainties can allow useful insights to be drawn by policy-makers, and thus, accelerate the deployment of NETs. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2021,"Tapia, JFD","CO2 footprint; Risk analysis; Climate change; Multi-criteria decision analysis; Uncertainty","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125494","Article","JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION","Quant. analyses & models"]
["A New Perspective for Climate Change Mitigation-Introducing Carbon-Negative Hydrogen Production from Biomass with Carbon Capture and Storage (HyBECCS)","The greatest lever for advancing climate adaptation and mitigation is the defossilization of energy systems. A key opportunity to replace fossil fuels across sectors is the use of renewable hydrogen. In this context, the main political and social push is currently on climate neutral hydrogen (H-2) production through electrolysis using renewable electricity. Another climate neutral possibility that has recently gained importance is biohydrogen production from biogenic residual and waste materials. This paper introduces for the first time a novel concept for the production of hydrogen with net negative emissions. The derived concept combines biohydrogen production using biotechnological or thermochemical processes with carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage. Various process combinations referred to this basic approach are defined as HyBECCS (Hydrogen Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage) and described in this paper. The technical principles and resulting advantages of the novel concept are systematically derived and compared with other Negative Emission Technologies (NET). These include the high concentration and purity of the CO2 to be captured compared to Direct Air Carbon Capture (DAC) and Post-combustion Carbon Capture (PCC) as well as the emission-free use of hydrogen resulting in a higher possible CO2 capture rate compared to hydrocarbon-based biofuels generated with Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) technologies. Further, the role of carbon-negative hydrogen in future energy systems is analyzed, taking into account key societal and technological drivers against the background of climate adaptation and mitigation. For this purpose, taking the example of the Federal Republic of Germany, the ecological impacts are estimated, and an economic assessment is made. For the production and use of carbon-negative hydrogen, a saving potential of 8.49-17.06 MtCO(2,)eq/a is estimated for the year 2030 in Germany. The production costs for carbon-negative hydrogen would have to be below 4.30 euro per kg in a worst-case scenario and below 10.44 euro in a best-case scenario in order to be competitive in Germany, taking into account hydrogen market forecasts.",2021,"Full, J; <br>Full, J; <br>Merseburg, S; <br>Miehe, R; <br>Sauer, A; <br>Sauer, A","negative emission technologies; carbon dioxide removal; HyBECCS; hydrogen bioenergy with carbon capture and storage; biohydrogen; carbon-negative hydrogen; climate positive hydrogen; CCS; BECCS; DACCS; NET; CDR","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13074026","Article","SUSTAINABILITY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Incorporating health co-benefits into technology pathways to achieve China's 2060 carbon neutrality goal: a modelling study","Background The announcement of China's 2060 carbon neutrality goal has drawn the world's attention to the specific technology pathway needed to achieve this pledge. We aimed to evaluate the health co-benefits of carbon neutrality under different technology pathways, which could help China to achieve the carbon neutrality goal, air quality goal, and Healthy China goal in a synergetic manner that includes health in the decision-making process. Methods In this modelling study, we used Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 2 with no climate policy as the reference scenario, and two representative carbon neutrality scenarios with identical emission trajectories and different technology pathways-one was led by renewable energies and the other was led by negative emission technologies. We had three modules to analyse health co-benefits and mitigation costs for each policy scenario. First, we used a computable general equilibrium model that captures the operation of the whole economic system to investigate the carbon mitigation costs and air pollutant emission pathways of different technology portfolios. Second, we used a reduced complexity air quality model to estimate the concentrations of particulate matter in the atmosphere from the air pollutant emission pathways. Finally, we used a health impact evaluation model to estimate premature deaths, morbidity, and the resulting loss of life expectancy, then these health impacts were monetised according to value of a statistical life and cost of illness. We compared the monetised health co-benefits against the corresponding mitigation costs to explore the cost-effectiveness of different technology portfolios. A series of uncertainties embodied in carbon neutrality pathways and models were considered. Findings In our models, sole dependence on improving end-of-pipe air pollution control measures is not sufficient for all Chinese provinces to meet the 2005 WHO PM2.5 standards (10 mu g/m(3)) by 2060. Only a combination of strong climate and air pollution control policies can lead to substantial improvement of air quality across China. If the carbon neutrality pathway led by developing renewable energies was followed, the air quality of all provinces could meet the WHO guideline by 2060. With the realisation of carbon neutrality goals, the total discounted mitigation costs (discount rate 5%) from 2020-60 would range from 40-125 trillion Chinese yuan (CNY), and 22-50 million cumulative premature deaths could be avoided. China has the potential to increase the associated life expectancy by 0.88-2.80 years per person in 2060 versus the reference scenario. The health benefits are higher in the renewable energies-led scenarios, whereas the mitigation costs are smaller in the negative emission technologies-led scenarios. If the value of a statistical life is set higher than 12.5 million CNY (39% of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development value), the health co-benefits will be higher than mitigation costs, even when considering all included uncertainties, implying the cost-effectiveness of China's carbon neutrality goal. Interpretation The life expectancy increase from the realisation of China's 2060 carbon neutrality goal could be equivalent to the past 5-10 years of life expectancy growth in China. Choosing an appropriate carbon neutrality pathway affects the health of China's population both today and in the future. Our findings suggest that, if China incorporates health co-benefits into climate policy making and puts a high value on people's health, it should choose a carbon neutrality pathway that relies more on developing renewable energies and avoid over-reliance on negative emission technologies. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.",2021,"Zhang, SH; <br>Zhang, SH; <br>Zhang, SH; <br>Zhang, SH; <br>An, KX; <br>An, KX; <br>Li, J; <br>Li, J; <br>Weng, YW; <br>Zhang, SH; <br>Zhang, SH; <br>Wang, SX; <br>Wang, SX; <br>Wang, SX; <br>Cai, WJ; <br>Cai, WJ; <br>Wang, C; <br>Gong, P; <br>Gong, P",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00252-7","Article","LANCET PLANETARY HEALTH","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Regional variation in the effectiveness of methane-based and land-based climate mitigation options","Scenarios avoiding global warming greater than 1.5 or 2 degrees C, as stipulated in the Paris Agreement, may require the combined mitigation of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions alongside enhancing negative emissions through approaches such as afforestation-reforestation (AR) and biomass energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). We use the JULES land surface model coupled to an inverted form of the IMOGEN climate emulator to investigate mitigation scenarios that achieve the 1.5 or 2 degrees C warming targets of the Paris Agreement. Specifically, within this IMOGEN-JULES framework, we focus on and characterise the global and regional effectiveness of land-based (BECCS and/or AR) and anthropogenic methane (CH4) emission mitigation, separately and in combination, on the anthropogenic fossil fuel carbon dioxide (CO2) emission budgets (AFFEBs) to 2100. We use consistent data and socio-economic assumptions from the IMAGE integrated assessment model for the second Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP2). The analysis includes the effects of the methane and carbon-climate feedbacks from wetlands and permafrost thaw, which we have shown previously to be significant constraints on the AFFEBs. Globally, mitigation of anthropogenic CH4 emissions has large impacts on the anthropogenic fossil fuel emission budgets, potentially offsetting (i.e. allowing extra) carbon dioxide emissions of 188-212 Gt C. This is because of (a) the reduction in the direct and indirect radiative forcing of methane in response to the lower emissions and hence atmospheric concentration of methane and (b) carbon-cycle changes leading to increased uptake by the land and ocean by CO2-based fertilisation. Methane mitigation is beneficial everywhere, particularly for the major CH4-emitting regions of India, the USA, and China. Land-based mitigation has the potential to offset 51100 Gt C globally, the large range reflecting assumptions and uncertainties associated with BECCS. The ranges for CH4 reduction and BECCS implementation are valid for both the 1.5 and 2 degrees C warming targets. That is the mitigation potential of the CH4 and of the land-based scenarios is similar for regardless of which of the final stabilised warming levels society aims for. Further, both the effectiveness and the preferred land management strategy (i.e. AR or BECCS) have strong regional dependencies. Additional analysis shows extensive BECCS could adversely affect water security for several regions. Although the primary requirement remains mitigation of fossil fuel emissions, our results highlight the potential for the mitigation of CH4 emissions to make the Paris climate targets more achievable.",2021,"Hayman, GD; <br>Comyn-Platt, E; <br>Huntingford, C; <br>Harper, AB; <br>Powell, T; <br>Cox, PM; <br>Collins, W; <br>Webber, C; <br>Lowe, J; <br>Lowe, J; <br>Sitch, S; <br>House, JI; <br>Doelman, JC; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>Chadburn, SE; <br>Burke, E; <br>Gedney, N",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-513-2021","Article","EARTH SYSTEM DYNAMICS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Prioritizing forestation based on biogeochemical and local biogeophysical impacts","Reforestation and afforestation is expected to achieve a quarter of all emission reduction pledged under the Paris Agreement. Trees store carbon in biomass and soil but also alter the surface energy balance, warming or cooling the local climate. Mitigation scenarios and policies often neglect these biogeophysical (BGP) effects. Here we combine observational BGP datasets with carbon uptake or emission data to assess the end-of-century mitigation potential of forestation. Forestation and conservation of tropical forests achieve the highest climate benefit at 732.12 tCO(2)e ha(-1). Higher-latitude forests warm the local winter climate, affecting 73.7% of temperate forests. Almost a third (29.8%) of forests above 56 degrees N induce net winter warming if only their biomass is considered. Including soil carbon reduces the net warming area to 6.8% but comes with high uncertainty (2.9-42.0%). Our findings emphasize the necessity to conserve and re-establish tropical forests and consider BGP effects in policy scenarios. Forests take up carbon from the atmosphere but also change Earth's surface energy balance through biophysical effects. Accounting for these shows that tropical forests have the highest mitigation potential; the climate benefit of higher-latitude forests is offset by their warming effects in winter.",2021,"Windisch, MG; <br>Windisch, MG; <br>Windisch, MG; <br>Davin, EL; <br>Davin, EL; <br>Seneviratne, SI",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01161-z","Article","NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["A simple model for assessing climate control trade-offs and responding to unanticipated climate outcomes","Persistent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions threaten global climate goals and have prompted consideration of climate controls supplementary to emissions mitigation. We present MARGO, an idealized model of optimally-controlled climate change, which is complementary to both simpler conceptual models and more complicated Integrated Assessment Models. The four methods of controlling climate damage-mitigation, carbon dioxide removal (CDR), adaptation, and solar radiation modification (SRM)-are not interchangeable, as they enter at different stages of the causal chain that connects GHG emissions to climate damages. Early and aggressive mitigation is necessary to stabilize GHG concentrations below a tolerable level. While the most cost-beneficial and cost-effective pathways to reducing climate suffering include deployments of all four controls, the quantitative trade-offs between the different controls are sensitive to value-driven parameters and poorly-known future costs and damages. Static policy optimization assumes perfect foresight and obscures the active role decision-makers have in shaping a climate trajectory. We propose an explicit policy response process wherein climate control policies are re-adjusted over time in response to unanticipated outcomes. We illustrate this process in two 'storyline' scenarios: (a) near-term increases in mitigation and CDR are deficient, such that climate goals are expected to slip out of reach; (b) SRM is abruptly terminated after 40 years of successful deployment, causing an extremely rapid warming which is amplified by an excess of GHGs due to deterred mitigation. In both cases, an optimized policy response yields substantial benefits relative to continuing the original policy. The MARGO model is intentionally designed to be as simple, transparent, customizable, and accessible as possible, addressing concerns about previous climate-economic modelling approaches and enabling a more diverse set of stakeholders to engage with these essential and timely topics.",2021,"Drake, HF; <br>Drake, HF; <br>Drake, HF; <br>Rivest, RL; <br>Edelman, A; <br>Deutch, J","climate policy; geoengineering; carbon dioxide removal; mitigation; adaptation; climate change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac243e","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Fair distributions of carbon dioxide removal obligations and implications for effective national net-zero targets","Achieving net-zero emissions at the global level, as required to limit warming to 1.5 degrees C, means both rapid emissions reductions across all sectors as well as a scaling-up of carbon dioxide removal (CDR). As a growing number of countries bring forward national net-zero targets, the questions of how much CDR each nation holds responsibility for, whether CDR transfers should be possible under the Paris Agreement market mechanisms, and how this might affect the years in which different countries should achieve net-zero, become increasingly important. Here we show that, depending on the normative assumptions underlying a CDR burden-sharing system, the adjusted net-zero date for big emitting countries could shift forward by up to 15 years (EU, based on gross domestic product) to 35 years (Russia, based on cumulative per capita emissions) compared with what is modeled domestically in global least-cost scenarios. This illustrates a challenge of using least-cost model scenarios as a basis for setting and evaluating net-zero targets. We also evaluate the potential risk of carbon loss associated with CDR transfers of such a magnitude, and consider how a discount factor could help address carbon loss risks and contribute to overall mitigation. Our results highlight the need for clear guidelines to ensure that international CDR transfers do not obscure urgently-needed domestic emission reductions efforts by big emitters, while promoting a fair and equitable distribution of the CDR burden inflicted by insufficient near-term mitigation. We find a separate mechanism or accounting for CDR obligations to be the most promising avenue to deliver on these objectives.",2021,"Lee, KY; <br>Lee, KY; <br>Fyson, C; <br>Schleussner, CF; <br>Schleussner, CF","Paris Agreement; market mechanisms; Article 6; carbon dioxide removals; negative emissions; burden sharing; net-zero emissions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1970","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The role of enhanced rock weathering deployment with agriculture in limiting future warming and protecting coral reefs","Meeting the net-zero carbon emissions commitments of major economies by mid-century requires large-scale deployment of negative emission technologies (NETs). Terrestrial enhanced rock weathering on croplands (ERW) is a NET with co-benefits for agriculture, soils and ocean acidification that creates opportunities for generating income unaffected by diminishing carbon taxes as emissions approach net-zero. Here we show that ERW deployment with croplands to deliver net 2 Gt CO2 yr(-1) removal approximately doubles the probability of meeting the Paris 1.5 degrees C target at 2100 from 23% to 42% in a high mitigation Representative Concentration Pathway 2.6 baseline climate. Carbon removal via carbon capture and storage (CCS) at the same rate had an equivalent effect. Co-deployment of ERW and CCS tripled the chances of meeting a 1.5 degrees C target (from 23% to 67%), and may be sufficient to reverse about one third of the surface ocean acidification effect caused by increases in atmospheric CO2 over the past 200 years. ERW increased the percentage of coral reefs above an aragonite saturation threshold of 3.5 from 16% to 39% at 2100, higher than CCS, highlighting a co-benefit for marine calcifying ecosystems. However, the degree of ocean state recovery in our simulations is highly uncertain and ERW deployment cannot substitute for near-term rapid CO2 emissions reductions.",2021,"Vakilifard, N; <br>Kantzas, EP; <br>Edwards, NR; <br>Edwards, NR; <br>Holden, PB; <br>Beerling, DJ","coral reefs; enhanced rock weathering; Earth system model; ocean acidification; Paris agreement temperature targets; RCP2; 6","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1818","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Dynamic modelling shows substantial contribution of ecosystem restoration to climate change mitigation","Limiting global warming to a 1.5 degrees C temperature rise requires drastic emissions reductions and removal of carbon-dioxide from the atmosphere. Most modelled pathways for 1.5 degrees C assume substantial removals in the form of biomass energy with carbon capture and storage, which brings with it increasing risks to biodiversity and food security via extensive land-use change. Recently, multiple efforts to describe and quantify potential removals via ecosystem-based approaches have gained traction in the climate policy discourse. However, these options have yet to be evaluated in a systematic and scientifically robust way. We provide spatially explicit estimates of ecosystem restoration potential quantified with a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model. Simulations covering forest restoration, reforestation, reduced harvest, agroforestry and silvopasture were combined and found to sequester an additional 93 Gt C by 2100, reducing mean global temperature increase by similar to 0.12 degrees C (5%-95% range 0.06 degrees C-0.21 degrees C) relative to a baseline mitigation pathway. Ultimately, pathways to achieving the 1.5 degrees C goal garner broader public support when they include land management options that can bring about multiple benefits, including ecosystem restoration, biodiversity protection, and resilient agricultural practices.",2021,"Littleton, EW; <br>Littleton, EW; <br>Dooley, K; <br>Dooley, K; <br>Webb, G; <br>Harper, AB; <br>Harper, AB; <br>Powell, T; <br>Nicholls, Z; <br>Nicholls, Z; <br>Meinshausen, M; <br>Meinshausen, M; <br>Lenton, TM","nature based solutions; reforestation; agroforestry; DGVM; climate change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac3c6c","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Enhancing the provisioning of ecosystem services in South Korea under climate change: The benefits and pitfalls of current forest management strategies","We present a study about the integrated impact of adaptive management and climate change using spatially explicit tools at first time for assessing changes in forest ecosystem services in South Korea. The aims of this study were to (i) project potential changes among forest ecosystem services under various scenarios, (ii) assess the impact of forest management (Sc1, controlled; Sc2, business as usual; and Sc3, adaptive management) and climate change through comparison among them, and (iii) find insight for strategies to implementing both sustainable society and environment. For this purpose, the integrated tool was applied to analyze the changes in five ecosystem services: forest carbon storage, carbon sequestration, industrial wood production, freshwater supply, and forest recreation. The simulated results show that the ratio of these five ecosystem services of Sc3-to-Sc2 in the 2040s was estimated as 88.4%, 114.7%, 105.4%, 228.2%, and 86.5%, respectively. These results showed clear trade-offs between industrial wood production and freshwater supply on one side and forest recreation and forest carbon storage on the other side. In the case of carbon sequestration, the harvest activity might provide a negative effect in the short term, but it with a longer term perspective could be positive through reforestation activity. In addition, this study showed that future climate change until 2050 in Korea could have a generally negative influence on forest carbon sequestration but that these negative effects could be partly offset through harvest management. Therefore, the plans of the spatial distribution of management activities for the equilibrium of demand and supply in ecosystem services should be required.",2021,"Kim, M; <br>Kim, M; <br>Kraxner, F; <br>Forsell, N; <br>Song, C; <br>Lee, WK","Industrial wood production; Carbon storage; Recreation area; Freshwater supply; Carbon sequestration; Forest harvest","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01728-0","Article","REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Costs of avoiding net negative emissions under a carbon budget","The 2 degrees C and 1.5 degrees C temperature targets of the Paris Agreement can be interpreted as targets never to be exceeded, or as end-of-century targets. Recent literature proposes to move away from the latter, in favour of avoiding a temperature overshoot and the associated net negative emissions. To inform this discussion, we investigate under which conditions avoiding an overshoot is economically attractive. We show that some form of overshoot is attractive under a wide range of assumptions, even when considering the extra damages due to additional climate change in the optimisation process. For medium assumptions regarding mitigation costs and climate damages, avoiding net negative emissions leads to an increase in total costs until 2100 of 5% to 14%. However, avoiding overshoot only leads to some additional costs when mitigation costs are low, damages are high and when using a low discount rate. Finally, if damages are not fully reversible, avoiding net negative emissions can even become attractive. Under these conditions, avoiding overshoot may be justified, especially when non-monetary risks are considered.",2021,"van der Wijst, KI; <br>van der Wijst, KI; <br>Hof, AF; <br>Hof, AF; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>van Vuuren, DP","climate damages; economic costs and benefits; IAMs; temperature overshoot; paris agreement; damage reversibility","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac03d9","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Assessing climatic benefits from forestation potential in semi-arid lands","Forestation actions are a major tool for both climate-change mitigation and biodiversity conservation. We address two weaknesses in this approach: the little attention given to the negative effects of reduced albedo associated with forestation in many regions, and ignoring the potential of drylands that account for 40% of the global potential land area for forestation. We propose an approach to identify suitable land for forestation and quantify its 'net equivalent carbon stock change' over 80 years of forest lifetime (NESC), accounting for both carbon sequestration and albedo changes. We combined remote-sensing tools with data-based estimates of surface parameters and with published climate matrices, to identify suitable land for forestation actions. We then calculated the cumulative (over 80 years) 'net sequestration potential' (Delta SP), the 'emission equivalent of shortwave radiation forcing' (EESF) due to changes in surface albedo, and, in turn, the combined NESC = Delta SP-EESF, of planting forests with >40% tree-cover. Demonstrating our approach in a large climatically diverse state (Queensland), we identified 14.5 million hectares of potential forestation land in its semi-arid land and show that accounting for the EESF, reduces the climatic benefits of the Delta SP by almost 50%. Nevertheless, it results in a total NESC of 0.72 Gt C accumulated by the end of the century, and 80 years of forestation cycle. This estimated NESC is equivalent to 15% of the projected carbon emissions for the same period in Queensland, for a scenario of no change in emission rates during that period. Our approach extends restoration efforts by identifying new land for forestation and carbon sequestration but also demonstrates the importance of quantifying the climatic value of forestation in drylands.",2021,"Rohatyn, S; <br>Rohatyn, S; <br>Rotenberg, E; <br>Yakir, D; <br>Carmel, Y","climate-change; afforestation; reforestation; drylands; semiarid; carbon; albedo","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac29e9","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Confronting mitigation deterrence in low-carbon scenarios","Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) features heavily in low-carbon scenarios, where it often substitutes for emission reductions in both the near-term and long-term, enabling temperature targets to be met at lower cost. There are major concerns around the scale of CDR deployment in many low-carbon scenarios, and the risk that anticipated future CDR could dilute incentives to reduce emissions now, a phenomenon known as mitigation deterrence. Here we conduct an in-depth analysis into the relationship between emissions reduction and emissions removal in a global integrated assessment model. We explore the impact of CDR on low-carbon scenarios, illustrating how the pathway for the 2020s is highly sensitive to assumptions around CDR availability. Using stochastic optimisation, we demonstrate that accounting for uncertainty in future CDR deployment provides a strong rationale to increase rates of mitigation in the 2020s. A 20% chance of CDR deployment failure requires additional emissions reduction in 2030 of 3-17 GtCO(2). Finally, we introduce new scenarios which demonstrate the risks of mitigation deterrence and the benefits of formally separating CDR and emissions reduction as climate strategies. Continual mitigation deterrence across the time-horizon leads to the temperature goals being breached by 0.2-0.3 degrees C. If CDR is treated as additional to emissions reduction, up to an additional 700-800 GtCO(2) can be removed from the atmosphere by 2100, reducing end-of-century warming by up to 0.5 degrees C. This could put sub-1.5 degrees C targets within reach but requires that CDR is additional to, rather than replaces, emission reductions.",2021,"Grant, N; <br>Hawkes, A; <br>Mittal, S; <br>Gambhir, A","negative emissions; carbon dioxide removal; mitigation deterrence; climate change; CDR; NET; IAM","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac0749","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["A Life Cycle Assessment of an Energy-Biochar Chain Involving a Gasification Plant in Italy","Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a fundamental tool for evaluating the environmental and energy load of a production cycle. Its application to renewable energy production systems offers the possibility of identifying the environmental benefits of such processes-especially those related to the by-products of production processes (i.e., digestion or biochar). Biochar has received worldwide interest because of its potential uses in bioenergy production, due to its coproducts (bio-oil and syngas), as well as in global warming mitigation, sustainable agriculture, pollutant removal, and other uses. Biochar production and use of soil is a strategy for carbon sequestration that could contribute to the reduction of emissions, providing simultaneous benefits to soil and opportunities for bioenergy generation. However, to confirm all of biochar's benefits, it is necessary to characterize the environmental and energy loads of the production cycle. In this work, soil carbon sequestration, nitrous oxide emissions, use of fertilizers, and use of water for irrigation have been considered in the biochar's LCA, where the latter is used as a soil conditioner. Primary data taken from experiments and prior studies, as well as open-source available databases, were combined to evaluate the environmental impacts of energy production from biomass, as well as the biochar life cycle, including pre- and post-conversion processes. From the found results, it can be deduced that the use of gasification production of energy and biochar is an attractive strategy for mitigating the environmental impacts analyzed here-especially climate change, with a net decrease of about -8.3 x 10(3) kg CO2 eq. Finally, this study highlighted strategic research developments that combine the specific characteristics of biochar and soil that need to be amended.",2021,"Marzeddu, S; <br>Cappelli, A; <br>Ambrosio, A; <br>Decima, MA; <br>Viotti, P; <br>Boni, MR","agricultural land detection; biochar; environmental impacts; land-climate interaction; LCA; gasification; GWP; natural resources management; OpenLCA; pyrolisis","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10111256","Article","LAND","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Different climate sensitivity of particulate and mineral-associated soil organic matter","Soil carbon sequestration is seen as an effective means to draw down atmospheric CO2, but at the same time warming may accelerate the loss of extant soil carbon, so an accurate estimation of soil carbon stocks and their vulnerability to climate change is required. Here we demonstrate how separating soil carbon into particulate and mineral-associated organic matter (POM and MAOM, respectively) aids in the understanding of its vulnerability to climate change and identification of carbon sequestration strategies. By coupling European-wide databases with soil organic matter physical fractionation, we assessed the current geographical distribution of mineral topsoil carbon in POM and MAOM by land cover using a machine-learning approach. Further, using observed climate relationships, we projected the vulnerability of carbon in POM and MAOM to future climate change. Arable and coniferous forest soils contain the largest and most vulnerable carbon stocks when cumulated at the European scale. Although we show a lower carbon loss from mineral topsoils with climate change (2.5 +/- 1.2 PgC by 2080) than those in some previous predictions, we urge the implementation of coniferous forest management practices that increase plant inputs to soils to offset POM losses, and the adoption of best management practices to avert the loss of and to build up both POM and MAOM in arable soils. Particulate and mineral-associated soil organic carbon have different climate sensitivity and distributions in Europe, according to analyses of measurements of soil carbon fractions from 352 topsoils.",2021,"Lugato, E; <br>Lavallee, JM; <br>Haddix, ML; <br>Panagos, P; <br>Cotrufo, MF",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00744-x","Article","NATURE GEOSCIENCE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Influence of two management practices in the Canadian Prairies on radiative forcing","Surface albedo and soil carbon sequestration are influenced by agricultural management practices which impact the Earth's radiation budget and climate change. In this study we investigate the impact of reduced summer fallowing and reduced tillage in the Canadian Prairies on climate change by estimating the change in radiative forcing due to albedo and soil carbon sequestration. Seasonal variations of albedo, which are dependent on agricultural management practices and soil colour in three soil zones, were derived from 10-day composite 250-m Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. Using this information, we found an overall increase of surface albedo due to the conversion from summer fallowing to continuous cropping and from conventional tillage (CT) to either no-tillage (NT) or reduced tillage (RT). The increase was dependent on soil brightness, type of vegetation and snow cover. Using data from the Census of Agriculture and taking into consideration both albedo and soil carbon changes, we estimated that from 1981 to 2016, the total radiative forcing for the cropland area in the Canadian Prairies was -405 mu W m(-2) due to the conversion of CT to either NT or RT and about 70% was due to the change in albedo. During the same period, the total radiative forcing was -410 mu W m(-2) due to a reduction in the area under summer fallow and about 62% was due to the change in albedo. The equivalent atmospheric CO2 drawdown from these two management changes from albedo change was about 7.8 and 8.7 Tg CO2 yr(-1), respectively. These results demonstrate that it is important to consider both the changes of soil carbon and surface albedo in evaluating climate change impacts due to agricultural management practices. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2021,"Liu, J; <br>Worth, DE; <br>Desjardins, RL; <br>Haak, D; <br>McConkey, B; <br>Cerkowniak, D","Summer fallow; Reduced tillage; Radiative forcing; Soil carbon sequestration; Albedo; MODIS","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142701","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Biodiversity-productivity relationships are key to nature-based climate solutions","Exploring how biodiversity and climate change are interlinked, the authors show that limiting warming could maintain tree diversity, avoiding primary productivity loss. Countries with greater climate change economic costs benefit most: a potential triple win for climate, biodiversity and society. The global impacts of biodiversity loss and climate change are interlinked, but the feedbacks between them are rarely assessed. Areas with greater tree diversity tend to be more productive, providing a greater carbon sink, and biodiversity loss could reduce these natural carbon sinks. Here, we quantify how tree and shrub species richness could affect biomass production on biome, national and regional scales. We find that GHG mitigation could help maintain tree diversity and thereby avoid a 9-39% reduction in terrestrial primary productivity across different biomes, which could otherwise occur over the next 50 years. Countries that will incur the greatest economic damages from climate change stand to benefit the most from conservation of tree diversity and primary productivity, which contribute to climate change mitigation. Our results emphasize an opportunity for a triple win for climate, biodiversity and society, and highlight that these co-benefits should be the focus of reforestation programmes.",2021,"Mori, AS; <br>Dee, LE; <br>Gonzalez, A; <br>Ohashi, H; <br>Cowles, J; <br>Wright, AJ; <br>Loreau, M; <br>Hautier, Y; <br>Newbold, T; <br>Reich, PB; <br>Reich, PB; <br>Matsui, T; <br>Takeuchi, W; <br>Okada, K; <br>Okada, K; <br>Seidl, R; <br>Seidl, R; <br>Isbell, F",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01062-1","Article","NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The role of direct air capture and negative emissions technologies in the shared socioeconomic pathways towards+1.5 degrees C and+2 degrees C futures","The development of the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) and associated integrated assessment modeling exercises did not include direct air capture with carbon storage (DACCS) in their scenarios. Recent progress in DACCS commercialization suggests it could be a viable means of removing CO2 from the atmosphere with far lower land intensity than bioenergy with carbon capture or afforestation but with higher energy demands. Several forms of DACCS are in development, with different costs and energy inputs, as well as potential for future cost and performance improvements. Here, we use the Global Change Analysis Model to understand the role of DACCS across all 5 SSPs for the below 2 degrees C and below 1.5 degrees C end-of-century warming goals. We assess DACCS deployment relative to other carbon capture methods, and its side effects for global energy, water, land systems. We find that DACCS could play up to a tens of GtCO(2) yr(-1) role in many of these scenarios, particularly those with delayed climate policy and/or higher challenges to emissions mitigation. Our 'sustainable development' scenarios, consistent with SSP1, have smaller deployments of DACCS and other negative emissions owing to immediate climate policy onset, greater ease of emissions abatement, and tighter constraints on future negative emissions.",2021,"Fuhrman, J; <br>Fuhrman, J; <br>Fuhrman, J; <br>Clarens, A; <br>Calvin, K; <br>Calvin, K; <br>Doney, SC; <br>Edmonds, JA; <br>Edmonds, JA; <br>O'Rourke, P; <br>O'Rourke, P; <br>Patel, P; <br>Patel, P; <br>Pradhan, S; <br>Shobe, W; <br>McJeon, H; <br>McJeon, H","direct air capture; integrated assessment; climate change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2db0","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Small-scale biochar production on Swedish farms: A model for estimating potential, variability, and environmental performance","Several small-scale pyrolysis plants have been installed on Swedish farms and uptake is increasing in the Nordic countries. Pyrolysis plants convert biomass to biochar for agricultural applications and syngas for heating applications. These projects are driven by ambitions of achieving carbon dioxide removal, reducing environmental impacts, and improving farm finances and resilience. Before policy support for on-farm pyrolysis projects is implemented, a comprehensive environmental evaluation of these systems is needed. Here, a model was developed to jointly: (i) simulate operation of on-farm energy systems equipped with pyrolysis units; (ii) estimate biochar production potential and its variability under different energy demand situations and designs; and (iii) calculate life cycle environmental impacts. The model was applied to a case study farm in Sweden. The farm's heating system achieved net carbon dioxide removal through biochar carbon sequestration, but increased its impact in several other environmental categories, mainly due to increased biomass throughput. Proper dimensioning of heat-constrained systems is key to ensure optimal biochar production, as biochar production potential of the case farm was reduced under expected climate change in Sweden. To improve the environmental footprint of future biochar systems, it is crucial that expected co-benefits from biochar use in agriculture are realised. The model developed here is available for application to other cases. ¬© 2020 The Author(s)",2021,"Azzi, E.S.; <br>Karltun, E.; <br>Sundberg, C.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124873","Article","J. Clean. Prod.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Biochar produced from wood waste for soil remediation in Sweden: Carbon sequestration and other environmental impacts","The use of biochar to stabilize soil contaminants is emerging as a technique for remediation of contaminated soils. In this study, an environmental assessment of systems where biochar produced from wood waste with energy recovery is used for remediation of soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and metal(loid)s was performed. Two soil remediation options with biochar (on- and off-site) are considered and compared to landfilling. The assessment combined material and energy flow analysis (MEFA), life cycle assessment (LCA), and substance flow analysis (SFA). The MEFA indicated that on-site remediation can save fuel and backfill material compared to off-site remediation and landfilling. However, the net energy production by pyrolysis of wood waste for biochar production is 38% lower than incineration. The LCA showed that both on-site and off-site remediation with biochar performed better than landfilling in 10 of the 12 environmental impact categories, with on-site remediation performing best. Remediation with biochar provided substantial reductions in climate change impact in the studied context, owing to biochar carbon sequestration being up to 4.5 times larger than direct greenhouse gas emissions from the systems. The two biochar systems showed increased impacts only in ionizing radiation and fossils because of increased electricity consumption for biochar production. They also resulted in increased biomass demand to maintain energy production. The SFA indicated that leaching of PAH from the remediated soil was lower than from landfilled soil. For metal(loid)s, no straightforward conclusion could be made, as biochar had different effects on their leaching and for some elements the results were sensitive to water infiltration assumptions. Hence, the reuse of biocharremediated soils requires further evaluation, with site-specific information. Overall, in Sweden's current context, the biochar remediation technique is an environmentally promising alternative to landfilling worth investigating further. ¬© 2021 The Authors",2021,"Papageorgiou, A.; <br>Azzi, E.S.; <br>Enell, A.; <br>Sundberg, C.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145953","Article","Sci. Total Environ.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Irrigation of biomass plantations may globally increase water stress more than climate change","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is considered an important negative emissions (NEs) technology, but might involve substantial irrigation on biomass plantations. Potential water stress resulting from the additional withdrawals warrants evaluation against the avoided climate change impact. Here we quantitatively assess potential side effects of BECCS with respect to water stress by disentangling the associated drivers (irrigated biomass plantations, climate, land use patterns) using comprehensive global model simulations. By considering a widespread use of irrigated biomass plantations, global warming by the end of the 21st century could be limited to 1.5 ¬∞C compared to a climate change scenario with 3 ¬∞C. However, our results suggest that both the global area and population living under severe water stress in the BECCS scenario would double compared to today and even exceed the impact of climate change. Such side¬†effects of achieving substantial NEs would come as an extra pressure in an already water-stressed world and could only be avoided if sustainable water management were implemented globally. ¬© 2021, The Author(s).",2021,"Stenzel, F.; <br>Greve, P.; <br>Lucht, W.; <br>Tramberend, S.; <br>Wada, Y.; <br>Gerten, D.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21640-3","Article","Nat. Commun.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Current carbon prices do not stack up to much land use change, despite bundled ecosystem service co-benefits","Biological sources of carbon sequestration such as revegetation have been highlighted as important avenues to combat climate change and meet global targets by the global community including the Paris Climate Agreement. However, current and projected carbon prices present a considerable barrier to broad-scale adoption of tree planting as a key mitigation strategy. One avenue to provide additional economic and environmental incentives to encourage wider adoption of revegetation is the bundling or stacking of additional co-beneficial ecosystem services that can be realized from tree planting. Using the World's largest land-based carbon credit trading scheme, the Australian Emissions Reduction Scheme (ERF), we examine the potential for three pairs of ecosystem services, where the carbon sequestration value of land use change is paired with an additional co-benefit with strong prospects for local tangible benefits to land owners/providers. Two cases consider agricultural provisioning values that can be realized by the landowners in higher returns: increased pollination services and reduced lamb mortality. The third case examined payments for tree plantings along riparian buffers, with payments to farmers by a water utility who realizes the benefit from reduced treatment cost due to water quality improvements. Economic incentives from these co-benefit case studies were found to be mixed, with avoided treatment costs from water quality paired with carbon payments the most promising, while pollination and reduced lamb mortality paired with carbon payments were unable to bridge the economic gap except under the most optimistic assumptions. We conclude that the economics case for significant land use change are likely to be geographically dispersed and only viable in relatively niche landscape positions in high establishment, high opportunity cost areas even when carbon payments are augmented with the value of co-benefits classified as providing direct and local benefits. ¬© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.",2021,"Summers, D.M.; <br>Regan, C.M.; <br>Settre, C.; <br>Connor, J.D.; <br>O‚ÄôConnor, P.; <br>Abbott, H.; <br>Frizenschaf, J.; <br>van der Linden, L.; <br>Lowe, A.; <br>Hogendoorn, K.; <br>Groom, S.; <br>Cavagnaro, T.R.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15613","Article","Global Change Biol.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["A risk-based decision support tool for selection and evaluation of negative emissions technologies","As the rate at which climate change is increasing in making an impact to the planet, the need to develop and deploy technologies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions becomes increasingly necessary. The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 13 (SDG 13) of reducing the effects of climate change would require ambitious actions and implementation towards achieving it. Negative emissions technologies (NETs) will contribute to this goal by reducing GHG concentrations in the atmosphere. Options for NETs are available for integration into energy and climate change policies. Barriers for large-scale implementation are present in each of these technologies; risks are present when it comes to integrating them into climate change mitigation strategies. In this paper, a novel multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) tool is developed for ranking and evaluating NETs under different risk levels. The tool is based on integrating the concept of neutrosophic sets into data envelopment analysis, or neutrosophic data envelopment analysis (NDEA) to examine the consequential effect of inefficiencies and uncertainties in the characteristics of different NETs. This considers a decoupled approach to the inherent efficiency, inefficiency, and uncertainty of each technology. A case study is presented to illustrate this tool. Results show the advantages of different NETs under different levels of expert's risk attitude and perception, i.e. tolerance factors. Soil carbon sequestration technology is efficient at tolerance levels from 60 % to 100 % as presented in the results. This can be an effective tool to select which technologies is appropriate in different scenarios. Copyright ¬© 2021, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l.",2021,"Tapia, J.F.D.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3303/CET2183017","Article","Chem. Eng. Trans.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["An optimization framework for biochar-based carbon management networks","Biochar-based carbon management networks (BCMNs) are systems that are intended to strategically plan carbon sequestration via systematic production and allocation of biochars for long-term storage to agricultural lands and for simultaneous improvement of soil properties. Other significant potential benefit includes supply of clean energy in gaseous (biogas) or liquid (bio-oil) form. However, a challenge still exists in determining the levels of biochar contaminants that the soil can tolerate. This risk implies that adequate planning will be needed to ascertain the suitability of sinks to biochar application in order to lessen the potential for adverse effects on soil. To maximize the potential benefits of biochar, a modeling framework for BCMNs can be developed with the aid of Process Systems Engineering (PSE) techniques so as to ensure that the quality requirements set for the sinks are met. To fill this research gap in the global biochar literature, this work develops an optimization framework for BCMNs by accounting for the relevant and practical aspects of biochar research. Since the decision-maker can consider distinct degree of tolerance for every impurity and can have different preferences regarding the amount of contaminant that can be tolerated in each sink, a unique risk aversion parameter is assigned in each sink-contaminant pair. The parameter represents the extent to which the decision-maker can accept soil contamination level. To demonstrate the applicability of the framework, a representative network is explored, which attains a profit of USD 17,453,810 and a cumulative CO2 sequestration of 876,961.4 t. The results show how the framework can be used to support decision-making for the proper deployment of BCMNs. Copyright ¬© 2021, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l.",2021,"Belmonte, B.A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3303/CET2183028","Article","Chem. Eng. Trans.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Country-level potential of carbon sequestration and environmental benefits by utilizing crop residues for biochar implementation","Conversion of biomass into biofuel and biochar with a subsequent soil storage is assumed as a prospective strategy of reducing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, substantial uncertainties exist in this field regarding the country-level potential of biochar carbon sequestration, indirect effects of biochar implementation on overall environment, and dominating factors. This study conducted a life cycle assessment of country-wide incorporation of biochar in agriculture, and associated potential benefits. Results showed that over 920 kg CO2e (CO2-equivalent) could be sequestrated via converting 1 t of crop residues into biochar. As an example, based on crop residues availability statistics for China in 2014, the estimated annual carbon sequestration potential could be as high as 0.50 Pg CO2e (1 Pg = 1 √ó 109 t). The most significant potential for biochar carbon sequestration was identified in the central south, east and northeast of China, which contributed 65% of the national biochar carbon sequestration potential. The biochar system could also contribute to mitigation of the following environmental problems: marine aquatic biodiversity destruction, surface soil and water acidification, etc. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that biochar yield, carbon content in biochar, electricity conversion efficiencies of bio-oil and pyrolysis gas were the critical parameters determining the biochar system's overall carbon sequestration potential and environmental effects. This study provides guidance on evaluating biochar's potential carbon sequestration capacity and comprehensive environmental impacts, as well as research and development needs. ¬© 2020",2021,"Yang, Q.; <br>Ma≈°ek, O.; <br>Zhao, L.; <br>Nan, H.; <br>Yu, S.; <br>Yin, J.; <br>Li, Z.; <br>Cao, X.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116275","Article","Appl. Energy","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Production of carbon neutral methanol using co-electrolysis of co2 and steam in solid oxide electrolysis cell in tandem with direct air capture","The increasing concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere since the industrial revolution is a major contributor to climate change. Among the several options to tackle this issue, the removal of CO2from the atmosphere and its subsequent use is becoming increasingly attractive. This paper presents a technoeconomic feasibility study and quantification of the environmental benefits of combining direct air capture (i.e. capturing CO2from the atmosphere) with co-electrolysis of water and the captured CO2in a solid oxide electrolyser cell (SOEC). It was found that the fuel methanol could be modelled to be produced in a carbon negative manner but is not profitable due to current SOEC capital cost. The capital cost of the SOEC is expected to be cut in half by 2030. This would allow for profitable production of methanol. ¬© 2021 Electrochemical Society Inc.. All rights reserved.",2021,"Ferguson, K.M.; <br>Saafan, H.; <br>Wildeboer, E.K.H.; <br>Reeves, T.E.A.; <br>Croiset, E.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10301.0663ecst","Conference Paper","ECS Transactions","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Energy penalty of CO2 capture from biomass combustion and fermentation in Brazilian sugarcane and corn ethanol biorefineries","In order to curb global warming and the impacts of climate change, the Paris Agreement settled GHG emissions mitigation targets to the contributing parts. Since that, climate stakeholders have been investigating technologies to meet those targets. One of the most prominent alternatives relies on carbon capture in biorefineries, or BECCS (Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage), which has the potential to reach negative CO2 emissions. Brazil is one of the main countries with potential to deploy BECCS due to its large ethanol industry. This study investigates the energy penalty of BECCS deployment in 1st and 2nd generation Brazilian sugarcane and corn biorefineries. Five different biorefineries configurations were chosen and assessed in terms of the energy demand from capture systems in cogeneration and fermentation. Process simulations in Aspen Plus¬Æ were used for the technical assessment. The CO2 from cogeneration was captured via post-combustion by absorption with 30% monoethanolamine (MEA), and the CO2 from fermentation was captured directly from the gas stream. After capture, the CO2 streams were subsequently compressed up to 150 bar. We found global CO2 capture ratios from 28% to 87%, and global energy penalties from ~9% to 42% in the biorefineries assessed. ¬© 2021, ETA-Florence Renewable Energies. All rights reserved.",2021,"Galindo, R.F.; <br>Seabra, J.E.A.",null,null,"Conference Paper","European Biomass Conf. Exhib. Proc.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Co-benefits in biodiversity conservation and carbon stock during forest regeneration in a preserved tropical landscape","To counter increasing CO2 emissions and plant biodiversity loss, ecological restoration has been proposed as a means to sequester carbon as well as to increase species diversity in tropical landscapes. Here we examine how natural regeneration is associated with changing plant diversity and carbon stocks in the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil. Aboveground carbon stocks and plant species diversity (using taxonomic, functional, phylogenetic and conservation metrics) were estimated in areas undergoing natural regeneration, ranging in age from seven to &gt;80 years. Aboveground carbon, diversity and conservation metrics increase rapidly and concomitantly over time during forest natural regeneration, but even with carbon increase over time, we found the maximum taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity possible for the region. These results show the importance of considering regeneration as an alternative to increase carbon stocks, diversity, and species conservation in carbon-focused restoration plans. Our results showed co-benefits between carbon stocks, diversity, and conservation. Diversity (taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic) increases along with carbon stocks, but functional evenness does not. Age of the areas also influences co-benefits, as they increase over time. Thus, we demonstrate that ecological restoration not only sequesters carbon and has benefits with respect to climate change but is also responsible for increasing biodiversity and conservation. This mutualism between different benefits of natural regeneration attends to a variety of international concerns. ¬© 2021 Elsevier B.V.",2021,"Salete Capellesso, E.; <br>Cequinel, A.; <br>Marques, R.; <br>Luisa Sausen, T.; <br>Bayer, C.; <br>Marques, M.C.M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119222","Article","For. Ecol. Manage.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The economics of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) deployment in a 1.5 ¬∞C or 2 ¬∞C world","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and afforestation are key negative emission technologies suggested in many studies under 2 ¬∞C or 1.5 ¬∞C scenarios. However, these large-scale land-based approaches have raised concerns about their economic impacts, particularly their impact on food prices, as well as their environmental impacts. Here we focus on quantifying the potential scale of BECCS and its impact on the economy, taking into account technology and economic considerations, but excluding sustainability and political aspects. To do so, we represent all major components of BECCS technology in the MIT Economic Projection and Policy Analysis model. We find that BECCS could make a substantial contribution to emissions reductions in the second half of the century under 1.5 and 2 ¬∞C climate stabilization goals, with its deployment driven by revenues from carbon dioxide permits. Results show that global economic costs and the carbon prices needed to hit the stabilization targets are substantially lower with the technology available, and BECCS acts as a true backstop technology at carbon prices around $240 per tonne of carbon dioxide. If driven by economics alone, BECCS deployment increases the use of productive land for bioenergy production, causing substantial land use changes. However, the projected impact on commodity prices is quite limited at the global scale, with global commodity price indices increasing by less than 5% on average. The effect is larger at the regional scale (up to 15% in selected regions), though significantly lower than previous estimates. While BECCS deployment is likely to be constrained for environmental and/or political reasons, this study shows that the large-scale deployment of BECCS is not detrimental to agricultural commodity prices and could reduce the costs of meeting stabilization targets. Still, it is crucial that policies consider carbon dioxide removal as a complement to drastic carbon dioxide emissions reductions, while establishing a credible accounting system and sustainable limits on BECCS. ¬© 2021 Elsevier Ltd",2021,"Fajardy, M.; <br>Morris, J.; <br>Gurgel, A.; <br>Herzog, H.; <br>Mac Dowell, N.; <br>Paltsev, S.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102262","Article","Global Environ. Change","Quant. analyses & models"]
["CO2 Removal Using the Sun and Forest: An Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of a Solar &amp; Biomass Hybrid Carbon Capture and Sequestration Plant","This paper proposes and analyses an innovative sustainable energy option; a concentrated solar and biomass hybrid carbon capture and sequestration plant. This conceptual plant utilizes concentrated solar as the heat source for the biomass gasification process. The produced synthetic gas will then be used for electricity generation and carbon dioxide will be removed and sequestrated in an underground reservoir. With this new energy option, a sustainable future energy system can be designed whereby the carbon removed by the forest can be both utilized and sequestrated using the power of the sun. The environmental impact of 1¬†kWh of electricity production was assessed through a life cycle assessment using ecoinvent, and the life cycle GHG emissions of the plant were estimated to be ‚àí0.812¬†kg CO2-eq/kWh. This result shows that even at the 95% percentile, net GHG emissions from Solar Hybrid BECCS (‚àí0.492¬†kg/kwh) is lower than that of a conventional BECCS plant (‚àí0.474¬†kg/kwh). To summarize, this technologically fusible energy option may have a great potential in achieving energy sustainability towards the 2.0- and 1.5-degree scenarios by achieving carbon removal with the two fundamental gifts from the nature: the sun and the forest. ¬© 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.",2021,"Takeda, S.; <br>Chapman, A.J.; <br>Nam, H.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6775-9_24","Book Chapter","Sustain. Prod., Life Cycle Eng. Manag.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Life-cycle assessment of an industrial direct air capture process based on temperature‚Äìvacuum swing adsorption","Current climate targets require negative carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Direct air capture is a promising negative emission technology, but energy and material demands lead to trade-offs with indirect emissions and other environmental impacts. Here, we show by life-cycle assessment that the commercial direct air capture plants in Hinwil and Hellishei√∞i operated by Climeworks can already achieve negative emissions today, with carbon capture efficiencies of 85.4% and 93.1%. The climate benefits of direct air capture, however, depend strongly on the energy source. When using low-carbon energy, as in Hellishei√∞i, adsorbent choice and plant construction become more important, inducing up to 45 and 15 gCO2e per kilogram CO2 captured, respectively. Large-scale deployment of direct air capture for 1% of the global annual CO2 emissions would not be limited by material and energy availability. However, the current small-scale production of amines for the adsorbent would need to be scaled up by more than an order of magnitude. Other environmental impacts would increase by less than 0.057% when using wind power and by up to 0.30% for the global electricity mix forecasted for 2050. Energy source and efficiency are essential for direct air capture to enable both negative emissions and low-carbon fuels. ¬© 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.",2021,"Deutz, S.; <br>Bardow, A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-00771-9","Article","Nat. Energy","Quant. analyses & models"]
["CO2 utilisation in agricultural greenhouses: A novel ‚Äòplant to plant‚Äô approach driven by bioenergy with carbon capture systems within the energy, water and food Nexus","Securing the growing populations' demand for food energy and water whilst adapting to climate change is extremely challenging. In this regard, bioenergy coupled with carbon capture and storage or utilisation (BECCS/U) is an attractive solution for meeting both the population demand, and offsetting CO2 emissions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of BECCS/U pathways utilising CO2 for agricultural enrichment in enhancing food systems and reducing GHG emissions within the energy, water and food nexus concept. The study bridges negative emissions with CO2 fertilisation within an integrated system. It consists of a source of CO2 represented by a biomass-based integrated gasification combined cycle with carbon capture, a CO2 network for a sustainable CO2 supply, and a CO2 sink characterised by agricultural greenhouses. A techno-economic and environmental analysis of each of these subsystems is conducted, feeding to an overall performance analysis of the integrated BECCS/U pathway. Results reveal synergetic opportunities between the energy, water and food subsectors, whereby CO2 is captured from an energy sub-system and is efficiently utilised to enhance food sub-systems by improving productivity and reducing crop water requirements. Thus, the proposed integrated BECCS/U system is able to improve food availability by enhancing the food system, increasing the yield by 13.8%, whilst reducing crop water requirements by 28%. System outputs resulted in a levelised cost of 0.35 $/kg of agricultural produce when the system is scaled-up, and an abatement of the related environmental burdens throughout the supply chain by achieving negative CO2 emissions of 24.6 kg/m2.year of cultivated land. ¬© 2020 The Author(s)",2021,"Ghiat, I.; <br>Mahmood, F.; <br>Govindan, R.; <br>Al-Ansari, T.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113668","Article","Energy Convers. Manage.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Negative-emissions technology portfolios to meet the 1.5‚ÄØ¬∞C target","Our carbon-intensive economy has led to an average temperature rise of 1 ¬∞C since pre-industrial times. As a consequence, the world has seen increasing droughts, significant shrinking of the polar ice caps, and steady sea-level rise. To stall these issues‚Äô worsening further, we must limit global warming to 1.5 ¬∞C. In addition to the economy's decarbonization, this endeavour requires the use of negative-emissions technologies (NETs) that remove the main greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, from the atmosphere. While techno-economic feasibility alone has driven the definition of negative-emissions solutions, NETs‚Äô diverse, far-reaching implications demand a more holistic assessment. Here, we present a comprehensive framework, integrating NETs‚Äô critical performance aspects of feasibility, effectiveness, and side impacts, to define the optimal technology mix within realistic outlooks. The resulting technology portfolios provide a useful new benchmark to compare carbon avoidance and removal measures and deliberately choose the best path to solve the climate emergency. ¬© 2021 The Author(s)",2021,"Rueda, O.; <br>Mogoll√≥n, J.M.; <br>Tukker, A.; <br>Scherer, L.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102238","Article","Global Environ. Change","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Forestry and Environment","There have been growing concerns in Nepal and other South Asian less developed countries (LDCs) with the acceleration of global environment changes due to continuing increases in greenhouse gas emissions and accelerated deforestation rates. Available literature on forestry‚Äôs dilemmas reveals that, except for the extreme temperature, moisture, and nutrient deficient situations, vegetation can (a) efficiently conserve elevated atmospheric carbon; (b) use the absorbed carbon in biomass production through the process of photosynthesis; and (c) if properly managed, can help to boost gross and net primary productivity of an ecosystem while mitigating global climate change. Within Nepal, conservationists, scientists, and administrators have expressed growing concerns about the rapid deterioration of the Himalayan environment because of deforestation, landslide increases, and large-scale downstream flooding. These processes are frequently linked together into a wide-ranging cause-and-effect drama of the Himalayan Degradation. Effective management of forest resources is considered one of the solutions to ameliorating environmental and land degradations. Recent Nepal‚Äôs government statistics show that Nepal‚Äôs total forest area has increased from 29 to 44%; however, forests are constantly facing new socio-environmental pressures from the growing population and from bulldozer-based development. Further complicating this issue, the statistics on Nepal‚Äôs forests have been disputed by various scholars. Nonetheless, through a set of policies, Nepal has been actively involved in the REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation, Plus Related Pro-forest Activities) programs since 2009 involving local communities to conserve and manage existing forests and creating new forest on non-forested lands through afforestation programs. If applied effectively, the full range of REDD+ activities can turn forests from a source of global warming emissions into a counteracting ‚Äúsink.‚Äù REDD+‚Äôs incentives in the form of carbon fund allocations and can act as a development catalyzer, involving many communities in greening the denuded lands of Nepal while also generating employment opportunities at local grass-root levels. Government agencies, many private organizations, religious institutions, and over 22,266 community forestry user groups have been involved in the management of Nepal‚Äôs forests, and their activities are contributing to the reduction of carbon emissions through forest conservation as well as deriving economic benefits to local communities. Though mountainous Nepal contributes merely 0.027% of the total global greenhouse gas emissions, it unwillingly exports top fertile soils along the rivers flowing down steep to very steep gradients. Sedimentation from Nepal‚Äôs Himalayan region often clogs rivers and canals along the Indo-Gangetic belt and causes massive floods in the Indian state of Bihar before draining into the Bay of Bengal. Participatory natural resource management and the ecosystem services concept proposed in this chapter‚Äîwhich have been instrumental across many South Asian, European, and North American countries in claiming degraded lands and mutually benefitting the upstream and downstream communities‚Äîcould be instrumental in the restoration and management of degraded ecosystems in various parts of Nepal. We propose such a concept to solve the ongoing problems of land degradation of the Churia Range of Nepal. We have divided the entire Churia and corresponding Tarai-Madhesh regions into 91 watersheds and recast them as the operational service providing units (SPUs) for handling this deforestation dilemma. There are several sub-SPUs within SPUs, serving local communities. It is hoped that with the delineation of SPUs and sub-SPUs, it will be possible to make individual households living within the watersheds responsible for managing their lands and forest resources of their territories and creating an environment of communalism where both upstream and downstream communities will benefit in this ‚Äúwin-win‚Äù environmental scenario. The woodlots and vegetated areas that the households living within SPU and sub-SPUs manage will provide a wide range of ecosystem services to the downstream communities. In turn, the upstream communities will benefit from the downstream communities and REDD+‚Äôs incentives programs while also ameliorating the global climate from carbon sequestration. The upstream communities benefit from grant money or development funds granted from the government. The government might increase nominal revenue on the farmlands of downstream communities for the regulated ecosystem services from upstream communities. Revenues paid to the government by the downstream communities can be redirected as the government grants money to upstream communities to further improve the ecosystem services to the downstream communities. Properly identifying, assessing, and valuing natural resources and ecosystem services within SPUs and sub-SPUs will help in the management of natural resources in various ways. One such approach proposed here is the prioritization of SPU‚Äôs management options by assessing the trade-offs in ecosystem services and developing resilient communities who will eventually contribute to the sustainable management of available resources while contributing to the mitigation of global climate changes. Different computer-based models along with this chapter will help local communities to assess their benefits from each SPU or sub-SPU and change their course of actions in the future. ¬© 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.",2021,"Bhattarai, K.; <br>Conway, D.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50168-6_8","Book Chapter","Adv. Asian Hum. Environ. Res.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Deriving Nickel (Ni(II)) and Chromium (Cr(III)) Based Environmentally Safe Olivine Guidelines for Coastal Enhanced Silicate Weathering.","Enhanced silicate weathering (ESW) by spreading finely ground silicate rock along the coastal zone to remove atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is a proposed climate change mitigation technique. The abundant and fast-dissolving mineral olivine has received the most attention for this application. However, olivine contains nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr), which may pose a risk to marine biota during a gigaton-scale ESW application. Herein we derive a first guideline for coastal olivine dispersal based on existing marine environmental quality standards (EQS) for Ni and Cr. Results show that benthic biota are at the highest risk when olivine and its associated trace metals are mixed in the surface sediment. Specifically, depending on local sedimentary Ni concentrations, 0.059-1.4 kg of olivine m-2 of seabed could be supplied without posing risks for benthic biota. Accordingly, globally coastal ESW could safely sequester only 0.51-37 Gt of CO2 in the 21st century. On the basis of current EQS, we conclude that adverse environmental impacts from Ni and Cr release could reduce the applicability of olivine in coastal ESW. Our findings call for more in-depth studies on the potential toxicity of olivine toward benthic marine biota, especially in regard to bioavailability and metal mixture toxicity.",2021,"Flipkens, Gunter; <br>Blust, Ronny; <br>Town, Raewyn M",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c02974","Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't","Environmental science & technology","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Soil Carbon Sequestration for Soil Quality Improvement and Climate Change Mitigation","In twenty-first century, climate change is considered a serious issue for mankind. Producing sufficient food for the burgeoning population is also a great challenge. The accelerated increase in atmospheric CO2 level during the last decades aggravates the risks of global warming, soil degradation and desertification, and environmental pollution. Soil is the biggest terrestrial sink of carbon (C) and stores nearly 3 times of the atmospheric C pool and 4.5 times of the biotic C pool and thus maintains the global C cycle. Therefore, any change in the atmospheric C could be the result in modification of soil C.However, the C stabilization as well as subsequent sequestration in soil is greatly affected by different climatic and soil factors like land-use change, soil type, nature of organics present in soil, management practices, diversity of soil microorganism, rainfall, temperature, etc. The content and type of clay minerals affect the C stabilization by forming clayorganic complex in soil, whereas the recommended management practices such as conservation tillage, proper crop rotation, integrated use of inorganic and organic fertilizers, etc., play a vital role in sustaining soil quality and sequestering higher amounts of organic C in soil. Besides, land-use management has tremendous potential to sequester SOC and also reclamation of degraded salt-affected lands through suitable tolerant tree species may not only increase the area under forest but also subsequently fixes atmospheric CO2 into soil. The diversity and activity of soil microbes which affect the SOC sequestration by respiration and fixation mechanisms are very sensitive to change in soil temperature and moisture. The SOC also plays an incomparable role for sustaining soil quality which is very important for agricultural sustainability. Hence, sequestration of C in soil is very crucial to mitigate the effect of climate change by reducing the greenhouse gases emission and also to improve the soil quality for better crop productivity in sustainable manner. ¬© 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.",2021,"Das, R.; <br>Ghosh, A.; <br>Das, S.; <br>Basak, N.; <br>Singh, R.; <br>Priyanka; <br>Datta, A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0638-0_4","Book Chapter","Energy. Environ. Sustain.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Effects of biochar application on crop productivity, soil carbon sequestration, and global warming potential controlled by biochar C:N ratio and soil pH: A global meta-analysis","Biochar application has been widely recommended as a potential solution to tackle the challenges of food security and climate change in agroecosystems, but the effect sizes of biochar application on crop yield, soil carbon sequestration, and global warming potential (GWP) shows great uncertainties. To explore the effect variation of biochar application alone (B) and biochar combined with chemical fertilizers (BF) on crop yield, soil organic carbon (SOC), and GWP, this study reviewed updated datasets with 455, 131, and 95 independent experiments globally to identify the key factors influencing the responses of crop yield, SOC, and GWP to B and BF, respectively. Overall, the effect sizes were different between B and BF in both improving crop yield (15.1 % and 48.4 %, respectively) and decreasing GWP (27.1 % and 14.3 %, respectively), whereas there were almost no differences in terms of increasing SOC (32.9 % and 34.8 %, respectively). In addition, the effect sizes of B and BF on crop yield were coupled with these on SOC. Increased biochar carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio) and soil pH decreased the impact of B and BF on crop yield, while increased SOC promoted the impact of BF on crop yield. The effect size on GWP increased with biochar pH increasing but soil pH decreasing under B and BF. The wetness index, soil properties (SOC, pH, and clay), and biochar properties (type, pH, C:N ratio, and application rate) jointly explained 70 %-79 %, 90 %-93 %, and 70 %-97 % of the effect variations in crop yield, SOC, and GWP, respectively. The biochar C:N ratio and soil pH were the most important factors determining the effect size of biochar application on crop yield, SOC, and GWP. Taken together, biochar application is a tripartite win-win solution for improving crop yield, increasing SOC, and decreasing GWP mainly depending on biochar properties and soil pH.",2021,"Xu, H; <br>Xu, H; <br>Cai, AD; <br>Cai, AD; <br>Wu, D; <br>Liang, GP; <br>Xiao, J; <br>Xu, MG; <br>Xu, MG; <br>Colinet, G; <br>Zhang, WJ","Biochar properties; Fertilizer; Crop yield; Soil carbon; Greenhouse gas","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.105125","Article","SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Organic farming: A prospect for food, environment and livelihood security in Indian agriculture","Organic farming is an environmentally, economically and socially accepted way to produce food. This review scrutinizes various facets of the practice including its impact on the environment, international markets, and local as well as global food security. First-hand knowledge throughout India and the world was evaluated the various strategies and policies implemented for organic agriculture in India. Scenarios depicted here represent millions of people from all social and economic backgrounds who have embraced this agrarian method ensuring the integrity of food. Since organic farming depends on animal manures, off-farm organic wastes, crop residues, green manures, and bio-fertilizers, the question arises whether the availability of these organic feed materials is sufficient to support widespread organic farming in India. In total, these sources could supply 7.04 Mt. of primary nutrients in India, while in the long-term, organic farming could contribute to food security by harmonizing population growth, food grain production, fertilizer consumption, and prevent or minimize soil nutrient depletion. Municipal solid waste compost and sewage water are being increasingly employed in organic agriculture and very large amounts of organic residues and pollutants are added to the soil. Given this, the prospects of organic agriculture to help solve environmental problems need to be researched in more detail. Soil C (carbon) sequestration by municipal solid waste compost and sewage water may to some extent stop environmental degradation. Primarily, organic farming could boost the quality of food by enhancing protein, vitamins, minerals, etc. Soil health and ecological functions such as biomass production, biodiversity maintenance, environmental protection, etc., which occur in organic farming could also be maintained or improved. In this way, it is possible for climatic aberrations could be mitigated or alleviated. However, policies should be developed for proper utilization of bio-waste, integrated farming approaches with organics, prioritizing areas and different kinds of organic farming, better pest management involving bio-pesticides, strengthening the domestic market for organic produce, farmer-to-farmer communication, etc. Our assessment found that organic farming has huge potential for contributing to food security, risk mitigation, etc., in India. Organic farming could also address many of the sustainable development goals directly, namely 3, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16. However, future research should address areas like: (a) C sequestration and critical C input for organic farming; (b) dynamics, biology and biochemistry of nutrient cycles; (c) impact of the exposure of organic farming to contaminants; and (d) producing higher quality food crops.",2021,"Manna, MC; <br>Rahman, MM; <br>Rahman, MM; <br>Naidu, R; <br>Naidu, R; <br>Bari, ASMF; <br>Bari, ASMF; <br>Singh, AB; <br>Thakur, JK; <br>Ghosh, A; <br>Patra, AK; <br>Chaudhari, SK; <br>Subbarao, A",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2021.06.003","Review; Book Chapter","ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 170","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Technologies to deliver food and climate security through agriculture","Agriculture attempts to satisfy the demand for food of a growing human population but contributes to environmental degradation. However, there are technological options for agriculture to deliver food security and potentially reduce atmospheric CO2. Agriculture is a major contributor to environmental degradation and climate change. At the same time, a growing human population with changing dietary preferences is driving ever increasing demand for food. The need for urgent reform of agriculture is widely recognized and has resulted in a number of ambitious plans. However, there is credible evidence to suggest that these are unlikely to meet the twin objectives of keeping the increase in global temperature within the target of 2.0 degrees C above preindustrial levels set out in the Paris Agreement and delivering global food security. Here, we discuss a series of technological options to bring about change in agriculture for delivering food security and providing multiple routes to the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. These technologies include the use of silicate amendment of soils to sequester atmospheric CO2, agronomy technologies to increase soil organic carbon, and high-yielding resource-efficient crops to deliver increased agricultural yield, thus freeing land that is less suited for intensive cropping for land use practices that will further increase carbon storage. Such alternatives include less intensive regenerative agriculture, afforestation and bioenergy crops coupled with carbon capture and storage technologies.",2021,"Horton, P; <br>Long, SP; <br>Long, SP; <br>Smith, P; <br>Banwart, SA; <br>Beerling, DJ",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-021-00877-2","Review","NATURE PLANTS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Carbon Sequestration to Avoid Soil Degradation: A Review on the Role of Conservation Tillage","Human efforts to produce more food for increasing populations leave marks on the environment. The use of conventional agricultural practices, including intensive tillage based on the removal of crop residue, has magnified soil erosion and soil degradation. In recent years, the progressive increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) has created global interest in identifying different sustainable strategies in order to reduce their concentration in the atmosphere. Carbon stored in soil is 2-4 times higher than that stored in the atmosphere and four times more when compared to carbon stored in the vegetation. The process of carbon sequestration (CS) involves transferring CO2 from the atmosphere into the soil or storage of other forms of carbon to either defer or mitigate global warming and avoid dangerous climate change. The present review discusses the potential of soils in sequestering carbon and mitigating the accelerated greenhouse effects by adopting different agricultural management practices. A significant amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) could be sequestered by conversion of conventional tillage to conservation tillage. The most important aspect of conservation agriculture is thought to improve plant growth and soil health without damaging the environment. In the processes of climate change mitigation and adaptation, zero tillage has been found to be the most eco-friendly method among different tillage techniques. No-till practice is considered to enable sustainable cropping intensification to meet future agricultural demands. Although no-tillage suggests merely the absence of tillage, in reality, several components need to be applied to a conservation agriculture system to guarantee higher or equal yields and better environmental performance than conventional tillage systems.",2021,"Hussain, S; <br>Hussain, S; <br>Hussain, S; <br>Guo, R; <br>Sarwar, M; <br>Ren, XL; <br>Krstic, D; <br>Aslam, Z; <br>Zulifqar, U; <br>Rauf, A; <br>Hano, C; <br>El-Esawi, MA","carbon sequestration; climate change; global warming; soil conservation; zero tillage","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102001","Review","PLANTS-BASEL","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Soil management for carbon sequestration","An increase in atmospheric CO2 by similar to 146% and global temperature by similar to 1 degrees C since the year ca. 1750 has created an urgency to identify potential sinks for storage of excess CO2. The historic depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC) from agroecosystems is 135 petagrams of carbon (Pg C). Thus, soils of agroecosystems have a potential to sequester atmospheric CO2 and mitigate anthropogenic global warming. Of the total anthropogenic emissions of 11.3 Pg C in 2017, 4.1 Pg C (36.3%) was absorbed by land-based sinks. Hence, land-use and soil management systems that can create a positive soil/ecosystem carbon (C) budget have a potential to store C in soil. A positive soil C budget is created when input of biomass-C exceeds that of losses. Practices that can create a positive soil C budget in the surface layer (0-30 cm) are conservation agriculture, mulch farming, cover cropping, biochar and complex farming systems. Techniques to include SOC in the sub-soil (30-100 cm) are deep-rooted species and deep-burrowing earthworms. There exists a positive correlation between SOC concentration and aggregation, plant-available water capacity, nutrient retention, bulk density and porosity. Therefore, restoring the SOC stock of degraded soils is pertinent to advancing global food and climate security, allowing an agricultural solution to environmental issues.",2021,"Lal, R","conservation agriculture; food security; global warming; soil carbon budget; soil quality; southern Africa","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2021.1891474","Review","SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PLANT AND SOIL","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar for environmental sustainability in the energy-water-agroecosystem nexus","Global warming, management of soil health, remediation of contaminated wastewater,and sustainable alternate source of energy are the major challenges of the 21st century. Biochar has an enormous potential in addressing these global issues and can act as a catalyst in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). Biochar produced from waste biomass (crop residues, algal biomass, municipal waste, etc.) has dual advantages of waste management along with its application in different sectors. The mineral contents and buffering capacity of biochar make it an ultimate catalyst for anaerobic digestion which significantly enhances bioenergy production. Supplementing anaerobic digestion with biochar can increase biogas and biological hydrogen production up to 57% and 118% respectively, over control. Biochar addition to soil improves soil health, porosity and aeration which mitigates greenhouse gas emission from soil. Addition of biochar at the optimum level in rice can reduce cumulative methane emission up to 60%. In this manuscript, the potential of biochar for bioenergy production (biogas and biological hydrogen production), greenhouse gases mitigation, carbon sequestration in soils, and waste water remediation is discussed in detail along with the challenges and future prospects of biochar. This review identifies the key issues which need to be addressed for sustainable utilization of biochar.",2021,"Malyan, SK; <br>Kumar, SS; <br>Fagodiya, RK; <br>Ghosh, P; <br>Kumar, A; <br>Singh, R; <br>Singh, L","Biochar; Climate change; Carbon sequestration; Bioenergy; Emerging pollutants; Soil management","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111379","Article","RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Advancements of nanotechnologies in crop promotion and soil fertility: Benefits, life cycle assessment, and legislation policies","Increasing agricultural production has become one of the key components to bridge the gap between securing food resources and sustainable development goals (SDGs), namely, no poverty, zero hunger, preservation of natural resources (water and energy), combating climate change and its impacts, and halting the loss of biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems. In this regard, the crucial role of nanotechnology in modern farming is emphasized as an efficient means to develop \"precision farming\" systems. It can play a potent role in promoting sustainable agriculture, improving nutrient utilization, and mitigating climate change and environmental pollution. Particularly, nanotechnology-enabled products such as \"smart nano-delivery capsules\" offer new opportunities for controlled slow release of diverse deliverables (e.g., pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, and micronutrients) in compliance with the needs of plants under specific environmental stimuli responses. In this framework, this review explores the basic properties, application benefits, and future directions of nanotechnology in agricultural economics, particularly for promoting crop growth and soil reclamation under the umbrella of SDG targets. All obstacles for applying agri-nanotech products (agri-NPs) in farming have been identified and discussed, considering their life cycle assessment (LCA) in soil and plants. Emphasis has been made on evaluating the impacts of various nanotech products on crop growth in reference to traditional market technologies. Besides, this review work discusses the benefits of nanobiochar and nanobubbles as viable alternative natural nanotech products to promote crop physiology, alleviate environmental pollution, and sequester carbon in the soil. This work also summarizes the technical aspects associated with the conversion of agricultural biomass wastes into affordable biofuels. It also highlights regulations, legislative policies, and economic outputs to strengthen the public awareness and acceptance of nanotechnologies in agro-environmental fields. The opportunities and challenges in these topics are discussed to help actively develop and implement nano-enabled products in agriculture and related industries.",2021,"Younis, SA; <br>Younis, SA; <br>Kim, KH; <br>Shaheen, SM; <br>Shaheen, SM; <br>Shaheen, SM; <br>Antoniadis, V; <br>Tsang, YF; <br>Rinklebe, J; <br>Rinklebe, J; <br>Deep, A; <br>Brown, RJC","Nanotechnologies; Sustainable agriculture; Soil reclamation; Irrigation water management; Biomass-to-biofuel conversion; Regulation policies","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111686","Article","RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Life cycle assessment of carbon dioxide removal technologies: a critical review","A large number of prospective climate scenarios rely on Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) technologies to limit global warming below 2 degrees C. To date, however, a comprehensive understanding of the overall life-cycle environmental impacts of CDR technologies is missing. We present a critical review on conducted Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) of a comprehensive set of CDR technologies: afforestation and reforestation, biochar, soil carbon sequestration, enhanced weathering, ocean fertilisation, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, and direct air carbon capture and storage. One of the key observations is that emissions avoided due to substitution of certain processes (due to system expansion in LCA) can be easily misinterpreted as negative emissions, i.e. as carbon removal from the atmosphere. Based on the observed inconsistencies and shortcomings, we recommend to interpret available CDR LCA results with caution. To improve the understanding of environmental implications of CDR deployment, we recommend (1) to conduct LCAs with multiple environmental impact categories, (2) to consider the temporal aspect of emissions in biomass-related CDR technologies, (3) to focus on so far overlooked CDR technologies, (4) to be as transparent as possible regarding methodological choices, (5) to capture environmental side-effects, and (6) to distinguish between 'avoided emissions' and 'negative emissions' - only negative emissions correspond to permanent removal from the atmosphere. We conclude that more comprehensive and rigorous LCAs are needed to help inform the design of CDR technology portfolios and to aid in anticipatory governance.",2021,"Terlouw, T; <br>Terlouw, T; <br>Bauer, C; <br>Rosa, L; <br>Mazzotti, M",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee03757e","Review","ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Reckless or righteous? Reviewing the sociotechnical benefits and risks of climate change geoengineering","Geoengineering options such as negative emissions technologies (NETs) or greenhouse gas removal (GGR) may need to contribute towards decarbonization, by removing CO2 from the atmosphere and storing it safely in biological or geological sinks, or reflecting sunlight back into space via solar radiation management (SRM). Despite concerns about them, GGR and SRM are increasingly discussed as crucial complements to traditional climate change mitigation. Others routinely dismiss both SRM and GGR methods as a distraction from mitigation, or even as a potential moral hazard that induces complacency in reducing emissions. Yet, if climate impacts turn out to be more sudden and severe than currently known, such strategies could provide a rapid backstop to implement deeper emissions reductions, especially with techniques that require time to scale-up. Despite their importance and controversial status, most research on GGR and SRM remains technical, rather than social, and that knowledge of their technical characteristics remains limited, even within the physical and engineering sciences. Moreover, existing GGR and SRM options are changing rapidly in terms of their technical design, cost, and performance, and therefore scalability and deployment potential. To contribute to the debate, this study reviews and summarizes a large number of geoengineering assessments published over the past decade to document prospective benefits, but also reveal potential risks. It aims to provide a comprehensive evidence base on GGR and SRM technologies that is rigorous, timely, and interdisciplinary. This article begins by briefly defining geoengineering and associated technologies, describing how various techniques work, and summarizing recent market trends up until early 2021. Then, it discusses a series of advantages and disadvantages to these options before identifying tensions, research gaps, and a critical research agenda. It concludes with implications for research, policy, and governance.",2021,"Sovacool, BK; <br>Sovacool, BK","Climate engineering; Carbon dioxide removal; Negative emissions technologies; Solar radiation management; Greenhouse gas removal","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2021.100656","Review","ENERGY STRATEGY REVIEWS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Potential and challenges of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage as a carbon-negative energy source: A review","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is gaining increasing attention not only as a carbon-neutral alternative to fossil fuels as an energy source, but also as one of the most cost-effective paths to achieve \"negative emissions\", which aims at inducing a net emission reduction of atmospheric CO2 with the combined effect of photosynthesis and capture of CO2 emissions. However, like any solution to tackle environmental issues, BECCS has challenges and obstacles to overcome. Concerns over food security, land use, water use, and the feasibility of application at scale have notably been raised and addressing them will be crucial for successful implementation. As an emerging field, active research and development over the next decades, along with strong policy support, is crucial to ensure that BECCS can be implemented in time because delaying action on climate change reduces the likelihood of successfully meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement. Consequently, this critical review aims at establishing the upcoming challenges facing the implementation of BECCS and the pathways to address them, along with highlighting the advancements in the field over the last decade. An overview of the different paths to policy support along with techno-economic analyses of various forms of BECCS is also provided.",2021,"Babin, A; <br>Vaneeckhaute, C; <br>Iliuta, MC","BECCS; Bioenergy; Biomass; Carbon capture; Negative emissions; Policy","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.105968","Review","BIOMASS & BIOENERGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar from biomass waste as a renewable carbon material for climate change mitigation in reducing greenhouse gas emissions-a review","Biomass waste generation is increasing enormously and biomass burning emits greenhouse gas emissions causing severe effects on the environment and health of the population. It contains high organic and carbon content which can be reused/diverted for useful products (like Biochar) that facilitate climate change mitigation. Biochar, a renewable carbon, is gaining importance and it opens up an area of research to explore on the properties and stability of biochar, its wide applications, impacts on soil characteristics, techno-economic details, carbon and nitrogen interactions of biochar-soil matrix, and emission control. This review addresses opportunities of biomass wastes for biochar production, various thermo-chemical reactions for preparation and its basics/mechanisms, properties of biochar and hydrochar, and gaps/operational challenges, and summarizes wide applications of biochar in soil improvement, climate change mitigation, energy production, waste management, and environmental remediation. The effect of physico-chemical parameters (temperature, heating rate, chemical composition, etc.) on the biochar production will help in valorizing this industry. The optimized process conditions involved in low temperature (torrefaction, microwave-assisted pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization), pyrolysis (Fast, Slow, Flash), gasification, and combustion processes for biochar, syngas, and bio-oil production are to be explored. The critical review on the biochar addition influence on CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions in various soil types and carbon sequestration is done here. The modification and activation of biochar are recently attractive due to their role in improving biochar quality and for expanding its applications. Limitations and future status of biochar production from biomass waste are highlighted. Biochar will be a promising solution as an alternative to fossil fuels, waste management, bioenergy, and combat climate change.",2021,"Shalini, SS; <br>Palanivelu, K; <br>Ramachandran, A; <br>Raghavan, V","Biochar; Biomass waste; Carbon; Climate change mitigation; Pyrolysis; Soil amendment","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00604-5","Review","BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Does biochar improve all soil ecosystem services?","Biochar is considered to sequester C and deliver other soil ecosystem services, but an overview that synthesizes the current knowledge of biochar implications on all essential soil ecosystem services is difficult to find in the ample biochar literature. Most previous research and review articles on this topic focused on a single ecosystem service and did not integrate all essential soil ecosystem services. This overview paper (1) synthesizes the impacts of biochar on water and wind erosion, C sequestration, soil water, nutrient leaching, soil fertility, crop yields, and other soil ecosystem services based on published literature and (2) highlights remaining research areas. Literature indicates that, in addition to sequestering C, biochar can reduce N2O emissions, nitrate leaching, and runoff; increase soil microbial biomass, plant available water, and crop yields (particularly in tropical regions), and CO2 emissions; and have small or no effects on water and wind erosion. Biochar benefits can be in this order: C sequestration > N2O emissions > Nitrate leaching > Available water > Soil biology > Soil fertility > Crop yields > Runoff. However, literature also indicates that biochar does not always improve all ecosystem services. Its benefits depend on biochar feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, application rate, biochar properties, soil properties, climate, and other factors. For example, biochar can enhance crop yields more in degraded and low fertility soils than in highly fertile and fine-textured soils. Long-term (>3 years) field-scale studies under different soil types, management conditions, and climates are needed for a determination of optimum levels of application, comprehensive life-cycle analysis, and assessment of agronomic and environmental tradeoffs. Overall, biochar can improve most soil ecosystem services, but the extent of such improvement is highly dependent on biochar properties and soil and climatic conditions.",2021,"Blanco-Canqui, H","biochar; carbon sequestration; crop yields; ecosystem services; erosion; fertility; greenhouse gases; leaching; soil biology; soil water","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12783","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["How biochar works, and when it doesn't: A review of mechanisms controlling soil and plant responses to biochar","We synthesized 20 years of research to explain the interrelated processes that determine soil and plant responses to biochar. The properties of biochar and its effects within agricultural ecosystems largely depend on feedstock and pyrolysis conditions. We describe three stages of reactions of biochar in soil: dissolution (1-3 weeks); reactive surface development (1-6 months); and aging (beyond 6 months). As biochar ages, it is incorporated into soil aggregates, protecting the biochar carbon and promoting the stabilization of rhizodeposits and microbial products. Biochar carbon persists in soil for hundreds to thousands of years. By increasing pH, porosity, and water availability, biochars can create favorable conditions for root development and microbial functions. Biochars can catalyze biotic and abiotic reactions, particularly in the rhizosphere, that increase nutrient supply and uptake by plants, reduce phytotoxins, stimulate plant development, and increase resilience to disease and environmental stressors. Meta-analyses found that, on average, biochars increase P availability by a factor of 4.6; decrease plant tissue concentration of heavy metals by 17%-39%; build soil organic carbon through negative priming by 3.8% (range -21% to +20%); and reduce non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions from soil by 12%-50%. Meta-analyses show average crop yield increases of 10%-42% with biochar addition, with greatest increases in low-nutrient P-sorbing acidic soils (common in the tropics), and in sandy soils in drylands due to increase in nutrient retention and water holding capacity. Studies report a wide range of plant responses to biochars due to the diversity of biochars and contexts in which biochars have been applied. Crop yields increase strongly if site-specific soil constraints and nutrient and water limitations are mitigated by appropriate biochar formulations. Biochars can be tailored to address site constraints through feedstock selection, by modifying pyrolysis conditions, through pre- or post-production treatments, or co-application with organic or mineral fertilizers. We demonstrate how, when used wisely, biochar mitigates climate change and supports food security and the circular economy.",2021,"Joseph, S; <br>Joseph, S; <br>Joseph, S; <br>Joseph, S; <br>Joseph, S; <br>Joseph, S; <br>Cowie, AL; <br>Cowie, AL; <br>Van Zwieten, L; <br>Van Zwieten, L; <br>Bolan, N; <br>Bolan, N; <br>Bolan, N; <br>Budai, A; <br>Buss, W; <br>Cayuela, ML; <br>Graber, ER; <br>Ippolito, JA; <br>Kuzyakov, Y; <br>Kuzyakov, Y; <br>Kuzyakov, Y; <br>Luo, Y; <br>Ok, YS; <br>Ok, YS; <br>Palansooriya, KN; <br>Palansooriya, KN; <br>Shepherd, J; <br>Stephens, S; <br>Weng, Z; <br>Weng, Z; <br>Lehmann, J","carbon sequestration; GHG mitigation; heavy metals; priming effect; resilience; rhizosphere processes; soil carbon","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12885","Review","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Review of Large-Scale Biochar Field-Trials for Soil Amendment and the Observed Influences on Crop Yield Variations","Increasing pressure on farming systems due to rapid urbanization and population growth has severely affected soil health and fertility. The need to meet the growing food demands has also led to unsustainable farming practices with the intensive application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, resulting in significant greenhouse gas emissions. Biochar, a multifunctional carbon material, is being actively explored globally for simultaneously addressing the concerns related to improving soil fertility and mitigating climate change. Reviews on biochar, however, mainly confined to lab-scale studies analyze biochar production and its characteristics, its effects on soil fertility, and carbon sequestration. The present review addresses this gap by focusing on biochar field trials to enhance the current understanding of its actual impact on the field, w.r.t. agriculture and climate change. The review presents an overview of the effects of biochar application as observed in field studies on soil health (soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties), crop productivity, and its potential role in carbon sequestration. General trends from this review indicate that biochar application provides higher benefits in soil properties and crop yield in degraded tropical soils vis-a-vis the temperate regions. The results also reveal diverse observations in soil health properties and crop yields with biochar amendment as different studies consider different crops, biochar feedstocks, and local climatic and soil conditions. Furthermore, it has been observed that the effects of biochar application in lab-scale studies with controlled environments are not always distinctly witnessed in corresponding field-based studies and the effects are not always synchronous across different regions. Hence, there is a need for more data, especially from well-designed long-term field trials, to converge and validate the results on the effectiveness of biochar on diverse soil types and agro-climatic zones to improve crop productivity and mitigate climate change.</p>",2021,"Vijay, V; <br>Shreedhar, S; <br>Adlak, K; <br>Payyanad, S; <br>Sreedharan, V; <br>Gopi, G; <br>van der Voort, TS; <br>Malarvizhi, P; <br>Yi, SS; <br>Gebert, J; <br>Aravind, PV; <br>Aravind, PV","biochar; sustainable agriculture; soil properties; soil amendment; crop yield; carbon sequestration; climate change mitigation; soil quality and health","http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.710766","Review","FRONTIERS IN ENERGY RESEARCH","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Tapping Into the Environmental Co-benefits of Improved Tropical Forages for an Agroecological Transformation of Livestock Production Systems","Livestock are critical for incomes, livelihoods, nutrition and ecosystems management throughout the global South. Livestock production and the consumption of livestock-based foods such as meat, cheese, and milk is, however, under global scrutiny for its contribution to global warming, deforestation, biodiversity loss, water use, pollution, and land/soil degradation. This paper argues that, although the environmental footprint of livestock production presents a real threat to planetary sustainability, also in the global south, this is highly contextual. Under certain context-specific management regimes livestock can deliver multiple benefits for people and planet. We provide evidence that a move toward sustainable intensification of livestock production is possible and could mitigate negative environmental impacts and even provide critical ecosystem services, such as improved soil health, carbon sequestration, and enhanced biodiversity on farms. The use of cultivated forages, many improved through selection or breeding and including grasses, legumes and trees, in integrated crop-tree-livestock systems is proposed as a stepping stone toward agroecological transformation. We introduce cultivated forages, explain their multi-functionality and provide an overview of where and to what extent the forages have been applied and how this has benefited people and the planet alike. We then examine their potential to contribute to the 13 principles of agroecology and find that integrating cultivated forages in mixed crop-tree-livestock systems follows a wide range of agroecological principles and increases the sustainability of livestock production across the globe. More research is, however, needed at the food system scale to fully understand the role of forages in the sociological and process aspects of agroecology. We make the case for further genetic improvement of cultivated forages and strong multi-disciplinary systems research to strengthen our understanding of the multidimensional impacts of forages and for managing agro-environmental trade-offs. We finish with a call for action, for the agroecological and livestock research and development communities to improve communication and join hands for a sustainable agri-food system transformation.",2021,"Notenbaert, AMO; <br>Douxchamps, S; <br>Villegas, DM; <br>Arango, J; <br>Paul, BK; <br>Burkart, S; <br>Rao, IDPLPT; <br>Kettle, CJ; <br>Kettle, CJ; <br>Rudel, T; <br>Vazquez, E; <br>Teutscherova, N; <br>Chirinda, N; <br>Groot, JCJ; <br>Wironen, M; <br>Pulleman, M; <br>Louhaichi, M; <br>Hassan, S; <br>Oberson, A; <br>Nyawira, SS; <br>Pinares-Patino, CS; <br>Peters, M","tropical forages; improved forages; cultivated forages; agroecology; mixed crop-tree-livestock systems; environmental co-benefits","http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.742842","Review","FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar in agriculture - A systematic review of 26 global meta-analyses","Biochar is obtained by pyrolyzing biomass and is, by definition, applied in a way that avoids its rapid oxidation to CO2. Its use in agriculture includes animal feeding, manure treatment (e.g. as additive for bedding, composting, storage or anaerobic digestion), fertilizer component or direct soil application. Because the feedstock carbon is photosynthetically fixed CO2 from the atmosphere, producing and applying biochar is essentially a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technology, which has a high-technology readiness level. However, for swift implementation of pyrogenic carbon capture and storage (PyCCS), biochar use in agriculture needs to deliver co-benefits, for example, by improving crop yields and ecosystem services and/or by improving climate change resilience by ameliorating key soil properties. Agronomic biochar research is a rapidly evolving field of research moving from less than 100 publications in 2010 to more than 15,000 by the end of 2020. Here, we summarize 26 rigorously selected meta-analyses published since 2016 that investigated a multitude of soil properties and agronomic performance parameters impacted by biochar application, for example, effects on yield, root biomass, water use efficiency, microbial activity, soil organic carbon and greenhouse gas emissions. All 26 meta-analyses show compelling evidence of the overall beneficial effect of biochar for all investigated agronomic parameters. One of the remaining challenges is the standardization of basic biochar analysis, still lacking in many studies. Incomplete biochar characterization increases uncertainty because adverse effects of individual studies included in the meta-analyses might be related to low-quality biochars, which would not qualify for certification and subsequent use (e.g. high content of contaminants, high salinity, incomplete pyrolysis, etc.). In summary, our systematic review suggests that biochar use in agriculture has the potential to combine CDR with significant agronomic and/or environmental co-benefits.",2021,"Schmidt, HP; <br>Kammann, C; <br>Hagemann, N; <br>Hagemann, N; <br>Leifeld, J; <br>Bucheli, TD; <br>Monedero, MAS; <br>Cayuela, ML","anthropogenic dark earth (ADE); biochar-based fertilization; climate change adaptation; greenhouse gas emissions; negative emission technology (NET); pyrogenic carbon capture and storage (PyCCS); soil organic carbon","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12889","Review","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["A comprehensive review of biomass based thermochemical conversion technologies integrated with CO2 capture and utilisation within BECCS networks","The future of the global environment is at threat due to global warming and climate change primarily driven by greenhouse gas emissions. Bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage/utilisation (BECCS/U) through its CO2 negative emission capacity is considered a principal component of global mitigation strategies as agreed in the Paris climate change agreement. In this study, the current global status and efforts to implement BECCS systems are comprehensively reviewed. The potential for thermochemical conversion processes (combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and liquefaction) to manifest within BECCS systems is analysed, in addition to their integration potential with carbon dioxide capture methods. Outcomes suggest that gasification and combustion processes when integrated with CO2 capture and storage (CCS), within combine heat and power (CHP) configurations, biomass integrated gasification combine cycle (BIGCC) and chemical looping cycle (CLC) are mature technologies. Furthermore, this review indicates that pyrolysis and liquefaction process are commercial and lab-scale respectively. When integrated within BECCS systems, pyrolysis systems are at the pilot level and liquefaction processes are at lab scale. Moreover, a comprehensive discussion on the negative emission potential from various BECCS configurations is provided, highlighting their role in advancing bio-refineries through waste management and conversion to value-added products such as biochar, ethanol, bio diesel etc. The pyrolysis process has CO2 mitigation potential of 2.2 GtCO(2)/year by 2020-2050. Finally, an insight into the commercial barriers and future perspectives of BECCS technologies, role of international supply chains therein, and the need for effective stakeholder management to facilitate BECCS systems within global trade.",2021,"Shahbaz, M; <br>AlNouss, A; <br>Ghiat, I; <br>Mckay, G; <br>Mackey, H; <br>Elkhalifa, S; <br>Al-Ansari, T","Biomass; CO2 capture; CCU; negative emissions; utilisation; circular economy","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105734","Article","RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar promotes methane production during anaerobic digestion of organic waste","Climate change and energy demand are calling for more sustainable fuels such as biomethane produced by anaerobic digestion of organic waste. Biochar addition to waste is presumed to enhance the efficiency of methane production, yet individual reports disclose contradictory results. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of 27 selected publications containing 156 paired measurements of control and biochar-amended treatments to assess the impact of biochar on the methanogenic performance. Results show that biochar promotes biomethane production substantially with a high Hedge's d value of 5.7 +/- 1.04, yet sporadic publications report a methane decline. Methanogenic performance is statistically controlled by feedstock type, pyrolysis temperature and biochar concentration, but not controlled by pH, size, surface area and methanogen species. These findings should help to tune the parameters of anaerobic digestion with biochar to optimize biomethane productions. Moreover, our results cast some doubt on the efficiency of adding biochar to soil to sequester carbon in soils because biochar promotes methane generation and, in turn, emissions of methane, a greenhouse gas, to the atmosphere.",2021,"Xiao, LL; <br>Xiao, LL; <br>Lichtfouse, E; <br>Lichtfouse, E; <br>Kumar, PS; <br>Wang, Q; <br>Liu, FH; <br>Liu, FH","Anaerobic digestion; Biochar; Methane; Meta-analysis; Wastewater treatment","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01251-6","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar: an organic amendment to crops and an environmental solution","Biochar is a carbon-rich stable substance, defined as charred organic matter, produced during biomass thermochemical decomposition, and its application is currently considered as a mean of enhancing soil productivity, which is an important requirement for increasing crop yields whereas, simultaneously, it improves the quality of contaminated soil and water. However, depending on pedoclimatic conditions, its applicability exhibits negative aspects as well. It can also support biofuel production, therefore helping in reducing the demand for fossil fuels. Biochar is providing ecosystem services such as immobilization and transformation of contaminants and mitigation of climate change by sequestering carbon and reducing the release of greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide and methane. It can further reduce waste as it could be produced from everything that contains biomass thereby assisting in waste management. Due to such wide-ranging applications, this review was conceptualized to emphasize the importance of biochar as an alternative to classic products used for energy, environmental and agricultural purposes. Based on the detailed information on the factors impacting biochar properties, the benefits and limitations of biochar, and the potential application guidelines for growers, this work aimed to help in partial achievement of multiple environmental goals and a practical recommendation to growers although its large-scale application is still controversial.",2021,"Torabian, S; <br>Qin, RJ; <br>Noulas, C; <br>Lu, YY; <br>Wang, GJ","biochar; organic amendment; environmental applications; agricultural benefits","http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2021024","Article","AIMS AGRICULTURE AND FOOD","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["A global meta-analysis of the impacts of no-tillage on soil aggregation and aggregate-associated organic carbon","No-tillage (NT) has been shown to control soil degradation by impacting soil aggregates (i.e., basic units of soil structure, whose characteristics mediate key soil processes, like carbon sequestration). However, there has been no systematic analysis of the impacts of NT on soil aggregation and aggregate-associated soil organic carbon (SOC) at global level. We conducted a global meta-analysis of 89 publications to elucidate the changes in soil aggregation and aggregate-associated SOC under NT. Notably, we quantified the roles of diverse environmental and agronomic factors (e.g., climatic conditions, experimental duration, cropping intensity, soil texture, and initial SOC/pH) in the changes in those variables. Relative to conventional tillage (CT), NT significantly increased the proportions of water-stable large (LM) and small (SM) macro-aggregates and the mean weight diameter (MWD) (by 49%, 11%, and 23%, respectively) but decreased the proportions of micro-aggregates (MIC) and silt plus clay-size particles (SC) (by 11% and 16%, respectively). NT significantly enhanced SOC concentrations in LM (17%), SM (14%), MIC (10%), and SC (7%) compared to CT. Furthermore, the random forest (RF) model demonstrated that climatic conditions, experimental duration, and soil texture were the predominant factors controlling the changes in aggregation and aggregate-associated SOC under NT. Overall, our results indicate that NT is an effective strategy to enhance soil aggregation and aggregate-associated SOC, yet variations in responses are determined by specific environmental/agronomic factors. This study provided a basis for identifying site-specific NT practice that could help improve soil structure and SOC sequestration, ultimately controlling soil degradation in croplands.",2021,"Liu, XT; <br>Wu, XP; <br>Liang, GP; <br>Zheng, FJ; <br>Zhang, MN; <br>Zhang, MN; <br>Li, SP","conservation tillage; soil aggregates; soil carbon sequestration; soil degradation; soil structure","http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4109","Article","LAND DEGRADATION & DEVELOPMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Inorganic carbon losses by soil acidification jeopardize global efforts on carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation","Soil plays a significant role in controlling the global carbon (C) cycle. Studies on climate change mitigation have focused entirely on soil organic carbon (SOC) to increase C sequestration and decrease carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In contrast, the contribution of soil inorganic carbon (SIC) to CO2 emissions is usually neglected because SIC is generally considered to be very stable. However, the significant worldwide increase in soil acidification, mainly because of intensive N fertilization and high atmospheric deposition, causes a considerable decrease in SIC stocks, leading to very high unaccounted CO2 efflux. Additionally, large areas of acidic soils worldwide are regularly subjected to high SIC applications in the form of lime to remediate acidity, which is another direct source of CO2 emission. Consequently, global efforts to mitigate climate change through SOC sequestration need a revisit as SIC-borne C losses are significant both in terms of C stocks and soil fertility loss, upon which future SOC sequestration will be reduced. Compared to SOC, wherein C stocks can be increased through management, SIC losses are irreversible and cause significant decline in soil health, ecosystem services, and functions. The present review is the first to summarize the current information about acidification-induced intensified SIC losses and their mechanisms. It included: (i) natural and anthropogenic sources and causes of soil acidification, (ii) losses of SIC as HCO(3)(- )leaching and CO2 efflux from calcareous soils (7.5 Tg C yr(-1)) and liming (273 Tg C yr(-1)) during acidity neutralization, (iii) the relationship between climate change and SIC stocks, (iv) consequences of SIC depletion in soil-plant-water systems, and (v) strategies to remediate and control soil acidification. We concluded that acidification-induced SIC-borne CO2 losses are a major C loss pathway and could jeopardize global efforts to mitigate climate change through SOC sequestration.",2021,"Raza, S; <br>Zamanian, K; <br>Zamanian, K; <br>Ullah, S; <br>Kuzyakov, Y; <br>Kuzyakov, Y; <br>Kuzyakov, Y; <br>Kuzyakov, Y; <br>Virto, II; <br>Zhou, JB","Soil inorganic carbon; Soil acidification; Carbonate dissolution; Carbon dioxide efflux; Reactive nitrogen; Carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelepro.2021.128036","Article","JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Public perceptions of geoengineering","In the face of unrelenting climate change and insufficient mitigation, experts are increasingly considering using geoen-gineering - carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management - to manipulate the Earth's climate. So far, most laypeople are unaware of geoengineering, and many are resistant to these technologies when told about them. A growing literature finds that these initial reactions are tied to psychological traits, beliefs, and identities including trust in the actors involved, political and social identities, beliefs about tampering with the natural world, and perceived trade-offs between geoengineering and alternative approaches. Finally, given the lack of existing knowledge of geoengineering, public acceptance is highly susceptible to how these technologies are framed, offering both risks and opportunities for climate communication.",2021,"Raimi, KT","Geoengineering; Technology perceptions; Carbon dioxide removal; Solar radiation management","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.03.012","Review","CURRENT OPINION IN PSYCHOLOGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Does biochar accelerate the mitigation of greenhouse gaseous emissions from agricultural soil? - A global meta-analysis","Greenhouse gaseous (GHGs) emissions from cropland soils are one of the major contributors to global warming. However, the extent and pattern of these climatic breakdowns are usally determined by the management practices in-place. The use of biochar on cropland soils holds a great promise for increasing the overall crop productivity. Nevertheless, biochar application to agricultural soils has grown in popularity as a strategy to offset the negative feedback associated with agriculture GHGs emissions, i.e., CO2 (carbon dioxide), CH4 (methane), and N2O (nitrous oxide). Despite increasing efforts to uncover the potential of biochar to mitigate the farmland GHGs effects, there has been little synthesis of how different types of biochar affect GHGs fluxes from cropland soils under varied experimental conditions. Here, we presented a meta-analysis of the interactions between biochar and GHGs emissions across global cropland soils, with field experiments showing the strongest GHG mitigation potential, i.e. CO2 (RR =-0.108) and CH4 (RR =-0.399). The biochar pyrolysis temperature, feedstock, C: N ratio, and pH were also found to be important factors influencing GHGs emissions. A prominent reduction in N2O (RR =-0.13) and CH4 (RR =-1.035) emissions was observed in neutral soils (pH = 6.6-7.3), whereas acidic soils (pH <= 6.5) accounted for the strongest mitigation effect on CO2 compared to N2O and CH4 emissions. We also found that a biochar application rate of 30 t ha(-1) was best for mitigating GHGs emissions while achieving optimal crop yield. According to our meta-analysis, maize crop receiving biochar amendment showed a significant mitigation potential for CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions. On the other hand, the use of biochar had shown significant impact on the global warming potential (GWP) of total GHGs emissions. The current data synthesis takes the lead in analyzing emissions status and mitigation potential for three of the most common GHGs from cropland soils and demonstrates that biochar application can significantly reduce the emissions budget from agriculture.",2021,"Shakoor, A; <br>Arif, MS; <br>Shahzad, SM; <br>Farooq, TH; <br>Farooq, TH; <br>Ashraf, F; <br>Altaf, MM; <br>Ahmed, W; <br>Ahmed, W; <br>Tufail, MA; <br>Ashraf, M","Organic amendment; Global warming; Cropland soils; Climate mitigation; Agricultural sustainability","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111789","Review","Review OF EUROPEAN COMPARATIVE & INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["A review of carbon farming impacts on nitrogen cycling, retention, and loss","Soil carbon (C) sequestration in agricultural working lands via soil amendments and management practices is considered a relatively well-tested and affordable approach for removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Carbon farming provides useful benefits for soil health, biomass production, and crop resilience, but the effects of different soil C sequestration approaches on the nitrogen (N) cycle remain controversial. While some C farming practices have been shown to reduce N fertilizer use in some cases, C farming could also impose an unwanted \"N penalty\" through which soil C gains can only be maintained with additional N inputs, thereby increasing N losses to the environment. We systematically reviewed meta-analysis studies on the impacts of C farming on N cycling in agroecosystems and estimated the cumulative effect of several C farming practices on N cycling. We found that, on average, combined C farming practices significantly reduced nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching from soils, thus inferring both N cycling and climate change benefits. In addition to more widely studied C farming practices that generate organic C, we also discuss silicate rock additions, which offer a pathway to inorganic C sequestration that does not require additional N inputs, framing important questions for future research.",2021,"Almaraz, M; <br>Wong, MY; <br>Geoghegan, EK; <br>Houlton, BZ; <br>Houlton, BZ","nitrogen cycling; carbon farming; nitrate leaching; nitrous oxide emissions; nitrogen availability; yield","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14690","Review; Early Access","ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar: a sustainable solution","The planet Earth has been thronged by a horde of threatening issues since the late twentieth century. Climate change, fossil fuel depletion and various types of pollution, including heavy metal pollution, have hit the humanity hard. Application of biochar has been emerged as a viable option to tackle heavy metal pollution. Biochar is a carbonaceous product obtained on pyrolysing any substance containing biomass. The chemico-physical properties of biochar depend on the type of feedstock used and the pyrolysis temperature involved in its production. Its remarkable properties of high porosity, large surface area, surplus surface functional groups and high adsorption capacity make it an excellent substrate for removing heavy metals from contaminated soil and water. At the same time, it can also tackle the emerging issues of climate change, by sequestering carbon, curtail depleting fossil fuels via bio-oil and syngas production, and it turns out to be a cheap and eco-friendly method. Due to such wide ranging applications, the review was conceptualized to determine whether biochar can be a sustainable solution to deal with the various threatening issues. The review focuses upon production, properties and applications of biochar showing that it can help in partial achievement of multiple sustainable development goals.",2021,"Kumar, A; <br>Bhattacharya, T","Biochar; Pyrolysis; Sustainable development; Heavy metals; Adsorption; Climate change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00970-0","Review","ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Cutting through the noise on negative emissions","Negative-emission technologies (NETs) are widely viewed as a risky backstop technology for climate change mitigation. In this perspective, we challenge this limited view of NETs. We show how, notwithstanding their merit, integrated assessment models (IAMs) are largely responsible for establishing this opposition to NETs. This is because IAM-based assessments of NETs dominate the policy-facing literature, but as a result of model limitations, we are left with a deceptively shallow understanding of the role NETs could play to support long-term mitigation goals. Therefore, in the second part of this perspective, we provide a non-IAM-based fresh take on NETs. We explore NETs via a bottom-up analysis and introduce a decision-making framework to determine the circumstances under which NETs could provide value as a mitigation option at jurisdictional scales. We apply this framework to case studies in California and New Mexico, highlighting how NETs could overcome socio-technical obstacles and unlock a variety of environmental and social co-benefits as part of helping to achieve time-bound mitigation goals. Overall, this perspective aims to cut through what we see as a noisy discourse on NETs, which is wrapped-up in concerns that are dependent on scenario modeling and offer a plain evaluation of NETs as a potential climate change mitigation option.",2021,"Uden, S; <br>Uden, S; <br>Dargusch, P; <br>Greig, C",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.06.013","Review","JOULE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Pyrolysis Solves the Issue of Organic Contaminants in Sewage Sludge while Retaining Carbon-Making the Case for Sewage Sludge Treatment via Pyrolysis","Contaminants of emerging concern are a growing burden for sewage sludge recycling. Pyrolysis of sewage sludge could be a solution. Yet, the product of sewage sludge pyrolysis (biochar) is currently not included on the list of eligible fertilizers in the new EU Fertilising Products Regulation. This was justified by insufficient evidence for organic contaminant removal through pyrolysis. Here I summarize the current evidence on this topic covering 20 studies and more than 100 different organic pollutants. The studies demonstrate that pyrolysis reduces the concentration of well-established contaminants, such as PAHs, PCBs, and dioxins, but also emerging ones, i.e., pharmaceuticals, hormones, antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes, antimicrobials, microplastics, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with very high efficacy (>95 to >99% in most cases). After pyrolysis, the levels of organic contaminant in biochar were typically below the limit of detection. Furthermore, modern pyrolysis units prevent environmental release of contaminants that are only vaporized and not decomposed during pyrolysis by internal combustion of pyrolysis liquids and gases. The evidence for effective organic contaminant removal through pyrolysis is comprehensive, covering all relevant groups of compounds. This and its potential as negative emission technology makes pyrolysis of sewage sludge a great opportunity for sustainable and safe nutrient recycling.",2021,"Buss, W; <br>Buss, W; <br>Buss, W","Biochar; PFAS; Pollutants; Risk assessment; Potentially toxic elements","http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c03651","Review","ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Constraints and enablers for increasing carbon storage in the terrestrial biosphere","Harnessing nature-based climate solutions (NbCS) to help simultaneously achieve climate and conservation goals is an attractive win-win. The contribution of NbCS to climate action relies on both biogeochemical potential and the ability to overcome environmental, economic and governance constraints for implementation. As such, estimates of additional NbCS-related terrestrial biosphere storage potential range from less than 100 GtCO(2) to more than 800 GtCO(2). In this Review, we assess the negative emissions contributions of NbCS - including reforestation, improved forest management and soil carbon sequestration - alongside their environmental, social and governance constraints. Given near-term implementation challenges and long-term biogeochemical constraints, a reasonable value for the expected impact of NbCS is up to 100-200 GtCO(2) in negative emissions for the remainder of the twenty-first century. To sustainably reach this level, focus should be on projects with clear co-benefits, and must not come at the expense of a reduction in emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, rapid decarbonization and innovation from alternative negative emissions technologies. Nature-based climate solutions can help meet climate mitigation goals, but estimates of their carbon storage potential vary. This Review discusses the constraints and potential contributions of increasing carbon storage in the terrestrial biosphere, suggesting a conservative estimate of 100-200 GtCO(2) in negative emissions to 2100.",2021,"Nolan, CJ; <br>Field, CB; <br>Field, CB; <br>Mach, KJ; <br>Mach, KJ",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00166-8","Review","NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Sustainable Approach and Safe Use of Biochar and Its Possible Consequences","Biochar is considered as a potential substitute for soil organic matter (SOM). Considering the importance of biochar, the present review is based on the different benefits and potential risks of the application of biochar to the soil. Biochar addition to low organic carbon soils can act as a feasible solution to keep soil biologically active for the cycling of different nutrients. The application of biochar could improve soil fertility, increase crop yield, enhance plant growth and microbial abundance, and immobilize different contaminants in the soil. It could also be helpful in carbon sequestration and the return of carbon stock back to the soil in partially combusted form. Due to the large surface area of biochar, which generally depends upon the types of feedstock and pyrolysis conditions, it helps to reduce the leaching of fertilizers from the soil and supplies additional nutrients to growing crops. However, biochar may have some adverse effects due to emissions during the pyrolysis process, but it exerts a positive priming effect (a phenomenon in which subjection to one stimulus positively influences subsequent stimulus) on SOM decomposition, depletion of nutrients (macro- and micro-) via strong adsorption, and impact on soil physicochemical properties. In view of the above importance and limitations, all possible issues related to biochar application should be considered. The review presents extensive detailed information on the sustainable approach for the environmental use of biochar and its limitations.",2021,"Jatav, HS; <br>Rajput, VD; <br>Minkina, T; <br>Singh, SK; <br>Chejara, S; <br>Gorovtsov, A; <br>Barakhov, A; <br>Bauer, T; <br>Sushkova, S; <br>Mandzhieva, S; <br>Burachevskaya, M; <br>Kalinitchenko, VP","carbonaceous sorbent; contaminants; human health; nutrients; pyrolysis; soil properties","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810362","Review","SUSTAINABILITY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["The Role of Biochar in Regulating the Carbon, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen Cycles Exemplified by Soil Systems","Biochar is a carbon-rich material prepared from the pyrolysis of biomass under various conditions. Recently, biochar drew great attention due to its promising potential in climate change mitigation, soil amendment, and environmental control. Obviously, biochar can be a beneficial soil amendment in several ways including preventing nutrients loss due to leaching, increasing N and P mineralization, and enabling the microbial mediation of N2O and CO2 emissions. However, there are also conflicting reports on biochar effects, such as water logging and weathering induced change of surface properties that ultimately affects microbial growth and soil fertility. Despite the voluminous reports on soil and biochar properties, few studies have systematically addressed the effects of biochar on the sequestration of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in soils. Information on microbially-mediated transformation of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) species in the soil environment remains relatively uncertain. A systematic documentation of how biochar influences the fate and transport of carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen in soil is crucial to promoting biochar applications toward environmental sustainability. This report first provides an overview on the adsorption of carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen species on biochar, particularly in soil systems. Then, the biochar-mediated transformation of organic species, and the transport of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in soil systems are discussed. This review also reports on the weathering process of biochar and implications in the soil environment. Lastly, the current knowledge gaps and priority research directions for the biochar-amended systems in the future are assessed. This review focuses on literatures published in the past decade (2009-2021) on the adsorption, degradation, transport, weathering, and transformation of C, N, and P species in soil systems with respect to biochar applications.",2021,"Pan, SY; <br>Dong, CD; <br>Su, JF; <br>Wang, PY; <br>Chen, CW; <br>Chang, JS; <br>Chang, JS; <br>Kim, H; <br>Huang, CP; <br>Hung, CM","biochar; carbon; nitrogen; phosphorus; adsorption; degradation; transport; weathering","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105612","Review","SUSTAINABILITY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Large-scale afforestation for ecosystem service provisioning: learning from the past to improve the future","Context Afforestation is one of the major drivers of land cover change in the world. In spite of its multiple applications, forest generation has been fostered during the last century to achieve few specific objectives such as timber production or catchment erosion protection. However, new afforestation programs are required to meet multiple objectives such as carbon sequestration, reducing environmental risks and enhance biodiversity conservation to reach sustainability. Objectives Assessing the general efficiency of past large-scale afforestation programs on the provision of ecosystem services (ES) and other socio-ecological attributes. We also determined whether this efficiency depended on the type of ecosystem used for comparison. Methods We carried out a semi-quantitative meta-analysis from 75 studies analyzing the effects of 128 afforestation actions developed in one of the EU countries with larger areas of afforested land during the twentieth century. Results Spanish afforestation policy improved timber provision and carbon sequestration. However, our results show that afforestation programs did not enhance regulating ES when compared to natural land plots, but only when compared to highly degraded areas prior to restoration actions. Conclusions Large-scale afforestations have difficulties in assuring the provisioning of regulating ES and the conservation of biodiversity when only productivity criteria are prioritized. Our results suggest the need for an afforestation agenda that embraces more comprehensive landscape management approaches that allow reducing undesired ES trade-offs while getting multiple objectives from different ecosystems.",2021,"Perez-Silos, I; <br>Alvarez-Martinez, JM; <br>Barquin, J","Afforestation; Ecological succession; Ecosystem services; Forest transition; Green infrastructure networks; Multifunctional landscapes; Territory management","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01306-7","Article","LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Ten golden rules for reforestation to optimize carbon sequestration, biodiversity recovery and livelihood benefits","Urgent solutions to global climate change are needed. Ambitious tree-planting initiatives, many already underway, aim to sequester enormous quantities of carbon to partly compensate for anthropogenic CO2 emissions, which are a major cause of rising global temperatures. However, tree planting that is poorly planned and executed could actually increase CO2 emissions and have long-term, deleterious impacts on biodiversity, landscapes and livelihoods. Here, we highlight the main environmental risks of large-scale tree planting and propose 10 golden rules, based on some of the most recent ecological research, to implement forest ecosystem restoration that maximizes rates of both carbon sequestration and biodiversity recovery while improving livelihoods. These are as follows: (1) Protect existing forest first; (2) Work together (involving all stakeholders); (3) Aim to maximize biodiversity recovery to meet multiple goals; (4) Select appropriate areas for restoration; (5) Use natural regeneration wherever possible; (6) Select species to maximize biodiversity; (7) Use resilient plant material (with appropriate genetic variability and provenance); (8) Plan ahead for infrastructure, capacity and seed supply; (9) Learn by doing (using an adaptive management approach); and (10) Make it pay (ensuring the economic sustainability of the project). We focus on the design of long-term strategies to tackle the climate and biodiversity crises and support livelihood needs. We emphasize the role of local communities as sources of indigenous knowledge, and the benefits they could derive from successful reforestation that restores ecosystem functioning and delivers a diverse range of forest products and services. While there is no simple and universal recipe for forest restoration, it is crucial to build upon the currently growing public and private interest in this topic, to ensure interventions provide effective, long-term carbon sinks and maximize benefits for biodiversity and people.",2021,"Di Sacco, A; <br>Hardwick, KA; <br>Blakesley, D; <br>Blakesley, D; <br>Brancalion, PHS; <br>Breman, E; <br>Rebola, LC; <br>Rebola, LC; <br>Chomba, S; <br>Dixon, K; <br>Dixon, K; <br>Elliott, S; <br>Elliott, S; <br>Ruyonga, G; <br>Shaw, K; <br>Smith, P; <br>Smith, RJ; <br>Antonelli, A; <br>Antonelli, A; <br>Antonelli, A","afforestation; climate-change mitigation; ecological restoration; forest landscape restoration; large-scale tree planting; natural regeneration; nature-based solutions; stakeholder participation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15498","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Can N2O emissions offset the benefits from soil organic carbon storage?","To respect the Paris agreement targeting a limitation of global warming below 2 degrees C by 2100, and possibly below 1.5 degrees C, drastic reductions of greenhouse gas emissions are mandatory but not sufficient. Large-scale deployment of other climate mitigation strategies is also necessary. Among these, increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is an important lever because carbon in soils can be stored for long periods and land management options to achieve this already exist and have been widely tested. However, agricultural soils are also an important source of nitrous oxide (N2O), a powerful greenhouse gas, and increasing SOC may influence N2O emissions, likely causing an increase in many cases, thus tending to offset the climate change benefit from increased SOC storage. Here we review the main agricultural management options for increasing SOC stocks. We evaluate the amount of SOC that can be stored as well as resulting changes in N2O emissions to better estimate the climate benefits of these management options. Based on quantitative data obtained from published meta-analyses and from our current level of understanding, we conclude that the climate mitigation induced by increased SOC storage is generally overestimated if associated N2O emissions are not considered but, with the exception of reduced tillage, is never fully offset. Some options (e.g. biochar or non-pyrogenic C amendment application) may even decrease N2O emissions.",2021,"Guenet, B; <br>Gabrielle, B; <br>Chenu, C; <br>Arrouays, D; <br>Balesdent, JM; <br>Bernoux, M; <br>Bruni, E; <br>Caliman, JP; <br>Cardinael, R; <br>Cardinael, R; <br>Cardinael, R; <br>Chen, SC; <br>Ciais, P; <br>Desbois, D; <br>Fouche, J; <br>Frank, S; <br>Henault, C; <br>Lugato, E; <br>Naipal, V; <br>Nesme, T; <br>Obersteiner, M; <br>Pellerin, S; <br>Powlson, DS; <br>Rasse, DP; <br>Rees, F; <br>Soussana, JF; <br>Su, Y; <br>Tian, HQ; <br>Valin, H; <br>Zhou, F","biochar; cover crops agroforestry; erosion; greenhouse gas emissions; land-based mitigation; organic amendment; soil organic carbon; tillage","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15342","Review","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["A review of transformative strategies for climate mitigation by grasslands","Grasslands can significantly contribute to climate mitigation. However, recent trends indicate that human activities have switched their net cooling effect to a warming effect due to management intensification and land conversion. This indicates an urgent need for strategies directed to mitigate climate warming while enhancing productivity and efficiency in the use of land and natural (nutrients, water) resources. Here, we examine the potential of four innovative strategies to slow climate change including: 1) Adaptive multi-paddock grazing that consists of mimicking how ancestral herds roamed the Earth; 2) Agrivoltaics that consists of simultaneously producing food and energy from solar panels on the same land area; 3) Agroforestry with a reverse phenology tree species, Foidherbia (Acacia) albida, that has the unique trait of being photosynthetically active when intercropped herbaceous plants are dormant; and, 4) Enhanced Weathering, a negative emission technology that removes atmospheric CO2 from the atmosphere. Further, we speculate about potential unknown consequences of these different management strategies and identify gaps in knowledge. We find that all these strategies could promote at least some of the following benefits of grasslands: CO2 sequestration, non-CO2 GHG mitigation, productivity, resilience to climate change, and an efficient use of natural resources. However, there are obstacles to be overcome. Mechanistic assessment of the ecological, environmental, and socio-economic consequences of adopting these strategies at large scale are urgently needed to fully assess the potential of grasslands to provide food, energy and environmental security. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.",2021,"Gomez-Casanovas, N; <br>Gomez-Casanovas, N; <br>Gomez-Casanovas, N; <br>Blanc-Betes, E; <br>Blanc-Betes, E; <br>Blanc-Betes, E; <br>Moore, CE; <br>Moore, CE; <br>Moore, CE; <br>Moore, CE; <br>Bernacchi, CJ; <br>Bernacchi, CJ; <br>Bernacchi, CJ; <br>Bernacchi, CJ; <br>Bernacchi, CJ; <br>Kantola, I; <br>Kantola, I; <br>Kantola, I; <br>DeLucia, EH; <br>DeLucia, EH; <br>DeLucia, EH; <br>DeLucia, EH","GHG; CO2 fluxes; CH4 fluxes; N2O fluxes; Adaptive multipaddock grazing; Patch burn grazing; Agrivoltaics; Agroforestry; Reverse phenology; Climate change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149466","Review","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Potential implications of carbon dioxide removal for the sustainable development goals","As the international community's best expression of a collective vision of a desirable future, the 2015 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) present a framework against which to assess the broader impact of emerging technologies. Implications of technologies and practices for removing CO2 from the atmosphere (CDR) are not fully understood and have not yet been mapped against the full range of SDGs. CDR is widely seen as necessary to achieve the Paris Agreement's global goal of limiting warming to 1.5-2 degrees C, yet local geographical, socio-economic, and political interdependencies are often overlooked. This review synthesizes the best available understandings of potential implications of CDR options aiming to complement emissions reductions. It seeks to identify effects on and interactions between specific social, environmental, and policy environments, in which various CDR options could be pursued. Climate change mitigation and co-benefits from CDR could significantly benefit SDGs, yet poorly designed CDR policies could also challenge SDGs. Specific CDR options could generate conflicts over land, water, biomass, or electric power resources, and exclude communities from policy benefits with negative cascading effects for a range of SDGs. In the literature, implications of CDR activities on sustainable development are derived from current pilot activities, inferred from similar practices already operational or model outputs regarding land, energy, or material requirements. Important gaps remain. We identify questions for further disciplinary and inter- or transdisciplinary work strengthening understanding of how CDR could either support or threaten the achievement of the SDGs. Key policy insights CO2 removal (CDR) appears essential for limiting warming to well below 2 degrees C; such stabilization of global climate is a precondition for at least partially achieving the SDGs. CDR options can generate positive and negative local/regional impacts on various SDGs via physical, social, economic, and political channels. None of these options are universally 'good' or 'bad'. The scale of implementation of CDR and related impacts are highly dependent on policy design and national planning processes. More research is needed to clarify how policy design can allow CDR options to generate synergies between, and prevent harm across, multiple SDGs.",2021,"Honegger, M; <br>Honegger, M; <br>Honegger, M; <br>Michaelowa, A; <br>Michaelowa, A; <br>Roy, J; <br>Roy, J","Carbon dioxide removal; negative emissions; co-benefits; sustainable development goals; mitigation; technology assessment","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1843388","Article","CLIMATE POLICY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["A Review on Current Status of Biochar Uses in Agriculture","In a time when climate change increases desertification and drought globally, novel and effective solutions are required in order to continue food production for the world's increasing population. Synthetic fertilizers have been long used to improve the productivity of agricultural soils, part of which leaches into the environment and emits greenhouse gasses (GHG). Some fundamental challenges within agricultural practices include the improvement of water retention and microbiota in soils, as well as boosting the efficiency of fertilizers. Biochar is a nutrient rich material produced from biomass, gaining attention for soil amendment purposes, improving crop yields as well as for carbon sequestration. This study summarizes the potential benefits of biochar applications, placing emphasis on its application in the agricultural sector. It seems biochar used for soil amendment improves nutrient density of soils, water holding capacity, reduces fertilizer requirements, enhances soil microbiota, and increases crop yields. Additionally, biochar usage has many environmental benefits, economic benefits, and a potential role to play in carbon credit systems. Biochar (also known as biocarbon) may hold the answer to these fundamental requirements.",2021,"Allohverdi, T; <br>Mohanty, AK; <br>Mohanty, AK; <br>Roy, P; <br>Roy, P; <br>Misra, M; <br>Misra, M","biochar; soil amendment; agriculture; sustainability","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185584","Review","MOLECULES","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar in climate change mitigation","Climate change mitigation strategies based on biochar generation-and its application to agricultural soils-can effectively sequester carbon, although biogeochemical and economic trade-offs must be considered. Climate change mitigation not only requires reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, but also withdrawal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Here we review the relationship between emissions reductions and CO2 removal by biochar systems, which are based on pyrolysing biomass to produce biochar, used for soil application, and renewable bioenergy. Half of the emission reductions and the majority of CO2 removal result from the one to two orders of magnitude longer persistence of biochar than the biomass it is made from. Globally, biochar systems could deliver emission reductions of 3.4-6.3 PgCO(2)e, half of which constitutes CO2 removal. Relevant trade-offs exist between making and sequestering biochar in soil or producing more energy. Importantly, these trade-offs depend on what type of energy is replaced: relative to producing bioenergy, emissions of biochar systems increase by 3% when biochar replaces coal, whereas emissions decrease by 95% when biochar replaces renewable energy. The lack of a clear relationship between crop yield increases in response to fertilizer and to biochar additions suggests opportunities for biochar to increase crop yields where fertilizer alone is not effective, but also questions blanket recommendations based on known fertilizer responses. Locally specific decision support must recognize these relationships and trade-offs to establish carbon-trading mechanisms that facilitate a judicious implementation commensurate with climate change mitigation needs.",2021,"Lehmann, J; <br>Lehmann, J; <br>Cowie, A; <br>Masiello, CA; <br>Kammann, C; <br>Woolf, D; <br>Woolf, D; <br>Amonette, JE; <br>Amonette, JE; <br>Cayuela, ML; <br>Camps-Arbestain, M; <br>Whitman, T",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00852-8","Review","NATURE GEOSCIENCE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Land-use change from food to energy: meta-analysis unravels effects of bioenergy on biodiversity and cultural ecosystem services","Bioenergy has been identified as a key contributor to future energy scenarios consistent with the Paris Agreement targets, and is relied upon in scenarios both with and without bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, owing to the multiple ways in which bioenergy can substitute fossil fuels. Understanding the environmental and societal impacts of land-use change (LUC) to bioenergy crops is important in determining where and how they could be deployed, and the resulting trade-offs and co-benefits. We use systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the existing literature on two poorly understood impacts of this LUC that are likely to have an important effect on public acceptability: cultural ecosystem services and biodiversity. We focus on the impact of LUC to non-food bioenergy crops on agricultural landscapes, where large-scale bioenergy planting may be required. Our meta-analysis finds strong benefits for biodiversity overall (up 75% +/- 13%), with particular benefits for bird abundance (+81% +/- 32%), bird species richness (+100% +/- 31%), arthropod abundance (+52% +/- 36%), microbial biomass (+77% +/- 24%), and plant species richness (+25% +/- 22%), when land moves out of either arable crops or grassland to bioenergy production. Conversions from arable land to energy trees led to particularly strong benefits, providing an insight into how future LUC to non-food bioenergy crops could support biodiversity. There were inadequate data to complete a meta-analysis on the effects of non-food bioenergy crops on cultural ecosystem services, and few generalizable conclusions from a systematic review of the literature, however, findings highlight the importance of landscape context and planting strategies in determining impact. Our findings demonstrate improved farm-scale biodiversity on agricultural land with non-food bioenergy crops, but also limited knowledge concerning public response to this LUC, which could prove crucial to the successful expansion of bioenergy to meet the Paris targets.",2021,"Donnison, C; <br>Donnison, C; <br>Holland, RA; <br>Harris, ZM; <br>Eigenbrod, F; <br>Taylor, G; <br>Taylor, G","bioenergy crops; biodiversity; ecosystem services; meta-analysis; aesthetic value; BECCS; public acceptance","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac22be","Review","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Managing Land-based CDR: BECCS, Forests and Carbon Sequestration","Decisions about when, where and how to achieve widespread carbon dioxide removal (CDR) are urgently required. Delays in developing the requisite policy and regulatory frameworks increase the risks of overshooting climate goals and will necessitate much larger negative emissions initiatives in the future. Yet the deployment of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) at the scales assumed under most Paris-Agreement-compliant emission-reduction pathways is unlikely. More generally, the sustainability of large-scale BECCS is questionable given its extensive land, water, and energy requirements for feedstocks and the competing necessity of these resources for the provision of ecosystem services and attainment of multiple Sustainable Development Goals. BECCS on a more limited scale, however, could have more benign impacts if feedstocks were restricted to wastes and residues. There is also widespread recognition that extensive afforestation, reforestation and forest restoration have critical roles in reducing greenhouse gas emissions to net zero. To date there has been little focus on the optimum strategies for integrating land-based CDR approaches - under which circumstances forest areas are best left undisturbed, managed for conservation, and/or managed for harvested wood products, and how these options affect the availability of residual feedstocks for BECCS. This paper reviews this debate and suggests appropriate policy measures.",2021,"Brack, D; <br>King, R",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12827","Article","GLOBAL POLICY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Possibilities of using silicate rock powder: An overview","This study evaluates the on use of crushed rocks (remineralizers) to increase soil fertility levels and which contributed to increase agricultural productivity, recovery of degraded areas, decontamination of water, and carbon sequestration. The use of these geological materials is part of the assumptions of rock technology and, indirectly, facilitates the achievement of sustainable development goals related to soil management, climate change, and the preservation of water resources. Research over the past 50 years on silicate rocks focused on soil fertility management and agricultural productivity. More recently, the combined use with microorganisms and organic correctives have shown positive results to mitigate soil degradation; to expand carbon sequestration and storage; and to contribute to the adsorption of contaminants from water and soil. In this article we show results obtained in several countries and we show that this technology can contribute to the sustainability of agriculture, as well as to reverse global warming. Although mineral nutrients are released more slowly from these types of inputs, they remain in the soil for a longer time, stimulating the soil biota. In addition, they are a technology to soluble synthetic fertilizers replace, since the few nutrients derived from such inputs not consumed by plants are lost by leaching, contaminating groundwater and water resources. In addition, conventional methods rely heavily on chemical pesticides which cause damage to soil's microfauna (responsible for the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling) and the loss of organic carbon (in the form of dioxide), which is quickly dispersed in the atmosphere. Silicate rock powders are applied in natura, have long-lasting residual effects and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. ¬© 2021 Elsevier B.V.",2021,"Ramos, C.G.; <br>Hower, J.C.; <br>Blanco, E.; <br>Oliveira, M.L.S.; <br>Theodoro, S.H.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101185","Article","Geosci. Front.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Integrated nutrient management - promising way to reduce carbon dioxide and methane emission in flooded rice ecosystem: A review","Climate change is an inevitable ruling issue caused by the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG‚Äôs) in the atmos-phere worldwide. It will have a considerable impact on agriculture and its related fields like live stocks and fisheries. In India, the main sectors contributing to these emissions are industry, agriculture and waste, with a total emission of 334 MT CO2 eq. Be-sides, the major sources in agriculture are enteric fermentation (63.4%), rice cultivation (20.9%), agricultural soils (13.0%), ma-nure management (2.4%) and on-field burning is the crop residue (2.0%). Thus, the crop productivity sector (rice cultivation, soil and field burning of crop residues) contributes 35.9% to the total emission from agriculture. Therefore, reducing GHG emissions and enhancing the C sequestration in soil and biomass has become challenging. However, the total GHG‚Äôs emission from all sectors of the country has decreased from 33% in 1970 to 18% in 2010. Cutting off GHGs emission from agriculture can be achieved by sequestering C and reducing methane emissions(CH4) and carbon dioxide(CO2) through various soil and crop management strategies. Integrated nutrient management (INM) practice ensures the Soil -plant -atmospheric continuum (SPAC) in a promising way, reducing the GHGs emission by sequestering more carbon to soil than emissions. A studious prominent INM solution can be identified to develop a mitigation strategy that helps in climate change adaptation and sustains soil health through soil carbon sequestration. ¬© Author (s).",2021,"Ravikumar, C.; <br>Ganapathy, M.; <br>Karthikeyan, A.; <br>Senthilvalavan, P.; <br>Manivannan, R.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2570","Article","J. Appl. Nat. Sci.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Exploring Narratives on Negative Emissions Technologies in the Post-Paris Era","The 2015 Paris Agreement specified that the goal of international climate policy is to strengthen the global response to climate change by restricting the average global warming this century to ‚Äúwell below‚Äù 2¬∞C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5¬∞C. In this context, ‚ÄúNegative Emissions Technologies‚Äù (NETs)‚Äîtechnologies that remove additional greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the atmosphere‚Äîare receiving greater political attention. They are introduced as a backstop method for achieving temperature targets. A focal point in the discussions on NETs are the emission and mitigation pathways assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Drawing on perspectives from Science & Technology Studies (STS) and discourse analysis, the paper explores the emergence of narratives about NETs and reconstructs how the treatment of NETs within IPCC assessments became politicized terrain of configuration for essentially conflicting interests concerning long-term developments in the post-Paris regime. NETs are‚Äîcritics claim‚Äînot the silver bullet solution to finally fix the climate, they are a Trojan horse; serving to delay decarbonization efforts by offering apparent climate solutions that allow GHGs emissions to continue and foster misplaced hope in future GHG removal technologies. In order to explore the emerging controversies, we conduct a literature review to identify NETs narratives in the scientific literature. Based on this, we reevaluate expert interviews to reconstruct narratives emerging from German environmental non-governmental organizations (eNGOs). We find a spectrum of narratives on NETs in the literature review and the eNGO interviews. The most prominent stories within this spectrum frame NETs either as a moral hazard or as a matter of necessity to achieve temperature targets. Copyright ¬© 2021 Otto, Thoni, Wittstock and Beck.",2021,"Otto, D.; <br>Thoni, T.; <br>Wittstock, F.; <br>Beck, S.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.684135","Article","Front. Clim.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Cancel (Out) Emissions? The Envisaged Role of Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies in Long-Term National Climate Strategies","Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) increasingly features in climate scenarios that hold global warming well below 2¬∞C by 2100. Given the continuous gap between climate mitigation pledges and the emission pathways that are aligned with achieving the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement, we would expect countries to promote CDR in their long-term planning to achieve mid-century targets. Yet, countries may not consider it their responsibility to contribute to the global response to climate change using CDR. Thus, a study of the respective country's long-term climate plans is both timely and vital. Such a study could reveal the pledged collective ambition, the contribution of CDR to the pledged ambition, and how the envisaged role of CDR is described by the different countries. This paper explores the long-term low emission development strategies (LT-LEDS) of countries in order to map the role of CDR in addressing climate change. We also supplement our examination of strategies with the opinions of climate experts. Based on an inductive coding of the material and a literature review, the analytical focus of the analysis includes CDR targets and planning, types of CDR, barriers and opportunities to CDR implementation, as well as international cooperation. Our study of 25 national LT-LEDS submitted to the UN or to the EU, as well as 23 interviews with climate experts, shows that national plans for CDR vary substantially across countries and are generally lacking in detail. The findings also demonstrate that CDR is perceived to be necessary and desirable for achieving mid-century climate goals, but also reveal variation in the intended role of CDR. We use an interpretive approach to outline three possible visions of CDR in climate action: as a panacea, as a necessary fallback and as a chimera. We conclude by discussing what our findings of the envisaged roles of CDR in addressing climate change mean for climate governance. This research thereby contributes to the literature on governing CDR with new comprehensive insights into the long-term climate strategies of countries. Copyright ¬© 2021 Buylova, Fridahl, Nasiritousi and Reischl.",2021,"Buylova, A.; <br>Fridahl, M.; <br>Nasiritousi, N.; <br>Reischl, G.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.675499","Article","Front. Clim.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Boundary Work and Interpretations in the IPCC Review Process of the Role of Bioenergy With Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) in Limiting Global Warming to 1.5¬∞C","Paris Agreement-compatible emissions pathways produced by integrated assessment models (IAMs) often rely on large amounts of carbon dioxide removals, especially afforestation and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). These pathways feature prominently in the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), to the extent that the IAMs have been granted an interpretative privilege at the interface between climate science, economics, and policymaking. The privilege extends to and influences climate governance, including governance of BECCS. This paper contributes to recent debates about the role of the IPCC, and its framing of BECCS, at the science-policy interface. By analyzing all BECCS-related expert review comments and author responses on the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5¬∞C, the paper shows that boundary work influences the representation of BECCS by authors referring to: (1) a limited scope or capacity; (2) a restrictive mandate; (3) what constitutes legitimate science, and; (4) relativizing uncertainties. The responses to the review comments indicate a significant degree of compliance on behalf of the authors. Yet, the revisions do not seem to go to the heart of the unease that runs through many of the reviewer comments, i.e., that BECCS seems to be presented as a viable CDR technology at grand scale. While several revisions serve to clarify uncertainties surrounding BECCS, some fundamental aspects of the critique are deflected, through the boundary work identified. What the analysis reveals, beyond a dissatisfaction among many reviewers with the focus on integrated assessment modeling, the associated pathway literature, and analysis of BECCS, is a disagreement about how model results should be interpreted and communicated. While acknowledging the herculean task of the IPCC and the efforts to improve the pathway literature that the SR1.5 triggered within the IAM communities, we argue that the identified boundary work also risks entrenching rather than problematize dominant framings of the feasibility of BECCS. Such entrenchment can counteract the ambition of opening up the scientific work of the IPCC to include more diversity in the process of drafting reports, and arguably also influence the governance of CDR. Copyright ¬© 2021 Hansson, Anshelm, Fridahl and Haikola.",2021,"Hansson, A.; <br>Anshelm, J.; <br>Fridahl, M.; <br>Haikola, S.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.643224","Article","Front. Clim.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Novel technologies for emission reduction complement conservation agriculture to achieve negative emissions from row-crop production","Plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Because agriculture‚Äôs productivity is based on this process, a combination of technologies to reduce emissions and enhance soil carbon storage can allow this sector to achieve net negative emissions while maintaining high productivity. Unfortunately, current row-crop agricultural practice generates about 5% of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States and European Union. To reduce these emissions, significant effort has been focused on changing farm management practices to maximize soil carbon. In contrast, the potential to reduce emissions has largely been neglected. Through a combination of innovations in digital agriculture, crop and microbial genetics, and electrification, we estimate that a 71% (1,744 kg CO2e/ha) reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from row crop agriculture is possible within the next 15 y. Importantly, emission reduction can lower the barrier to broad adoption by proceeding through multiple stages with meaningful improvements that gradually facilitate the transition to net negative practices. Emerging voluntary and regulatory ecosystems services markets will incentivize progress along this transition pathway and guide public and private investments toward technology development. In the difficult quest for net negative emissions, all tools, including emission reduction and soil carbon storage, must be developed to allow agriculture to maintain its critical societal function of provisioning society while, at the same time, generating environmental benefits. ¬© 2021 Optical Society of America.",2021,"Northrup, D.L.; <br>Basso, B.; <br>Wang, M.Q.; <br>Morgan, C.L.S.; <br>Benfey, P.N.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022666118","Review","Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Sustainable biochar: A facile strategy for soil and environmental restoration, energy generation, mitigation of global climate change and circular bioeconomy.","The increasing agro-demands with the burgeoning population lead to the accumulation of lignocellulosic residues. The practice of burning agri-residues has consequences viz. Release of soot and smoke, nutrient depletion, loss of soil microbial diversity, air pollution and hazardous effects on human health. The utilization of agricultural waste as biomass to synthesize biochar and biofuels, is the pertinent approach for attaining sustainable development goals. Biochar contributes in the improvement of soil properties, carbon sequestration, reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) emission, removal of organic and heavy metal pollutants, production of biofuels, synthesis of useful chemicals and building cementitious materials. The biochar characteristics including surface area, porosity and functional groups vary with the type of biomass consumed in pyrolysis and the control of parameters during the process. The major adsorption mechanisms of biochar involve physical-adsorption, ion-exchange interactions, electrostatic attraction, surface complexation and precipitation. The recent trend of engineered biochar can enhance its surface properties, pH buffering capacity and presence of desired functional groups. This review focuses on the contribution of biochar in attaining sustainable development goals. Hence, it provides a thorough understanding of biochar's importance in enhancing soil productivity, bioremediation of environmental pollutants, carbon negative concretes, mitigation of climate change and generation of bioenergy that amplifies circular bioeconomy, and concomitantly facilitates the fulfilment of the United Nation Sustainable Development Goals. The application of biochar as seen is primarily targeting four important SDGs including clean water and sanitation (SGD6), affordable and clean energy (SDG7), responsible consumption and production (SDG12) and climate action (SDG13). Copyright ¬© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2021,"Neogi, Suvadip; <br>Sharma, Vikas; <br>Khan, Nawaz; <br>Chaurasia, Deepshi; <br>Ahmad, Anees; <br>Chauhan, Shraddha; <br>Singh, Anuradha; <br>You, Siming; <br>Pandey, Ashok; <br>Bhargava, Preeti Chaturvedi",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133474","Journal Article","Chemosphere","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Decarbonising Industry via BECCS: Promising Sectors, Challenges, and Techno-economic Limits of Negative Emissions","Purpose of Review: This paper reviews recent literature on the combined use of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) in the industries of steel, cement, paper, ethanol, and chemicals, focusing on estimates of potential costs and the possibility of achieving ‚Äúnegative emissions‚Äù. Recent Findings: Bioethanol is seen as a potential near-term source of negative emissions, with CO2 transport as the main cost limitation. The paper industry is a current source of biogenic CO2, but complex CO2 capture configurations raise costs and limit BECCS potential. Remuneration for stored biogenic CO2 is needed to incentivise BECCS in these sectors. BECCS could also be used for carbon‚Äìneutral production of steel, cement, and chemicals, but these will likely require substantial incentives to become cost-competitive. While negative emissions may be possible from all industries considered, the overall CO2 balance is highly sensitive to biomass supply chains. Furthermore, the resource intensity of biomass cultivation and energy production for CO2 capture risks burden-shifting to other environmental impacts. Summary: Research on BECCS-in-industry is limited but growing, and estimates of costs and environmental impacts vary widely. While negative emissions are possible, transparent presentation of assumptions, system boundaries, and results is needed to increase comparability. In particular, the mixing of avoided emissions and physical storage of atmospheric CO2 creates confusion of whether physical negative emissions occur. More attention is needed to the geographic context of BECCS-in-industry outside of Europe, the USA, and Brazil, taking into account local biomass supply chains and CO2 storage siting, and minimise burden-shifting. ¬© 2021, The Author(s).",2021,"Tanzer, S.E.; <br>Blok, K.; <br>Ram√≠rez, A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40518-021-00195-3","Review","Curr. Sustain. Renew. Energy. Rep.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["A Role for Drylands in a Carbon Neutral World?","Drylands are a critical part of the earth system in terms of total area, socioeconomic and ecological importance. However, while drylands are known for their contribution to inter-annual atmospheric CO2 variability, they are sometimes overlooked in discussions of global carbon stocks. Here, in preparation for the November 2021 UN Climate Change Conference (COP26), we review dryland systems with emphasis on their role in current and future carbon storage, response to climate change and potential to contribute to a carbon neutral future. Current estimates of carbon in dryland soils and vegetation suggest they are significant at global scale, containing approximately 30% of global carbon in above and below-ground biomass, and surface-layer soil carbon (top 30¬†cm). As ecosystems that are limited by water, the drylands are vulnerable to climate change. Climate change impacts are, however, dependent on future trends in rainfall that include both drying and wetting trends at regional scales. Regional rainfall trends will initiate trends in dryland productivity, vegetation structure and soil carbon storage. However, while management of fire and herbivory can contribute to increased carbon sequestration, impacts are dependent on locally unique ecosystem responses and climate-soil-plant interactions. Similarly, while community based agroforestry initiatives have been successful in some areas, large-scale afforestation programs are logistically infeasible and sometimes ecologically inappropriate at larger scales. As climate changes, top-down prescriptive measures designed to increase carbon storage should be avoided in favour of locally-adapted approaches that balance carbon management priorities with local livelihoods, ecosystem function, biodiversity and cultural, social and economic priorities. ¬© Copyright ¬© 2021 Hanan, Milne, Aynekulu, Yu and Anchang.",2021,"Hanan, N.P.; <br>Milne, E.; <br>Aynekulu, E.; <br>Yu, Q.; <br>Anchang, J.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.786087","Review","Front. Environ. Sci.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Occurrence, formation and environmental fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biochars","Biochar application for soil and agro-environmental development has attracted great attention due to its numerous advantages: improving the soil, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, increasing crop productivity, and augmenting soil carbon storage. However, during the pyrolytic conversion of waste biomass, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a category of toxic organic pollutants, are inescapably generated and linger on the residual solid coproduct called biochar. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the environmental persistence, bioavailability, effects of biochar-borne PAHs on plant growth and soil microbial community dynamics, food safety, and human health after application into soils. This review highlights the basic need to unravel critical mechanisms driving PAH formation in biochar and the dynamics between the sorbent (biochar) and soil microbes, along with the possible mitigation strategies. Current research gaps, including the influence of biochar application on the short and long-term fate of PAHs, as well as the proper control measures for biochar quality and associated risks, will be discussed herein. The key research findings from this script will lead to proposals in technological and quality control measures during biochar production to ensure they are clean and safe. ¬© 2021",2021,"Odinga, E.S.; <br>Gudda, F.O.; <br>Waigi, M.G.; <br>Wang, J.; <br>Gao, Y.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2021.03.003","Review","Fundam. Res.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar as multi-purpose sustainable technology: experiences from projects in Tanzania","Biochar was recently included as a promising negative emissions technology (NET) in the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 degrees C published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Unlike other NETs, it can potentially be used to mitigate global climate change while adding to local resilience in countries highly exposed and sensitive to impacts of climate change, such as least-developed countries (LDCs). The study is as an empirical contribution to the, as of yet, underdeveloped literature on deployment of negative emissions technologies in LDCs in general and on biochar use in developing countries and LDCs specifically. Nine historical and existing biochar projects in Tanzania are mapped in order to analyse problems, goals and common trade-offs associated with small- to medium-scale biochar production in LDCs. The mapping is based on a literature and document study, interviews with project actors, and on-site visits to biochar projects during 2019. The paper gives support to the observation made in the biochar literature that while biochar has many potential socio-economic and environmental benefits, combining them in one single project is difficult. It is concluded that implementing biochar projects in Tanzania will likely involve trade-offs between the development and subsistence strategies and needs of local communities, the motivational forces of different project participants, and the uneven regulatory capacity of the state. We end by reflecting on the use of biochar projects to offset carbon emissions made elsewhere.",2021,"Hansson, A; <br>Hansson, A; <br>Haikola, S; <br>Haikola, S; <br>Fridahl, M; <br>Fridahl, M; <br>Yanda, P; <br>Mabhuye, E; <br>Pauline, N","Biochar; Least-developed country; Tanzania; Biowaste; Negative carbon dioxide emissions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00809-8","Article","ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY","Surveys & interviews"]
["Exploring cross-national public support for the use of enhanced weathering as a land-based carbon dioxide removal strategy","This study explores how public attitudes across three countries influence support towards terrestrial enhanced weathering, whereby silicate minerals are applied to agricultural land to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. An online survey was administered in Australia (N = 1000), the UK (N = 1000), and the USA (N = 1026) where there are ongoing field trials of this technique. Findings are similar across all three countries with many participants unfamiliar with enhanced weathering and unsure about supporting the use of enhanced weathering. Results show that positive affect is the main predictor for support of this technique, along with perceived benefits and level of concern about climate change. Open-ended questions asking why respondents would or would not support the use of enhanced weathering elicit mainly affective concepts, with enhanced weathering seen by individual respondents as either something mainly positive or mainly negative, with others saying it sounds risky and/or would have impacts on the environment. The way in which enhanced weathering is communicated is likely to influence support of the use of this strategy so must be undertaken carefully. Overall, our findings show that it is imperative to continue to engage the public, thereby allowing their views to be incorporated as enhanced weathering technology develops over time.",2021,"Spence, E; <br>Spence, E; <br>Cox, E; <br>Cox, E; <br>Pidgeon, N; <br>Pidgeon, N","Public perceptions; Enhanced weathering; Climate engineering; Affect","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03050-y","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Surveys & interviews"]
["Southeast Asian expert perceptions of solar radiation management techniques and carbon dioxide removal approaches: caution, ambivalence, risk precaution, and research directions","As the climate crisis intensifies in its impacts, discussions around the deployment of geoengineering solutions in case other interventions fail or prove insufficient have figured in research and have even been on the agenda of the United Nations. There have been calls for more investigation of geoengineering techniques to address the climate crisis. Yet, this response presents technological unknowns and economic, political, and ethical risks. Producing knowledge on these techniques has been pushed in many research institutes in the global North, especially in the United States, Europe, and Australia. Still, contributions from global South researchers, including those in Southeast Asia, remain scant. This paper describes the responses of seventeen climate and energy experts from southeast Asia on a purposively designed survey that collected expert opinions on two geoengineering techniques: solar radiation modification (SRM) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR), their risks, impacts, and governance as they pertain to their countries and region. Respondents showed ambivalence towards these techniques, with many supporting 'natural' CDR research and deployment while being cautious about 'technological' SRM and CDR research and deployment. Although respondents would welcome research on these technologies, especially their risks and impacts, they also identified critical barriers in research capacity development and funding availability.",2021,"Delina, LL","geoengineering; solar radiation management; carbon dioxide removal; southeast Asia; ambivalence; risk; precaution","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ac3dc1","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS","Surveys & interviews"]
["Farmers' willingness to participate in Forest Management for Carbon Sequestration on the Sloping Land Conservation Program in China","Y Forest Management for Carbon Sequestration (FMCS) on the Sloping Land Conservation Program (SLCP) helps to promote afforestation, improve the economic wellbeing of small farmers, and helps them to cope with climate change. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this paper examines farmers' willingness to participate from five dimensions: evaluation of result, result belief, normative belief, motivation to comply, and control belief. Results show that 1) farmers' willingness to participate in FMCS on the SLCP land is not high; 2) evaluation of result, result belief, normative belief, and motivation to comply all significantly affect farmers' participation willingness; and 3) the participation willingness of farmers varies between different genders and ages. This study provides a decision-making basis for the implementation of FMCS in China. Results also have implications for the adoption of FMCS programs in other developing countries.",2021,"Yang, F; <br>Jiang, Y; <br>Paudel, KP; <br>Paudel, KP","theory of planned behavior; land use; afforestation; climate change; sustainable development","http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554821832952799","Article","INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY REVIEW","Surveys & interviews"]
["Public perception and acceptance of negative emission technologies - framing effects in Switzerland","Limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees C requires negative emission technologies (NETs), which remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and permanently store it to offset unavoidable emissions. Successful large-scale deployment of NETs depends not only on technical, biophysical, ecological, and economic factors, but also on public perception and acceptance. However, previous studies on this topic have been scarce. In 2019, Switzerland adopted a net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 target, which will require the use of NETs. To examine the current Swiss public perception and acceptance of five different NETs, we conducted an online survey with Swiss citizens (N = 693). By using a between-subjects design, we investigated differences in public opinion, perception, and acceptance across three of the most used frames in the scientific literature - technological fix, moral hazard, and climate emergency. Results showed that the public perception and acceptance of NETs does not differ between the frames. The technological fix frame best reflected participants' opinion, whereas participants perceived the moral hazard frame the least credible and the climate emergency frame the most unclear. Moreover, our findings confirm the public's unfamiliarity with NETs. We found no strong opposition, as participants indicated a moderate acceptance and a neutral evaluation of all five NETs, with afforestation standing out as the most accepted and positively evaluated NET. We conclude that, in the future, the public debate on NETs should be intensified, and the public perception should be monitored regularly to inform the development of NETs.",2021,"Wenger, A; <br>Stauffacher, M; <br>Dallo, I; <br>Dallo, I","Negative emission technologies; Public perception; Public acceptance; Framing experiment; Net zero policies","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03150-9","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Surveys & interviews"]
["Biochar alters nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in a western rangeland ecosystem","Application of biochar to soils has been proposed as a novel approach to managing wood residuals, enhancing soil carbon (C) storage and improving soil fertility; however, the majority of biochar studies have been conducted in agricultural systems that rely on tillage and nutrient inputs associated with annual cropping schemes. Few studies have evaluated the influence of biochar on soil processes in semi-natural rangeland ecosystems that feature more complex plant communities, lack deep soil disturbance, and have relatively few external nutrient inputs. In August 2018, biochar produced using wood waste from a lumber mill in Columbia Falls, MT, USA was applied to surface soils in replicated plots at an experimental ranch in western Montana to test the impact of biochar on soil C storage and nutrient management. A series of soil biochemical properties including total soil C and nitrogen (N), microbial N functional genes, available phosphorus (P) and the net accumulation of nutrients below surface soil layer were evaluated over a one-year period following biochar addition with or without a poultry litter based organic fertilizer. Biochar used alone slightly reduced soil NH4+, significantly increased soil nitrification potential, increased the relative abundance of the bacterial amoA gene, and increased the soil nitrate (NO3-) pool size, while having no net effect on soil inorganic N accumulation below surface soil. By contrast, biochar charged with poultry litter (termed \"charged biochar\") had no effect on NH4+ availability, but had a positive effect on amoA abundance. Charged biochar significantly reduced NH4+ accumulation below 25 cm depth compared to poultry litter alone. Biochar additions led to a shift towards a more fungal dominated community and a general increase in P availability. However, biochar alone also contributed to a greater amount of soluble P collected below surface soil, an effect slightly attenuated when biochar was applied with poultry litter. Soil pH increased from 5.7 to 6.9 in response to biochar addition and was one of the dominant factors governing the observed changes in soil processes. Charged biochar helped retain soil nutrients and promoted soil C storage in this semi-natural rangeland system over one growing season. Changes in these soil pools and fluxes may influence various trophic groups affecting ecosystem functioning over time.",2020,"Gao, S; <br>DeLuca, TH","Biologically based phosphorus; Charcoal; Nitrogen functional genes; Pyrogenic organic matter; Soil nutrient cycling; Western rangeland management","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107868","Article","SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY","Field experiments"]
["Bagasse Pith-Vinasse Biochar Effects on Carbon Emission and Nutrient Release in Calcareous Sandy Soil","Local waste recycling has many benefits to environmental, economic, social, and health aspects. Arid regions, especially calcareous sandy soil, where high rates of organic matter decomposition led carbon emission to increase, are poor in their content of organic matter and some nutrients as well as high phosphorus fixation in this soil. The objectives of this study were investigating effects of bagasse pith-vinasse biochar and incubation periods on: carbon (C) sequestration, carbon mineralization, and nutrients availability of calcareous sandy soil. The incubation experiment included four treatments: (1) unamended soil (control), (2) soil amended with 3% (w/w) bagasse pith-vinasse (BPV), (3) soil amended with 3% (w/w) biochar of bagasse pith-vinasse (BPVB), and (4) soil amended with 3% (w/w) BPV + BPVB (1:1) and incubated at 3, 7, 21 and 46 days. The results of this study revealed a decline in carbon emission with adding BPVB compared to BPV and BPV + BPVB this in turn leads to enhancing carbon sequestration. Available phosphorus improved significantly with adding bagasse pith-vinasse biochar compared with unamended soil. Phosphorus availability increases with increasing incubating durations for bagasse pith-vinasse biochar. At the end of the incubation, the phosphorus availability increased from 20.08 mg kg(-1) soil for control to 20.36, 35.25, and 20.63 mg kg(-1) soil for BPV, BPVB and BPV + BPVB, respectively. Moreover, potassium availability showed a significant improvement with BPVB application compared with unamended soil. We recommend adding biochar to low fertility soil because it plays an important role in the environmental management via improving soil fertility, local waste management, and climate change mitigation.",2020,"Amin, AA","Available phosphorus; Available potassium; Dissolved organic carbon; Emission CO2; Incubation periods","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42729-019-00125-9","Article","JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT NUTRITION","Field experiments"]
["Optimizing Inorganic Carbon Sequestration and Crop Yield With Wollastonite Soil Amendment in a Microplot Study","Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a major greenhouse gas, and its concentration in the atmosphere is increasing continuously, hence there is an urgent need to reduce its level in the atmosphere. Soils offer a large natural sink to store CO2. This study focuses on sequestering CO(2)in the agricultural soils as inorganic carbon, which can be accomplished by adding alkaline-earth silicates. Wollastonite is used in this study as a soil amendment, to sequester CO(2)viathe geochemical route of mineral carbonation. The first objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of mixing a wide range of dosages of wollastonite, as a soil amendment, on the growth performance of two leguminous plants frequently used in agricultural sector: soybean and alfalfa. The plants were grown with different wollastonite dosages (3-20 kg center dot m(-2)for soybean and 3-40 kg center dot m(-2)for alfalfa), for a duration of 14 weeks in a microplot experiment in Ontario, Canada. The second objective was to find evidence of enhanced weathering of wollastonite in soil, in addition to the augmentation of inorganic carbon content in soil. For this, mineralogical assessment of the soils was performed using XRD and SEM-EDS analyses. Wollastonite increased the soybean yield by two-fold in the plot amended with 10 kg center dot m(-2). At all dosages, wollastonite increased the alfalfa growth in terms of height and above-ground biomass dry weight, as well as root biomass. The rate of CO(2)sequestration, at optimum wollastonite dosage, reached 0.08 kg CO2 center dot m(-2)center dot month(-1). XRD and SEM-EDS analyses indicated accumulation of calcite in wollastonite-amended soil and formation of other weathering products. The results obtained from this study help to understand the impact of wollastonite soil amendment on agronomy, and will aid in implementing such negative emissions technology by informing farmers and industry alike that the use of wollastonite contributes toward global climate change mitigation while supporting crop yield. The findings of this study add to the existing body of knowledge on enhanced weathering as an atmospheric CO(2)removal technology, providing further evidence that wollastonite weathering in agricultural soils can lead to significant capacity for CO(2)sequestration as inorganic carbon, while concurrently promoting plant growth.",2020,"Haque, F; <br>Santos, RM; <br>Chiang, YW","enhanced weathering; soil amendment; field crops; plant growth; CO(2)sequestration; inorganic carbonates","http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.01012","Article","FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE","Field experiments"]
["Biochar-induced reductions in the rhizosphere priming effect are weaker under elevated CO2","Biochar can store carbon in soils for decades to centuries, and is considered to have some potential to contribute to mitigating climate change. However, both biochar and elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO(2)) can influence the rhizosphere priming effect (RPE) on pre-existing soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition, leading to uncertainty in comprehensively evaluating the soil carbon sequestration potential of biochar under future climate change. In the present study, we investigated the RPE on pre-existing SOC decomposition of paddy rice in a soil-plantbiochar system under eCO(2) (700 ppm). Plant-derived sources of carbon were separated from soil-derived sources using a continuous C-13-labelling method. We found that the RPEs decreased significantly with increasing biochar addition rates (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% by weight) with mean reductions of 12% and 40% on day 31 and 54 after sowing, respectively, suggesting that biochar can enhance the stability of pre-existing SOC by decreasing the RPE. Although compared to ambient CO2 (aCO(2), 400 ppm), eCO(2) significantly decreased RPEs by 33% and 37% on day 31 and 54 after sowing, respectively, the decline in the RPE in response to biochar was weaker under eCO(2). Decreases in soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass carbon could explain the decline in the RPE in response to biochar addition. Our findings highlight that biochar can inhibit the decomposition of pre-existing SOC by reducing the RPE, while this effect will be weakened in the face of atmospheric CO2 increase in the future.",2020,"Pei, JM; <br>Pei, JM; <br>Dijkstra, FA; <br>Li, JQ; <br>Li, JQ; <br>Fang, CM; <br>Fang, CM; <br>Su, JH; <br>Zhao, JY; <br>Zhao, JY; <br>Nie, M; <br>Nie, M; <br>Wu, JH; <br>Wu, JH","Rhizosphere priming effect; Soil respiration; Soil organic carbon decomposition; Root respiration; Biochar; Elevated CO2","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107700","Article","SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY","Field experiments"]
["Soil type and cropping system as drivers of soil quality indicators response to no-till: A 7-year field study","Conventional agricultural practices (CAP) highly impacted soil functions involved in the provision of multiple ecosystem services. No-till (NT) has been repeatedly indicated as a key way to enhance soil fertility and biodiversity, while having a positive effect on the environment and climate change. However, experimental evidence to date shows contrasting effects of NT on physical parameters of soil fertility, as well as on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and soil biodiversity especially if different soil types and cropping systems are considered. The objectives of the present 7-year field study were: (i) to unravel the effect of NT on SOC, soil bulk density, and water stability index (WSI) of soil aggregates across five different soil types (Silty Clay, Silty Clay Loam, Clay Loam, Silt Loam, and Sandy Loam) and cropping systems (silage vs grain production), (ii) to examine how soil fauna (i.e. microarthropods and earthworms) is affected by NT practices under those soil-crop conditions, and (iii) to assess relationships among responses of soil physical indicators (i.e. soil bulk density and WSI), SOC, and soil fauna. Our results showed that soil bulk density was generally not affected by 7-year NT across all soil types. At the same time, NT increased WSI. It follows that NT may increase stable rather than artificial tillage-derived porosity due to reduced soil disturbance, and increased SOC and biological activity. However, reduced importance for boosting aggregates stability should be attributed to NT where initial SOC is high, clay and silt are predominant soil fractions, and the rate of crop residue is low. Our findings suggest that NT may enhance SOC stock (on average 0.66 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1)) in the 0-30 cm soil layer. However, we found (i) a tendency of NT to decrease SOC concentration in the 15-30 cm soil layer (on average -1.18 g C kg(-1)), and (ii) no SOC increase induced by NT if crop residues were not left onto the soil surface. Nevertheless, NT practices promoted (i) the microarthropods adaptation measured with the QBS-ar index (105.5 vs 64.7), and (ii) the increase of earthworm abundance (412 vs 123 individuals m(-2)), which are fundamental for enhancing nutrient cycling and soil porosity. Correlations among soil fauna (i.e. QBS-ar and earthworm density), soil physical parameters (i.e. soil bulk density and WSI), and SOC (i.e. concentration and stock) corroborates the hypothesis that soil fauna adaptation and proliferation are main detectors of soil quality and sensitive indicators of changes in soil tillage.",2020,"Fiorini, A; <br>Boselli, R; <br>Maris, SC; <br>Santelli, S; <br>Perego, A; <br>Acutis, M; <br>Brenna, S; <br>Tabaglio, V","Agriculture; Soil aggregate stability; Bulk density; QBS-ar; Earthworms","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2020.103646","Article","APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY","Field experiments"]
["Divergent responses of soil organic carbon to afforestation","Forest planting is considered a natural climate solution, but effects on soil carbon are unclear. This study, in northern China, finds that planting forests increases carbon in soils poor in it and vice versa. Large-scale afforestation is regarded as an effective natural climate solution. However, afforestation-induced changes in soil organic C (SOC) are poorly quantified due to the paucity of large-scale sampling data. Here, we provide the first comprehensive assessment of the afforestation impact on SOC stocks with a pairwise comparative study of samples from 619 control-and-afforested plot pairs in northern China. We found context-dependent effects of afforestation on SOC: afforestation increases SOC density (SOCD) in C-poor soils but decreases SOCD in C-rich soils, especially in deeper soil. Thus, the fixed biomass/SOC ratio assumed in previous studies could overestimate the SOC enhancement by afforestation. By extrapolating the sampling data to the entire region, we estimate that afforestation increased SOC stocks in northern China by only 234.9 +/- 9.6 TgC over the last three decades. The study highlights the importance of including pre-afforestation soil properties in models of soil carbon dynamics and carbon sink projections.",2020,"Hong, SB; <br>Yin, GD; <br>Yin, GD; <br>Piao, SL; <br>Piao, SL; <br>Dybzinski, R; <br>Cong, N; <br>Li, XY; <br>Wang, K; <br>Penuelas, J; <br>Penuelas, J; <br>Zeng, H; <br>Chen, AP; <br>Chen, AP",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0557-y","Article","NATURE SUSTAINABILITY","Field experiments"]
["Biochar application increased methane emission, soil carbon storage and net ecosystem carbon budget in a 2-year vegetable-rice rotation","The effect of biochar application on the net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB) and the mechanism controlling methane (CH4) emission in paddy soils under vegetable-rice rotations are poorly understood. A 2-year field experiment was conducted with three treatments: control (no fertilizer or biochar application), chemical fertilizer (BC0) and biochar plus chemical fertilizer application (BC1) to analyze greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, soil organic carbon (SOC) content, as well as the abundance and community structure of methanogens and methanotrophs in a vegetable-rice rotation. Biochar addition (BC1) did not affect the yield, or the emission of total CH4 or nitrous oxide (N2O) but significantly increased carbon dioxide (CO2) emission as compared to BC0 in the vegetable season. Rice yield in BC1 was 14.1 % higher than in the control but was lower than in BC0 because of lower available nutrients in BC1 than in BC0. During the rice season, cumulative CH4 emission under BC1 was increased by 2.65 times as compared with BC0 (P < 0.01), in association with an increase in methanogenic and decrease in methanotrophic gene abundances. The cumulative CO2 emission was not different between BC0 and BC1 while cumulative and yield-scaled N2O emissions were significantly higher in BC1 than in BC0 in the rice season. However, BC1 increased SOC and NECB, but decreased the ratio of carbon (C) emission to C sequestration, net global warming potential (NGWP) and greenhouse gas emission intensity (NGHGI) as compared to the BC0 and control treatments (P < 0.01). The increase in GHG emissions in the biochar-amended soil was compensated by the increase in soil C storage and C uptake by rice, based on NGWP and NGHGI. The increase in NECB and SOC in the BC1 treatment indicates the benefit of biochar in restoring SOC during the rice season. This study provides insights into the effects of biochar addition on changes in bacterial abundance and community structure which increased CH4 emission in the rice season of a vegetable-paddy rotation.",2020,"Qi, L; <br>Qi, L; <br>Pokharel, P; <br>Chang, SX; <br>Chang, SX; <br>Zhou, P; <br>Niu, HD; <br>He, XH; <br>He, XH; <br>Wang, ZF; <br>Gao, M","Carbon dioxide; Greenhouse gas; Methanogen; Methanotroph; Nitrous oxide; Soil organic carbon","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106831","Article","AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["Biochar addition leads to more soil organic carbon sequestration under a maize-rice cropping system than continuous flooded rice","Crop rotation of flooded rice with an upland crop like maize on previous continuous paddy soils is an emerging cropping system in South China. A four-year experiment was conducted at a research area in Hunan province, having a long history of double paddy-rice cropping throughout the year. Maize was introduced as an upland crop in rotation with paddy rice, thus providing two parallel cropping systems i.e., the previous flooded rice-rice (R-R) and the new maize-rice rotation (M-R) systems. We used three treatments in both cropping systems; namely, farmer's practice (without external C input) as a control, straw addition, and biochar addition. The straw and biochar were added to soil in late rice season on an equal C input basis (3000 kg C ha(-1)yr(-1)). In the R-R plots, rice straw was added while in M-R plots maize straw was added during late rice field preparation. Our results show that there were no changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration when R-R was replaced by M-R rotation. Straw addition had no effect on SOC but improved late rice yield. Biochar addition significantly increased SOC and late rice yield in both cropping systems. Moreover, biochar addition resulted in a more significant accumulation of SOC (9% higher) in M-R than R-R. Among soil aggregates, only the 0.25-2mm fraction had a significantly higher SOC concentration with biochar relative to the control and straw return; and this increase was significantly more pronounced under M-R (28% higher) than R-R cropping system. In general, a significantly higher proportion of small macro-aggregates (0.25-2 mm) were found under M-R, while smaller aggregates (0.05-0.25 and< 0.05 mm) were more abundant under R-R. delta C-13 analyses from M-R plots reveal that the quantity of maize-derived C was marginally higher in the straw treatment than control, but this was not reflected in any significant impact on total SOC of the bulk soil or of aggregates. In conclusion, no detectable changes in SOC were observed over four years experimental period following shift from R-R to M-R cropping system. M-R system with biochar addition led to higher productivity and environmental benefits.",2020,"Mehmood, I; <br>Mehmood, I; <br>Qiao, L; <br>Qiao, L; <br>Chen, HQ; <br>Tang, QY; <br>Woolf, D; <br>Fan, MS; <br>Fan, MS","Soil organic carbon; Biochar; Crop residue management; Paddy soils; Water stable aggregates; Crop diversification; Physical protection","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106965","Article","AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["Cumulative impact of cover crops on soil carbon sequestration and profitability in a temperate humid climate","Although soil C sequestration with cover crops (CCs) has been linked with the potential of CCs in climate change mitigation, the long-term usage of CCs on soil C storage and farm-based economics have been widely overlooked. Therefore, in a CC experiment established in 2007 in a temperate humid climate, four CCs and a no-CC control were compared to evaluate their potential to sequester C and provide economic returns. Total amount of plant C added to soil with CCs translated into greater soil organic carbon (SOC) content by 10-20 Mg C ha(-1) than the no-CC control across both sites. Greater crop yield and reduced yield variability with CCs suggest the long-term potential of CCs in increasing agroecosystem resiliency. Moreover, greater profit margins with CCs in processing vegetable crops but not grain and oilseed crops indicate CC effects on crop profitability are dependent on the production system. Our study results indicated that the loss in profit margins with CC usage in grain and oilseed crops might be overcome with C pricing (at $50 Mg-1) on quantity of C sequestered after 9 years of CCing; thus, providing financial compensation to growers may be a mechanism to encourage CC adoption.",2020,"Chahal, I; <br>Vyn, RJ; <br>Mayers, D; <br>Van Eerd, LL",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70224-6","Article","SCIENTIFIC REPORTS","Field experiments"]
["Synchronous sequestration of organic carbon and nitrogen in mineral soils after conversion agricultural land to forest","Agricultural land-use change is a global issue with significant implications for global warming and ecosystem functionality. Uncertainty regarding carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sequestration and their dynamics after land-use change hampers an accurate understanding of the C and N cycles. To address the influence of converting agricultural land to forest on organic carbon (OC) and N sequestration and their coupling relationships, we collected topsoil (0 - 10 cm depth) and subsurface soil (10 - 20 cm depth) in afforested woodlands 10, 20, and 35 yrs after the establishment of Robinia pseudoacacia in abandoned farmlands on the Loess Plateau, China. We analyzed the concentrations and stocks of OC and N in bulk soils and water-stable aggregates. We found that afforestation of farmland resulted in a relative increase of 30 % in the proportion of macroaggregates (8 - 0.25 mm) but a relative decrease of 45 % and 30 % in the proportions of microaggregates (0.25 - 0.053 mm) and silt + clay (< 0.053 mm), respectively. The respective OC and N stocks increased by 87 % and 74 % in bulk soils and by 278 % and 159 % in macroaggregates after 35 yrs of afforestation. Macroaggregates accounted for 69 % and 68 % of the OC and N stocks, respectively, in bulk soils at the 0 - 20 cm depth. However, the OC and N stocks in microaggregates and silt + clay were only slightly affected. These results indicated that the conversion of agricultural land to forest could sequester OC and N in both bulk soils and aggregates, mainly macroaggregates. In addition, the dynamics of OC and N were significantly correlated, implying synchronous OC and N sequestration in soils after converting agricultural land to forest.",2020,"Zhang, Y; <br>Liao, XL; <br>Wang, Z; <br>Wei, XR; <br>Wei, XR; <br>Wei, XR; <br>Jia, XX; <br>Jia, XX; <br>Shao, MG; <br>Shao, MG","Abandoned farmland; Afforestation chronosequence; Black locust; Organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics; Soil aggregates","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106866","Article","AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["Successive straw biochar amendments reduce nitrous oxide emissions but do not improve the net ecosystem economic benefit in an alkaline sandy loam under a wheat-maize cropping system","Crop straw is converted to biochar with subsequent applications to soils as a multi-benefit strategy for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mitigation, carbon sequestration, and straw disposal and utilization in intensive agriculture. However, tradeoffs between agronomic, economic, and environmental performance of long-term agricultural biochar use remain unclear. Using a case study of biochar-amended alkaline sandy loamy soil, we investigated the effects of field application of straw biochar at 0, 2.25, 6.75, and 11.25 Mg ha(-1) to 10 successive wheat and maize crop seasons over five rotation years on crop yield, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, soil total organic carbon (TOC), and soil carbon pool (SCP). The net global warming potential (net GWP) and net ecosystem economic benefit (NEEB) were assessed to examine the tension between balancing economic returns and environmental benefits. Results indicated that biochar treatments slightly increased total crop grain yields and greatly reduced the total N2O emissions over five rotation years. The soil total organic carbon content was enhanced while the CO2 emissions during biochar production almost offset the increase in the soil carbon pool. Economic assessment showed that the net ecosystem economic benefit was lowered with enhanced costs of the increasing biochar use under the current low C trade market. These results highlight the promotion of the use of straw biochar in successive applications as a strategy to effectively offset greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture requires optimization of the straw pyrolysis system to reduce the energy consumption and overall biochar costs, and price enhancement of C trade.",2020,"Liu, YJ; <br>Liu, YJ; <br>Bi, YC; <br>Xie, YX; <br>Zhao, X; <br>He, DX; <br>Wang, SQ; <br>Wang, CY; <br>Guo, TC; <br>Xing, GX","carbon costs; N2O flux; soil organic carbon increment; yield-scaled emission; yield gains","http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3495","Article","LAND DEGRADATION & DEVELOPMENT","Field experiments"]
["Generation, Resuspension, and Transport of Particulate Matter From Biochar-Amended Soils: A Potential Health Risk","Large-scale soil application of biochar is one of the terrestrial carbon sequestration strategies for future climate change mitigation pathways, which can also help remove and sequester pollutants from contaminated soil and water. However, black carbon emissions from biochar-amended soils can deteriorate air quality and affect human health, as the biochar particles often contain a higher amount of sorbed toxic pollutants than the soil. Yet, the extent and mechanism of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) emission from biochar-amended soils at different wind regimes have not been evaluated. Using wind tunnel experiments to simulate different wind regimes, we quantified particulate emission from sand amended with 1-4% (by weight) biochar at two size fractions: with and without <2-mm biochar. At wind speeds below the threshold speed for soil erosion, biochar application significantly increased PM10 emission by up to 400% due to the direct resuspension of inhalable biochar particles. At wind speeds above the threshold speed, emission increased by up to 300% even from biochar without inhalable fractions due to collisions of fast-moving sand particles with large biochar particles. Using a theoretical framework, we show that particulate matter emissions from biochar-amended soils could be higher than that previously expected at wind speeds below the erosion threshold wind speed for background soil. Our results indicate that current models for fugitive dust emissions may underestimate the particulate matter emission potential of biochar-amended soils and will help improve the assessment of biochar emission from amended soils.",2020,"Ravi, S; <br>Li, JR; <br>Meng, ZJ; <br>Zhang, JG; <br>Mohanty, S","air quality; black carbon emissions; wind erosion; residence time; saltation; suspension","http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020GH000311","Article","GEOHEALTH","Field experiments"]
["Major ions and delta S-34(SO4) in Jiulongjiang River water: Investigating the relationships between natural chemical weathering and human perturbations","The chemical weathering processes become a rising concern in carbon cycling research, because it can increase carbon budgets of lateral transport by rivers and effectively sequestrate atmospheric CO2. Recent studies suggest that the human perturbations can accelerate the chemical weathering, however, the processes of accelerated weathering and its potential environmental effects still remain questions. To examine the mechanism of the human-related accelerated weathering and its influences, the spatial-temporal distributions of the major ions and stable isotope compositions (delta S-34(SO4)) in Jiulongjiang River are measured. The seasonal variations of the riverine solutes results from the hydrologic condition and different mineral dissolution rates of carbonate and silicate minerals. The H2SO4 and HNO3 indeed participate in the mineral dissolution, and increase the riverine C flux. S isotope compositions suggest the riverine H2SO4 is mainly derived from the anthropogenic sewage inputs and oxidation of sulfide, while the statistics and stoichiometry analysis indicating HNO3 are close related to the agricultural activities. On the watershed scale, the areas with high agricultural/urban land use areas (%) have significantly high TDS and DIC values in comparison with that in the areas with high forest covering, indicating the accelerated weathering processes have already been activated by the human perturbations. The assessments of the irrigation water quality suggest that the Jiulongjiang river water is facing the salinity hazard under the accelerated weathering conditions. More attention should be paid to the effect of human perturbations on chemical weathering.",2020,"Liu, JK; <br>Han, GL","Chemical weathering; S isotope; Land-use type; Anthropogenic inputs; Water quality","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138208","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["Greater stability of carbon capture in species-rich natural forests compared to species-poor plantations","Tree plantations and forest restoration are leading strategies for enhancing terrestrial carbon (C) sequestration and mitigating climate change. While it is well established that species-rich natural forests offer superior C sequestering benefits relative to short-rotation commercial monoculture plantations, differences in rates of C capture and storage between longer-lived plantations (commercial or non-commercial) and natural forests remain unclear. Using a natural experiment in the Western Ghats of India, where late-20th century conservation laws prohibited timber extraction from monodominant plantations and natural forests within nature reserves, we assessed forests and plantations for aboveground C storage and the magnitude and temporal stability of rates of photosynthetic C capture (gross primary production). Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that species-rich forests show greater temporal stability of C capture, and are more resistant to drought, than monodominant plantations. Carbon stocks in monodominant teak (Tectona grandis) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) plantations were 30%-50% lower than in natural evergreen forests, but differed little from moist-deciduous forests. Plantations had 4%-9% higher average C capture rates (estimated using the Enhanced Vegetation Index-EVI) than natural forests during wet seasons, but up to 29% lower C capture during dry seasons across the 2000-18 period. In both seasons, the rate of C capture by plantations was less stable across years, and decreased more during drought years (i.e. lower resistance to drought), compared to forests. Thus, even as certain monodominant plantations could match natural forests for C capture and storage potential, plantations are unlikely to match the stability-and hence reliability-of C capture exhibited by forests, particularly in the face of increasing droughts and other climatic perturbations. Promoting natural forest regeneration and/or multi-species native tree plantations instead of plantation monocultures could therefore benefit climate change mitigation efforts, while offering valuable co-benefits for biodiversity conservation and other ecosystem services.",2020,"Osuri, AM; <br>Osuri, AM; <br>Gopal, A; <br>Raman, TRS; <br>DeFries, R; <br>Cook-Patton, SC; <br>Naeem, S","biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship; carbon sequestration; drought; enhanced vegetation index; monoculture plantation; stability; tropical forest","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab5f75","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Field experiments"]
["Biochar from cookstoves reduces greenhouse gas emissions from smallholder farms in Africa","Biochar produced in cookstoves has the potential to contribute to negative carbon emissions through sequestration of biomass carbon while also providing other benefits for sustainable development, including provision of clean renewable energy and increased yields in tropical agriculture. The aim of the reported research was to estimate effects on food production, household energy access and life cycle climate impact from introduction of biochar-producing cookstoves on smallholder farms in Kenya. Participatory research on biochar production and use was undertaken with 150 Kenyan smallholder farming households. Gasifier cookstove functionality, fuel efficiency and emissions were measured, as well as biochar effects on agricultural yields after application to soil. Cookstoves provided benefits through reduced smoke, fuel wood savings and char production, but challenges were found related to labour for fuel preparation, lighting and refilling. On-farm trials with varying rates of biochar inputs, in combination with and without mineral fertilizers, have led to a sustained increase of maize yields following one-time application. The climate impact in a life cycle perspective was considerably lower for the system with cookstove production of biochar and use of biochar in agriculture than for current cooking practices. Climate benefits from biochar production and use are thus possible on smallholder farms in sub-Saharan Africa, through reduced use of biomass in cooking, reduced emissions of products of incomplete combustion and sequestration of stable biochar carbon in soils. Biochar-producing cookstoves can be implemented as a climate change mitigation method in rural sub-Saharan Africa. Successful implementation will require changes in cooking systems including fuel supply, as well as farming systems, which, in turn, requires an understanding of local socio-cultural conditions, including power relations and gender aspects.",2020,"Sundberg, C; <br>Sundberg, C; <br>Karltun, E; <br>Gitau, JK; <br>Katterer, T; <br>Kimutai, GM; <br>Mahmoud, Y; <br>Njenga, M; <br>Njenga, M; <br>Nyberg, G; <br>de Nowina, KR; <br>de Nowina, KR; <br>Roobroeck, D; <br>Sieber, P","Biochar-producing gasifier stove; Bioenergy; Greenhouse gas; Woodfuel; Life cycle assessment","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-020-09920-7","Article","MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR GLOBAL CHANGE","Field experiments"]
["Increased yield and CO2 sequestration potential with the C-4 cereal Sorghum bicolor cultivated in basaltic rock dust-amended agricultural soil","Land-based enhanced rock weathering (ERW) is a biogeochemical carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy aiming to accelerate natural geological processes of carbon sequestration through application of crushed silicate rocks, such as basalt, to croplands and forested landscapes. However, the efficacy of the approach when undertaken with basalt, and its potential co-benefits for agriculture, require experimental and field evaluation. Here we report that amending a UK clay-loam agricultural soil with a high loading (10 kg/m(2)) of relatively coarse-grained crushed basalt significantly increased the yield (21 +/- 9.4%, SE) of the important C-4 cereal Sorghum bicolor under controlled environmental conditions, without accumulation of potentially toxic trace elements in the seeds. Yield increases resulted from the basalt treatment after 120 days without P- and K-fertilizer addition. Shoot silicon concentrations also increased significantly (26 +/- 5.4%, SE), with potential benefits for crop resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Elemental budgets indicate substantial release of base cations important for inorganic carbon removal and their accumulation mainly in the soil exchangeable pools. Geochemical reactive transport modelling, constrained by elemental budgets, indicated CO2 sequestration rates of 2-4 t CO2/ha, 1-5 years after a single application of basaltic rock dust, including via newly formed soil carbonate minerals whose long-term fate requires assessment through field trials. This represents an approximately fourfold increase in carbon capture compared to control plant-soil systems without basalt. Our results build support for ERW deployment as a CDR technique compatible with spreading basalt powder on acidic loamy soils common across millions of hectares of western European and North American agriculture.",2020,"Kelland, ME; <br>Wade, PW; <br>Lewis, AL; <br>Taylor, LL; <br>Sarkar, B; <br>Andrews, MG; <br>Lomas, MR; <br>Cotton, TEA; <br>Kemp, SJ; <br>James, RH; <br>Pearce, CR; <br>Hartley, SE; <br>Hodson, ME; <br>Leake, JR; <br>Banwart, SA; <br>Banwart, SA; <br>Beerling, DJ","carbon removal; crop productivity; mineral weathering; negative emissions technology; reactive transport modelling; silicon; soil acidification","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15089","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Field experiments"]
["Tree planting in organic soils does not result in net carbon sequestration on decadal timescales","Tree planting is increasingly being proposed as a strategy to combat climate change through carbon (C) sequestration in tree biomass. However, total ecosystem C storage that includes soil organic C (SOC) must be considered to determine whether planting trees for climate change mitigation results in increased C storage. We show that planting two native tree species (Betula pubescensandPinus sylvestris), of widespread Eurasian distribution, onto heather (Calluna vulgaris) moorland with podzolic and peaty podzolic soils in Scotland, did not lead to an increase in net ecosystem C stock 12 or 39 years after planting. Plots with trees had greater soil respiration and lower SOC in organic soil horizons than heather control plots. The decline in SOC cancelled out the increment in C stocks in tree biomass on decadal timescales. At all four experimental sites sampled, there was no net gain in ecosystem C stocks 12-39 years after afforestation-indeed we found a net ecosystem C loss in one of four sites with deciduousB. pubescensstands; no net gain in ecosystem C at three sites planted withB. pubescens; and no net gain at additional stands ofP. sylvestris. We hypothesize that altered mycorrhizal communities and autotrophic C inputs have led to positive 'priming' of soil organic matter, resulting in SOC loss, constraining the benefits of tree planting for ecosystem C sequestration. The results are of direct relevance to current policies, which promote tree planting on the assumption that this will increase net ecosystem C storage and contribute to climate change mitigation. Ecosystem-level biogeochemistry and C fluxes must be better quantified and understood before we can be assured that large-scale tree planting in regions with considerable pre-existing SOC stocks will have the intended policy and climate change mitigation outcomes.",2020,"Friggens, NL; <br>Friggens, NL; <br>Hester, AJ; <br>Mitchell, RJ; <br>Parker, TC; <br>Subke, JA; <br>Wookey, PA","afforestation; Betula pubescens; carbon stocks; climate change mitigation; mycorrhiza; Pinus sylvestris; soil carbon dynamics; tree planting","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15229","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Field experiments"]
["Are there environmental or agricultural benefits in using forest residue biochar in boreal agricultural clay soil?","Short-term agronomic and environmental benefits are fundamental factors in encouraging farmers to use biochar on a broad scale. The short-term impacts of forest residue biochar (BC) on the productivity and carbon (C) storage of arable boreal clay soil were studied in a field experiment. In addition, rain simulations and aggregate stability tests were carried out to investigate the potential of BC to reduce nutrient export to surface waters. A BC addition of 30 t ha(-1) increased soil test phosphorus and decreased bulk density in the surface soil but did not significantly change pH or water retention properties, and most importantly, did not increase the yield. There were no changes in the bacterial or fungal communities, or biomasses. Soil basal respiration was higher in BCamended plots in the spring, but no differences in respiration rates were detected in the fall two years after the application. Rain simulation experiments did not support the use of BC in reducing erosion or the export of nutrients from the field. Of the C added, on average SON was discovered in the 0-45 cm soil layer one year after the application. Amendment of boreal clay soil with a high rate of BC characterized by a moderately alkaline pH, low surface functionalities, and a recalcitrant nature, did not induce such positive impacts that would unambiguously motivate farmers to invest in BC-BC use seems unviable from the farmer's perspective but could play a role in climate change mitigation, as it will likely serve as long-term C storage. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.",2020,"Soinne, H; <br>Keskinen, R; <br>Heikkinen, J; <br>Hyvaluoma, J; <br>Uusitalo, R; <br>Peltoniemi, K; <br>Velmala, S; <br>Pennanen, T; <br>Fritze, H; <br>Kaseva, J; <br>Hannula, M; <br>Rasa, K","Biochar; Carbon sequestration; Soil quality; Soil productivity; Nutrient leaching; Microbial community","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138955","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMIC BENEFIT EVALUATION OF CLOSING MOUNTAIN AFFORESTATION - TAKING SHAANXI QINLING MOUNTAINS AS AN EXAMPLE","Closing mountain afforestation is a low-cost, fast-gaining, forestry ecological management method that is conducive to protecting species resources and reducing forest pests and diseases. It has a huge role in protecting the environment, protecting species resources, and achieving ecological balance. In this paper, a field survey was conducted in the Qinling Mountains in southern Shaanxi, China, and the test plots were selected to measure and investigate the vegetation growth status, the changes in vegetation types and the dry weight changes of the test site before and after enclosure. We estimate the economic value of the expected creation of the test site of carbon sinks, as well as the investment in the implementation of artificial afforestation and closing mountain afforestation. We analyzed the biological, carbon sequestration, economic and social benefits of closing mountain afforestation in the Qinling Mountains and concluded that the closing mountain afforestation effectively increased vegetation growth and biological volume accumulation and vegetation coverage. It has effectively protected the ecosystem and promoted the natural regeneration and growth of vegetation. Assuming the implementation of artificial afforestation on the trial site, the artificial afforestation of the test site plots cost more than 217,700 RMI3 than the closing mountain afforestation. Overall, the implementation of closing mountain afforestation is one-sixth of the investment cost of implementing afforestation.",2020,"Zhang, XR; <br>Gao, JZ","Closing mountain afforestation; environmental protection; ecological economy; social benefits; Qinling Mountains",null,"Article","FRESENIUS ENVIRONMENTAL BULLETIN","Field experiments"]
["Effect and mechanism of biochar on CO2 and N2O emissions under different nitrogen fertilization gradient from an acidic soil","\"Nature based solutions\" has been proposed at COP25 as an important venture for combating anthropogenic climate change, and soil biochar amendment have been proposed to have vast carbon sequestration potential. On the other hand, biochar carbon storage in soils is confronted with both biochar and soil carbon and nitrogen loss. The superposition of these two influences leads to complex variation in net greenhouse gas emissions from biochar-amended-soils. Nitrogen fertilization is a common agriculture practice in China and worldwide. To study the effects and mechanisms of biochar on soil net greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, N2O) under different nitrogen fertilization gradient in a ferrallitic soil, a soil column experiment was conducted. Maize straw derived biochar (pyrolysed at 500 degrees C) and nitrogen fertilizer (ammonium sulfate) were investigated at varying application rates. It was found that biochar amendment increased CO2 emissions by 51.1%-57.1% and N2O emissions by 50.0%-73.7%, respectively, when soil was incubated with 50 mg N/kg nitrogen fertilization. The N2O emission in soil was dominated by nitrification, and the labile fraction of biochar played the dominant role in increasing soil CO2 and N2O emissions. Therefore, water or acidwashing of biochar before its application would significantly reduce the net GHG emissions. When the nitrogen fertilization was applied at the unusually high level of 450 mg N/kg, the N2O emissions mainly came from denitrification. Biochar amendment introduced less soil CO2 emission increment, and suppressed N2O emissions by inhibition of denitrification via adsorption protection mechanism(towards nitrogen) and aeration effect. A chain mechanismhas been illustrated and results fromthis study suggest that biochar is best applied to an environment or the circumstance that maximizes adsorption protection mechanism and aeration effect to achieve total greenhouse gas emission reduction. This study therefore provides basis for the scientific sound application and regulation of biochar amendment in soils. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.",2020,"Wang, L; <br>Wang, L; <br>Yang, K; <br>Yang, K; <br>Gao, CC; <br>Gao, CC; <br>Zhu, LZ; <br>Zhu, LZ","Biochar amendment; CO2 and N2O emission; Acidic soil; Nitrogen fertilizer","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141265","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["How afforestation affects the water cycle in drylands: A process-based comparative analysis","The world's largest afforestation programs implemented by China made a great contribution to the global \"greening up.\" These programs have received worldwide attention due to its contribution toward achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. However, emerging studies have suggested that these campaigns, when not properly implemented, resulted in unintended ecological and water security concerns at the regional scale. While mounting evidence shows that afforestation causes substantial reduction in water yield at the watershed scale, process-based studies on how forest plantations alter the partitioning of rainwater and affect water balance components in natural vegetation are still lacking at the plot scale. This lack of science-based data prevents a comprehensive understanding of forest-related ecosystem services such as soil conservation and water supply under climate change. The present study represents the first \"Paired Plot\" study of the water balance of afforestation on the Loess Plateau. We investigate the effects of forest structure and environmental factors on the full water cycle in a typical multilayer plantation forest composed of black locust, one of the most popular tree species for plantations worldwide. We measure the ecohydrological components of a black locust versus natural grassland on adjacent sites. The startling finding of this study is that, contrary to the general belief, the understory-instead of the overstory-was the main water consumer in this plantation. Moreover, there is a strict physiological regulation of forest transpiration. In contrast to grassland, annual seepage under the forest was minor in years with an average rainfall. We conclude that global long-term greening efforts in drylands require careful ecohydrologic evaluation so that green and blue water trade-offs are properly addressed. This is especially important for reforestation-based watershed land management, that aims at carbon sequestration in mitigating climate change while maintaining regional water security, to be effective on a large scale.",2020,"Schwarzel, K; <br>Schwarzel, K; <br>Zhang, LL; <br>Montanarella, L; <br>Wang, YH; <br>Sun, G","afforestation; climate change; green and blue flows; soil and water conservation; soil erosion control; United Nations Sustainable Development Goals; water cycle in drylands; water scarcity management","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14875","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Field experiments"]
["Ecotoxicological assessments of biochar additions to soil employing earthworm speciesEisenia fetidaandLumbricus terrestris","Biochar is the degradation-resistant product generated by the pyrolysis of organic materials and is produced for the intended use of land application in order to promote carbon sequestration and soil improvement. However, despite the many potential benefits biochar application offers, it is important to quantify any ecological impacts that may result from soil amendment in order to avoid potentially causing negative effects upon soil biota which are crucial in the many ecosystem services provided by soil. Any impacts on earthworms in particular are important to evaluate because of their pivotal role in organic matter breakdown, nutrient cycling and soil formation. In this study, we conducted a series of ecotoxicological assays to determine lethal and sublethal (avoidance, mass change and moisture content) effects of heavy biochar applications that reflect levels that may be used in soil restoration efforts. Two earthworm species,Eisenia fetida, an epigeic species, andLumbricus terrestris, an anecic species, were utilised as test organisms. Two types of biochar, produced from wheat straw and rice husk feedstocks, respectively, were applied to OECD artificial soil and to a natural soil (Kettering loam) at rates of up to 20%w/w. The influence of biochar application on soil porewater chloride, fluoride and phosphate concentrations was also assessed. The biochar applications induced only a subtle level of avoidance behaviour while effects on survival over a 4-week exposure period were inconsistent. However, death and physical damage to some individual earthworms at high biochar application rates were observed, the mechanisms and processes leading to which should be investigated further. Earthworm development (mean mass change over time) proved to be a more sensitive measure, revealing negative effects onL. terrestrisat 10% and 20% (w/w) wheat biochar applications in OECD soil and at 20% (w/w) applications of both biochars in Kettering loam. The moisture content ofE. fetidaremained remarkably consistent across all treatments (~ 82%), indicating that this is not a sensitive measure of effects. The high rates of biochar application resulted in increased chloride (2 to 3-fold) and phosphate (100-fold) concentrations in simulated soil porewaters, which has important implications for soil fertility and production but also for environmental management.",2020,"Elliston, T; <br>Oliver, IW","Earthworms; Biochar; Ecotoxicology; Soil amendment; Lumbricus terrestris; Eisenia fetida","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04542-2","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH","Field experiments"]
["In Vivo Genotoxicity of Rice Husk Biochar onEudrilus eugeniaein Soil","Biochar (char-product), generated by pyrolyzing organic materials, is produced for the intended use of land application to promote carbon sequestration, soil improvement and crop-yield. Despite the benefits biochar applications offers, scientific probing on impacts that may result from amendments with biochar is still fragmented. In this study, impact of biochar onEudrilus eugeniaeDNA was investigated. Rice-husk biochar was applied to soil at rates up to 80% d/w and earthworms were exposed for 35-day. Impact on DNA was measured using electrophoresis-gel-extraction-method. Data obtained showed that biochar application over 25% resulted in decreased survival. Electrophoresis-gel-analysis showed that DNA decreased from 450 to 300 bp in biochar soils (p = 0.002). Biochar rates (5%-25%) induced DNA damage. The DNA showed smeared bands or tail; indicating DNA degradation and/or damage. DNA damage is a clear evidence of negative impact of biochar(s) to soil-biota; suggesting that loading of soil with biochar could have serious consequences on soil-fauna.",2020,"Anyanwu, IN; <br>Onwukwe, DJ; <br>Anorue, CO","Rice husk; Biochar; Earthworm; Base pair; DNA damage; Soil","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02980-0","Article","BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY","Field experiments"]
["Soil carbon insures arable crop production against increasing adverse weather due to climate change","Intensification of arable crop production degrades soil health and production potential through loss of soil organic carbon. This, potentially, reduces agriculture's resilience to climate change and thus food security. Furthermore, the expected increase in frequency of adverse and extreme weather events due to climate change are likely to affect crop yields differently, depending on when in the growing season they occur. We show that soil carbon provides farmers with a natural insurance against climate change through a gain in yield stability and more resilient production. To do this, we combined yield observations from 12 sites and 54 years of Swedish long-term agricultural experiments with historical weather data. To account for heterogenous climate effects, we partitioned the growing season into four representative phases for two major cereal crops. Thereby, we provide evidence that higher soil carbon increases yield gains from favourable conditions and reduces yield losses due to adverse weather events and how this occurs over different stages of the growing season. However, agricultural management practices that restore the soil carbon stock, thus contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation, usually come at the cost of foregone yield for the farmer in the short term. To halt soil degradation and make arable crop production more resilient to climate change, we need agricultural policies that address the public benefits of soil conservation and restoration. ¬© Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.",2020,"Droste, N.; <br>May, W.; <br>Clough, Y.; <br>B√∂rjesson, G.; <br>Brady, M.; <br>Hedlund, K.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abc5e3","Article","Environ.Res.Lett.","Field experiments"]
["With Power Comes Responsibility - A Rangelands Perspective on Forest Landscape Restoration","Tree planting has long been promoted to avert climate change and has received renewed impetus in recent years with the Bonn Challenge and related forest restoration initiatives guided by the forest and landscape restoration (FLR) framework. Much of the focus for reforestation and afforestation is on developing countries in Africa, Asia and South America, where large areas of rangelands in drylands and grassy biomes are portrayed as \"degraded,\" \"unused,\" and in need of more trees. This perception is rooted in persistent theories on forests and desertification that widely shaped colonial policy and practice and remain influential in today's science-policy frameworks. From a rangelands perspective, the global FLR thrust raises two main concerns. First, inappropriate understandings of the ecology of drylands and grassy biomes encourage afforestation, grazing restriction and fire suppression, with negative impacts on hydrology, carbon storage, biodiversity, livestock production and pastoral livelihoods. Second, their target-driven approach requires large-scale afforestation and massive funding to achieve. Nearly half of the area pledged to the Bonn Challenge is in fact destined for forestry and other commercial plantations, which threaten pastoral livelihoods and cause ecological damage while having very limited potential to mitigate climate change. As the officially endorsed framework of the Bonn Challenge and related global restoration initiatives, FLR has become a powerful instrument for guiding global restoration efforts and funding. Its proponents have a responsibility to ensure that the framework is evidence-based and underpinned by appropriate ecological models for different ecoregions.",2020,"Vetter, S","savanna; rangeland; pastoralism; grassland; climate change; Bonn Challenge; afforestation; drylands","http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.549483","Article","FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Political Perspectives on Geoengineering: Navigating Problem Definition and Institutional Fit","Geoengineering technologies are by definition only effective at scale, and so international policy development of some sort will be unavoidable. It is therefore important to include governability as a dimension when assessing the technologies' feasibility and potential role in addressing climate change. The few existing studies that address this question indicate that for some technologies, policy development at the international level could be exceedingly difficult. This study provides an in-depth, theoretically informed analysis of the obstacles that policymakers face when addressing geoengineering governance. Using data in the form of negotiation proceedings, observations, and interviews with government officials from seven different countries, it argues that a significant part of the challenge lies in dissonances between problem definitions that are widely used in the geoengineering governance debate and the structures and expectations that shape environmental policy making. These include a lack of institutional fit between the processbased differentiation of geoengineering technologies (carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management) and the international legal architecture, a lack of fit between the urgency of demanded governance action and prevalent scientific and political uncertainties, and a lack of fit between risk-risk trade-off narratives and the precautionary norms of environmental governance.",2020,"Moller, I",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00547","Article","GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Transnational legal processes, the EU and RED II: Strengthening the global governance of bioenergy","Climate change requires the transition to a global economy supported by clean energy. Bioenergy already has a share of the global energy market, which is slated to increase dramatically over the next several decades. Combined with the potential for the deployment of the climate technology bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), demand for bioenergy may rise significantly. The production of sustainable biomass is therefore crucial yet greatly dependent on domestic law and policy. The European Union is a large market for biomass and may, through its revised Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) influence the governance of bioenergy. This is due to its impact on private biomass producers beyond its territorial boundaries. The result is the emergence of a transnational legal process, and potentially a transnational legal order, that strengthens the sustainable production of biomass, thus balancing its benefits with the negative social and environmental externalities associated with its production.",2020,"Webster, E",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/reel.12315","Article","REVIEW OF EUROPEAN COMPARATIVE & INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Biochar mines: Panacea to climate change and energy crisis?","Negative emission technology such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage is extremely important to offset the presence of atmospheric greenhouse gases. Biochar, a solid product obtained from the thermal decomposition of biomass, is a promising pathway for the storage of solid carbon and energy applications. This article proposes the concept of artificial biochar mines as an encouraging negative emission technology through basic techno-economic analysis. Torrefaction at small-to-medium scale proves to be the preferred process for production of biochar from residual biomass with the CO2 sequestration cost in the range of 43-47 $/t. Benefits of the artificial biochar mine include negative emission with positive energy output, residual biomass management, low risk, less storage space, easy site selection, potentially beneficial applications, economically encouraging, and future energy security.",2020,"Thengane, SK; <br>Bandyopadhyay, S","Biochar mine; Negative emission technologies; Climate change; Techno-economic analysis; Energy security","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-019-01790-1","Article","CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Vertical Farming as a Game Changer for BECCS Technology Deployment","The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report that to limit warming to 1.5 degrees C, Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is required. Integrated assessment models (IAMS) predict that a land area between the size of Argentina and Australia is required for bioenergy crops, a 3-7 time increase in the current bioenergy planting area globally. The authors pose the question of whether vertical farming (VF) technology can enable BECCS deployment, either via land sparing or supply. VF involves indoor controlled environment cultivation, and can increase productivity per unit land area by 5-10 times. VF is predominantly being used to grow small, high value leafy greens with rapid growth cycles. Capital expenditure, operational expenditure, and sustainability are challenges in current VF industries, and will affect the ability to utilise this technology for other crops. The authors argue that, whilst challenging, VF could help reach wider climate goals. Application of VF for bioenergy crops could be a game changer in delivering BECCS technologies and may reduce the land footprint required as well as the subsequent associated negative environmental impacts. VF bioenergy could allow us to cultivate the future demand for bioenergy for BECCS on the same, or less, land area than is currently used globally.",2020,"Harris, ZM; <br>Kountouris, Y","vertical farming; bioenergy; BECCS; land use change; indoor agriculture; land sparing; food","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198193","Article","SUSTAINABILITY","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Large-Scale Carbon Dioxide Removal: The Problem of Phasedown","Most scenarios that achieve present climate targets of limiting global heating to 1.5 degrees-2.0 degrees C rely on large-scale carbon dioxide removal (CDR) to drive net emissions negative after mid-century. Scenarios that overshoot and return to a future temperature target, or that aim to restore some prior climate, require CDR to be rapidly deployed, operated for a century or so, then greatly reduced or phased out. This need for future phasedown presents challenges to near-term policies that have been underexamined. A CDR enterprise of climate-relevant scale will require financial flows of billions to trillions of dollars per year. The enterprise and supporting policies will create risks of lock-in via mobilized actors whose interests favor continuance as well as other mechanisms. The future phasedown need implies suggestive guidance for near-term decisions about removal methods and design of associated policy and business environments. First, variation among methods' scale constraints and cost structures suggests a rough ordering of methods by severity of future phasedown challenges. Second, of the three potential means to motivate removals-profitable products incorporating removed carbon, extended emissions-pricing policies, or public procurement contracts-public procurement appears to present the fewest roadblocks to future phasedown.",2020,"Parson, EA; <br>Parson, EA; <br>Parson, EA; <br>Buck, HJ; <br>Buck, HJ",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00575","Article","GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Learning from the Climate Change Debate to Avoid Polarisation on Negative Emissions","This paper identifies critical lessons from the climate change experience to guide how communications and engagement on negative emissions can be conducted to encourage functional public and policy discourse. Negative emissions technologies present a significant opportunity for limiting climate change, and are likely to be necessary to keep warming below 2 degrees C. While the concept of negative emissions is still in its infancy, there is evidence of nascent polarization, and a lack of nuance in discussion of individual technologies. We argue that if negative emissions technologies are to be implemented effectively and sustainably, an effective governance regime is needed; built on functional societal discourse and avoiding the ideological baggage of the broader climate change debate or the controversies concerning geoengineering. At its core, our argument is to avoid the ideological bundling of negative emissions; this can be pursued directly and via careful selection of communication frames and the use of non-partisan, trusted messengers. Whether these lessons are heeded may determine if negative emissions are governed proactively, or are distorted politically, misused and delayed.",2020,"Colvin, RM; <br>Colvin, RM; <br>Kemp, L; <br>Talberg, A; <br>De Castella, C; <br>Downie, C; <br>Friel, S; <br>Grant, WJ; <br>Howden, M; <br>Jotzo, F; <br>Markham, F; <br>Platow, MJ","Framing; ideology; geoengineering; greenhouse gas removal; climate engineering","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2019.1630463","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION-A JOURNAL OF NATURE AND CULTURE","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Unveiling assumptions through interdisciplinary scrutiny: Observations from the German Priority Program on Climate Engineering (SPP 1689)","The interdisciplinary exchange in climate engineering research offers a unique opportunity to make assumptions more explicit for such research projects. While making assumptions explicit is the standard in all disciplinary sciences, some assumptions in the context of societal challenges can only be usefully unveiled, discussed, and verified from the perspective of other research disciplines. Results from successful interdisciplinary collaborations are then more accessible and more generalizable to actors beyond the confines of the academic community. We aim to illustrate how interdisciplinary exchange helps to unveil assumptions in research endeavors and why this is important for successful interdisciplinary collaborations. We therefore follow different stages of the German Priority Program on Climate Engineering (SPP 1689), which we use as an example case of a successful interdisciplinary project. SPP 1689 focused on risks, challenges, and opportunities of Climate Engineering from the perspectives of numerous disciplines. Major results were that the initial assessments of technologies had to be sobered, the consideration of trade-offs is crucial for the potential assessment, and governance issues appeared larger than previously considered. From the reflections of SPP 1689, we conclude with three lessons learned: (1) The project profited from egalitarian organizational structures and communicative practices, preventing the predominance from single disciplines. (2) Within the project continuous efforts were undertaken to foster interdisciplinary understanding. In addition, the flexible project structure allowed for the accommodation of research needs arising as a result of these exchanges. (3) SPP 1689 offered early career researchers a platform for professional exchange on common challenges and best practices of being a part of an interdisciplinary research project.",2020,"Kreuter, J; <br>Matzner, N; <br>Matzner, N; <br>Beatz, C; <br>Keller, DP; <br>Markus, T; <br>Wittstock, F; <br>Bernitt, U; <br>Mengis, N; <br>Mengis, N","Climate engineering; Interdisciplinarity; Assumptions; Communication; Carbon dioxide removal; Radiation management","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02777-4","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Climate change mitigation as a co-benefit of regenerative ranching: Insights from Australia and the United States: CC Mitigation and Regenerative Ranching","'Managed grazing' is gaining attention for its potential to contribute to climate change mitigation by reducing bare ground and promoting perennialization, thereby enhancing soil carbon sequestration (SCS). Understanding why ranchers adopt managed grazing is key to developing the right incentives. In this paper, we explore principles and practices associated with the larger enterprise of 'regenerative ranching' (RR), which includes managed grazing but infuses the practice with holistic decision-making. We argue that this broader approach is appealing due to a suite of ecological, economic and social benefits, making climate change mitigation an afterthought, or 'co-benefit'. RR is challenging, however, because it requires a deep understanding of ecological processes along with a set of skills related to monitoring and moving livestock and feeding the soil microbiome. We review the literature regarding links between RR and SCS, then present results of qualitative research focused on motivators, enablers and constraints associated with RR, drawing on interviews with 52 practitioners in New South Wales, Australia and the western United States. Our analysis is guided by a conceptual model of the social-ecological system associated with RR that identifies determinants of regenerative potential. We discuss implications for rancher engagement and conclude with a consideration of leverage points for global scalability. ¬© 2020 The Authors.",2020,"Gosnell, H.; <br>Charnley, S.; <br>Stanley, P.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2020.0027","Article","Interface Focus","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Land Use and Agriculture: Pitfalls and Precautions on the Road to Net Zero","Land use is a crucial sector in delivering enhanced carbon sequestration globally. At the same time food production is a major source of global greenhouse gas emissions. As pressure mounts for all nations to increase their levels of ambition under the Paris Climate Agreement, so the pressure to radically reduce emissions from the agriculture sector and enhance carbon sequestration in the land use sector also ramps up. This trend is most clearly evident in the drive for ‚Äúnet zero‚Äù where unavoidable emissions, such as those from food production, are balanced by more sequestration via land use change. Here we examine some of the major risks, applicable safeguards, and potential pathways for agriculture and land use in realizing net zero. Using the UK as an example we highlight the importance of governance, finance, skills, research and technology, and society in this transition. We conclude that successful land use policy for net zero will require extremely demanding levels of integration and spatial resolution, and that the research community has a vital role to play in providing a robust evidence base for this. We also invoke the Cancun safeguards as a basis on which a more sustainable and just transition to net zero might be based. Finally, we warn of unintended distortions to policy and markets if the drive for net zero is too blinkered. Copyright ¬© 2020 Reay.",2020,"Reay, D.S.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2020.00004","Article","Front. Clim.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The 4p1000 initiative: Opportunities, limitations and challenges for implementing soil organic carbon sequestration as a sustainable development strategy",null,2020,"Rumpel, C.; <br>Amiraslani, F.; <br>Chenu, C.; <br>Garcia Cardenas, M.; <br>Kaonga, M.; <br>Koutika, L.-S.; <br>Ladha, J.; <br>Madari, B.; <br>Shirato, Y.; <br>Smith, P.; <br>Soudi, B.; <br>Soussana, J.-F.; <br>Whitehead, D.; <br>Wollenberg, E.",null,null,"Article",null,"Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Sustainable natural resource management in the himalayan region: Livelihood and climate change","The greater Himalayan region, stretching from Afghanistan in the west to Myanmar in the east, is home to about a quarter of a billion people who greatly depend on available natural resources for their survival and livelihoods. The ever-increasing population pressure and changing climate have grave implications for the sustenance of human health and habitation in the foreseeable future. The region is confronted with numerous challenges related to forest degradation, land productivity, disaster risk, water management, biodiversity loss, erratic climatic patterns, as well as socio-political capacity. The limits of arable land have essentially been reached, while the need for enhancing production to sustain human nutritive requirements and livelihoods continues to increase. Hence, the intensification of agriculture has become a necessity rather than a choice. Yet, producing greater numbers of crops and quantities of food, fiber and other materials on the same parcel of land runs the risk of degrading the soil fertility, productivity and overall quality. Therefore, means to achieve this without irreversibly damaging the soil and land resource base have become imperative. To this end, agro-forestry, agro-slivi-pastoral systems, and the adoption of a variety of regenerative crops, soil and water management and conservation practices offer the potential to deliver multiple benefits without sacrificing the very resource upon which the human population depends. The need for ecologically sound and sustainable management of natural resources in the Himalayan region, as well as the adaptation of local communities to the impacts of climate change and measures for its mitigation, cannot be over-emphasized. This book presents findings on approaches to sustainable land management and the intensification of agriculture and animal husbandry related to soil organic matter management and carbon sequestration for multiple benefits; and the agroforestry as a crop diversification strategy with livelihood and climate mitigation/adaptation benefits, along with other aspects of forest, biodiversity and water resources management. The book deals with technical, socio-economic, policy and biodiversity issues related to the sustainable use and management of natural resources, namely forests, soil/land, water, crops, animal husbandry and diversity of flora/fauna, as well as disaster risk and vulnerability of communities in the Himalayan region. There is a continuing need to study and research approaches for harmonizing human needs and lifestyles with natural ecosystems and processes so that both may co-exist in a mutually beneficial manner. ¬© 2021 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.",2020,"Bajracharya, R.M.; <br>Sitaula, B.K.; <br>Gurung, S.; <br>Raut, N.",null,null,"Book","Sustainable Natural Resource Management in the Himal. Region: Livelihood and Climate Change","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["An overview of innovation and entrepreneurship to address climate change","Opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship to address the existential challenge of climate change are reviewed, focusing on two themes. (a) The processes and strategies to mitigate the effects of projected climate changes arising from global anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions, and (b) the future security of food, water, and energy specifically in the Arab Middle East. It is appreciated that implementation of these changes will be dependent on peaceful and politically stable conditions. Also, the Region is connected to neighbouring countries and shares the atmosphere with the rest of the world so there is a need for concerted multilateral action. All forward projections are subject to numerous uncertainties including the advent of conceptually new forms of disruptive technology and the adaptive capacity of Arab nations. Although the timing and quantification of risks are unclear, a prudent approach is essential to safeguard financial stability of international markets and national economies. Background information is presented on greenhouse gases, fossil fuels, and renewable energy. Climate-change predictions at the general level and specifically for the Arab region are outlined, along with mitigation and adaption strategies and climate engineering. Specific processes and strategies for the Arab Middle East are discussed with detailed proposals for agriculture and food security, water security, energy security, industrial biotechnology, social development, carbon storage and trading, and global biodiversity. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are considered in relation to climate change, followed by examination of the terms sustainable and sustainability. Finally, international climate-change negotiations and agreements are briefly reviewed. ¬© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.",2020,"Hillman, J.R.; <br>Baydoun, E.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37834-9_6","Book Chapter","Higher Education in the Arab World: Building a Culture of Innovation and Entrepreneurship","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Biochars and its implications on soil health and crop productivity in semi-arid Environment","Land degradation and climate change are important associated processes necessitating appropriate management options to solve alarming food security threats in developing nations. Biochar produced from plant matter and applied to the soil has become increasingly recognized to address multiple contemporary concerns, such as agricultural productivity and contaminated ecosystem amelioration, primarily by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and improving soil health. Biochar is an anaerobic pyrolysis product derived from organic material, resistant to easy degradation and stored carbon in the long-term in the terrestrial ecosystem and capable of reducing greenhouse emission from soil to the atmosphere. Further, it has the potential to adsorb and degrade heavy metals accumulated in the industrial and contaminant sites. The different source of biochars and graded levels of application has positive and negative effects on crop yield under different soil types. Most of the results in biochar are a greenhouse and laboratory-based experiment and lack of field experimental evidence in the semiarid environment. In this chapter need for biochar production, characterization, soil health changes, environmental clean-up potential, and crop yield dynamics under changing climate and research on biochar in the near future will be focused on sustainable crop and environmental management. ¬© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.",2020,"Kannan, P.; <br>Krishnaveni, D.; <br>Ponmani, S.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40997-5_5","Book Chapter","Biochar Appl. in Agric. and Environ. Manag.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Role of biochar in carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas mitigation","Global warming and associated climate change are becoming a threat to almost all the ecosystems on the earth. According to the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) special report 2019, the global mean surface (land and ocean) temperature has been increased by 0.87 ¬∞C while mean of land surface air temperature has increased by 1.53 ¬∞C since 1850-2015. Climate change is affecting food security and human life due to warming, changing precipitation patterns, and the greater frequency of some extreme events. The main cause of global warming is the continuous increase in the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) like CO2, CH4, N2O and fluorinated gases due to several anthropogenic activities. Therefore, reducing the increasing concentration of GHG is necessary to slow down global warming and climate change. Among several options of greenhouse mitigation, application of biochar into the soil is gaining popularity due to several advantages over other options. Biochar is a highly stable form of carbon derived from pyrolysis of biomass at relatively low temperatures. Application of biochar into the soil has been reported to provide multiple benefits like increase in crop yield, nutrient and water use efficiency and several environmental benefits. Recalcitrant nature, relatively higher carbon content and easily available feedstock make biochar a highly sustainable and quick option for carbon sequestration into the soil. Biochar application into the soil not only helps in carbon sequestration but also provides a better option for managing agricultural residues. The application of biochar has also reported for reducing a considerable amount of methane and nitrous oxide emission from the agricultural field due to its priming effect on the soil. Biochar yield, physical properties, and carbon content varies with the type of feedstock and pyrolysis condition. Therefore, the rate of carbon sequestration and mitigation of greenhouse gas is also highly variable, however, the biochar application ultimately leads to a positive contribution towards climate change mitigation. However, most of the reported benefits are confined to laboratory and field trial at institute level, widespread adoption of biochar on farmer's field is still lacking. In the present chapter, all the aspects of biochar towards carbon sequestration and greenhouse mitigation have been well discussed. ¬© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.",2020,"Gupta, D.K.; <br>Gupta, C.K.; <br>Dubey, R.; <br>Fagodiya, R.K.; <br>Sharma, G.; <br>Keerthika, A.; <br>Mohamed, M.B.N.; <br>Dev, R.; <br>Shukla, A.K.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40997-5_7","Book Chapter","Biochar Appl. in Agric. and Environ. Manag.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Utilization of agricultural waste as biochar for soil health","The utilization of agricultural wastes are considered to be the important step in environmental protection, energy structure and agricultural development. The agricultural straw disposition of agricultural wastes not only results in environmental pollution, but also waste a lot of valuable biomass resources. Biochar the viable organic amendment product derived from organic sources and store carbon on a long term basis in the terrestrial ecosystem and also capable of reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) emission from soil to the atmosphere to combat climate change and sustain the soil health with sustainable crop production. The role of biochar in developing a sustainable agriculture production system is immense and so is its potential in mitigating climate change, which stands much beyond its uses in agriculture. The addition of biochar to soils resulted, on average, in increased above ground productivity, crop yield, soil microbial biomass, rhizobia nodulation, plant K tissue concentration, soil phosphorus (P), soil potassium (K), total soil nitrogen (N), and total soil carbon (C). The effects of biochar on multiple ecosystem functions and the central tendencies suggest that biochar holds promise in being a win-win-win solution to energy, carbon storage, and ecosystem function. However, biochar's impacts on a fourth component, the downstream non target environments, remain unknown and present a critical research gap. ¬© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.",2020,"Rajalakshmi, A.G.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40997-5_10","Book Chapter","Biochar Appl. in Agric. and Environ. Manag.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Feasibility of the 4 per 1000 initiative in Bavaria: A reality check of agricultural soil management and carbon sequestration scenarios","An increase of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in agricultural soils does not only have positive effects on soil quality and soil resilience but may also contribute to climate change mitigation. The '4 per 1000' (4p1000) initiative launched at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris aims at increasing global SOC stocks in 0-40 cm depth by annually 4 parts per thousand in order to compensate the increase of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. In this study we analysed the feasibility of this target for agricultural soils in Bavaria, Southeast Germany. Assuming a total organic carbon (OC) amount of 276 Tg currently stored in the upper 40 cm of agricultural soils in Bavaria (cropland and grassland), the 4p1000 goal corresponds to an annual carbon (C) sequestration of 1.1 Tg. Based on a site-specific analysis of present soil management, we developed spatially explicit C sequestration scenarios including five promising management practices (cover cropping, improved crop rotation, organic farming, agroforestry and conversion of arable land to grassland). The results revealed that the 4p1000 target is not feasible for Bavaria. The total potential of the five practices to sequester C resulted in increases in 0.3 to 0.4 Tg OC per year corresponding to around l parts per thousand of the present SOC stocks. Expansion of cover crops and agroforestry were identified as most promising options to increase SOC in agricultural soils. Although only around 1.5% of Bavaria's yearly GHG emissions would be compensated, this represents an essential contribution to climate change mitigation. Besides the need to develop new incentive systems (particularly for agroforestry), implementation of networks including farms and/or field trials that demonstrate improved soil management practices would be required to inform farmers and other stakeholders about the benefits of such practices. To maintain a resilient agriculture that withstands more extreme weather conditions in the future, healthy soils are needed. We therefore conclude that expected positive effects of a SOC stock increase on nutrient and water storage, soil erosion, biodiversity and food security are crucial for climate change adaptation.",2020,"Wiesmeier, M; <br>Wiesmeier, M; <br>Mayer, S; <br>Burmeister, J; <br>Hubner, R; <br>Kogel-Knabner, I; <br>Kogel-Knabner, I","Soil organic carbon; Cover crops; Improved crop rotation; Organic farming; Agroforestry; Land-use change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114333","Article","GEODERMA","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Biomass-based integrated gasification combined cycle with post-combustion CO2 recovery by potassium carbonate: Techno-economic and environmental analysis","In this study, a thermodynamic model depicting integrated bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) system is developed using Aspen Plus under thermodynamic equilibrium for the power generation segment, and a rate-based model for the carbon capture segment representing CO2 recovery from the exhaust flue of a biomass based integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC). A thorough technoe-conomic analysis is conducted for the integrated system to evaluate system-wide environmental impacts and economic costs. The carbon capture is modeled using post combustion technology with chemical absorption by means of Piperazine promoted potassium carbonate to absorb the CO2 from the exhaust stream of the gas turbine. The results demonstrate that the proposed system with 80% carbon capture has negative emissions of -0.31 kg/kWh of CO2-e, when assuming neutral emissions from the BIGCC. For a production of 419 kW of net electricity, the overall energy and exergy efficiencies are 43.8% and 57.2%, respectively. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2020,"Ghiat, I; <br>AlNouss, A; <br>McKay, G; <br>Al-Ansari, T; <br>Al-Ansari, T","BIGCC; Carbon capture; Negative emissions; Potassium carbonate; BECCS","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2020.106758","Article","COMPUTERS & CHEMICAL ENGINEERING","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Economic estimation of cactus pear production and its feasibility in Spain","This paper explores economic opportunities of Opuntia cultivation in Spain regarding fresh food production (comparing production structures of Mexico, Italy and Spain), cactus pear non-food uses (exploiting its biofunctional, medicinal, nutraceutical and cosmetic properties) and environmental issues related to climate change mitigation through soil carbon sequestration. Cactus pear production structures and costs are different in the three countries: Mexico (939.77 euro), Italy (4.055.1 euro) and Spain (9453.77 euro). Spain does not present a real productive sector but only isolated farms. Opuntia is an interesting opportunity for non-food production due to the amount of its bioactive compounds. Main components (mu g g-1 dried weight) are: kaempferol (34), myrcetin (65), isorhamnetin and derivatives (590), luteolin (8.4), ferulic acid and derivatives (1,050), and catechin (50). Obtaining these compounds could be a way of increasing cactus pear production profitability and creating jobs and value in rural areas. Cactus pear cultivation is a successful tool to mitigate climate change in arid and semiarid regions considering adequate farm and cultivation practices and systems. This crop is often located in high rurality areas, cultivated by small and micro-farmers. Cactus pear cultivation can be an effective tool for rural development in European arid and semiarid areas regarding production, job creation and environmental issues.",2020,"Andreu-Coll, L; <br>Cano-Lamadrid, M; <br>Noguera-Artiaga, L; <br>Lipan, L; <br>Carbonell-Barrachina, AA; <br>Rocamora-Montiel, B; <br>Legua, P; <br>Hernandez, F; <br>Lopez-Lluch, D","Opuntia ficus-Indica; Production structure; Non-food uses; Carbon sequestration; Rural development","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.07.003","Article","TRENDS IN FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Land management and climate change determine second-generation bioenergy potential of the US Northern Great Plains","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) has been proposed as a potential climate mitigation strategy raising concerns over trade-offs with existing ecosystem services. We evaluate the feasibility of BECCS in the Upper Missouri River Basin (UMRB), a landscape with diverse land use, ownership, and bioenergy potential. We develop land-use change scenarios and a switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) crop functional type to use in a land-surface model to simulate second-generation bioenergy production. By the end of this century, average annual switchgrass production over the UMRB ranges from 60 to 210 Tg dry mass/year and is dependent on the Representative Concentration Pathway for greenhouse gas emissions and on land-use change assumptions. Under our simple phase-in assumptions this results in a cumulative total production of 2,000-6,000 Tg C over the study period with the upper estimates only possible in the absence of climate change. Switchgrass yields decreased as average CO2 concentrations and temperatures increased, suggesting the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 was small because of its C4 photosynthetic pathway. By the end of the 21st century, the potential energy stored annually in harvested switchgrass averaged between 1 and 4 EJ/year assuming perfect conversion efficiency, or an annual electrical generation capacity of 7,000-28,000 MW assuming current bioenergy efficiency rates. Trade-offs between bioenergy and ecosystem services were identified, including cumulative direct losses of 1,000-2,600 Tg C stored in natural ecosystems from land-use change by 2090. Total cumulative losses of ecosystem carbon stocks were higher than the potential 300 Tg C in fossil fuel emissions from the single largest power plant in the region over the same time period, and equivalent to potential carbon removal from the atmosphere from using biofuels grown in the same region. Numerous trade-offs from BECCS expansion in the UMRB must be balanced against the potential benefits of a carbon-negative energy system.",2020,"Dolan, KA; <br>Stoy, PC; <br>Stoy, PC; <br>Poulter, B","bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS); climate change; land use and land-cover change; negative emission technologies; switchgrass","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12686","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win-wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services-size matters","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) features heavily in the energy scenarios designed to meet the Paris Agreement targets, but the models used to generate these scenarios do not address environmental and social implications of BECCS at the regional scale. We integrate ecosystem service values into a land-use optimization tool to determine the favourability of six potential UK locations for a 500 MW BECCS power plant operating on local biomass resources. Annually, each BECCS plant requires 2.33 Mt of biomass and generates 2.99 Mt CO(2)of negative emissions and 3.72 TWh of electricity. We make three important discoveries: (a) the impacts of BECCS on ecosystem services are spatially discrete, with the most favourable locations for UK BECCS identified at Drax and Easington, where net annual welfare values (from the basket of ecosystems services quantified) of 39 pound and 25 pound million were generated, respectively, with notably lower annual welfare values at Barrow (-6 pound million) and Thames (2 pound million); (b) larger BECCS deployment beyond 500 MW reduces net social welfare values, with a 1 GW BECCS plant at Drax generating a net annual welfare value of 19 pound million (a 50% decline compared with the 500 MW deployment), and a welfare loss at all other sites; (c) BECCS can be deployed to generate net welfare gains, but trade-offs and co-benefits between ecosystem services are highly site and context specific, and these landscape-scale, site-specific impacts should be central to future BECCS policy developments. For the United Kingdom, meeting the Paris Agreement targets through reliance on BECCS requires over 1 GW at each of the six locations considered here and is likely, therefore, to result in a significant welfare loss. This implies that an increased number of smaller BECCS deployments will be needed to ensure a win-win for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services.",2020,"Donnison, C; <br>Donnison, C; <br>Holland, RA; <br>Hastings, A; <br>Armstrong, LM; <br>Eigenbrod, F; <br>Taylor, G; <br>Taylor, G","BECCS; bioenergy crops; carbon capture and storage; climate change; ecosystem service; land-use change; negative emissions; trade-offs","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12695","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["BECCS based on bioethanol from wood residues: Potential towards a carbon-negative transport and side-effects","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is gaining broad interest as an effective strategy to go beyond carbon neutrality. So far, most of the work on BECCS focused on power systems, while its application to the transport sector has received much less attention. To contribute to filling this gap, this work investigates the potential of BECCS as a carbon-negative strategy in the transport sector by applying process modelling and life cycle assessment (LCA) to bioethanol production from lignocellulosic waste. The process was analyzed following a cradle-to-wheel approach, i.e., from biomass growth to the combustion of biofuel in the cars, assuming that the CO2 emitted in the fermentation and cogeneration units is captured, compressed and transported to be stored permanently in geological sites. Several scenarios differing in the bioethanol-gasoline blends (10-85% bioethanol) were considered for a functional unit of 1 km of distance travelled, comparing with fossil-based gasoline. Our results show that blends above 85% (ethanol/gasoline) could have the potential to deliver a net negative emissions balance of -2.74 kg CO2 eq per 100 km travelled and up to -5.05 kg CO2 eq per 100 km using a low carbon electricity source. The final amount of net CO2 removal is highly dependent on the carbon intensity of the electricity and the heating utilities. Biofuels blends could, however, lead to burden-shifting in eutrophication, ozone depletion and formation, toxicity, land use, and water consumption. This work highlights the potential of BECCS in the transport sector, and the need to analyze impacts beyond climate change in future studies to avoid shifting burdens to other categories.",2020,"Bello, S; <br>Bello, S; <br>Galan-Martin, A; <br>Feijoo, G; <br>Moreira, MT; <br>Guillen-Gosalbez, G","Negative emission technologies; Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS); Lignocellulosic bioethanol; Life cycle assessment; Cradle-to-wheel; Carbon-negative biofuel","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115884","Article","APPLIED ENERGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Unlocking the potential of BECCS with indigenous sources of biomass at a national scale","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) could play a large role in meeting the 1.5 degrees C targets, but faces well-documented controversy in terms of land-use concerns, competition with food production, and cost. This study presents a bottom-up assessment of the scale at which BECCS plants - biomass pulverised combustion plants (\"BECCS\" in this study) and bioenergy combustion in combined heat and power plants (BE-CHP-CCS) - can be sustainably deployed to meet national carbon dioxide removal (CDR) targets, considering the use of both primary and secondary (waste-derived) biomass. This paper also presents a comprehensive, harmonised data set, which enables others to build upon this work. Land availability for biomass cultivation, processing, and conversion is quantified based on a land-use analysis, avoiding all competition with land used for food production, human habitation, and other protected areas. We find that secondary biomass sources provide a valuable supplement to primary biomass, augmenting indigenous biomass supplies. In initial phases of deployment, we observe that infrastructure is initially clustered near cities, and other sources of low cost, secondary biomass, but as CDR targets are increased and indigenous secondary biomass supplies are exhausted, infrastructure begins to move closer to potential biomass planting areas with higher yield. In minimising the cost of CDR on a cost per net tonne CO<INF>2</INF> removed basis, we find that the availability of secondary biomass, land availability, and yield are key factors that drive the cost of CDR. Importantly biomass conversion efficiency of a BECCS plant has an inverse effect on CDR costs, with less efficient plants resulting in lower costs compared to their more efficient counterparts. By consuming secondary biomass in BECCS and BE-CHP-CCS plants, the UK is able to be self-sufficient in biomass supply by utilising available indigenous biomass to remove up to 50 Mt<INF>CO<INF>2</INF></INF> per year, though for cost reasons, it may be preferable to import some biomass.",2020,"Zhang, D; <br>Zhang, D; <br>Bui, M; <br>Bui, M; <br>Fajardy, M; <br>Fajardy, M; <br>Patrizio, P; <br>Kraxner, F; <br>Mac Dowell, N; <br>Mac Dowell, N",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se00609e","Article","SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & FUELS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Potential greenhouse gas reductions from Natural Climate Solutions in Oregon, USA","Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are causing global climate change and decreasing the stability of the climate system. Long-term solutions to climate change will require reduction in GHG emissions as well as the removal of large quantities of GHGs from the atmosphere. Natural climate solutions (NCS), i.e., changes in land management, ecosystem restoration, and avoided conversion of habitats, have substantial potential to meet global and national greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets and contribute to the global drawdown of GHGs. However, the relative role of NCS to contribute to GHG reduction at subnational scales is not well known. We examined the potential for 12 NCS activities on natural and working lands in Oregon, USA to reduce GHG emissions in the context of the state's climate mitigation goals. We evaluated three alternative scenarios wherein NCS implementation increased across the applicable private or public land base, depending on the activity, and estimated the annual GHG reduction in carbon dioxide equivalents (CO(2)e) attributable to NCS from 2020 to 2050. We found that NCS within Oregon could contribute annual GHG emission reductions of 2.7 to 8.3 MMT CO(2)e by 2035 and 2.9 to 9.8 MMT CO(2)e by 2050. Changes in forest-based activities including deferred timber harvest, riparian reforestation, and replanting after wildfires contributed most to potential GHG reductions (76 to 94% of the overall annual reductions), followed by changes to agricultural management through no-till, cover crops, and nitrogen management (3 to 15% of overall annual reductions). GHG reduction benefits are relatively high per unit area for avoided conversion of forests (125-400 MT CO(2)e ha(-1)). However, the existing land use policy in Oregon limits the current geographic extent of active conversion of natural lands and thus, avoided conversions results in modest overall potential GHG reduction benefits (i.e., less than 5% of the overall annual reductions). Tidal wetland restoration, which has high per unit area carbon sequestration benefits (8.8 MT CO(2)e ha(-1) yr(-1)), also has limited possible geographic extent resulting in low potential (< 1%) of state-level GHG reduction contributions. However, co-benefits such as improved habitat and water quality delivered by restoration NCS pathways are substantial. Ultimately, reducing GHG emissions and increasing carbon sequestration to combat climate change will require actions across multiple sectors. We demonstrate that the adoption of alternative land management practices on working lands and avoided conversion and restoration of native habitats can achieve meaningful state-level GHG reductions.",2020,"Graves, RA; <br>Graves, RA; <br>Haugo, RD; <br>Holz, A; <br>Nielsen-Pincus, M; <br>Jones, A; <br>Kellogg, B; <br>Macdonald, C; <br>Popper, K; <br>Schindel, M",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230424","Article","PLOS ONE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Local and teleconnected temperature effects of afforestation and vegetation greening in China","Afforestation in China provides carbon sequestration and prevents soil erosion, but its remote impacts on climate in other regions via the coupling of forest energy fluxes with atmospheric circulation are largely unknown. Here, we prescribe inventory-based forest cover change and satellite-observed leaf area index from 1982 to 2011 in a coupled land-atmosphere model to simulate their biophysical climate effects. Both local and global surface air temperatures show a seasonal contrast in response to past vegetation cover expansion over China: a phenomenon we primarily attribute to a variation of seasonality of vegetation greening. A large cooling in spring results in concurrent decreases in geopotential height over China and zonal wind over Mongolia, causing a dipole structure in the upper troposphere over the Arctic. This accounts for similar to 58% of simulated spring warming over the Russian Arctic and similar to 61% of simulated spring cooling over the Canadian Artic. Our results imply that spring vegetation dynamics in China may affect climate in northern high latitudes.",2020,"Li, Y; <br>Piao, SL; <br>Piao, SL; <br>Piao, SL; <br>Chen, AP; <br>Ciais, P; <br>Li, LZX","afforestation; vegetation greening; China; biophysical climate effect; coupled land-atmosphere model","http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz132","Article","NATIONAL SCIENCE REVIEW","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Health co-benefits of achieving sustainable net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in California","The achievement of net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2100 is required to limit global temperature rise below 2 degrees C above preindustrial levels. Earlier accomplishments of net-zero GHG emissions in developed regions support this global target. Here, we develop a road map for California to achieve net-zero GHG emissions sustainably in 2050 by using detailed modelling of energy system transformation, cross-sectoral connectivity and technology penetration, as well as quantify the associated health co-benefits from reduced co-emitted air pollutants. We find that approximately 14,000 premature deaths can be avoided in California in 2050 and that these health co-benefits are disproportionately higher in disadvantaged communities (that is, 35% of avoided deaths will come from 25% of the state's population). The annualized monetary benefits (US$215 billion) exceed the GHG abatement cost (US$106 billion) by US$109 billion. This road map requires the use of bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration technology to offset some GHG emissions. However, this technology comes at a price as it would emit a considerable amount of air pollutants and reduce health co-benefits by US$4 billion. Nevertheless, our analysis shows that ambitious GHG reduction efforts can provide substantial health co-benefits, especially for residents of disadvantaged communities. Transforming the energy system to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2100 is vital to fight climate change. This target can be achieved in California, USA, by 2050-alongside air quality benefits especially in disadvantaged communities-by using bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration.",2020,"Wang, TY; <br>Wang, TY; <br>Jiang, Z; <br>Jiang, Z; <br>Jiang, Z; <br>Zhao, B; <br>Zhao, B; <br>Zhao, B; <br>Gu, Y; <br>Gu, Y; <br>Liou, KN; <br>Liou, KN; <br>Kalandiyur, N; <br>Zhang, D; <br>Zhang, D; <br>Zhu, YF; <br>Zhu, YF",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0520-y","Article","NATURE SUSTAINABILITY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The role of soil carbon in natural climate solutions","Mitigating climate change requires clean energy and the removal of atmospheric carbon. Building soil carbon is an appealing way to increase carbon sinks and reduce emissions owing to the associated benefits to agriculture. However, the practical implementation of soil carbon climate strategies lags behind the potential, partly because we lack clarity around the magnitude of opportunity and how to capitalize on it. Here we quantify the role of soil carbon in natural (land-based) climate solutions and review some of the project design mechanisms available to tap into the potential. We show that soil carbon represents 25% of the potential of natural climate solutions (total potential, 23.8 Gt of CO2-equivalent per year), of which 40% is protection of existing soil carbon and 60% is rebuilding depleted stocks. Soil carbon comprises 9% of the mitigation potential of forests, 72% for wetlands and 47% for agriculture and grasslands. Soil carbon is important to land-based efforts to prevent carbon emissions, remove atmospheric carbon dioxide and deliver ecosystem services in addition to climate mitigation. Diverse strategies are needed to mitigate climate change. This study finds that storing carbon in soils represents 25% of land-based potential, of which 60% must come from rebuilding depleted carbon stores.",2020,"Bossio, DA; <br>Cook-Patton, SC; <br>Ellis, PW; <br>Fargione, J; <br>Sanderman, J; <br>Smith, P; <br>Wood, S; <br>Wood, S; <br>Zomer, RJ; <br>von Unger, M; <br>Emmer, IM; <br>Griscom, BW",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0491-z","Article","NATURE SUSTAINABILITY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Impacts of enhanced weathering on biomass production for negative emission technologies and soil hydrology","Limiting global mean temperature changes to well below 2 degrees C likely requires a rapid and large-scale deployment of negative emission technologies (NETs). Assessments so far have shown a high potential of biomass-based terrestrial NETs, but only a few assessments have included effects of the commonly found nutrient-deficient soils on biomass production. Here, we investigate the deployment of enhanced weathering (EW) to supply nutrients to areas of afforestation-reforestation and naturally growing forests (AR) and bioenergy grasses (BG) that are deficient in phosphorus (P), besides the impacts on soil hydrology. Using stoichiometric ratios and biomass estimates from two established vegetation models, we calculated the nutrient demand of AR and BG. Insufficient geogenic P supply limits C storage in biomass. For a mean P demand by AR and a low-geogenic-P-supply scenario, AR would sequester 119 Gt C in biomass; for a high-geogenic-P-supply and low-AR-P-demand scenario, 187 Gt C would be sequestered in biomass; and for a low geogenic P supply and high AR P demand, only 92 GtC would be accumulated by biomass. An average amount of similar to 150 Gt basalt powder applied for EW would be needed to close global P gaps and completely sequester projected amounts of 190 Gt C during the years 2006-2099 for the mean AR P demand scenario (2-362 Gt basalt powder for the low-AR-P-demand and for the high-AR-P-demand scenarios would be necessary, respectively). The average potential of carbon sequestration by EW until 2099 is similar to 12 GtC (similar to .2-similar to 27 Gt C) for the specified scenarios (excluding additional carbon sequestration via alkalinity production). For BG, 8 kg basalt m(-2) a(-1) might, on average, replenish the exported potassium (K) and P by harvest. Using pedotransfer functions, we show that the impacts of basalt powder application on soil hydraulic conductivity and plant-available water, to close predicted P gaps, would depend on basalt and soil texture, but in general the impacts are marginal. We show that EW could potentially close the projected P gaps of an AR scenario and nutrients exported by BG harvest, which would decrease or replace the use of industrial fertilizers. Besides that, EW ameliorates the soil's capacity to retain nutrients and soil pH and replenish soil nutrient pools. Lastly, EW application could improve plant-available-water capacity depending on deployed amounts of rock powder - adding a new dimension to the coupling of land-based biomass NETs with EW.",2020,"Garcia, WD; <br>Amann, T; <br>Hartmann, J; <br>Karstens, K; <br>Popp, A; <br>Boysen, LR; <br>Smith, P; <br>Goll, D; <br>Goll, D",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2107-2020","Article","BIOGEOSCIENCES","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands","Enhanced silicate rock weathering (ERW), deployable with croplands, has potential use for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) removal (CDR), which is now necessary to mitigate anthropogenic climate change(1). ERW also has possible co-benefits for improved food and soil security, and reduced ocean acidification(2-4). Here we use an integrated performance modelling approach to make an initial techno-economic assessment for 2050, quantifying how CDR potential and costs vary among nations in relation to business-as-usual energy policies and policies consistent with limiting future warming to 2 degrees Celsius(5). China, India, the USA and Brazil have great potential to help achieve average global CDR goals of 0.5 to 2gigatonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year with extraction costs of approximately US$80-180 per tonne of CO2. These goals and costs are robust, regardless of future energy policies. Deployment within existing croplands offers opportunities to align agriculture and climate policy. However, success will depend upon overcoming political and social inertia to develop regulatory and incentive frameworks. We discuss the challenges and opportunities of ERW deployment, including the potential for excess industrial silicate materials (basalt mine overburden, concrete, and iron and steel slag) to obviate the need for new mining, as well as uncertainties in soil weathering rates and land-ocean transfer of weathered products.",2020,"Beerling, DJ; <br>Kantzas, EP; <br>Lomas, MR; <br>Wade, P; <br>Eufrasio, RM; <br>Renforth, P; <br>Sarkar, B; <br>Andrews, MG; <br>James, RH; <br>Pearce, CR; <br>Mercure, JF; <br>Mercure, JF; <br>Pollitt, H; <br>Pollitt, H; <br>Holden, PB; <br>Edwards, NR; <br>Edwards, NR; <br>Khanna, M; <br>Koh, L; <br>Quegan, S; <br>Pidgeon, NF; <br>Janssens, IA; <br>Hansen, J; <br>Banwart, SA; <br>Banwart, SA",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2448-9","Article","NATURE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Robust paths to net greenhouse gas mitigation and negative emissions via advanced biofuels","Biofuel and bioenergy systems are integral to most climate stabilization scenarios for displacement of transport sector fossil fuel use and for producing negative emissions via carbon capture and storage (CCS). However, the net greenhouse gas mitigation benefit of such pathways is controversial due to concerns around ecosystem carbon losses from land use change and foregone sequestration benefits from alternative land uses. Here, we couple bottom-up ecosystem simulation with models of cellulosic biofuel production and CCS in order to track ecosystem and supply chain carbon flows for current and future biofuel systems, with comparison to competing land-based biological mitigation schemes. Analyzing three contrasting US case study sites, we show that on land transitioning out of crops or pasture, switchgrass cultivation for cellulosic ethanol production has per-hectare mitigation potential comparable to reforestation and severalfold greater than grassland restoration. In contrast, harvesting and converting existing secondary forest at those sites incurs large initial carbon debt requiring long payback periods. We also highlight how plausible future improvements in energy crop yields and biorefining technology together with CCS would achieve mitigation potential 4 and 15 times greater than forest and grassland restoration, respectively. Finally, we show that recent estimates of induced land use change are small relative to the opportunities for improving system performance that we quantify here. While climate and other ecosystem service benefits cannot be taken for granted from cellulosic biofuel deployment, our scenarios illustrate how conventional and carbon-negative biofuel systems could make a nearterm, robust, and distinctive contribution to the climate challenge.",2020,"Field, JL; <br>Richard, TL; <br>Smithwick, EAH; <br>Smithwick, EAH; <br>Cai, H; <br>Laser, MS; <br>LeBauer, DS; <br>Long, SP; <br>Long, SP; <br>Long, SP; <br>Paustian, K; <br>Paustian, K; <br>Qin, ZC; <br>Qin, ZC; <br>Sheehan, JJ; <br>Sheehan, JJ; <br>Smith, P; <br>Wang, MQ; <br>Lynd, LR","biofuels; BECCS; ecosystem modeling; life cycle assessment; negative emissions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920877117","Article","PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Tree planting has the potential to increase carbon sequestration capacity of forests in the United States","Several initiatives have been proposed to mitigate forest loss and climate change through tree planting as well as maintaining and restoring forest ecosystems. These initiatives have both inspired and been inspired by global assessments of tree and forest attributes and their contributions to offset carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Here we use data from more than 130,000 national forest inventory plots to describe the contribution of nearly 1.4 trillion trees on forestland in the conterminous United States to mitigate CO2 emissions and the potential to enhance carbon sequestration capacity on productive forestland. Forests and harvested wood products uptake the equivalent of more than 14% of economy-wide CO2 emissions in the United States annually, and there is potential to increase carbon sequestration capacity by similar to 20% (-187.7 million metric tons [MMT] CO2 +/- 9.1 MMT CO2) per year by fully stocking all understocked productive forestland. However, there are challenges and opportunities to be considered with tree planting. We provide context and estimates from the United States to inform assessments of the potential contributions of forests in climate change mitigation associated with tree planting.",2020,"Domkea, GM; <br>Oswaltb, SN; <br>Waltersa, BF; <br>Morinc, RS","carbon; climate; emissions; removals; forest inventory","http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010840117","Article","PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The forest mitigation-adaptation nexus: Economic benefits of novel planting regimes","Previous studies have examined the economic trade-offs of climate change mitigation in forestry. However, most have not explicitly accounted for the impact of climate change on productivity or the value of carbon sequestration when considering the higher costs of adaptive planting. Here we build on previous studies from northwestern Canada, using the Woodstock optimization model to assess the economic trade-offs of the standard and two adaptive planting regimes under historical climate and a severe climate change scenario. We considered planting and harvesting costs and revenue from timber and carbon sequestration over 100 years. The analyses were done at a forest level using a continuous production process to identify the best combination of stand-level management to achieve multiple objectives, because that is consistent with strategic decision-making on public land in North America. Our results showed there are potential negative risks from climate change to: harvest volumes, net present value, growing stock, and ecosystem carbon sinks. Despite increased regeneration costs, we found some risk mitigation through adaptive planting, with the greatest benefits through diversification which had higher net present value, growing stock and ecosystem carbon than historic climate with standard stocking. This was a result of planting more valuable species, higher growth rates in mixed stands, and adaption of novel species to new climates. Adaptation through novel planting regimes is a cog-effective forest management strategy that can potentially offset some negative impacts of climate change.",2020,"Dymond, CC; <br>Giles-Hansen, K; <br>Asante, P","Climate change; Forest adaption; Economic trade-offs; Forest carbon","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102124","Article","FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Characterisation of industrially produced oil palm kernel shell biochar and its potential as slow release nitrogen-phosphate fertilizer and carbon sink","Loss of conventional NPK fertilizer in low fertility soils not only reduces profit and pollutes ground and surface water but also causes indirect land-use change. Addition of pure biochar to low fertility soil generally improves crop yield and mitigates climate change but requires added value to be viable. This study aims to establish whether industrially produced oil palm kernel shell (OPKS) biochar impregnated with NH4NO3 and KH2PO4 can release nutrients similar to commercially available slow release fertilizer (Agroblen). Impregnation was carried out via soaking for 21 h with a fertilizer-to-OPKS biochar ratio of 25:75 (w/w) followed by oven-drying until constant weight. Distilled water was added to the leaching column containing quartz sand and the impregnated OPKS biochar, soaked for 1 h before collecting the leachate for spectrophotometric analysis. Agroblen was used as positive and OPKS biochar as negative control. Leaching experiments showed that impregnated OPKS biochar had the greatest nutrient release (NO3 was 52.9%, 77.4% for NH3 and 55.2% for PO4) followed by positive and negative control. The carbon sequestration potential of OPKS biochar was estimated to be 0.398 tonnes CO2 per tonne biomass making it a suitable candidate for climate change mitigation and carbon credit trading further research into the impregnation of NP fertilizer on OPKS biochar with suitable coatings is required to improve its nutrient release. (c) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Green Chemical Engineering and Technology: Materials Science.",2020,"Dominguez, EL; <br>Dominguez, EL; <br>Uttran, A; <br>Uttran, A; <br>Loh, SK; <br>Manero, MH; <br>Upperton, R; <br>Tanimu, MI; <br>Tanimu, MI; <br>Bachmann, RT","Oil palm kernel shell; Biochar; Slow release fertilizer; Carbon sequestration potential; Immersion impregnation; Valorisation; Nitrogen; Phosphate","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.143","Proceedings Paper","MATERIALS TODAY-PROCEEDINGS","Field experiments"]
["Afforestation for climate change mitigation: Potentials, risks and trade-offs","Afforestation is considered a cost-effective and readily available climate change mitigation option. In recent studies afforestation is presented as a major solution to limit climate change. However, estimates of afforestation potential vary widely. Moreover, the risks in global mitigation policy and the negative trade-offs with food security are often not considered. Here we present a new approach to assess the economic potential of afforestation with the IMAGE 3.0 integrated assessment model framework. In addition, we discuss the role of afforestation in mitigation pathways and the effects of afforestation on the food system under increasingly ambitious climate targets. We show that afforestation has a mitigation potential of 4.9 GtCO(2)/year at 200 US$/tCO(2) in 2050 leading to large-scale application in an SSP2 scenario aiming for 2 degrees C (410 GtCO(2) cumulative up to 2100). Afforestation reduces the overall costs of mitigation policy. However, it may lead to lower mitigation ambition and lock-in situations in other sectors. Moreover, it bears risks to implementation and permanence as the negative emissions are increasingly located in regions with high investment risks and weak governance, for example in Sub-Saharan Africa. Afforestation also requires large amounts of land (up to 1,100 Mha) leading to large reductions in agricultural land. The increased competition for land could lead to higher food prices and an increased population at risk of hunger. Our results confirm that afforestation has substantial potential for mitigation. At the same time, we highlight that major risks and trade-offs are involved. Pathways aiming to limit climate change to 2 degrees C or even 1.5 degrees C need to minimize these risks and trade-offs in order to achieve mitigation sustainably.",2020,"Doelman, JC; <br>Doelman, JC; <br>Stehfest, E; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>Tabeau, A; <br>Hof, AF; <br>Hof, AF; <br>Braakhekke, MC; <br>Gernaat, DEHJ; <br>Gernaat, DEHJ; <br>van den Berg, M; <br>van Zeist, WJ; <br>Daioglou, V; <br>Daioglou, V; <br>van Meijl, H; <br>Lucas, PL; <br>Lucas, PL","afforestation; climate change mitigation; food security; integrated assessment; land-based mitigation; negative emissions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14887","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Can bioenergy carbon capture and storage aggravate global water crisis?","Bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is an effective option for mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Nevertheless, there is barely serious debate about whether its implementation can possibly jeopardize the global water resources security. Here, we provided an assessment of biomass-based Substitute Natural Gas (BioSNG) production combined with CCS, a promising BECCS technology, in terms of global water resources security, with a focus on the growth of two typical second-generation bioenergy crops: switchgrass and miscanthus. A bottom-up analysis approach was applied in this paper to calculating water consumption for BECCS and estimating water quality deterioration caused by increasing fertilizer and pesticide application. The results indicated that water usage of BECCS was equal to adding 12.86%-16.64% (switchgrass) and 17.59%-26.06% (miscanthus) additional water stress on global available water resources at 2100. Additional N fertilizer application in 2100 would be equal to over 84%, 55% and 42% for both switchgrass and miscanthus under three CCS capture efficiency scenarios, respectively, comparing to such global scale in 2012. Additional phosphate fertilizer adding to global annual available water at 2100 were 0.004-0.008 mg L--(1), (switchgrass) and 0.003-0.006 mg L-1 (miscanthus), respectively. The secondary environmental hazards, such as N2O emission, would offset GHG emission mitigation by BECCS. Meanwhile, the enrichment and leaching of pesticide residues increased the risk of groundwater contamination. This study revealed water consumption and contamination issues caused by BECCS cannot be neglected. Thus, additional studies of accurate land-use models in global scale and advanced technology for biofuel extraction are needed in the future. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2020,"Hu, B; <br>Hu, B; <br>Zhang, YL; <br>Li, Y; <br>Teng, YG; <br>Yue, WF","BECCS; Second-generation bioenergy crops; Secondary hazards; Water consumption; Water quality deterioration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136856","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Mapping co-benefits for carbon storage and biodiversity to inform conservation policy and action","Integrated high-resolution maps of carbon stocks and biodiversity that identify areas of potential co-benefits for climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation can help facilitate the implementation of global climate and biodiversity commitments at local levels. However, the multi-dimensional nature of biodiversity presents a major challenge for understanding, mapping and communicating where and how biodiversity benefits coincide with climate benefits. A new integrated approach to biodiversity is therefore needed. Here, we (a) present a new high-resolution map of global above- and below-ground carbon stored in biomass and soil, (b) quantify biodiversity values using two complementary indices (BIp and BIr) representing proactive and reactive approaches to conservation, and (c) examine patterns of carbon-biodiversity overlap by identifying 'hotspots' (20% highest values for both aspects). Our indices integrate local diversity and ecosystem intactness, as well as regional ecosystem intactness across the broader area supporting a similar natural assemblage of species to the location of interest. The western Amazon Basin, Central Africa and Southeast Asia capture the last strongholds of highest local biodiversity and ecosystem intactness worldwide, while the last refuges for unique biological communities whose habitats have been greatly reduced are mostly found in the tropical Andes and central Sundaland. There is 38 and 5% overlap in carbon and biodiversity hotspots, for proactive and reactive conservation, respectively. Alarmingly, only around 12 and 21% of these proactive and reactive hotspot areas, respectively, are formally protected. This highlights that a coupled approach is urgently needed to help achieve both climate and biodiversity global targets. This would involve (1) restoring and conserving unprotected, degraded ecosystems, particularly in the Neotropics and Indomalaya, and (2) retaining the remaining strongholds of intactness. This article is part of the theme issue 'Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'.",2020,"Soto-Navarro, C; <br>Soto-Navarro, C; <br>Ravilious, C; <br>Arnell, A; <br>de Lamo, X; <br>Harfoot, M; <br>Hill, SLL; <br>Hill, SLL; <br>Wearn, OR; <br>Santoro, M; <br>Bouvet, A; <br>Mermoz, S; <br>Toan, TL; <br>Xia, J; <br>Liu, S; <br>Yuan, W; <br>Yuan, W; <br>Spawn, SA; <br>Spawn, SA; <br>Gibbs, HK; <br>Gibbs, HK; <br>Ferrier, S; <br>Harwood, T; <br>Alkemade, R; <br>Schipper, AM; <br>Schipper, AM; <br>Schmidt-Traub, G; <br>Strassburg, B; <br>Miles, L; <br>Burgess, ND; <br>Burgess, ND; <br>Kapos, V","carbon density; multi-dimensional biodiversity; climate change; spatial-planning; global environmental policy agenda; post-2020 framework","http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0128","Article","PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Greenhouse gas implications of mobilizing agricultural biomass for energy: a reassessment of global potentials in 2050 under different food-system pathways","Global bioenergy potentials have been the subject of extensive research and continued controversy. Due to vast uncertainties regarding future yields, diets and other influencing parameters, estimates of future agricultural biomass potentials vary widely. Most scenarios compatible with ambitious climate targets foresee a large expansion of bioenergy, mainly from energy crops that needs to be kept consistent with projections of agriculture and food production. Using the global biomass balance model BioBaM, we here present an assessment of agricultural bioenergy potentials compatible with the Food and Agriculture Organization's (2018) 'Alternative pathways to 2050' projections. Mobilizing biomass at larger scales may be associated with systemic feedbacks causing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, e.g. crop residue removal resulting in loss of soil carbon stocks and increased emissions from fertilization. To assess these effects, we derive 'GHG cost supply-curves', i.e. integrated representations of biomass potentials and their systemic GHG costs. Livestock manure is most favourable in terms of GHG costs, as anaerobic digestion yields reductions of GHG emissions from manure management. Global potentials from intensive livestock systems are about 5 EJ/yr. Crop residues can provide up to 20 EJ/yr at moderate GHG costs. For energy crops, we find that the medium range of literature estimates (similar to 40 to 90 EJ/yr) is only compatible with FAO yield and human diet projections if energy plantations expand into grazing areas (similar to 4-5 million km(2)) and grazing land is intensified globally. Direct carbon stock changes associated with perennial energy crops are beneficial for climate mitigation, yet there are-sometimes considerable-'opportunity GHG costs' if one accounts the foregone opportunity of afforestation. Our results indicate that the large potentials of energy crops foreseen in many energy scenarios are not freely and unconditionally available. Disregarding systemic effects in agriculture can result in misjudgement of GHG saving potentials and flawed climate mitigation strategies.",2020,"Kalt, G; <br>Lauk, C; <br>Mayer, A; <br>Theurl, MC; <br>Kaltenegger, K; <br>Winiwarter, W; <br>Winiwarter, W; <br>Erb, KH; <br>Matej, S; <br>Haberl, H","bioenergy; biomass potentials; energy scenario; GHG cost curve; agriculture; energy transition; natural climate solutions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab6c2e","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Quantifying the potential scale of mitigation deterrence from greenhouse gas removal techniques","Greenhouse gas removal (GGR) techniques appear to offer hopes of balancing limited global carbon budgets by removing substantial amounts of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere later this century. This hope rests on an assumption that GGR will largely supplement emissions reduction. The paper reviews the expectations of GGR implied by integrated assessment modelling, categorizes ways in which delivery or promises of GGR might instead deter or delay emissions reduction, and offers a preliminary estimate of the possible extent of three such forms of 'mitigation deterrence'. Type 1 is described as 'substitution and failure': an estimated 50-229 Gt-C (or 70% of expected GGR) may substitute for emissions otherwise reduced, yet may not be delivered (as a result of political, economic or technical shortcomings, or subsequent leakage or diversion of captured carbon into short-term utilization). Type 2, described as 'rebounds', encompasses rebounds, multipliers, and side-effects, such as those arising from land-use change, or use of captured CO2 in enhanced oil recovery. A partial estimate suggests that this could add 25-134 Gt-C to unabated emissions. Type 3, described as 'imagined offsets', is estimated to affect 17-27% of the emissions reductions required, reducing abatement by a further 182-297 Gt-C. The combined effect of these unanticipated net additions of CO2 to the atmosphere is equivalent to an additional temperature rise of up to 1.4 degrees C. The paper concludes that such a risk merits further deeper analysis and serious consideration of measures which might limit the occurrence and extent of mitigation deterrence.",2020,"McLaren, D","Greenhouse gas removal; Mitigation deterrence; Climate policy; Climate modelling","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02732-3","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["\"Natural\" Climate Solutions Could Speed Up Mitigation, With Risks. Additional Options Are Needed.","Mitigation of climate change by intentionally storing carbon in tropical forests, soils, and wetlands and by reducing greenhouse gas fluxes from these settings has been promoted as rapidly deployable and cost-effective. This approach, sometimes referred to as \"natural climate solutions,\" could keep post-industrialization warming below 1.5 degrees C, when coupled with reductions in fossil fuel emissions, as confirmed here with a simple numerical model of future emissions. However, such mitigation could cease in response to changes in future climate, land use, or natural resource policies, or there could be CO2 released from reservoirs of stored carbon. Model simulations suggest cumulative emissions could be similar, under scenarios where carbon storage ceases, or stored carbon is released, to emissions expected in the absence of any natural mitigation. If climate change is to be minimized, no-regrets approaches to natural mitigation should be considered (e.g., by reducing deforestation), as emissions targets that could limit warming to 1.5 degrees C cannot be met without mitigation of this magnitude. However, additional mitigation options should also be evaluated that can reduce CO2 emissions and remove CO2 from the air (and store it permanently).",2020,"Crusius, J","climate change; mitigation; CO2 emissions; tropical forests; soils; blue carbon","http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019EF001310","Article","EARTHS FUTURE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Climate change promotes transitions to tall evergreen vegetation in tropical Asia","Vegetation in tropical Asia is highly diverse due to large environmental gradients and heterogeneity of landscapes. This biodiversity is threatened by intense land use and climate change. However, despite the rich biodiversity and the dense human population, tropical Asia is often underrepresented in global biodiversity assessments. Understanding how climate change influences the remaining areas of natural vegetation is therefore highly important for conservation planning. Here, we used the adaptive Dynamic Global Vegetation Model version 2 (aDGVM2) to simulate impacts of climate change and elevated CO(2)on vegetation formations in tropical Asia for an ensemble of climate change scenarios. We used climate forcing from five different climate models for representative concentration pathways RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. We found that vegetation in tropical Asia will remain a carbon sink until 2099, and that vegetation biomass increases of up to 28% by 2099 are associated with transitions from small to tall woody vegetation and from deciduous to evergreen vegetation. Patterns of phenology were less responsive to climate change and elevated CO(2)than biomes and biomass, indicating that the selection of variables and methods used to detect vegetation changes is crucial. Model simulations revealed substantial variation within the ensemble, both in biomass increases and in distributions of different biome types. Our results have important implications for management policy, because they suggest that large ensembles of climate models and scenarios are required to assess a wide range of potential future trajectories of vegetation change and to develop robust management plans. Furthermore, our results highlight open ecosystems with low tree cover as most threatened by climate change, indicating potential conflicts of interest between biodiversity conservation in open ecosystems and active afforestation to enhance carbon sequestration.",2020,"Scheiter, S; <br>Kumar, D; <br>Corlett, RT; <br>Corlett, RT; <br>Gaillard, C; <br>Langan, L; <br>Lapuz, RS; <br>Lapuz, RS; <br>Martens, C; <br>Martens, C; <br>Pfeiffer, M; <br>Tomlinson, KW; <br>Tomlinson, KW","aDGVM2; biome shifts; climate change; CO(2)fertilization; model ensemble; phenology; tropical Asia","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15217","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Evaluating the terrestrial carbon dioxide removal potential of improved forest management and accelerated forest conversion in Norway","As a carbon dioxide removal measure, the Norwegian government is currently considering a policy of large-scale planting of spruce (Picea abies(L) H. Karst) on lands in various states of natural transition to a forest dominated by deciduous broadleaved tree species. Given the aspiration to bring emissions on balance with removals in the latter half of the 21st century in effort to limit the global mean temperature rise to \"well below\" 2 degrees C, the effectiveness of such a policy is unclear given relatively low spruce growth rates in the region. Further convoluting the picture is the magnitude and relevance of surface albedo changes linked to such projects, which typically counteract the benefits of an enhanced forest CO(2)sink in high-latitude regions. Here, we carry out a rigorous empirically based assessment of the terrestrial carbon dioxide removal (tCDR) potential of large-scale spruce planting in Norway, taking into account transient developments in both terrestrial carbon sinks and surface albedo over the 21st century and beyond. We find that surface albedo changes would likely play a negligible role in counteracting tCDR, yet given low forest growth rates in the region, notable tCDR benefits from such projects would not be realized until the second half of the 21st century, with maximum benefits occurring even later around 2150. We estimate Norway's total accumulated tCDR potential at 2100 and 2150 (including surface albedo changes) to be 447 (+/- 240) and 852 (+/- 295) Mt CO2-eq. at mean net present values of US$ 12 (+/- 3) and US$ 13 (+/- 2) per ton CDR, respectively. For perspective, the accumulated tCDR potential at 2100 represents around 8 years of Norway's total current annual production-based (i.e., territorial) CO2-eq. emissions.",2020,"Bright, RM; <br>Allen, M; <br>Anton-Fernandez, C; <br>Belbo, H; <br>Dalsgaard, L; <br>Eisner, S; <br>Granhus, A; <br>Kjonaas, OJ; <br>Sogaard, G; <br>Astrup, R","afforestation; climate change mitigation; land use change; land-based mitigation; low-productive to high-productive forest (LtHP); reforestation; surface albedo; terrestrial ecosystems","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15228","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Food security under high bioenergy demand toward long-term climate goals","Bioenergy is expected to play an important role in the achievement of stringent climate-change mitigation targets requiring the application of negative emissions technology. Using a multi-model framework, we assess the effects of high bioenergy demand on global food production, food security, and competition for agricultural land. Various scenarios simulate global bioenergy demands of 100, 200, 300, and 400 exajoules (EJ) by 2100, with and without a carbon price. Six global energy-economy-agriculture models contribute to this study, with different methodologies and technologies used for bioenergy supply and greenhouse-gas mitigation options for agriculture. We find that the large-scale use of bioenergy, if not implemented properly, would raise food prices and increase the number of people at risk of hunger in many areas of the world. For example, an increase in global bioenergy demand from 200 to 300 EJ causes a - 11% to + 40% change in food crop prices and decreases food consumption from - 45 to - 2 kcal person(-1) day(-1), leading to an additional 0 to 25 million people at risk of hunger compared with the case of no bioenergy demand (90th percentile range across models). This risk does not rule out the intensive use of bioenergy but shows the importance of its careful implementation, potentially including regulations that protect cropland for food production or for the use of bioenergy feedstock on land that is not competitive with food production.",2020,"Hasegawa, T; <br>Hasegawa, T; <br>Hasegawa, T; <br>Sands, RD; <br>Brunelle, T; <br>Cui, YY; <br>Frank, S; <br>Fujimori, S; <br>Fujimori, S; <br>Fujimori, S; <br>Popp, A","Bioenergy; Food security; Food availability; Model comparison; Integrated assessment model","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02838-8","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Common but differentiated leadership: strategies and challenges for carbon neutrality by 2050 across industrialized economies","Given their historic emissions and economic capability, we analyze a leadership role for representative industrialized regions (EU, US, Japan, and Australia) in the global climate mitigation effort. Using the global integrated assessment model REMIND, we systematically compare region-specific mitigation strategies and challenges of reaching domestic net-zero carbon emissions in 2050. Embarking from different emission profiles and trends, we find that all of the regions have technological options and mitigation strategies to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. Regional characteristics are mostly related to different land availability, population density and population trends: While Japan is resource limited with respect to onshore wind and solar power and has constrained options for carbon dioxide removal (CDR), their declining population significantly decreases future energy demand. In contrast, Australia and the US benefit from abundant renewable resources, but face challenges to curb industry and transport emissions given increasing populations and high per-capita energy use. In the EU, lack of social acceptance or EU-wide cooperation might endanger the ongoing transition to a renewable-based power system. CDR technologies are necessary for all regions, as residual emissions cannot be fully avoided by 2050. For Australia and the US, in particular, CDR could reduce the required transition pace, depth and costs. At the same time, this creates the risk of a carbon lock-in, if decarbonization ambition is scaled down in anticipation of CDR technologies that fail to deliver. Our results suggest that industrialized economies can benefit from cooperation based on common themes and complementary strengths. This may include trade of electricity-based fuels and materials as well as the exchange of regional experience on technology scale-up and policy implementation.",2020,"Schreyer, F; <br>Luderer, G; <br>Luderer, G; <br>Rodrigues, R; <br>Pietzcker, RC; <br>Baumstark, L; <br>Sugiyama, M; <br>Brecha, RJ; <br>Brecha, RJ; <br>Ueckerdt, F","industrialized economies; regional; net-zero; energy system; cooperation; mitigation pathways; leadership","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abb852","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["EMF-33 insights on bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)","This paper explores the potential role of bioenergy coupled to carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (BECCS) in long-term global scenarios. We first validate past insights regarding the potential use of BECCS in achieving climate goals based on results from 11 integrated assessment models (IAMs) that participated in the 33rd study of the Stanford Energy Modeling Forum (EMF-33). As found in previous studies, our results consistently project large-scale cost-effective BECCS deployment. However, we also find a strong synergistic nexus between CCS and biomass, with bioenergy the preferred fuel for CCS as the climate constraint increases. Specifically, the share of bioenergy that is coupled to CCS technologies increases since CCS effectively enhances the emissions mitigation capacity of bioenergy. For the models that include BECCS technologies across multiple sectors, there is significant deployment in conjunction with liquid fuel or hydrogen production to decarbonize the transportation sector. Using a wide set of scenarios, we find carbon removal to be crucial to achieving goals consistent with 1.5 degrees C warming. However, we find earlier BECCS deployment but not necessarily greater use in the long-term since ultimately deployment is limited by economic competition with other carbon-free technologies, especially in the electricity sector, by land-use competition (especially with food) affecting biomass feedstock availability and price, and by carbon storage limitations. The extent of BECCS deployment varies based on model assumptions, with BECCS deployment competitive in some models below carbon prices of 100 US$/tCO(2). Without carbon removal, 2 degrees C is infeasible in some models, while those that solve find similar levels of bioenergy use but substantially greater mitigation costs. Overall, the paper provides needed transparency regarding BECCS' role, and results highlight a strong nexus between bioenergy and CCS, and a large reliance on not-yet-commercial BECCS technologies for achieving climate goals.",2020,"Muratori, M; <br>Bauer, N; <br>Rose, SK; <br>Wise, M; <br>Daioglou, V; <br>Daioglou, V; <br>Cui, YY; <br>Kato, E; <br>Gidden, M; <br>Strefler, J; <br>Fujimori, S; <br>Fujimori, S; <br>Sands, RD; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>Weyant, J","Bioenergy; Negative emissions; Carbon capture and storage; CCS; BECCS; Carbon dioxide removal; Integrated assessment; Model comparison; EMF","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02784-5","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Irreversibility of Marine Climate Change Impacts Under Carbon Dioxide Removal","Artificial carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere has been proposed as a measure for mitigating climate change and restoring the climate system to a target state after exceedance (\"overshoot\"). This research investigates to what extent overshoot and subsequent recovery of a given cumulative CO(2)emissions level by CDR leaves a legacy in the marine environment using an Earth system model. We use RCP2.6 and its extension to year 2300 as the reference scenario and design a set of cumulative emissions and temperature overshoot scenarios based on other RCPs. Our results suggest that the overshoot and subsequent return to a reference cumulative emissions level would leave substantial impacts on the marine environment. Although the changes in sea surface temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen are largely reversible, global mean values and spatial patterns of these variables differ significantly from those in the reference scenario when the reference cumulative emissions are attained.",2020,"Li, XR; <br>Li, XR; <br>Zickfeld, K; <br>Mathesius, S; <br>Kohfeld, K; <br>Matthews, JBR","climate change</AUTHOR_KEYWORD>; Earth system modeling</AUTHOR_KEYWORD>; ocean biogeochemistry</AUTHOR_KEYWORD>; carbon dioxide removal</AUTHOR_KEYWORD>; overshoot scenarios</AUTHOR_KEYWORD>; ocean acidification</AUTHOR_KEYWORD>","http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088507","Article","GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["A double win: new pathways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve water quality in New Zealand","Y This paper explores potential land-sector policies and practices that could help meet New Zealand's 2030 Paris Agreement target of reducing their greenhouse gas emissions by 30% from 2005 levels while simultaneous achieving improvements in freshwater quality. We use an integrated model of the country's agricultural and forestry sectors to explore the economic and environmental outcomes for 21 freshwater and climate change policy alternatives and mitigation target scenarios. The agri-environmental model estimates are then included in a multidimensional decision space framework that incorporates the risk attitude of policy-makers and uses an ordered weighting average model to evaluate potential policy pathways. We find policies that feature afforestation of marginal land are often preferred over because they provide a range of co-benefits such as carbon sequestration and reduced sedimentation and nutrient loss at relatively low cost. On the contrary, policies that only target a specific practice or pollutant are often less preferred because they fail to provide ample spill overs relative to their cost savings.",2020,"Fernandez, MA; <br>Fernandez, MA; <br>Daigneault, AJ","water quality; forest carbon sequestration; primary industry; land use; abatement costs","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8255","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Co-benefits of soil carbon protection for invertebrate conservation","The global decline in invertebrate diversity requires urgent conservation interventions. However, identifying priority conservation areas for invertebrates remains a significant challenge. We hypothesized that aligning the conservation of invertebrate biodiversity with climate change mitigation ofer offers a solution. As both soil carbon storage and invertebrate biodiversity are positively influenced by plant diversity and productivity, a positive correlation can also be expected between SOC and invertebrate biodiversity. Drawing on >10,000 invertebrate observations organized into functional groups, and site-specific soil organic Carbon (SOC) measurements from Patagonia, the Peruvian Andes, and montane tropical rainforest, we examined the role of climate, soil, topographical position and land use for prediction of invertebrate biodiversity. We found that taxonomic and functional invertebrate diversity and abundance closely correlate with SOC stocks within ecosystems. Topographical position of sites, which was partly associated with SOC, was also important, whereas land use was of subordinate importance. We conclude that recent advances in predicting and mapping SOC can guide the identification of habitats within landscapes with high biodiversity and conservation value for invertebrates. Our findings stress the importance of linking global climate change mitigation initiatives that aim to preserve and restore SOC to efforts aimed at improving the conservation of invertebrates and the ecosystem services they provide, for the realization of mutual climate and biodiversity benefits.",2020,"Flores-Rios, A; <br>Thomas, E; <br>Peri, PP; <br>Amelung, W; <br>Duarte-Guardia, S; <br>Borchard, N; <br>Lizarraga-Travaglini, A; <br>Velez-Azanero, A; <br>Sheil, D; <br>Tscharntke, T; <br>Steffan-Dewenter, I; <br>Ladd, B","Soil carbon; Insects; Invertebrates; Conservation planning","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108859","Article","BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Health co-benefits and mitigation costs as per the Paris Agreement under different technological pathways for energy supply","This study assesses the reductions in air pollution emissions and subsequent beneficial health effects from different global mitigation pathways consistent with the 2 degrees C stabilization objective of the Paris Agreement. We use an integrated modelling framework, demonstrating the need for models with an appropriate level of technology detail for an accurate co-benefit assessment. The framework combines an integrated assessment model (GCAM) with an air quality model (TM5-FASST) to obtain estimates of premature mortality and then assesses their economic cost. The results show that significant co-benefits can be found for a range of technological options, such as introducing a limitation on bioenergy, carbon capture and storage (CCS) or nuclear power. Cumulative premature mortality may be reduced by 17-23% by 2020-2050 compared to the baseline, depending on the scenarios. However, the ratio of health co-benefits to mitigation costs varies substantially, ranging from 1.45 when a bioenergy limitation is set to 2.19 when all technologies are available. As for regional disaggregation, some regions, such as India and China, obtain far greater co-benefits than others.",2020,"Sampedro, J; <br>Sampedro, J; <br>Smith, SJ; <br>Smith, SJ; <br>Arto, I; <br>Gonzalez-Eguino, M; <br>Gonzalez-Eguino, M; <br>Markandya, A; <br>Mulvaney, KM; <br>Pizarro-Irizar, C; <br>Van Dingenen, R","Deep decarbonization; Air pollution; Health; Co-benefits; Integrated assessment","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105513","Article","ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Forests and Decarbonization - Roles of Natural and Planted Forests","The severe consequences of human disruptions to the global carbon cycle have prompted intense interest in strategies to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Because growing forests capture CO2 in their biomass and soils, large-scale tree planting efforts have been advertised as a viable way to counteract anthropogenic emissions as part of net-zero emission strategies. Here, we assess the potential impact of reforestation and afforestation on the global climate system, and identify ecological, economic, and societal implications of such efforts.",2020,"Waring, B; <br>Waring, B; <br>Waring, B; <br>Neumann, M; <br>Prentice, IC; <br>Adams, M; <br>Smith, P; <br>Siegert, M; <br>Siegert, M","greenhouse gas emisisons; sequestration; CO2 drawdown; forest management; native forest; biodiveristy","http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2020.00058","Article","FRONTIERS IN FORESTS AND GLOBAL CHANGE","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Food-energy-water implications of negative emissions technologies in a+1.5 degrees C future","Negative emissions technologies are essential in scenarios for meeting Paris climate targets. Modelling results show that direct air capture could play an important role with less demand for land yet high energy and water use compared with BECCS and afforestation. Scenarios for meeting ambitious climate targets rely on large-scale deployment of negative emissions technologies (NETs), including direct air capture (DAC). However, the tradeoffs between food, water and energy created by deploying different NETs are unclear. Here we show that DAC could provide up to 3 GtCO(2)yr(-1)of negative emissions by 2035-equivalent to 7% of 2019 global CO(2)emissions-based on current-day assumptions regarding price and performance. DAC in particular could exacerbate demand for energy and water, yet it would avoid the most severe market-mediated effects of land-use competition from bioenergy with carbon capture and storage and afforestation. This could result in staple food crop prices rising by approximately fivefold relative to 2010 levels in many parts of the Global South, raising equity concerns about the deployment of NETs. These results highlight that delays in aggressive global mitigation action greatly increase the requirement for DAC to meet climate targets, and correspondingly, energy and water impacts.",2020,"Fuhrman, J; <br>McJeon, H; <br>McJeon, H; <br>Patel, P; <br>Patel, P; <br>Doney, SC; <br>Shobe, WM; <br>Clarens, AF",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0876-z","Article","NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Climate change mitigation in British Columbia's forest sector: GHG reductions, costs, and environmental impacts","Background The potential contributions from forest-based greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation actions need to be quantified to develop pathways towards net negative emissions. Here we present results from a comparative analysis that examined mitigation options for British Columbia's forest sector. Mitigation scenarios were evaluated using a systems perspective that takes into account the changes in emissions and removals in forest ecosystems, in harvested wood product (HWP) carbon stocks, and in other sectors where wood products substitute for emission-intensive materials and fossil fuels. All mitigation activities were assessed relative to a forward-looking 'business as usual' baseline for three implementation levels. In addition to quantifying net GHG emission reductions, we assessed economic, and socio-economic impacts as well as other environmental indicators relating to forest species, age class, deadwood availability and future timber supply. We further considered risks of reversal for land-based scenarios, by assessing impacts of increasing future wildfires on stands that were not harvested. Results Our spatially explicit analyses of forest sector mitigation options demonstrated a cost-effective portfolio of regionally differentiated scenarios that directed more of the harvested wood to longer-lived wood products, stopped burning of harvest residues and instead produced bioenergy to displace fossil fuel burning, and reduced harvest levels in regions with low disturbance rates. Domestically, net GHG emissions were reduced by an average of -9 MtCO(2)e year(-1)over 2020-2050 for a portfolio of mitigation activities at a default implementation level, with about 85% of the GHG emission reductions achieved below a cost of $50/tCO(2)e. Normalizing the net GHG reduction by changes in harvested wood levels permitted comparisons of the scenarios with different ambition levels, and showed that a 1 MtCO(2)increase in cumulative harvested stemwood results in a 1 MtCO(2)e reduction in cumulative emissions, relative to the baseline, for theHigher Recoveryscenario in 2070. Conclusions The analyses conducted in this study contribute to the global understanding of forest sector mitigation options by providing an integrated framework to synthesize the methods, assumptions, datasets and models needed to quantify mitigation activities using a systems approach. An understanding of economically feasible and socio-economically attractive mitigation scenarios along with trade offs for environmental indicators relating to species composition and age, helps decision makers with long-term planning for land sector contributions to GHG emission reduction efforts, and provides valuable information for stakeholder consultations.",2020,"Smyth, CE; <br>Xu, Z; <br>Lempriere, TC; <br>Kurz, WA","Climate change mitigation; Forest sector; British Columbia; Cost per tonne; Socio-economic impact; GCBM","http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00155-2","Article","CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Estimating the Present Value of Carbon Sequestration in U.S. Forests, 2015-2050, for Evaluating Federal Climate Change Mitigation Policies","We demonstrate an application evaluating carbon sequestration benefits from federal policy alternatives. Using detailed forest inventory data, we projected carbon sequestration outcomes in the coterminous 48 states for a baseline scenario and three policy scenarios through 2050. Alternatives included (1) reducing deforestation from development, (2) afforestation in the eastern United States and reforestation in the western United States, and (3) reducing stand-replacing wildfires. We used social cost of carbon estimates to evaluate the present value of carbon sequestration benefits gained with each policy. Results suggest that afforestation and reforestation would provide the greatest marginal increase in carbon benefit, far exceeding policy cost.",2020,"Haight, RG; <br>Bluffstone, R; <br>Bluffstone, R; <br>Kline, JD; <br>Coulston, JW; <br>Wear, DN; <br>Zook, K","afforestation; carbon sequestration; climate change mitigation and adaptation; land-use change; reforestation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2019.20","Article","AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS REVIEW","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Lower cost and more feasible options to restore forest cover in the contiguous United States for climate mitigation","Restoring forest cover is a prominent option for climate mitigation. Effective deployment requires knowing where opportunities are and how they vary in carbon capture, costs, co-benefits, and feasibility. Here, we combined spatial, economic, and feasibility analyses to examine 10 different opportunity classes for restoration of forest cover across the contiguous United States. These include non-stocked forests, shrublands, protected areas, post-burn landscapes, pasture lands, croplands with challenging soils, urban areas, floodplains, streamsides, and biodiversity corridors. We found 51.6 Mha of total opportunity, which could capture 314.2 million tons of carbon dioxide each year, equivalent to 15% of the United States' 2016 commitment to the Paris Agreement. Half of this mitigation is possible at $20 tCO2‚àí1. However, the highest-ranked opportunity class with respect to carbon capture, costs, co-benefits, and feasibility changed depending on location. Our maps are publicly available to guide policy and implementation efforts at local, state, and national levels. ¬© 2020 The AuthorsRestoring forest cover can help tackle climate change, so we created maps of opportunities to deploy this natural climate solution. We found up to 51.6 Mha of area in the US to restore forest cover, which is about double the size of Oregon. These new forests could capture 314 MtCO2 year‚àí1, equivalent to the annual emissions from 67 million cars, but not all areas are equally suitable for new forest. We divided overall area of opportunity into 10 classes to compare their carbon capture potential, cost, co-benefits, and feasibility. Pastures hold the most carbon capture potential at lowest cost, which could be realized via increased efficiencies in livestock production, reductions in meat consumption, or incorporation of trees among grasses. Non-stocked forest patches and federal lands also hold substantial low-cost opportunity, whereas watersheds and urban areas hold high potential to capture carbon, and provide water and human health benefits, but are more costly. ¬© 2020 The AuthorsTo inform decisions about where to deploy restoration of forest cover as a climate solution, we produced maps of opportunities across the contiguous United States. We found up to 51.6 Mha of opportunity for new forest, which we divided into 10 different classes to compare their carbon capture, costs, co-benefits, and feasibility. We found that the opportunity class with the strongest potential differed by state but that many opportunities fall in lower-cost and more feasible locations. ¬© 2020 The Authors",2020,"Cook-Patton, S.C.; <br>Gopalakrishna, T.; <br>Daigneault, A.; <br>Leavitt, S.M.; <br>Platt, J.; <br>Scull, S.M.; <br>Amarjargal, O.; <br>Ellis, P.W.; <br>Griscom, B.W.; <br>McGuire, J.L.; <br>Yeo, S.M.; <br>Fargione, J.E.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.11.013","Article","One Earth","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Is aquatic bioenergy with carbon capture and storage a sustainable negative emission technology? Insights from a spatially explicit environmental life-cycle assessment","It is anticipated that achievement of the Paris Climate Agreement goals will require widespread deployment of negative emission technologies (NETs). The most prominent NET is bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), which is typically envisioned to use terrestrial crops as feedstock. Several recent studies have focused on aquatic BECCS (A-BECCS), making use of microalgae or macroalgae as feedstock, as possible means of reducing water and land use. However, the high logistical complexity of the A-BECCS supply chain makes it likely that regional biophysical and socio-technical factors will strongly influence its overall favorability. Therefore, this study applies life-cycle assessment (LCA) incorporating a geographic information system (GIS) framework to estimate the environmental impacts of A-BECCS over all stages of its life-cycle. Three candidate locations in the USA are evaluated based on seemingly good proximity to coastal regions and CO2 storage; namely, East Coast, West Coast, and the Gulf of Mexico. Monte Carlo simulation is used to characterize distributions of model outputs, including energy return on investment (EROI) and net global warming potential (GWP). Results reveal that only the Gulf of Mexico configuration has any likelihood of achieving both net energy production (probability of EROI &gt; 1 = 29%) and net CO2 sequestration (probability of GWP &lt; 0 = 6%), but the probability of achieving both together is very low (5%). The other two locations exhibit net positive energy production (EROI &gt; 1), but not net negative carbon sequestration. These results call into question the feasibility of the modeled A-BECCS system as an energy-producing NET and offer insights into possible system reconfiguration. For example, anaerobic digestion offers very low EROI and creates multiple carbon-bearing waste streams, which strongly undercuts overall net CO2 sequestration. Finally, it is observed that enhanced oil recovery (EOR) strongly contributes to net-energy production (EROI &gt; 1) in the modeled A-BECCS system, but also strongly undercuts net CO2 sequestration, which is arguably the main goal of any NET. This analysis showcases how geographically-explicit analysis can advance our understanding of biomass-based NETs. ¬© 2020 Elsevier Ltd",2020,"Melara, A.J.; <br>Singh, U.; <br>Colosi, L.M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113300","Article","Energy Convers. Manage.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Slow pyrolysis as a platform for negative emissions technology: An integration of machine learning models, life cycle assessment, and economic analysis","Biochar sequestration has gained increasing attention as a negative emissions technology to mitigate climate change. Although pyrolysis is a commercial technology, comprehensive environmental and economic assessments have been difficult to perform since biochar can be produced from a wide range of feedstocks and pyrolysis conditions. Many researchers have evaluated the environmental and economic impacts of biochar-based CO2 sequestration systems. However, most studies either worked on a single type of biomass under varying pyrolysis conditions or multiple feedstocks under the same pyrolysis conditions. To address this knowledge gap, we evaluated the energy, climate change, and economic performance of slow pyrolysis of multiple feedstocks under various processing conditions via the integration of machine learning approaches, life cycle assessment (LCA), and economic analysis. Machine learning models (i.e., random forest) were developed by fitting existing laboratory data. The models were then used to predict the yields and characteristics of biochar produced from slow pyrolysis of different feedstocks under designed processing conditions. The results were further integrated with LCA and economic analysis to compute three important metrics: energy return on investment (EROI), net global warming potential (GWP), and minimum product selling price (MPSP). The results indicate that random forest models offer good prediction accuracy for laboratory-scale (R2 = 0.78‚Äì0.87) and pilot-scale pyrolysis data (R2 = 0.45‚Äì0.65). LCA and economic analyses reveal that feedstock characteristics and pyrolysis temperature affect energy, climate change, and financial performance. Our results demonstrate slow pyrolysis of crop residues and woody wastes holds promise as an energy-producing negative emissions technology, with EROI values from 1.9 to 3.6 (without substitution) and 2.4 to 4.3 (with substitution), and GWP values from ‚àí470 kg CO2 eq/t to ‚àí200 kg CO2 eq/t (without substitution) and ‚àí1050 kg CO2 eq/t to ‚àí770 kg CO2 eq/t (with substitution). The MSPS values evaluated in this study range from $774‚Äì1256/t, depending on temperature and feedstocks. A tradeoff between environmental and economic performance is observed. The best overall energy and climate change performances are achieved via pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass at high temperature, while the best MPSP is achieved with the pyrolysis of sludge at low temperature. ¬© 2020 Elsevier Ltd",2020,"Cheng, F.; <br>Luo, H.; <br>Colosi, L.M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113258","Article","Energy Convers. Manage.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Bioethanol production with carbon capture and storage: Potential as a carbon-negative biofuel and environmental implications","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) technologies are receiving increasing attention as they arecrucial to delivering the carbon dioxide removal required to achieving the climate goals sought. So far, the biomassconversion to heat and power has attracted the bulk of the attention while the BECCS concept applied to biorefineriesproducing biofuels remains largely unexplored. Considering the dependence of the road transport sector on fossil fuelsand, therefore, its large associated emissions contributing to global warming, tacking the decarbonization of thetransport sector is particularly important to stop climate change. Hence, producing carbon-negative biofuels provides apromising alternative to replace conventional fossil fuels and moving towards a carbon-neutral mobility or evenachieving negative emissions. In this study, we perform a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a biorefinery coupled with a CCS technology for bioethanolproduction using residual lignocellulosic woodchips as feedstock. The goal of the analysis is to investigate the potentialof different scenarios to produce carbon-negative biofuels as well as to assess their broader environmentalimplications in other relevant areas of protection. The system was modelled with Aspen Plus¬Æ and analyzed followinga cradle-to-wheel approach, i.e., including the biomass feedstock procurement, transportation, process conversion, theend-use of the biofuel in vehicles as well as the whole CO supply chain (i.e., capture, compression, transportation andstorage in geological sites). We define different scenarios varying the bioethanol-gasoline blends (10-85% bioethanol)as well as the heating sources (i.e., natural gas or sugar cane bagasse). A functional unit of 1 km of distance travelledin an internal combustion engine vehicle is used throughout the study, which allows comparison with the conventionalgasoline representing the business as usual scenario Our results show that achieving a net negative emissions balance would require bioethanol-gasoline blends above85% (i.e., E85). Moreover, our results show that the carbon-intensity of the electricity and heat used in the processesplay a key role in the final carbon balance. For example, with an E85 blend and assuming the average electricity mixfor Europe, the system would provide a net-negative emissions balance of -2.7 kg CO eq per 100 km travelled,whereas considering electricity provided from hydropower, the carbon footprint would be further reduced up to -5.1 kgCO eq./100 km. However, despite the potential benefits of moving towards the use of carbon-negative biofuels, itwould also lead to burden-shifting to other environmental impacts increasing the pressure on water consumption,toxicity or acidification, among others categories. Overall, this work demonstrates the potential of BECCS conceptapplied to biorefineries to promote carbon-negative mobility while calls for widening the scope of the future policiesbeyond climate change to avoid collateral damage to other environmental areas. ¬© 2020 American Institute of Chemical Engineers. All rights reserved.",2020,"Mart√≠n, √Å.G.",null,null,"Conference Paper","AIChE Annu. Meet. Conf. Proc.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Potential bioenergy production from miscanthus x giganteus in brandenburg: Producing bioenergy and fostering other ecosystem services while ensuring food self-sufficiency in the Berlin-Brandenburg region","Miscanthus x giganteus (hereafter Miscanthus) is a perennial crop characterized by its high biomass production, low nutrient requirements, its ability for soil restoration, and its cultivation potential on marginal land. The development of the bioenergy sector in the state of Brandenburg (Germany), with maize as the dominant crop, has recently drawn attention to its negative environmental impacts, competition with food production, and uncertainties regarding its further development toward the state's bioenergy targets. This study aimed to estimate the potential bioenergy production in Brandenburg by cultivating Miscanthus only on marginal land, thereby avoiding competition with food production in the Berlin-Brandenburg city-region (i.e., foodshed), after using the Metropolitan Foodshed and Self-sufficiency Scenario (MFSS) model. We estimated that by 2030, the Berlin-Brandenburg foodshed would require around 1.13 million hectares to achieve 100% food self-sufficiency under the business as usual (BAU) scenario, and hence there would be around 390,000 ha land left for bioenergy production. Our results suggest that the region would require about 569,000 ha of land of maize to generate 58 PJ-the bioenergy target of the state of Brandenburg for 2030-which is almost 179,000 ha more than the available area for bioenergy production. However, under Miscanthus plantation, the required area would be reduced by 2.5 times to 232,000 ha. Therefore, Miscanthus could enable Brandenburg to meet its bioenergy target by 2030, while at the same time avoiding the trade-offs with food production, and also providing a potential for soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration of around 255,200 t C yr-1, leading to an improvement in the soil fertility and other ecosystem services (e.g., biodiversity), compared with bioenergy generated from maize. ¬© 2020 by the authors.",2020,"Tavakoli-Hashjini, E.; <br>Piorr, A.; <br>M√ºller, K.; <br>Vicente-Vicente, J.L.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187731","Article","Sustainability","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Challenges for BECCS/U implementation through a socio-technical approach","Some of the great contemporaneous challenges in the world involve dealing with energy, food production and supply, at the same time, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and their impact on climate change. As so, aiming to reduce carbon concentrations in the atmosphere, many studies recommend the inclusion of technologies as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) or Carbon Capture Usage and Storage (CCUS) to follow through energy transition. As discussed in this paper, only fossil fuel replacement is not enough to achieve a temperature increase of up to 2¬∞C. Therefore, bioenergy, together with these technologies, named Bioenergy Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) or when it may also include usage (BECCS/U), have the potential to reach negative emissions on bioenergy life cycle. Consequently, understanding the challenges for the implementation of such technologies requires a broad perspective that is addressed through a socio-technical approach, encompassing technical, economic, financial, political, legal, regulatory and social aspects. BECCU (Carbon Capture and Usage) is already becoming a reality in Brazil, since several sugarcane ethanol mills already sell CO2 from their fermentation process to other industries. However, there are still many challenges mainly related to BECCS/U, not yet implemented in the country. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to analyse such challenges for Brazil in a socio-technical approach. ¬© 2020, ETA-Florence Renewable Energies. All Rights Reserved.",2020,"Mascarenhas, K.L.; <br>Coelho, S.T.; <br>Meneghini, J.R.",null,null,"Conference Paper","European Biomass Conf. Exhib. Proc.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Risk assessment of Ni, Cr, and Si release from alkaline minerals during enhanced weathering","Calcium- and magnesium-rich alkaline silicate minerals, when applied to soil, can aid in carbon dioxide sequestration via enhanced weathering. The weathering of these silicate minerals is also associated with the release of heavy metals such as Ni and Cr, depending on the composition of the parent rock, and also labile Si. This paper critically analyses the risk associated with the release of Ni, Cr, and Si from alkaline silicate minerals as a result of enhanced weathering to evaluate its potential to be applied as a soil amendment. Based on the available data in the literature, this study evaluates the soil contamination level and quantifies the risk these elements pose to human health as well as the environment. To assess these potential threat levels, the geoaccumulation index was applied, along with the method recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency for health risk assessment. The main findings of this study indicate the potential release of Ni, Cr, and Si to exceed the soil quality guideline value. The geochemical index suggests that the analyzed samples are in the class 0-3 and represents sites that lie between uncontaminated zones to highly contaminated zones. The hazard index value for Ni and Cr is greater than unity, which suggests that Ni and Cr release poses a non-carcinogenic risk. The probability of labile Si concentration in the soil to exceed the critical value is found to be 75%.",2020,"Haque, F; <br>Chiang, YW; <br>Santos, RM","alkaline minerals; risk assessment; geoaccumulation index; weathering release; soil chemistry","http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0016","Article","OPEN AGRICULTURE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Terrestrial ecosystem functioning affected by agricultural management systems: A review","With increasing world population, there is an evident pressure on food production demand at the expense of environment. Maximizing yields at environmental cost is quite high especially in terms of soil and water deterioration. Traditional/conventional agricultural system is complemented with intensive tillage, mono-cropping and inappropriate crop residue management with deleterious impacts on the environment. Such agricultural practices have substantially contributed to climate change due to resulting greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. In recent decades, \"conservation agriculture\", is being adopted which employs no or minimum tillage, diversified crop rotation and efficient crop residues management. Such approaches are associated to the decreased GHGs emissions due to low consumption of fossil fuels and fertilizers (especially N2O emissions from nitrogenous fertilizers). However, increased use of pesticides in conservation agriculture can be an important threat to the environment. This review collates impacts of both agricultural management systems on terrestrial ecosystem functioning in terms of soil quality and environmental sustainability. Impacts of conventional and conservation systems on soil health, carbon sequestration, GHGs emissions, cropping patterns, weed dynamics and environmental degradation are critically evaluated and research gaps are highlighted. Future research directions have been identified to promote the research regarding sustainable agriculture development.",2020,"Sanaullah, M; <br>Usman, M; <br>Usman, M; <br>Wakeel, A; <br>Cheema, SA; <br>Ashraf, I; <br>Farooq, M; <br>Farooq, M","Terrestrial ecosystem functioning; Conventional agriculture; Conservation agriculture; Climate change; Cropping systems; Environment degradation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.104464","Review","SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Managing soils for negative feedback to climate change and positive impact on food and nutritional security","The increase in atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide from 278 ppm in the pre-industrial era to 405 ppm in 2018, along with the enrichment of other greenhouse gases, has already caused a global mean temperature increase of 1 degrees C. Among anthropogenic sources, historic land use and conversion of natural to agricultural eco-systems has and continues to be an importance source. Global depletion of soil organic carbon stock by historic land use and soil degradation is estimated at 133 Pg C. Estimated to 2-m depth, C stock is 2047 Pg for soil organic carbon and 1558 Pg for soil inorganic carbon, with a total of 3605 Pg. Thus, even a small change in soil organic carbon stock can have a strong impact on atmospheric CO2 concentration. Soil C sink capacity, between 2020 and 2100, with the global adoption of best management practice which creates a positive soil/ecosystem C budget, is estimated at 178 Pg C for soil, 155 Pg C for biomass, and 333 Pg C for the terrestrial biosphere with a total CO2 drawdown potential of 157 ppm. Important among techniques of soil organic C sequestration are adoption of a system-based conservation agriculture, agroforestry, biochar, and integration of crops with trees and livestock. There is growing interest among policymakers and the private sector regarding the importance of soil C sequestration for adaptation and mitigation of climate change, harnessing of numerous co-benefits, and strengthening of ecosystem services.",2020,"Lal, R","Soil carbon; anthropocene; historic carbon loss from soils; soil carbon sink; international initiatives on soil carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2020.1718548","Review","SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT NUTRITION","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Multiple agroecosystem services of forage legumes towards agriculture sustainability: An overview","Forage legumes arc contributing in sustainable crop production apart from nutritional security to the livestock. Forage legumes are crucial for the nutritional security for mankind as they are integral component for increased availability of animal protein and product which has higher biological value compared to plant proteins. The inclusion of forage legumes in crop production systems is more useful as these can not only provide food and feed to animals but also improves soil productivity and act as soil-conserving components of agricultural and agroforestry systems. Production system as a whole and tremendous deficit of forage nutritious resources demand in particular to give some importance to the forage crops especially leguminous forages. Therefore, critical assessment is necessary for determining the direction and magnitude of change in agricultural management practice with inclusions of forage legume. Forage legumes have good capacity as a feed to promote sufficient quantities and qualities required for different productive animals. Therefore, these crops can contribute to achieving the objectives of sustainable food/fodder and environmental security. Hence, inclusion of legumes forages in cropping system is inevitable in advancing soil sustainability and food and nutritional security without compromising the long-term soil fertility base of the soil resources. Rational soil management practices must involve forage legume-based rotations and intercropping considerations for restoring soil health, and soil sustainability should be given due emphasis. Besides, forage legumes can also provide a wide range of benefits such as restoration of soil fertility, nitrogen fixation and fertilizer saving, enhancement of soil biology and biodiversity, improving soil carbon sequestration and by neutralizing negative impact of climate change. This review summarizes the potential role of forage legume in animal nutrition, soil fertility building, nitrogen fixation, soil biology and biodiversity, carbon sequestration, climate change and other ecological services provided.",2020,"Kumar, R; <br>Yadav, MR; <br>Yadav, MR; <br>Arif, M; <br>Arif, M; <br>Mahala, DM; <br>Mahala, DM; <br>Kumar, D; <br>Ghasal, PC; <br>Ghasal, PC; <br>Yadav, KC; <br>Yadav, KC; <br>Verma, RK; <br>Verma, RK","Animal nutrition; Carbon sequestration; Climate Change; Forage legumes; Nitrogen fixation; Soil fertility",null,"Review","INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Negative Emission Energy Production Technologies: A Techno-Economic and Life Cycle Analyses Review","Negative emission technologies (NETs) are of growing importance for society to meet the atmospheric carbon levels required to maintain global temperatures under sustainable limits. A wide range of NETs have been proposed, but there are limited NET assessments that integrate life cycle analysis (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA). This Review gathers NET TEA/LCA findings and compares their costs and greenhouse gas emissions. Eight different NET-producing transportation fuels and power-generation technologies are considered: anaerobic digestion (lignocellulosic), fermentation, torrefaction, combustion, fast pyrolysis, gasification, and hydrothermal liquefaction. Most of these technologies sequester carbon either as carbon dioxide or as biochar. Some are carbon negative by virtue of avoided or displaced emissions. Overall, results indicate that NET energy production costs range between $20 and $80 GJ(-1) and have emissions from -400 to 100 kg CO2,eq GJ(-1). These results suggest that there are potential tradeoffs to consider when developing NETs. These results also show that future TEA/LCA studies of NETs are needed to decrease their uncertainty and improve their technology readiness level.",2020,"Li, WQ; <br>Wright, MM; <br>Wright, MM","life cycle analysis; negative emission technologies; techno-economic analysis","http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ente.201900871","Review","ENERGY TECHNOLOGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Effect of Biowastes on Soil Remediation, Plant Productivity and Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration: A Review","High anthropogenic activities are constantly causing increased soil degradation and thus soil health and safety are becoming an important issue. The soil quality is deteriorating at an alarming rate in the neighborhood of smelters as a result of heavy metal deposition. Organic biowastes, also produced through anthropogenic activities, provide some solutions for remediation and management of degraded soils through their use as a substrate. Biowastes, due to their high content of organic compounds, have the potential to improve soil quality, plant productivity, and microbial activity contributing to higher humus production. Biowaste use also leads to the immobilization and stabilization of heavy metals, carbon sequestration, and release of macro and micronutrients. Increased carbon sequestration through biowaste use helps us in mitigating climate change and global warming. Soil amendment by biowaste increases soil activity and plant productivity caused by stimulation in shoot and root length, biomass production, grain yield, chlorophyll content, and decrease in oxidative stress. However, biowaste application to soils is a debatable issue due to their possible negative effect of high heavy metal concentration and risks of their accumulation in soils. Therefore, regulations for the use of biowastes as fertilizer or soil amendment must be improved and strictly employed to avoid environmental risks and the entry of potentially toxic elements into the food chain. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the effects of biowastes on soil remediation, plant productivity, and soil organic carbon sequestration.",2020,"Kowalska, A; <br>Grobelak, A; <br>Almas, AR; <br>Singh, BR","soil remediation; soil carbon sequestration; plant productivity; biowaste; circular economy; sewage sludge; biosolids; regulations; soil degraded; soil revegetation","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215813","Review","ENERGIES","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar application for environmental management and toxic pollutant remediation","Utilizing of biochar as an amendment for environmental management has been a catalyst for the recent global enthusiasm for advancing biochar production technology and its management. While both research and development of biochar for environmental management at a global scale are a somewhat recent development, it is by no means new in certain regions and has even been the subject of scientific research for quite some time. This article deals with both positive and negative impacts of biochar application for environmental management and toxic pollutant remediation by collecting exponentially increased number of publications and summarizes it to explain that how biochar can enhance in greenhouse gasses (GHGs) emission reduction, wastewater reuse, fertilizer pollution minimizing, mineral nutrients leaching reduction, and land degradation with soil erosion management. It also provides new insights into the state-of-the-art accomplishments of biochar's potential on the removal of heavy metal, toxic pollutant, and renewable energy generation was also considered. Biochar can significantly be used to trim down the leachability and bioavailability of different organic toxic pollutants via sorption mechanism. Increasing the carbon sink in soil through biochar application can help to reduce the amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission in environment. The future researches should focus on the long-term environmental fate of organic pollutant sorbed on biochar.",2020,"Das, SK; <br>Das, SK; <br>Ghosh, GK; <br>Avasthe, R","Biochar; GHGs; Wastewater; Controlled-release fertilizer; Heavy metal; Toxic pollutant","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-01078-1","Review; Early Access","BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["The Ethics of Geoengineering: A Literature Review","Geoengineering as a technological intervention to avert the dangerous climate change has been on the table at least since 2006. The global outreach of the technology exercised in a non-encapsulated system, the concerns with unprecedented levels and scales of impact and the overarching interdisciplinarity of the project make the geoengineering debate ethically quite relevant and complex. This paper explores the ethical desirability of geoengineering from an overall review of the existing literature on the ethics of geoengineering. It identifies the relevant literature on the ethics of geoengineering by employing a standard methodology. Based on various framing of the major ethical arguments and their subsets, the results section presents the opportunities and challenges at stake in geoengineering from an ethical point of view. The discussion section takes a keen interest in identifying the evolving dynamics of the debate, the grey areas of the debate, with underdeveloped arguments being brought to the foreground and in highlighting the arguments that are likely to emerge in the future as key contenders. It observes the semantic diversity and ethical ambiguity, the academic lop-sidedness of the debate, missing contextual setting, need for interdisciplinary approaches, public engagement, and region-specific assessment of ethical issues. Recommendations are made to provide a useful platform for the second generation of geoengineering ethicists to help advance the debate to more decisive domains with the required clarity and caution.",2020,"Pamplany, A; <br>Gordijn, B; <br>Brereton, P","Geoengineering; Ethics; Solar radiation management; Carbon dioxide removal; Negative emission; Justice; Research-ethics; Lesser evil; Moral hazard","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-020-00258-6","Review","SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["When does nutrient management sequester more carbon in soils and produce high and stable grain yields in China?","In agro-ecosystems, fertilization practices must accomplish high and stable crop productivity, with maximum soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration to address climate change and food security challenges. However, the impacts of these practices on SOC and crop yields are variable over the long-term duration, and an improved understanding of the factors influencing SOC sequestration and sustainable productivity is still needed to provide evidence-based management decisions. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the impact of long-term (>= 10 years) application of different fertilizer management practices adapted across China on crop productivity, yield sustainability, and SOC sequestration. Results indicated that unbalanced mineral fertilizer (UMF), balanced mineral fertilizer (BMF), organic fertilizers (OF), combined unbalanced mineral and OF, and combined balanced mineral and organic fertilizers (BMOF) significantly enhanced the grain yield, and SOC sequestration compared with control (p < .05). For UMF, the increases in SOC and grain yields were least among fertilization practices. Comparing OF, BMF mostly produced more grain yields, but with a slight increase in C sequestration. Highest SOC sequestration rate of 0.43 Mg C ha(-1)yr(-1)was recorded in BMOF, among all the treatments. The data obtained indicated that SOC sequestration is highly time-dependent. Irrespective of fertilization mode, SOC gradually increased and attained the peak of sequestration rate in the initial two decades rather than at later stages of fertilizer addition. The linear fitted model indicated that an increase in SOC sequestration benefits sustainable productivity. The available data indicate that crop yields can be improved by 143 kg ha(-1)for rice (Oryza sativa), 255 kg ha(-1)for maize (Zea mays), and 202 kg ha(-1)for wheat (Triticum aestivum) with every 1 Mg ha(-1)increase in SOC stock by fertilization in the root zone. In crux, BMOF can maintain and improve soil quality while producing high and stable crop yields.",2020,"Waqas, MA; <br>Li, Y; <br>Li, Y; <br>Lal, R; <br>Wang, XH; <br>Shi, SW; <br>Zhu, YC; <br>Li, JL; <br>Xu, MG; <br>Wan, YF; <br>Qin, XB; <br>Qin, XB; <br>Gao, QZ; <br>Gao, QZ; <br>Liu, S; <br>Liu, S","climate change; critical level; crop yields; nutrient management; soil organic carbon; yield sustainability; yield variability","http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3567","Article","LAND DEGRADATION & DEVELOPMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["A Precautionary Assessment of Systemic Projections and Promises From Sunlight Reflection and Carbon Removal Modeling","Climate change is a paradigmatic example of systemic risk. Recently, proposals for large-scale interventions-carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and solar radiation management (SRM)-have started to redefine climate governance strategies. We describe how evolving modeling practices are trending toward optimized and \"best-case\"projections-portraying deployment schemes that create both technically slanted and politically sanitized profiles of risk, as well as ideal objectives for CDR and SRM as mitigation-enhancing, time-buying mechanisms for carbon transitions or vulnerable populations. Aspromises, stylized and hopeful projections may selectively reinforce industry and political activities built around the inertia of the carbon economy. Some evidence suggests this is the emerging case for certain kinds of CDR, where the prospect of future carbon capture substitutes for present mitigation. Either of these implications are systemic: explorations of climatic futures may entrench certain carbon infrastructures. We point out efforts and recommendations to forestall this trend in the implementation of the Paris Agreement, by creating more stakeholder input and strengthening political realism in modeling and other assessments, as well as through policy guardrails.",2020,"Low, S; <br>Low, S; <br>Honegger, M; <br>Honegger, M","Carbon dioxide removal; modeling projections; precautionary measures; solar radiation management; systemic risk","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.13565","Article","RISK ANALYSIS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Preconditions for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) in sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Tanzania","Most mitigation scenarios compatible with a likely change of holding global warming well below 2 degrees C rely on negative emissions technologies (NETs). According to the integrated assessment models (IAMs) used to produce mitigation scenarios for the IPCC reports, the NET with the greatest potential to achieve negative emissions is bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). Crucial questions arise about where the enormous quantities of biomass needed according to the IAM scenarios could feasibly be produced in a sustainable manner. Africa is attractive in the context of BECCS because of large areas that could contribute biomass energy and indications of substantial underground CO2 storage capacities. However, estimates of large biomass availability in Africa are usually based on highly aggregated datasets, and only a few studies explore future challenges or barriers for BECCS in any detail. Based on previous research and literature, this paper analyses the pre-conditions for BECCS in Tanzania by studying what we argue are the applications of BECCS, or the components of the BECCS chain, that are most feasible in the country, namely (1) as applied to domestic sugarcane-based energy production (bioethanol), and (2) with Tanzania in a producer and re-growth role in an international BECCS chain, supplying biomass or biofuels for export to developed countries. The review reveals that a prerequisite for both options is either the existence of a functional market for emissions trading and selling, making negative emissions a viable commercial investment, or sustained investment through aid programmes. Also, historically, an important barrier to the development of production capacity of liquid biofuels for export purposes has been given by ethical dilemmas following in the wake of demand for land to facilitate production of biomass, such as sugarcane and jatropha. In these cases, conflicts over access to land and mismanagement have been more of a rule than an exception. Increased production volumes of solid biomass for export to operations that demand bioenergy, be it with or without a CCS component, is likely to give rise to similar conflicts. While BECCS may well play an important role in reducing emissions in countries with high capacity to act combined with existing large point sources of biogenic CO2 emissions, it seems prudent to proceed with utmost caution when implicating BECCS deployment in least developed countries, like Tanzania.The paper argues that negative BECCS-related emissions from Tanzania should not be assumed in global climate mitigation scenarios.",2020,"Hansson, A; <br>Hansson, A; <br>Fridahl, M; <br>Fridahl, M; <br>Haikola, S; <br>Haikola, S; <br>Yanda, P; <br>Pauline, N; <br>Mabhuye, E","Tanzania; Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage; BECCS; Negative emissions; Bioenergy; Biomass; Climate change; Least developed countries","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00517-y","Article","ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Towards a global-scale soil climate mitigation strategy","Sustainable soil carbon sequestration practices need to be rapidly scaled up and implemented to contribute to climate change mitigation. We highlight that the major potential for carbon sequestration is in cropland soils, especially those with large yield gaps and/or large historic soil organic carbon losses. The implementation of soil carbon sequestration measures requires a diverse set of options, each adapted to local soil conditions and management opportunities, and accounting for site-specific trade-offs. We propose the establishment of a soil information system containing localised information on soil group, degradation status, crop yield gap, and the associated carbon-sequestration potentials, as well as the provision of incentives and policies to translate management options into region- and soil-specific practices. Reducing soil degradation and improving soil management could make an important contribute to climate change mitigation. Here the authors discuss opportunities and challenges towards implementing a global climate mitigation strategy focused on carbon sequestration in agricultural soils, and propose a framework for guiding region- and soil-specific management options.",2020,"Amelung, W; <br>Amelung, W; <br>Bossio, D; <br>de Vries, W; <br>Kogel-Knabner, I; <br>Kogel-Knabner, I; <br>Lehmann, J; <br>Lehmann, J; <br>Amundson, R; <br>Bol, R; <br>Collins, C; <br>Lal, R; <br>Leifeld, J; <br>Minasny, B; <br>Pan, G; <br>Paustian, K; <br>Paustian, K; <br>Rumpel, C; <br>Sanderman, J; <br>van Groenigen, JW; <br>Mooney, S; <br>van Wesemael, B; <br>Wander, M; <br>Chabbi, A; <br>Chabbi, A",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18887-7","Review","NATURE COMMUNICATIONS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Adaptation and Carbon Removal","Carbon dioxide removal and climate change adaptation are rarely analyzed together, yet it is critical to consider the interactions between these forms of climate response. We identify ways to foreground adaptation in carbon removal policies and project designs and to incorporate carbon removal into adaptation efforts. Attempts at aligning adaptation and carbon removalmay genuinely increase adaptive capacity or introduce new vulnerabilities, depending on policy and project design. Based upon four case studies of addressing adaptation needs with adaptive carbon removal, we find that effective implementation is likely to hinge upon predictable climate policy, innovative technical policies such as rigorous life-cycle assessment, and project design with local ecological conditions in mind. We propose three simple principles for integrating carbon removal and adaptation: identify opportunities for adaptive carbon removal in planning, prioritize adaptive value of projects, and give credit for carbon removed.",2020,"Buck, HJ; <br>Buck, HJ; <br>Furhman, J; <br>Morrow, DR; <br>Sanchez, DL; <br>Wang, FM",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.09.008","Review","ONE EARTH","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Rethinking standards of permanence for terrestrial and coastal carbon: implications for governance and sustainability","Governance is essential to the structure of incentives and the accounting necessary for large-scale deployment of methods for carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere, particularly in light of the urgency to upscale carbon removal to stay below the 2 degrees C global climate change target. A key governance challenge is operationalizing standards for the permanence of carbon sequestered in terrestrial and coastal ecosystems. There are multiple risks of reversal of carbon storage in these ecosystems and release of carbon back to the atmosphere. This paper reviews issues of permanence in four approaches for carbon removal focusing on carbon uptake and potential side-effects of long-term land commitments. Recognizing that permanence is a considerable barrier to large-scale application of land-based carbon removal, we argue that temporary carbon storage can still provide climate benefits in the short run. A multilateral governance framework should redefine permanence requirements and reflect principles of sustainability, polycentricity, and land stewardship.",2020,"Ruseva, T; <br>Hedrick, J; <br>Marland, G; <br>Tovar, H; <br>Sabou, C; <br>Besombes, E",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2020.09.009","Review","CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Climate drives global soil carbon sequestration and crop yield changes under conservation agriculture","Conservation agriculture has been shown to have multiple benefits for soils, crop yield and the environment, and consequently, no-till, the central practice of conservation agriculture, has rapidly expanded. However, studies show that the potential for carbon (C) sequestration in no-till farming sometimes is not realized, let alone the ability to maintain or improve crop yield. Here we present a global analysis of no-till-induced changes of soil C and crop yield based on 260 and 1,970 paired studies; respectively. We show that, relative to local conventional tillage, arid regions can benefit the most from conservation agriculture by achieving a win-win outcome of enhanced C sequestration and increased crop yield. However, more humid regions are more likely to increase SOC only, while some colder regions have yield losses and soil C loss as likely as soil C gains. In addition to site-specific characteristics and management, a careful assessment of the regional climate is needed to determine the potential benefits of adopting conservation agriculture.",2020,"Sun, WJ; <br>Canadell, JG; <br>Yu, LJ; <br>Yu, LF; <br>Zhang, W; <br>Smith, P; <br>Fischer, T; <br>Huang, Y; <br>Huang, Y","climate; conservation agriculture; crop yield; meta-analysis; soil organic carbon; win-win outcome","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15001","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Assessing land-based mitigation implications for biodiversity","The Paris Agreement to keep global temperature increase to well-below 2 degrees C and to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees C requires to formulate ambitious climate-change mitigation scenarios to reduce CO2 emissions and to enhance carbon sequestration. These scenarios likely require significant land-use change. Failing to mitigate climate change will result in an unprecedented warming with significant biodiversity loss. The mitigation potential on land is high. However, how land-based mitigation options potentially affect biodiversity is poorly understood. Some land-based mitigation options could also counter the biodiversity loss. Here we reviewed the recently scientific literature to assess twenty land-based mitigation options that are implemented in different mitigation pathways to comply with the Paris Agreement for their biodiversity impacts by using the Mean Species Abundance (MSA(LU)) indicator for land use. We showed the likely land-use transition and potential MSA(LU) changes for each option, compared their carbon sequestration opportunities (tC per ha) and assessed the resulting biodiversity change in two case scenarios. Our results showed that most options benefit biodiversity. Reforestation of cultivated and managed areas together with restoration of wetlands deliver the largest MSA(LU) increases, if land is allowed to reach a mature state over time. A quarter of the assessed options, including intensification of agricultural areas and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, decreased MSA(LU). Options, such as afforestation and reduced deforestation, either positively or negatively affected MSA(LU). This depends on their local implementation and adopted forest-conservation schemes. Comparing the different options showed that avoiding deforestation by implementing agroforestry at the expense of pastures delivered both the largest MSA(LU) increases and the highest carbon sequestration opportunities. However, agroforestry that leads to deforestation, enhanced carbon sequestration slightly but with a marginal MSA(LU) increase. This stresses the importance of avoiding forest conversion. Our study advances the understanding on current and future benefits and adverse effects of land-based mitigation options on biodiversity. This certainly helps biodiversity conservation and determines the regions with large land-based mitigation potential.",2020,"Nunez, S; <br>Verboom, J; <br>Alkemade, R; <br>Alkemade, R","Climate change; Biodiversity change; Land-based mitigation; Carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.01.006","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects","The incongruence between the United Nations objective to hold global warming well below 2 degrees C and the rate of global emission reductions has intensified interest in negative emissions. Previous research has explored several pros and cons of individual negative emissions technologies. Systematised approaches to comparing and prioritising among them are, however, largely lacking. In response to this gap in the literature, this article reviews the scientific literature on indicators for designing negative emissions climate stabilisation value indexes. An index typically provides summary measures of several components, often denoted indicators. Utilizing a narrative review methodology, the article derives five categories of indicators underpinned by overlapping and often mutually reinforcing environmental and socio-economic values. A list of 21 indicators are proposed to capture both positive and negative values associated with effectiveness, efficiency, scale, risk, and synergies. While discussing indicators capable of providing guidance on negative emissions is timely, given the emerging shift away from pure emission reduction targets towards net-zero targets, numerous complexities are involved in determining their relative values. The results herein serve to inform policy making on the prioritisation and incentivisation of negative emissions technologies capable of delivering on the new objectives, and the results highlight the many risks and uncertainties involved in such exercises. The article concludes that systematic research on the comparison of NETs is incomplete. An iterative, interdisciplinary research programme exploring such questions has the potential to be extremely rewarding.",2020,"Fridahl, M; <br>Fridahl, M; <br>Hansson, A; <br>Hansson, A; <br>Haikola, S","carbon dioxide removals; CDR; negative emissions technologies; NETs; value index; indicators","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8060075","Review","CLIMATE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["The practice of responsible research and innovation in \"climate engineering\"","Sunlight reflection and carbon removal proposals for \"climate engineering\" (CE) confront governance challenges that many emerging technologies face: their futures are uncertain, and by the time one can discern their shape or impacts, vested interests may block regulation, and publics are often left out of decision-making about them. In response to these challenges, \"responsible research and innovation\" (RRI) has emerged as a framework to critique and correct for technocratic governance of emerging technologies, and CE has emerged as a prime case of where it can be helpfully applied. However, a critical lens is rarely applied to RRI itself. In this review, we first survey how RRI thinking has already been applied to both carbon removal and sunlight reflection methods for climate intervention. We examine how RRI is employed in four types of activities: Assessment processes and reports, principles and protocols for research governance, critical mappings of research, and deliberative and futuring engagements. Drawing upon this review, we identify tensions in RRI practice, including whether RRI forms or informs choices, the positionalities of RRI practitioners, and ways in which RRI activities enable or disable particular climate interventions. Finally, we recommend that RRI should situate CE within the long arc of sociotechnical proposals for addressing climate change, more actively connect interrogations of the knowledge economy with reparative engagements, include local or actor-specific contexts, design authoritative assessments grounded in RRI, and go beyond treating critique and engagement as \"de facto\" governance. This article is categorized under: Policy and Governance > Private Governance of Climate Change Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Climate Science and Decision Making",2020,"Low, S; <br>Low, S; <br>Buck, HJ","assessments; climate engineering; governance; research practices; responsible research and innovation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcc.644","Review","WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-CLIMATE CHANGE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Challenges and opportunities for large-scale reforestation in the Eastern Amazon using native species","Reforestation and forest restoration are recognized as an effective means of halting biodiversity loss and increasing the performance of ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and the protection and maintenance of water resources. The objective of this review is to describe the main challenges and opportunities for large-scale forest restoration and reforestation using native species in the Amazon, focusing on Para state and the Itacaiunas watershed. Large-scale forest restoration and reforestation in the Eastern Amazon may contribute to meeting national and global restoration commitments and reducing/eliminating the actual forest deficit caused by noncompliance with the Brazilian Native Vegetation Protection Law, concomitantly mitigating impacts on climate change, enhancing ecosystem services (e.g., protection of water resources and reduction of soil erosion) and maintaining biodiversity. The selection of active and passive reforestation approaches depends on land-use history, landscape context and reforestation targets, and the promotion of natural regeneration reduces implementation costs. To measure the ecological and socioeconomic success of forest restoration and reforestation, a large number of on-the-ground and remote indicators are available, and the use of a combination of both methods can reduce the monitoring cost. The socioeconomic benefits of reforestation include financial gains from restoration and carbon programs; furthermore, the commercialization of timber and non-timber products and their use for subsistence may improve livelihoods and farm incomes. Nevertheless, implementation of large-scale reforestation in the Eastern Amazon requires research regarding the selection and the nutritional demands of native species and the development of adequate soil management strategies that promote the growth of native species and yields. The insufficient availability of seeds and seedlings is a major bottleneck for large-scale forest restoration and reforestation with native species. Thus, increasing the availability, diversity and quality of seedlings and seeds of native species to supply the demand for planting activities, as well as the registration of producers in the National Register of Seeds and Seedlings, is necessary to achieve compliance with national legislation and international commitments. Competition between reforestation and the expansion of agricultural and cattle ranching frontiers combined with a lack of markets for commercial products from restored areas constrains the socioeconomic viability of large-scale reforestation. To outweigh deforestation incentives, regulation and effective implementation of markets and programs such as REDD+, CDM and PES is thus paramount. To enhance the integration of human well-being, socioeconomic enhancements and ecological functionality, forest and landscape restoration concepts offer promising tools for the region.",2020,"Nunes, S; <br>Nunes, S; <br>Gastauer, M; <br>Gastauer, M; <br>Cavalcante, RBL; <br>Cavalcante, RBL; <br>Ramos, SJ; <br>Ramos, SJ; <br>Caldeira, CF; <br>Caldeira, CF; <br>Silva, D; <br>Rodrigues, RR; <br>Rodrigues, RR; <br>Salomao, R; <br>Salomao, R; <br>Oliveira, M; <br>Oliveira, M; <br>Souza, PWM; <br>Souza, PWM; <br>Souza, PWM; <br>Souza, PWM; <br>Siqueira, JO; <br>Siqueira, JO","Reforestation; Amazon; Natural regeneration; Species selection; Seed availability; Economic incentives; Socioeconomic benefits","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118120","Article","FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Characterising the biophysical, economic and social impacts of soil carbon sequestration as a greenhouse gas removal technology","To limit warming to well below 2 degrees C, most scenario projections rely on greenhouse gas removal technologies (GGRTs); one such GGRT uses soil carbon sequestration (SCS) in agricultural land. In addition to their role in mitigating climate change, SCS practices play a role in delivering agroecosystem resilience, climate change adaptability and food security. Environmental heterogeneity and differences in agricultural practices challenge the practical implementation of SCS, and our analysis addresses the associated knowledge gap. Previous assessments have focused on global potentials, but there is a need among policymakers to operationalise SCS. Here, we assess a range of practices already proposed to deliver SCS, and distil these into a subset of specific measures. We provide a multidisciplinary summary of the barriers and potential incentives towards practical implementation of these measures. First, we identify specific practices with potential for both a positive impact on SCS at farm level and an uptake rate compatible with global impact. These focus on: (a) optimising crop primary productivity (e.g. nutrient optimisation, pH management, irrigation); (b) reducing soil disturbance and managing soil physical properties (e.g. improved rotations, minimum till); (c) minimising deliberate removal of C or lateral transport via erosion processes (e.g. support measures, bare fallow reduction); (d) addition of C produced outside the system (e.g. organic manure amendments, biochar addition); (e) provision of additional C inputs within the cropping system (e.g. agroforestry, cover cropping). We then consider economic and non-cost barriers and incentives for land managers implementing these measures, along with the potential externalised impacts of implementation. This offers a framework and reference point for holistic assessment of the impacts of SCS. Finally, we summarise and discuss the ability of extant scientific approaches to quantify the technical potential and externalities of SCS measures, and the barriers and incentives to their implementation in global agricultural systems.",2020,"Sykes, AJ; <br>Macleod, M; <br>Eory, V; <br>Rees, RM; <br>Payen, F; <br>Payen, F; <br>Myrgiotis, V; <br>Williams, M; <br>Sohi, S; <br>Hillier, J; <br>Moran, D; <br>Manning, DAC; <br>Goglio, P; <br>Seghetta, M; <br>Williams, A; <br>Harris, J; <br>Dondini, M; <br>Walton, J; <br>House, J; <br>Smith, P","4 per mille; agriculture; greenhouse gas removal; negative emissions; soil carbon sequestration; soil organic carbon","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14844","Review","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Understanding the value and limits of nature-based solutions to climate change and other global challenges","There is growing awareness that 'nature-based solutions' (NbS) can help to protect us from climate change impacts while slowing further warming, supporting biodiversity and securing ecosystem services. However, the potential of NbS to provide the intended benefits has not been rigorously assessed. There are concerns over their reliability and cost-effectiveness compared to engineered alternatives, and their resilience to climate change. Trade-offs can arise if climate mitigation policy encourages NbS with low biodiversity value, such as afforestation with non-native monocultures. This can result in maladaptation, especially in a rapidly changing world where biodiversity-based resilience and multi-functional landscapes are key. Here, we highlight the rise of NbS in climate policy-focusing on their potential for climate change adaptation as well as mitigation-and discuss barriers to their evidence-based implementation. We outline the major financial and governance challenges to implementing NbS at scale, highlighting avenues for further research. As climate policy turns increasingly towards greenhouse gas removal approaches such as afforestation, we stress the urgent need for natural and social scientists to engage with policy makers. They must ensure that NbS can achieve their potential to tackle both the climate and biodiversity crisis while also contributing to sustainable development. This will require systemic change in the way we conduct research and run our institutions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'.",2020,"Seddon, N; <br>Chausson, A; <br>Berry, P; <br>Girardin, CAJ; <br>Smith, A; <br>Turner, B","adaptation; mitigation; sustainable development; ecosystems; nature; restoration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0120","Review","PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["The impact of interventions in the global land and agri-food sectors on Nature's Contributions to People and the UN Sustainable Development Goals","Interlocked challenges of climate change, biodiversity loss, and land degradation require transformative interventions in the land management and food production sectors to reduce carbon emissions, strengthen adaptive capacity, and increase food security. However, deciding which interventions to pursue and understanding their relative co-benefits with and trade-offs against different social and environmental goals have been difficult without comparisons across a range of possible actions. This study examined 40 different options, implemented through land management, value chains, or risk management, for their relative impacts across 18 Nature's Contributions to People (NCPs) and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We find that a relatively small number of interventions show positive synergies with both SDGs and NCPs with no significant adverse trade-offs; these include improved cropland management, improved grazing land management, improved livestock management, agroforestry, integrated water management, increased soil organic carbon content, reduced soil erosion, salinization, and compaction, fire management, reduced landslides and hazards, reduced pollution, reduced post-harvest losses, improved energy use in food systems, and disaster risk management. Several interventions show potentially significant negative impacts on both SDGs and NCPs; these include bioenergy and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, afforestation, and some risk sharing measures, like commercial crop insurance. Our results demonstrate that a better understanding of co-benefits and trade-offs of different policy approaches can help decision-makers choose the more effective, or at the very minimum, more benign interventions for implementation.",2020,"McElwee, P; <br>Calvin, K; <br>Campbell, D; <br>Cherubini, F; <br>Grassi, G; <br>Korotkov, V; <br>Hoang, AL; <br>Lwasa, S; <br>Nkem, J; <br>Nkonya, E; <br>Saigusa, N; <br>Soussana, JF; <br>Taboada, MA; <br>Manning, F; <br>Nampanzira, D; <br>Smith, P","adaptation; ecosystem services; food security; land degradation; mitigation; Nature's Contribution to People; sustainable development; sustainable land management; trade-offs","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15219","Review","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Balancing Waste and Nutrient Flows Between Urban Agglomerations and Rural Ecosystems: Biochar for Improving Crop Growth and Urban Air Quality in The Mediterranean Region","Mediterranean ecosystems are threatened by water and nutrient scarcity and continuous loss of soil organic carbon. Urban agglomerations and rural ecosystems in the Mediterranean region and globally are interlinked through the flows of resources/nutrients and wastes. Contributing to balancing these cycles, the present study advocates standardized biochar as a soil amendment, produced from Mediterranean suitable biowaste, for closing the nutrient loop in agriculture, with parallel greenhouse gas reduction, enhancing air quality in urban agglomerations, mitigating climate change. The study's scope is the contextualization of pyrolytic conditions and biowaste type effects on the yield and properties of biochar and to shed light on biochar's role in soil fertility and climate change mitigation. Mediterranean-type suitable feedstocks (biowaste) to produce biochar, in accordance with biomass feedstocks approved for use in producing biochar by the European Biochar Certificate, are screened. Data form large-scale and long-period field experiments are considered. The findings advocate the following: (a) pyrolytic biochar application in soils contributes to the retention of important nutrients for agricultural production, thereby reducing the use of fertilizers; (b) pyrolysis does not release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, contributing positively to the balance of carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere, with carbon uptake by plant photosynthesis; (c) biochar stores carbon in soils, counterbalancing the effect of climate change by sequestering carbon; (d) there is an imperative need to identify the suitable feedstock for the production of sustainable and safe biochar from a range of biowaste, according to the European Biochar Certificate, for safe crop production.",2020,"Zabaniotou, A; <br>Stamou, K","biochar; pyrolysis; waste; soil amendment; air quality; climate change; Mediterranean","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050539","Review","ATMOSPHERE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Potential benefits of biodiversity to Australian vegetation projects registered with the Emissions Reduction Fund-is there a carbon-biodiversity trade-off?","Global assessments show biodiversity has already declined beyond 'safe limits' across most biomes, calling for large-scale conservation and restoration interventions. At the same time, the potential and emerging catastrophic impacts of accelerated climate change have led to increasing investment in climate change mitigation efforts through maintaining or sequestering carbon in vegetation biomass, particularly woodlands and forests. This raises the challenge of whether these climate change mitigation investments can concurrently contribute to ameliorating the biodiversity crisis. However, the assumption of industry observers is that tree monocultures will sequester more carbon than biodiverse plantings, that is, there is a carbon-biodiversity trade-off. Here, we review experimental and observational evidence to examine whether a biodiversity trade-off is necessary to maximise carbon credits. We apply the findings to the four types of Australian vegetation projects that have been registered with the Australian Government's Emissions Reduction Fund since 2012: avoided deforestation, managed regeneration, farm forestry and tree planting. We find limited evidence in the biodiversity-ecosystem function literature for a trade-off between biodiversity and carbon stored in above-ground vegetation biomass; rather we find evidence for neutral or positive relationships. Further, additional benefits of plant diversity to carbon storage, rarely accounted for in vegetation projects, include increased soil carbon storage, stability and ecological resilience to disturbances. Our findings suggest opportunities for enhancing biodiversity in vegetation projects, for example through more diverse plantings, or manipulation of herbivores or plant propagules in avoided deforestation and managed regeneration projects. More research is needed to understand the contribution of faunal diversity to ecosystem functions and to manage fire in vegetation projects. We conclude that vegetation projects can aim to benefit biodiversity without compromising carbon credits.",2020,"Standish, RJ; <br>Prober, SM","avoided deforestation; biodiversity-ecosystem function experiments; native regeneration; Paris Agreement; reafforestation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/emr.12426","Article","ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Contested framings of greenhouse gas removal and its feasibility: Social and political dimensions","Prospective approaches for large-scale greenhouse gas removal (GGR) are now central to the post-2020 international commitment to pursue efforts to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5 degrees C. However, the feasibility of large-scale GGR has been repeatedly questioned. Most systematic analyses focus only on the physical, technical, and economic challenges of deploying it at scale. However, social and political dimensions will be just as important, if not more so, to how possible futures play out. We conduct one of the first reviews of the international peer-reviewed literature pertaining to the social and political dimensions of large-scale GGR, with a specific focus on two predominant approaches: Biomass energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and afforestation/reforestation (AR). Our analysis of 78 studies proposes two important insights. First, it shows how six key social and political dimensions of GGR feasibility-namely economics and incentives; innovation; societal engagement; governance; complexity and uncertainty; and ethics, equity, and justice-are identifiable and are emphasized to varying degrees in the literature. Second, there are three contested ways in which BECCS and AR and their feasibility are being framed in the literature: (a) a techno-economic framing; (b) a social and political acceptability framing; and (c) a responsible development framing. We suggest this third frame will, and indeed should, become increasingly pertinent to the assessment, innovation, and governance of climate futures. This article is categorized under: The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior.",2020,"Waller, L; <br>Waller, L; <br>Rayner, T; <br>Rayner, T; <br>Chilvers, J; <br>Chilvers, J; <br>Gough, CA; <br>Lorenzoni, I; <br>Lorenzoni, I; <br>Lorenzoni, I; <br>Jordan, A; <br>Jordan, A; <br>Vaughan, N; <br>Vaughan, N","afforestation; biomass energy with carbon capture and storage; feasibility; framing; greenhouse gas removal; social and political dimensions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcc.649","Review","WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-CLIMATE CHANGE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Deployment of Negative Emissions Technologies at the National Level: A Need for Holistic Feasibility Assessments","The 2015 Paris Agreement aims to strengthen the global response to climate change, and to maintain an average global temperature well below 2¬∞C, with aspirations toward 1.5¬∞C, by means of balancing sources and sinks of greenhouse gas emissions. Following this, the importance of carbon dioxide removal in global emission pathways has been further emphasized, and Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs) that capture carbon from the atmosphere and remove it from the system have been put in the spotlight. NETs range from innovative, engineered technologies, to well-known approaches like afforestation/reforestation. These technologies essentially compensate for a shrinking carbon budget coupled with hard-to-abate future emissions, and a historical lack of action. However, none has been deployed at scales close to what is envisioned in emission pathways in line with the Paris Agreement goals. To understand the potential contribution of NETs to meet global emission goals, we need to better understand opportunities and constraints for deploying NETs on a national level. We examine 17 Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategies (LT-LEDS), and discuss them in the context of available NETs feasibility assessments. Our mapping shows that most countries include NETs in their long-term strategies, and that enhancement of natural sinks is the most dominating type of NET in these strategies. In line with many feasibility assessments, LT-LEDS focus on technical and biophysical considerations, and neglect socio-cultural dimensions. We suggest that feasibility assessments at the national level need to be more holistic; context-specific and comprehensive in terms of aspects assessed. Copyright ¬© 2020 Thoni, Beck, Borchers, F√∂rster, G√∂rl, Hahn, Mengis, Stevenson and Thr√§n.",2020,"Thoni, T.; <br>Beck, S.; <br>Borchers, M.; <br>F√∂rster, J.; <br>G√∂rl, K.; <br>Hahn, A.; <br>Mengis, N.; <br>Stevenson, A.; <br>Thr√§n, D.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2020.590305","Article","Front. Clim.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Behavioural frameworks to understand public perceptions of and risk response to carbon dioxide removal: Behavioral Framework for CDR","The adoption of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies at a scale sufficient to draw down carbon emissions will require both individual and collective decisions that happen over time in different locations to enable a massive scale-up. Members of the public and other decision-makers have not yet formed strong attitudes, beliefs and preferences about most of the individual CDR technologies or taken positions on policy mechanisms and tax-payer support for CDR. Much of the current discourse among scientists, policy analysts and policy-makers about CDR implicitly assumes that decision-makers will exhibit unbiased, rational behaviour that weighs the costs and benefits of CDR. In this paper, we review behavioural decision theory and discuss how public reactions to CDR will be different from and more complex than that implied by rational choice theory. Given that people do not form attitudes and opinions in a vacuum, we outline how fundamental social normative principles shape important intergroup, intragroup and social network processes that influence support for or opposition to CDR technologies. We also point to key insights that may help stakeholders craft public outreach strategies that anticipate the nuances of how people evaluate the risks and benefits of CDR approaches. Finally, we outline critical research questions to understand the behavioural components of CDR to plan for an emerging public response. ¬© 2020 The Author(s).",2020,"Shrum, T.R.; <br>Markowitz, E.; <br>Buck, H.; <br>Gregory, R.; <br>Van Der Linden, S.; <br>Attari, S.Z.; <br>Van Boven, L.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2020.0002","Review","Interface Focus","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Life cycle assessment of biochar-to-soil systems: A review","The climate change and soil degradation are among the most prominent environmental issues of today and solutions need to be looked for. Pyrolysis of (waste) biomass to produce biochar that is then applied to agricultural soil could be one of the means to tackle these problems. Many authors have used the Life Cycle Assessment method to evaluate the environmental impact of biochar-to-soil projects and in this paper those studies are systematically reviewed to uncover the overall trend. Although the differences in the contexts and characteristics of these studies disallow direct comparison of results, it is still obvious that the application of biochar brings significant benefits, either to neutralize the greenhouse gas emission of agricultural production or as a carbon capture method. There is also a great potential for energy production by utilizing the co-products - syngas and bio-oil. The benefits of carbon sequestration in biochar and the energy production usually overcompensate the greenhouse gas emissions produced during feedstock production and handling. However, the effect on other impact categories needs to be evaluated and limited and the economic sustainability of the project needs to be assured. To facilitate future progress, some methodology unification would be beneficial. ¬© 2020 Elsevier Ltd",2020,"Matu≈°t√≠k, J.; <br>Hn√°tkov√°, T.; <br>Koƒç√≠, V.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120998","Review","J. Clean. Prod.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Restoring Abandoned Farmland to Mitigate Climate Change on a Full Earth","Global climate change and land degradation are two grand changes facing humanity. In this perspective, we examine how degraded and abandoned farmland can be harnessed to fight climate change. Building upon and extending natural climate solutions, we suggest that the carbon capture and storage of abandoned farmland can be accelerated and maximized through restoring the diversity of plant species, applying biochar to soil, and co-developing renewable energy such as solar power. The benefits of these approaches extend far beyond climate-change mitigation and land restoration. ¬© 2020 The AuthorsDegraded farmlands have been abandoned worldwide, especially in high- and middle-income countries. These lands help combat climate change as they undergo natural recovery of vegetation and soil carbon and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, recovery can be slow, requiring decades to centuries to approach pre-cultivation or natural states, and in some cases, soils remain degraded without active restoration. In this perspective, we present an overview of how carbon capture and storage on abandoned farmland can be accelerated and maximized via managing plant diversity as both a means and an end of restoration, creating and applying biochar to soil, and co-developing with renewable energy as techno-ecological synergies. These strategies can jointly tackle climate change and land degradation while contributing to and reinforcing multiple other Sustainable Development Goals. Although challenges exist, adoption of these strategies could be facilitated by increasing governmental and corporate initiatives at global and regional levels, especially developing carbon-offset markets for agriculture. ¬© 2020 The Authors",2020,"Yang, Y.; <br>Hobbie, S.E.; <br>Hernandez, R.R.; <br>Fargione, J.; <br>Grodsky, S.M.; <br>Tilman, D.; <br>Zhu, Y.-G.; <br>Luo, Y.; <br>Smith, T.M.; <br>Jungers, J.M.; <br>Yang, M.; <br>Chen, W.-Q.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.07.019","Review","One Earth","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar increases soil microbial biomass with changes in extra- and intracellular enzyme activities: a global meta-analysis","Abstract: Biochar application to soil has been proposed as a potential management strategy to enhance soil carbon (C) sequestration, reduce greenhouse gas emission, improve soil quality, and increase crop productivity. The effects of biochar on soil microbial and enzyme activities are integrally linked to the potential of biochar in achieving these benefits. We conducted a global meta-analysis to assess the effects of biochar on soil microbial biomass C and nitrogen (N) and the activities of 12 enzymes, and identify key factors affecting those soil microbial properties using 964 data points from 72 papers. We found that biochar effects on enzyme activities vary widely with soil type, biochar property and the type of enzyme studied. Biochar significantly increased microbial biomass C (MBC) and urease, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities by 21.7%, 23.1%, 25.4% and 19.8%, respectively, with no significant negative effects on any of the enzymes analyzed in this study. Biochar application was more effective in increasing MBC and enzyme activities in soils with low pH (&lt; 6.5), TC (&lt; 20¬†g¬†kg‚àí1), TN (&lt; 2¬†g¬†kg‚àí1), and a fine texture (including clay, clay loam and silt clay). Biochars produced at pyrolysis temperature of 350‚Äì550¬†¬∞C with a high pH (&gt; 10) and low C/N ratio (&lt; 50) increased MBC and urease and dehydrogenase activities. Biochar increased MBC and N-acquisition enzyme activities in the field but not in lab incubation experiments. Urease was increased in short-term studies (within 100¬†days of biochar application) while alkaline phosphatase was increased in long-term studies that span more than 1¬†year. The increase in MBC and activities of some soil enzymes in response to biochar application with no negative effects on any hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes illustrate its potential to enhance soil quality particularly in the degraded soils with low nutrient availability and fertility due to limited soil microbial and enzymatic activities. This study also shows that biochars can be designed to achieve specific properties for enhancing microbial and enzymatic activities for specific soils. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] ¬© 2020, Shenyang Agricultural University.",2020,"Pokharel, P.; <br>Ma, Z.; <br>Chang, S.X.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42773-020-00039-1","Review","Biochar.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["The environmental and economic efficacy of on-farm beneficial management practices for mitigating soil-related greenhouse gas emissions in Ontario, Canada","Agriculture is a large source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions but changing management practices to those more beneficial to the environment could help mitigate climate change as long as they are economically and environmentally viable. This study examines the environmental (public) and economic (private) effects of adopting ten different beneficial management practices on a representative corn farm in Ontario, Canada. The study integrates changes in GHG emissions in carbon equivalents (CO2e) and changes in profit from changes in costs and revenues in two dimensions to reveal the scope and scale of different kinds of practices. 4R nitrogen management practices are smaller in scale compared to cropping practices and, therefore, have smaller potential costs and benefits. Land use changes, from practices including biomass, afforestation, crop rotation and cover cropping, have larger impacts on soil sequestration and carbon-equivalent GHG reduction, but with significantly greater costs. Seven practices were found to, at least partially, be economically and environmentally beneficial. The adoption of no-till and N-rate reduction is firmly positive, whereas the production of biomass has the largest potential economic and environmental gains. Crop rotation and diversification and cover cropping can be mutually beneficial, as can changing N-application practices. The use of inhibitors may be economically beneficial if yield gains outweigh purchase costs. Copyright ¬© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press.",2020,"Yanni, S.F.; <br>De Laporte, A.; <br>Rajsic, P.; <br>Wagner-Riddle, C.; <br>Weersink, A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1742170520000320","Review","Renew. Agric. Food Syst.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar in temperate soils: opportunities and challenges","Biochar, a carbon (C)-rich material produced by the pyrolysis of organic residues, is frequently used as a soil amendment to enhance soil fertility and improve soil properties in tropical climates. However, in temperate agriculture, the impact of biochar on soil and plant productivity remains uncertain. The objective of this review is to give an overview of the challenges and opportunities of using biochar as an amendment in temperate soils. Among the various challenges, the type of feedstock and the conditions during pyrolysis produces biochars with different chemical and physical properties, resulting in contrasting effects on soils and crops. Furthermore, biochar aging, biochar application rates, and its co-application with mineral fertilizer and (or) organic amendments add further complexity to our understanding of the soil-amendment-plant continuum. Although its benefits on crop yield are not yet well demonstrated under field studies, other agronomic benefits of biochar in temperate agriculture have been documented. In this review, we proposed a broader view of biochar as a temperate soil amendment, moving beyond our current focus on crop productivity, and instead target its capacity to improve soil properties. We explored biochar‚Äôs benefits in remediating low-productive agricultural lands and its environmental benefits through long-term C sequestration and reduced nutrient leaching while curtailing our reliance on fertilizer input. We also discussed the persistence of beneficial impacts of biochar in temperate field conditions. We concluded that biochar displays great prospective to improve soil health and its productivity, enhance plant stress resilience, mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, and restore degraded soils in temperate agriculture. ¬© 2021 Author Oelbermann and Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada as represented by the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.",2020,"L√©vesque, V.; <br>Oelbermann, M.; <br>Ziadi, N.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0047","Review","Can. J. Soil Sci.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Barriers and Strategies to Boost Soil Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture","The Paris Agreement calls for limiting global warming below 2 degrees C. The \"4 per 1,000 Initiative: Soils for food security and climate\" was launched in 2015 to increase soil organic carbon sequestration with three objectives: mitigation of climate change, adaptation to climate change and improved food security. One of the challenges of the Initiative relates to its feasibility in contrasted biophysical, social and economic environments, questioning the adoption rate of required new practices. We conducted participatory multi-stakeholder workshops in France and Senegal to collect knowledge and perception of farmers, NGOs, agro-industries, administrations, donors and researchers on barriers and coping strategies for 4 per 1,000 innovations. Results in both countries reveal the predominance of social and economic barriers such as lack of knowledge or training, increased difficulties of fieldwork, workload, risk handling, funding and social pressure. Biophysical constraints such as limited potential of soil organic matter storage or rainfall scarcity and variability appear more important in Senegal. Identified actions to foster the sequestration of soil carbon call for an improved policy context leading to innovations in land planning, stakeholder communication, demonstration facilities, capacity building or financial support. Fewer constraints and coping strategies mention technical issues, showing that fostering agricultural soil carbon sequestration is more a question of enabling environment than technical innovations or farmers' willingness for change. We conclude that actions to support the 4 per 1,000 Initiative need to include a variety of stakeholders such as extension services, private sector, civil society, local institutions, policy makers, consumers, and not only farmers.",2020,"Demenois, J; <br>Demenois, J; <br>Torquebiau, E; <br>Torquebiau, E; <br>Arnoult, MH; <br>Eglin, T; <br>Masse, D; <br>Assouma, MH; <br>Assouma, MH; <br>Assouma, MH; <br>Blanfort, V; <br>Blanfort, V; <br>Blanfort, V; <br>Chenu, C; <br>Chapuis-Lardy, L; <br>Chapuis-Lardy, L; <br>Medoc, JM; <br>Medoc, JM; <br>Sall, SN","climate change mitigation; climate change adaptation; food security; innovation; policy; stakeholders; territory","http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00037","Article","FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS","Surveys & interviews"]
["Incumbency, Trust and the Monsanto Effect: Stakeholder Discourses on Greenhouse Gas Removal","This paper explores factors shaping perceptions of Greenhouse Gas Removal (GGR) amongst a range of informed stakeholders, with a particular focus on their role in future social and political systems. We find considerable ambivalence regarding the role of climate targets and incumbent interests in relation to GGR. Our results suggest that GGR is symbolic of a fundamental debate - occurring not only between separate people, but sometimes within the minds of individuals themselves - over whether technological solutions represent a pragmatic or an unethical strategy. We present the idea of a 'Monsanto effect', whereby an entirely separate debate taps into deeper narratives and becomes so pervasive that it spills over into a new topic area. Our findings have significant implications for extant and emergent climate policy as they suggest that, in addition to the considerable practical challenges facing large-scale GGR deployment, there is a deeper psychological challenge in that actors are themselves conflicted about the fundamental desirability of GGR.",2020,"Cox, E; <br>Cox, E; <br>Spence, E; <br>Spence, E; <br>Pidgeon, N; <br>Pidgeon, N","Climate change; greenhouse gas removal; negative emissions technologies; perceptions","http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096327119X15678473650947","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES","Surveys & interviews"]
["Support for the Deployment of Climate Engineering: A Comparison of Ten Different Technologies","Due to the renewed increase in CO2 emissions seen in recent years, the deployment of climate engineering technologies might become necessary if the global temperature increase is to be kept within 1.5 degrees C. If climate engineering is to be deployed, however, public support is required. The present study hence compared public support for a broad range of climate engineering technologies. Further, the factors that drive public support were investigated and compared across the technologies. In an online survey conducted in Switzerland, respondents (n = 1,575) were randomly allocated to the description of 1 of 10 climate engineering technologies, of which 7 were specific carbon dioxide removal measures and 3 were solar radiation management measures. The results show that the level of public support for afforestation was the highest. The levels of public support for the other climate engineering technologies were relatively similar, although a tendency for solar radiation management to have a lower level of support was identified. Across all the investigated climate engineering technologies, the perceived benefits were an important driver of public support. Additionally, for all the technologies but afforestation, a higher level of trust in industry/science/government increased the level of public support, whereas the factor perceived risks and tampering with nature was found to be a negative predictor of support. The present findings suggest that there are opportunities available for the deployment of several climate engineering technologies in combination with other mitigation measures. Communicating the benefits of such technologies might be an effective strategy in terms of fostering increased support.",2020,"Jobin, M; <br>Siegrist, M","Benefit perception; climate engineering; tampering with nature; technology acceptance; trust","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.13462","Article","RISK ANALYSIS","Surveys & interviews"]
["Barriers to and opportunities for the uptake of soil carbon management practices in European sustainable agricultural production","Soil carbon management practices are those that add and maintain organic carbon in the soil. These agricultural practices can potentially both contribute to climate change mitigation and increase the soil's resilience to physical and biological stresses. The paper draws on research findings from five regions across Europe to identify regionally-specific barriers to and opportunities for the adoption of soil carbon management practices. Data were derived from 50 interviews with policy-makers and advisers and 5 stakeholder workshops in Denmark, Italy, Hungary, Poland and Spain. Several barriers to the uptake of soil carbon management practices were common across all regions, however, regional variations were also identified highlighting the importance of understanding the context into which these practices are introduced. Key barriers related to existing biophysical conditions, lack of financial support, farmer knowledge and experience, and the quality of the advisory service. Opportunities included providing economic incentives, harmonizing regulation, supporting long term thinking and planning for resilience and providing good quality advice. We conclude that in addition to persuasive mechanisms for encouraging the adoption of these practices, what is required is a more process-oriented approach that focuses on a series of experiential changes and fosters farmer learning through interactive models of communicative intervention.",2020,"Mills, J; <br>Ingram, J; <br>Dibari, C; <br>Merante, P; <br>Karaczun, Z; <br>Molnar, A; <br>Sanchez, B; <br>Sanchez, B; <br>Iglesias, A; <br>Ghaley, BB","Soil carbon management; barriers; opportunities; sustainable agriculture; climate change mitigation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2019.1680476","Article","AGROECOLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS","Surveys & interviews"]
["The UK net-zero target: Insights into procedural justice for greenhouse gas removal","Greenhouse gas removal (GGR) is increasingly seen as a key dimension of national and international climate policy. The need to deploy a portfolio of GGR technologies in order to decarbonise sectors with the 'hardest-to-abate' emissions, particularly to achieve net-zero emissions targets, has become increasingly evident in recent years. In May 2019, the Committee on Climate Change (CCC) published a report outlining a pathway to net-zero emissions in the UK, which comprised significant contributions from engineered and land-based removals. The target of net-zero emissions has since been enshrined in UK legislation, meaning that GGR will likely be part of the UK's climate strategy. Plans for GGR deployment will therefore need to be set in motion in the short-term, in order to align with the timeframe proposed by the CCC. Despite a growing body of research examining the role governance could and should play in GGR development and deployment, there is a gap in the literature relating to the social implications of removal activities. In particular, the roles of procedural justice (PJ) and social legitimacy (SL) have not been closely examined. This study comprises an analysis of relevant legislation, combined with a series of interviews conducted in the community of Selby (a proposed location for BECCS development) in order to investigate PJ and SL in the context of GGR. It is found that the existing legal framework operates PJ as a 'tick-the-box' exercise, failing to engage a wide range of interested stakeholders or to promote meaningful engagements. Moreover, the PJ landscape for GGR is unplanned and adapted from existing legislation and cannot meet the unique needs of this novel activity, such as the need to engage the wider national public given their interest in climate change mitigation. Research in Selby corroborates these findings, revealing a range of issues with engagement procedures, including disinterest or disillusionment with processes, a lack of accessible information, and a disparity between stakeholder expectations and GGR realities. Ultimately, it is only by conducting meaningful engagements, which adequately inform and include participants, that the role of social legitimacy can truly be understood and thus leveraged.",2020,"O'Beirne, P; <br>Battersby, F; <br>Mallett, A; <br>Aczel, M; <br>Makuch, K; <br>Workman, M; <br>Heap, R","procedural justice; social legitimacy; greenhouse gas removal; social licence; governance; net zero; negative emissions; public participation; public acceptance; engagement","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.06.013","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY","Surveys & interviews"]
["The public remain uninformed and wary of climate engineering","International CO2 emissions reduction commitments are insufficient to avert damaging global warming and imperil a sustainable future. Climate engineering approaches are increasingly proposed as near-term intervention strategies, but deployment of these controversial techniques will require careful engagement with and the support of the public. New quantitative measurements of public perceptions for six climate engineering approaches show that the public of the United Kingdom (UK), United States (US), Australia (AU) and New Zealand (NZ) continue to have little knowledge of climate engineering. All approaches are regarded unfavourably, albeit less so for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) than solar radiation management (SRM). Knowledge and perceptions are remarkably similar between countries although UK and US respondents are more favourable towards SRM and UK respondents are more favourable towards CDR. Stratospheric aerosol injection is the most negatively perceived approach. Support for small-scale trials is also higher for CDR approaches than SRM. Statistical analyses yield mixed relationships between perceptions of climate engineering and age, political affiliation and pro-ecological views. Thus far, attempts to engage the public with climate engineering have seen little change over time and consequently, there is growing urgency to facilitate careful citizen deliberation using objective and instructive information about climate engineering.",2020,"Carlisle, DP; <br>Feetham, PM; <br>Wright, MJ; <br>Wright, MJ; <br>Teagle, DAH","Public engagement; Climate engineering; Geoengineering; Cross-country; Framing effects","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02706-5","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Surveys & interviews"]
["Public perceptions of carbon dioxide removal in the United States and the United Kingdom","Carbon dioxide removal technologies may be needed to meet climate targets. In this study, national surveys and deliberative workshops in the United States and the United Kingdom show that carbon dioxide removal is perceived as too slow to address the immediate climate crisis while not addressing the root causes of climate change. Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies may be needed to meet climate change targets. A full understanding of public attitudes towards such approaches is currently lacking. Here we report a mixed-methods study on public perceptions of CDR in the United States and the United Kingdom, focusing on bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, direct air capture and terrestrial enhanced rock weathering. A discourse of climate urgency had a substantial impact on perceptions, with CDR seen as offering too slow a response to the climate crisis. CDR also fails to reflect long-term hopes for a sustainable world, being interpreted as not addressing the root causes of climate change. A social license to operate may therefore depend on resolving these temporal dilemmas regarding both the short- and long-term implications of technology development. While research under well-controlled conditions is likely to be acceptable, at-scale deployment without corresponding efforts to reduce emissions may represent a red line for many people.",2020,"Cox, E; <br>Spence, E; <br>Pidgeon, N",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0823-z","Article","NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE","Surveys & interviews"]
["Mapping feasibilities of greenhouse gas removal: Key issues, gaps and opening up assessments","Greenhouse gas removal technologies and practices are essential to bring emissions to net zero and limit global warming to 1.5 degrees C. To achieve this, the majority of integrated assessment models (IAMs), that generate future emissions scenarios and inform the international policy process, use large-scale afforestation and biomass energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). The feasibility of these technologies and practices has only so far been considered from a relatively narrow techno-economic or biophysical perspective. Here, we present one of the first studies to elicit perspectives through an expert mapping process to open up and broaden the discussion around feasibility of afforestation and BECCS. Our stakeholders included business and industry, non-governmental organisations and policy makers, spanning expertise in bioenergy, forestry, CCS and climate change. Perspectives were elicited on (1) issues relating to BECCS with large-scale afforestation, and (2) specific criteria for assessing feasibility. Participants identified 12 main themes with 61 sub-themes around issues, and 11 main themes with 33 sub-themes around feasibility criteria. Our findings show important societal and governance aspects of feasibility that are currently under-represented, specifically issues around real-world complexity, competing human needs, justice and ethics. Unique to the use of these technologies for greenhouse gas removal are issues around temporal and spatial scale, and greenhouse gas accounting. Using these expert insights, we highlight where IAMs currently poorly capture these concerns. These broader, often more qualitative perspectives, issues and uncertainties must be recognised and accounted for, in order to understand the real-world feasibility of large-scale afforestation and BECCS and the role they play in limiting climate change. These considerations enable widening the scope to broader and deeper discussions about possible and desirable futures, beyond a focus on achieving net-zero emissions, attentive to the effects such decisions may have. We outline approaches that can be used to attend to the complex social and political dimensions that IAMs do not render. By complementing IAMs in this way opportunities can be created to open up considerations of future options and alternatives beyond those framings proposed by IAMs, creating opportunities for inclusion of knowledges, reflexivity and responsibility.",2020,"Forster, J; <br>Forster, J; <br>Vaughan, NE; <br>Vaughan, NE; <br>Gough, C; <br>Lorenzoni, I; <br>Lorenzoni, I; <br>Chilvers, J","Greenhouse gas removal; Negative emissions; Carbon dioxide removal; BECCS; Afforestation; Expert elicitation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102073","Article","GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS","Surveys & interviews"]
["Psychological factors influencing laypersons' acceptance of climate engineering, climate change mitigation and business as usual scenarios","In the past two decades, research on so-called climate engineering approaches has increased. These technologies are considered to be potential substitutes for mitigation strategies in combating climate change. The ongoing process of layperson acceptance and resultant opinion formation can be expected to play a crucial role in future public debate about field experiments or the actual deployment of climate engineering. In July 2017, we assessed public reactions from the German population in a representative online survey. Participants were given a brief text informing them about climate change and one of four different scenarios in a between-subject design (N = 678). Two of the scenarios described the use of climate engineering technologies stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) and bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) - one of them covered conventional mitigation strategies and the fourth group was given an outline of the business-as-usual (BAU) approach. The mitigation scenario (willingness for individual behaviour changes) showed the highest acceptance rate (M = 74.23), which was significantly higher than acceptance of the other scenarios (p < .001). Acceptance of BECCS (M = 53.15) was higher than acceptance of SAI (M = 46.25, p = .043) and BAU (M = 42.94; p = .006). We undertook a relative-importance analysis to investigate the influence of multiple predictor variables on acceptance formation for each scenario; the variance thus explained ranged from 80.3% to 86.8%. The results point up the influence of perceived risks, subjective norms and affective responses on the acceptance of climate engineering technologies. By contrast, person-specific and relatively stable variables, such as environmental attitudes and wishful thinking, are particularly relevant in the evaluation of the mitigation scenario.",2020,"Klaus, G; <br>Klaus, G; <br>Ernst, A; <br>Ernst, A; <br>Ernst, A; <br>Oswald, L; <br>Oswald, L; <br>Oswald, L","Technology acceptance; Climate engineering; Geoengineering; Mitigation; Relative-importance method","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101222","Article","TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIETY","Surveys & interviews"]
["Impact of zero-till residue management and crop diversification with legumes on soil aggregation and carbon sequestration","We evaluated the long-term impact of zero tillage (ZT) in post-rainy seasons (winter and summer) crop/s, crop residue management, and crop diversification on soil aggregation and carbon sequestration. The field experiment (started in 2009) was undertaken in split-plot design for seven consecutive years on a sandy loam soil of Kanpur, India. The experiment comprised of four tillage and crop residue management treatments: PTR - conventional tillage (CT) without crop residue (PTR-CT), PTR-ZT without crop residue (PTR-ZT-R), PTR - CT with crop residue incorporation (PTR-CT + R), and PTR - ZT with surface crop residue retention (PTR-ZT + R) in main plot, and three cropping systems: rice-wheat (RW), rice-chickpea (RC), and rice-chickpea-mungbean (RCMb) in subplot. Treatment PTR-ZT + R resulted in 13% (p < 0.05) higher water stable macroaggregate over the PTR-CT. Meantime, PTR-ZT + R increased carbon content in macro- aggregate (28%) and meso-aggregate (39%) over the PTR-CT, because of added carbon through the surface-laden crop residue. The tillage and crop residue management followed the sequence of PTR-ZT + R > PTR-ZT-R > PTR-CT + R > PTR-CT (p < 0.05) across the soil depths for active and passive carbon pools. After seven years, PTR-ZT + R enhanced soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) by 70 and 56% over PTR-CT, respectively. The RCMb and RC rotations increased (p < 0.05) the macro- and meso- aggregates, and aggregate mean weight diameter compared to the RW rotation in both soil depths. Crop rotations had the following trend: RCMb > RC > RW (p < 0.05) for SMBC and POC. Notably, treatment PTR-ZT + R with RCMb or RC rotations largely increased the carbon management index compared to the PTR-CT and RW systems. The structural indices and soil carbon parameters were significantly correlated to the rice grain yield, except microaggregated carbon. Thus, crop diversification with grain legume/s, zero tillage in post rainy season crop/s, and crop residue retention provided not only higher soil aggregation but also increased carbon sequestration in Inceptisol of subtropical humid climate.",2019,"Kumar, N; <br>Natha, CP; <br>Hazraa, KK; <br>Das, K; <br>Venkatesh, MS; <br>Singh, MK; <br>Singh, SS; <br>Praharaj, CS; <br>Singh, NP","Aggregate associated carbon; Carbon management index; Carbon pools; Macroaggregate; Microbial biomass carbon; Particulate organic carbon","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.02.001","Article","SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH","Field experiments"]
["Soil biota, carbon cycling and crop plant biomass responses to biochar in a temperate mesocosm experiment","Background and aims Biochar addition to soil is a carbon capture and storage option with potential to mitigate rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations, yet the consequences for soil organisms and linked ecosystem processes are inconsistent or unknown. We tested biochar impact on soil biodiversity, ecosystem functions, and their interactions, in temperate agricultural soils. Methods We performed a 27-month factorial experiment to determine effects of biochar, soil texture, and crop species treatments on microbial biomass (PFLA), soil invertebrate density, crop biomass and ecosystem CO2 flux in plant-soil mesocosms. Results Overall soil microbial biomass, microarthropod abundance and crop biomass were unaffected by biochar, although there was an increase in fungal-bacterial ratio and a positive relationship between the 16:1 omega 5 fatty acid marker of AMF mass and collembolan density in the biochar-treated mesocosms. Ecosystem CO2 fluxes were unaffected by biochar, but soil carbon content of biochar-treated mesocosms was significantly lower, signifying a possible movement/loss of biochar or priming effect. Conclusions Compared to soil texture and crop type, biochar had minimal impact on soil biota, crop production and carbon cycling. Future research should examine subtler effects of biochar on biotic regulation of ecosystem production and if the apparent robustness to biochar weakens over greater time spans or in combination with other ecological perturbations.",2019,"McCormack, SA; <br>McCormack, SA; <br>Ostle, N; <br>Bardgett, RD; <br>Hopkins, DW; <br>Hopkins, DW; <br>Pereira, MG; <br>Vanbergen, AJ; <br>Vanbergen, AJ","Soil community; Charcoal; Soil carbon cycling; Crop production; Ecosystem CO2 flux; Biodiversity-function; Collembola; Mites; Nematode; AM fungi; PLFA","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04062-5","Article","PLANT AND SOIL","Field experiments"]
["Does Caragana korshinskii plantation increase soil carbon continuously in a water-limited landscape on the Loess Plateau, China?","Although afforestation of nitrogen-fixing shrubs, especially Caragana korshinskii in semiarid areas, is expected to improve ecosystem restoration and carbon sequestration, water shortage induced by these thirsty shrubs may negate potential benefits. Yet there is poor understating of the persistence of soil carbon sequestration in nitrogen-fixing shrub plantations. Here, we selected three C. korshinskii plantations with different ages (10, 20, and 30 years) on the Loess Plateau to evaluate the persistence of soil carbon sink. We examined dynamics of soil carbon, total nitrogen, and soil water, as well as their relationships along the plantation ages. The results showed that soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) were tightly coupled. SOC, STN, and soil water stocks (0-100 cm) were significantly decreased by 23.9%, 19.9%, and 29.2% from 10 to 30 years, respectively. The reduction of SOC and STN was likely caused by lowered intercanopy herbaceous productivity due to soil drying and intensified competition from shrubs. We present evidence that the positive carbon sequestration by afforestation of leguminous shrub in short term may be further weakened by water shortage, making our ability to restore degraded land in semiarid regions more challenging than previously thought. Therefore, it is essential to improve management of afforestation land such as thinning for maintaining SOC sequestration persistently in water-limited areas.",2019,"Chai, QL; <br>Chai, QL; <br>Ma, ZY; <br>Ma, ZY; <br>An, QQ; <br>An, QQ; <br>Wu, GL; <br>Wu, GL; <br>Chang, XF; <br>Zheng, JY; <br>Wang, GJ","Caragana korshinskii; Loess Plateau; soil carbon sequestration; soil C-N coupling; soil desiccation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3373","Article","LAND DEGRADATION & DEVELOPMENT","Field experiments"]
["A Boundary Plane Approach to Map Hotspots for Achievable Soil Carbon Sequestration and Soil Fertility Improvement","Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is important in the global carbon cycle and an integral part of many initiatives and policies to mitigate climate change. For efficient targeting of measures leading to SOC sequestration, it is necessary to know the actual SOC content (%) and a realistic target SOC content (in contrast to the saturation content, which may not be easily achievable) under local biophysical and socioeconomic conditions. We developed a new method for the practical assessment of achievable SOC sequestration concerning soil texture based on a non-linear boundary plane approach, also applicable for mapping of SOC sequestration hotspots. The method was tested at two spatial scales (a 125 km(2) catchment and a 4 km(2) sub-area of that catchment) in a region in Western Kenya characterized by smallholder farming. Moreover, we assessed the associated benefits of increasing the SOC content from a crop production perspective and found significant correlations between SOC and other soil properties (pH, cation exchange capacity, and various plant-available macro- and micronutrients). This indicates a possible improvement in soil fertility when the SOC content is raised to the modeled target levels, which should be attainable without major changes in land use or agricultural systems.",2019,"Piikki, K; <br>Soderstrom, M; <br>Soderstrom, M; <br>Sommer, R; <br>Da Silva, M; <br>Munialo, S; <br>Munialo, S; <br>Munialo, S; <br>Abera, W","soil organic carbon; soil texture; SOC sequestration; hotspot; Western Kenya","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154038","Article","SUSTAINABILITY","Field experiments"]
["Elemental Composition of Biochar Obtained from Agricultural Waste for Soil Amendment and Carbon Sequestration","For an agricultural country such as Thailand, converting agricultural waste into biochar offers a potential solution to manage massive quantities of crop residues following harvest. This research studied the structure and chemical composition of biochar obtained from cassava rhizomes, cassava stems and corncobs, produced using a patented locally-manufactured biochar kiln using low-cost appropriate technology designed to be fabricated locally by farmers. The research found that cassava stems yielded the highest number of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area in the biochar product, while chemical analysis indicated that corncobs yielded the highest amount of C (81.35%). The amount of H in the corncob biochar was also the highest (2.42%). The study also showed biochar produced by slow pyrolysis was of a high quality, with stable C and low H/C ratio. Biochar's high BET surface area and total pore volume makes it suitable for soil amendment, contributing to reduced soil density, higher soil moisture and aeration and reduced leaching of plant nutrients from the rhizosphere. Biochar also provides a conducive habitat for beneficial soil microorganisms. The findings indicate that soil incorporation of biochar produced from agricultural crop residues can enhance food security and mitigate the contribution of the agricultural sector to climate change impacts.",2019,"Wijitkosum, S; <br>Jiwnok, P","biochar; pyrolysis; thermochemical; biorefinery; biomass; soil amendment; carbon sequestration; climate change; agriculture","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9193980","Article","APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL","Field experiments"]
["Biochar amendment of chromium-polluted paddy soil suppresses greenhouse gas emissions and decreases chromium uptake by rice grain","Purpose Soil chromium (Cr) pollution has received substantial attention owing to related food chain health risks and possible promotion of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The aim of the present study was to develop a promising remediation technology to alleviate Cr bioavailability and decrease GHG emissions in Cr-polluted paddy soil. Materials and methods We investigated the potential role of biochar amendment in decreasing soil CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions, as well in reducing Cr uptake by rice grains at application rates of 0 t ha(-1) (CK), 20 t ha(-1) (BC20), and 40 t ha(-1) (BC40) in Cr-polluted paddy soil in southeastern China. In addition, the soil aggregate size distribution, soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration of soil aggregates, soil available Cr concentration, and rice yield were analyzed after harvesting. Results and discussion Biochar amendment significantly reduced CO2, CH4, and N2O emission fluxes. Compared to CK, total C emissions in the BC20 and BC40 treatments decreased by 9.94% and 17.13% for CO2-C, by 30.46% and 37.10% for CH4-C, and by 34.24% and 37.49% for N2O-N, respectively. Biochar amendment increased the proportion of both the 2000-200m and 200-20m size fractions in the soil aggregate distribution. Accordingly, the organic carbon concentration of these fractions increased, which increased the total SOC. Moreover, biochar amendment significantly decreased soil available Cr concentration and total Cr content of the rice grains by 33.6% and 14.81% in BC20 and 48.1% and 33.33% in BC40, respectively. Rice yield did not differ significantly between biochar amendment treatment and that of CK. Conclusions Biochar application reduced GHG emissions in paddy soil, which was attributed to its comprehensive effect on the soil properties, soil microbial community, and soil aggregates, as well as on the mobility of Cr. Overall, the present study demonstrates that biochar has a great potential to enhance soil carbon sequestration while reducing Cr accumulation in rice grains from Cr-polluted rice paddies.",2019,"Zhou, JM; <br>Chen, HL; <br>Tao, YL; <br>Thring, RW; <br>Thring, RW; <br>Mao, JL","Biochar; Cr uptake; Greenhouse gas emission; Paddy soil","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-2170-5","Article","JOURNAL OF SOILS AND SEDIMENTS","Field experiments"]
["Effects of soil erosion and reforestation on soil respiration, organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in an eroded area of Southern China","Soil erosion and reforestation greatly affects the functionality of many terrestrial ecosystems. However, the effects of soil erosion and reforestation on soil respiration (SR), and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the changes in SR, and SOC and TN stocks at four different soil erosion levels (severely, moderately, lightly, and non-eroded) and two different aged Pinus massoniana plantations (8- and 36-year-old) in the hilly red soil regions of Southern China. Our results showed that soil erosion level and reforestation significantly influenced SR, and SOC and TN stocks. Meanwhile, the mean SR, and SOC and TN stocks all significantly decreased with erosion level but increased significantly with times since reforestation. Soil temperature (ST) could explain 70-92% of SR seasonal variation based on exponential models, whereas no significant relationship between SR and soil water content were found. Furthermore, the structural equation modeling indicated that SOC stocks at 0-20 cm had a much stronger effect on SR than ST. Meanwhile, the SOC stocks for 0-20 cm increased by 177% and 558% in the 8- and 36-year-old Pinus massoniana plantations in comparison with the severely eroded forestland, respectively. This study highlights that reforestation could be an effective strategy for restoring the carbon and nitrogen storage in eroded regions of Southern China and emphasizes the need to consider the effects of soil erosion and reforestation when assessing regional carbon budgets under different climate scenarios. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2019,"Yao, X; <br>Yao, X; <br>Yu, KY; <br>Yu, KY; <br>Wang, GY; <br>Deng, YB; <br>Lai, ZJ; <br>Chen, Y; <br>Jiang, YS; <br>Liu, J; <br>Liu, J","Soil CO2 efflux; Water erosion; C storage; N storage; Soil temperature; Pinus massoniana","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.221","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["Assessing the viability of soil successive straw biochar amendment based on a five-year column trial with six different soils: Views from crop production, carbon sequestration and net ecosystem economic benefits","Converting straw to biochar (BC) followed by successive application to soil has been increasingly suggested as a multi-win approach for soil fertility improvement, carbon (C) sequestration and efficient disposal of straw residues in intensive cropping agroecosystems. However, different soil types response differently in terms of crop growth and non-CO2 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions after BC application. Furthermore, few studies have comprehensively evaluated the net global warming potential (GWP) and net ecosystem economic benefits (NEEB) after long-term BC incorporation across representative soil types in China. A five-year outdoor column experiment was conducted using three rice-wheat rotated paddy soils and three millet-wheat rotated upland soils developed from different parent materials. Rice straw BC application rates of 0, 2.25 and 11.3 Mg ha(-1) were used in each crop season with identical doses of NPK fertilizers. Compared with the no BC controls, BC significantly boosted crop growth, enhanced C sequestration, and decreased cumulative N2O and CH4 emissions in all six soils over five rotation cycles. The response of the upland soils to BC was better in terms of crop growth and N2O mitigation, whereas the soil organic carbon (SOC) increment and CH4 mitigation were less effective compared with the paddy soils. Net GWP decreased 0.6-19 fold after BC application; however, given the low trade price of CO2 (0.21 x 10(3) CNY Mg-1), only a small contribution was made in terms of C costs to the NEEB. The BC-induced NEEB was mainly dependent on grain yield gains and BC costs. These findings highlight that widespread adoption of successive straw BC application to farmland requires an increase in crop yield and substantial lowering of the BC cost regardless of the soil type. From the standpoints of agronomics, environment and economics, acid upland soil shows most potential in terms of BC application.",2019,"Bi, YC; <br>Bi, YC; <br>Cai, SY; <br>Wang, Y; <br>Xia, YQ; <br>Zhao, X; <br>Wang, SQ; <br>Xing, GX","Rice straw biochar; Soil types; Crop yield; Greenhouse gas emissions; Net global warming potential; Net ecosystem economic benefits","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.051","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT","Field experiments"]
["Effects of Agricultural Practices on Carbon Emission and Soil Health","The agricultural sector is a source of greenhouse gas emissions that directly affect the global problem of climate change and contribute approximately 11% in total greenhouse gas emissions in the world and in Croatia too. Irregular and irresponsible agricultural practices, such as excessive tillage and improper fertilization often lead to soil carbon loss and increased carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. This field study provides results how agricultural practices affect carbon dioxide emissions from soil, carbon sequestration and soil quality during the cultivation of winter wheat. The field experiment was conducted in a temperate continental climate on distric Stagnosol. Four investigated treatments were: organic fertilization, mineral fertilization, control treatment and black fallow. The lowest carbon dioxide emission was recorded on bare soil and the highest on organic fertilization treatment. The application of manure, mineral fertilizers and calcification rendered significant effect on some soil chemical characteristics and daily carbon dioxide flux.",2019,"Galic, M; <br>Bilandzija, D; <br>Percin, A; <br>Sestak, I; <br>Mesic, M; <br>Blazinkov, M; <br>Zgorelec, Z","Soil respiration; Yield; Soil flux; Mineral and organic fertilization; Soil quality","http://dx.doi.org/10.13044/j.sdewes.d7.0271","Article","JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY WATER AND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS-JSDEWES","Field experiments"]
["Optimizing carbon storage and biodiversity co-benefits in reforested riparian zones","Climate change and biodiversity loss are two global challenges that can be addressed simultaneously through reforestation of previously cleared land. However, carbon markets can encourage reforestations that focus on maximizing carbon storage, potentially at the expense of biodiversity conservation. To identify opportunities to optimize reforestation design and management to meet both goals, we examined the forest stand features associated with carbon stocks in biomass and soil, as well as bird abundance and diversity, in remnant and restored riparian forest stands in central California, U.S.A. Within three decades of reforestation, both planted and naturally regenerating riparian forest stands provided significantly greater carbon storage and avian biodiversity benefits compared to baseline conditions. They were also similar to a remnant riparian forest stand. We identified a synergy between carbon storage and biodiversity benefits in their positive associations with understorey cover, but we also identified a trade-off in their relationships to forest stand density. Biomass carbon stocks were strongly positively related to stand density, while bird density and diversity suffered at the highest stand densities. The variability in understorey cover across forest stands indicates an opportunity for further enhancement of carbon and biodiversity benefits in areas where understorey cover is low, while the variability in stand density suggests an opportunity to re-examine reforestation goals and consider thinning to achieve those goals. Synthesis and applications. We identified synergies and trade-offs between carbon storage and biodiversity in their relationships to forest stand features, indicating opportunities to optimize reforestation design and management to achieve multiple goals. Our approach can be adapted to other reforestation efforts intended to simultaneously address the global challenges of climate change and biodiversity loss.",2019,"Dybala, KE; <br>Steger, K; <br>Walsh, RG; <br>Smart, DR; <br>Gardali, T; <br>Seavy, NE","biodiversity conservation; bird community; carbon sequestration; habitat restoration; reforestation; riparian forest; stand density; understorey cover","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13272","Article","JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY","Field experiments"]
["Tree species effects on albedo, soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in a temperate forest in Iran","Albedo and carbon sequestration, as important climatic parameters, are influenced by many factors. Since forests are important factors affecting carbon stocks, albedo, they have a significant role in global warming. This study intends to explore interactions between trees species and albedo, soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks in the Hyrcanian forest of northern Iran. The study sites consist of five 20-year-old forest plantations consisting of maple (Acer velutinum Bioss), poplar (Populus deltoides Barter. ex Marsh), Mediterranean cypress (Cupressus sempervirens var. Horizontalis (Mill.) Loudon), chestnut-leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia C. A. M. macranthera F. & M.) and alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn). In the summer, ten randomly located soil samples were taken from each stand from the top 10 cm of the soil to determine the soil characteristics, soil organic C, total C and N. Albedo was estimated with an albedometer set-up, which was installed on a movable mast in each stand. We used two analytical methods to determine the effect of tree species on albedo and soil C and N stocks. ANOVA was used to determine the significant difference between tree species and albedo, soil C and N stocks. TOPSIS technique-a commonly used classical Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method-was employed to prioritize tree species considering the combination of the examined factors (albedo, C and N stocks). Our analysis suggests significant differences in albedo and soil C and N stocks between tree species (p < 0.01). Albedo of the alder stand (0.33) was highest and for Mediterranean cypress it was lowest (0.15). The highest values of soil C and N stocks we observed in the alder stand (64.61 and 2.68 t ha(-1), respectively) and the lowest amounts in the poplar stand (26.76 and 1.2 t ha(-1) respectively). The results of TOPSIS ranking indicated that, the preferred tree species are alder, chestnut-leaved oak, maple, polar and Mediterranean cypress, respectively. The findings of this study demonstrated that different planted tree species have different substantial effects on albedo and soil properties in the study region. Our results demonstrate the benefits of intercropped broad-leaved trees on albedo and soil C and N stocks. These findings may help to optimize forest management activities, such as selection of tree species in reforestations, plantations and agroforestry systems.",2019,"Vatani, L; <br>Hosseini, SM; <br>Sarjaz, MR; <br>Alavi, SJ","Reforestation; Hyrcanian forests; litter; Climate change; Solar radiation; Mitigation",null,"Article","AUSTRIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE","Field experiments"]
["Diversity and abundance of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera in multiple-species reforestation plantings to offset emissions of carbon dioxide","Multiple-species (floristically diverse) plantings of trees and shrubs in former agricultural landscapes to offset (sequester) emissions of carbon dioxide are a recent component of Australian landscapes. Although their potential to mitigate biodiversity loss is recognised, this ecological function has not been investigated, in particular with respect to insect diversity. Over two summers, we used light trapping to sample Lepidoptera (moths) and Coleoptera (beetles) in multiple-species plantings in two distinct locations in Victoria (plantings of four ages per location) as well as in nearby remnant forest and in pasture. At both locations, we found that plantings had a greater abundance of Lepidoptera than remnants but that the abundance in plantings was comparable to the abundance in pasture. The species richness of Lepidoptera in plantings did not differ significantly from that in remnants but was significantly greater than that in pasture. The abundance and species richness of Coleoptera in plantings was lower than in remnant forests but higher than in pasture. The community composition of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera in plantings was intermediate between that of remnant forest and pasture, i.e. possibly transitional between the two vegetation types. Dissimilarity between all vegetation types was nevertheless high, reflecting that the abundance of individual taxa reflects the influence of temporally and spatially dependent factors, e.g. host plant size and suitability. Greater abundances of grass-feeding Lepidoptera in plantings explained much of the dissimilarity between plantings and remnant forests. Proximity to remnant forest was an important determinant of the community composition of Lepidoptera but not of Coleoptera. Moth forewing length (relevant to vagility which is an indicator of dispersal capacity) appeared less important to proximity relationships than larval host plant specificity, i.e. whether grass or dicot-feeding. The location of sequestration plantings relative to remnant forest as well as their composition (including the persistence of pasture grasses) will determine the attractiveness of the resources provided to insect herbivores and hence the rate at which they are colonised. Plantings near remnant native forest benefit insect diversity but adoption of novel silvicultural practices could hasten the rate at which they become functional mimics of native forests and support more comparable communities of insect. Potential trade-offs between increased establishment costs and more complex carbon accounting might need to be investigated to cost biodiversity credits associated with dual accreditation schemes.",2019,"Forbes, RJ; <br>Watson, SJ; <br>O'Connor, E; <br>Wescott, W; <br>Steinbauer, MJ","biodiversity; conservation biology; ecosystem services; restoration ecology","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2019.1622833","Article","AUSTRALIAN FORESTRY","Field experiments"]
["Long-term charcoal-induced changes to soil properties in temperate regions of northern Iran","The long-term performance and benefits of charcoal application on the carbon sequestration and properties of forest soils in temperate or non-tropical regions has not been studied in detail in spite of its important role in global warming. This study was conducted to describe the long-term charcoal-induced changes in organic carbon (OC) content and other soil properties of temperate deciduous forests in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. Three sites were sampled to collect composite soil samples from two depths (0-20 and 20-40cm) inside and outside of a plot of charcoal-enriched soils surrounding a historical charcoal production site (abandoned for more than 120years). The presence of charcoal in soils for about 120years elevated significantly the black carbon, total OC, natural soil OC, total nitrogen, dissolved organic matter, soil OC density, exchangeable bases, saturated hydraulic conductivity, available water capacity and available Fe, Mn and Zn compared to the adjacent reference soils. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and pH were 15.5cmol(c)kg(-1) and 0.5 units, respectively, higher than the adjacent reference soils at 0-20cm soil depth. However, electrical conductivity (EC), bulk density and available Cu were higher in the adjacent reference soil. The aged charcoal had no significant effect on the microbial respiration rate of studied soils. The results of this study provide new insights and strong support for the long-term benefits of biochar application as a management strategy for improving soil productivity as well as sequestering large quantities of durable carbon in soils of the region and mitigating global warming.",2019,"Faghih, F; <br>Emadi, M; <br>Sadegh-Zadeh, F; <br>Bahmanyar, MA","Biochar; Black carbon; Forest soils; Luvisols; Temperate climate; Terra preta","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-018-0641-6","Article","JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH","Field experiments"]
["Determining organo-chemical composition of sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar as a function of pyrolysis temperature using proximate and Fourier transform infrared analyses","New research findings on biochar applications attracted considerable international attention as it offers environmentally sustainable solutions. This paper has focused on identifying the most important organo-chemical characteristics of slow pyrolysis bagasse-derived biochar as a function of pyrolysis temperature using proximate and Fourier transform infrared analysis. Therefore, a biochar thermosequence was produced by the pyrolysis of biomasses at 300, 400, 500, and 600 degrees C in a carbonization furnace. Organo-chemical transformations of biomasses during heating were followed by using chemical, proximate, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The results can be summarized as follows. (1) Mass loss on ignition and oxidizable organic carbon content, respectively, decreased from 81.13 to 56.22% and 33.31 to 17.05% with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 300 to 600 degrees C. (2) The molar ratios of O/C, N/C, and H/C tended to decrease with increasing pyrolysis temperature. (3) Aromaticity equivalent (X-c) increased from 2.44 to 2.59 with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 300 to 600 degrees C. (4) The results of FTIR spectroscopy introduced the 1800-1100 cm(-1) zone, related to oxygenated functional groups (OFGs), as region with most marked differences. (5) Results revealed an increase in the point of zero charge (pH(pzc)) with increasing pyrolysis temperature, indicating a decrease in the acidic OFGs and increase in the basic functionality. (6) Total acid functional groups concentration decreased from 9 to 5.8 mmol g(-1) (based on Boehm titration) as the pyrolysis temperature decreased from 600 to 300 degrees C, while total basic functional groups concentration increased from 0.8 to 4.1 mmol g(-1). (7) The cation exchange capacity, determined using NH4+ exchange, increased from nearly 18 to 105 cmolc kg(-1) biochar as the pyrolysis temperature increased from 300 to 600 degrees C. In general, biochar produced at low temperature (< 500 degrees C) may improve nutrient availability and crop productivity in acidic and alkaline soils and also be suitable for removal of inorganic pollutants, whereas high-temperature biochar (>= 500 degrees C) may enhance long-term soil carbon sequestration and also be suitable for removal of organic pollutants.",2019,"Moradi-Choghamarani, F; <br>Moosavi, AA; <br>Baghernejad, M","Aromaticity equivalent; Acid functional groups; Basic functionality; Biochar; Elemental composition; Pyrolysis temperature","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-08186-9","Article","JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY","Field experiments"]
["Co-Benefits of Wollastonite Weathering in Agriculture: CO2 Sequestration and Promoted Plant Growth","To lock atmospheric CO2 at anthropogenic timescale, fast weathering silicates can be applied to soil to speed up natural CO2 sequestration via enhanced weathering. Agricultural lands offer large area for silicate application, but expected weathering rates as a function of soil and crop type, and potential impacts on the crops, are not well known. This study investigated the role of plants on enhanced weathering of wollastonite (CaSiO3) in soils. Using rooftop pot experiments with leguminous beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and non-leguminous corn (Zea mays L.), CO2 sequestration was inferred from total inorganic carbon (TIC) accumulation in the soil and thermogravimetric analysis, and mineral weathering rate was inferred from alkalinity of soil porewater. Soil amendment with wollastonite promoted enhanced plant growth: beans showed a 177% greater dry biomass weight and corn showed a 59% greater plant height and a 90% greater dry biomass weight. Wollastonite-amended soil cultivated with beans showed a higher TIC accumulation of 0.606 +/- 0.086%, as compared to that with corn (0.124 +/- 0.053%). This demonstrates that using wollastonite as a soil amendment, along with legume cultivation, not only buffers the soil against acidification (due to microbial nitrogen fixation) but also sequesters carbon dioxide (12.04 kg of CO2/tonne soil/month, 9 times higher than the soil without wollastonite amendment).",2019,"Haque, F; <br>Santos, RM; <br>Dutta, A; <br>Thimmanagari, M; <br>Chiang, YW",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b02477","Article","ACS OMEGA","Field experiments"]
["Competitive interaction with keystone taxa induced negative priming under biochar amendments","BackgroundBiochar amendments have been widely proposed as a conventional and efficient strategy to promote soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration via negative priming. Unfortunately, the extent and biological mechanisms responsible for biochar-induced negative priming are still not fully understood. Despite traditional explanations focused on the environmental filtering mechanisms of biochar amendments on microbial biomass and community composition underlying the priming effect on SOC dynamics, whether and how a biochar-induced competitive interaction with keystone taxa determines SOC mineralization in natural ecosystems has been minimally explored.ResultsHere, we paid particular attention to the relationships between the diversity and network structure of soil bacterial and fungal communities and SOC mineralization. A 3-year field experiment was conducted comprising five treatments: no fertilization, conventional fertilization, and conventional fertilization with three rates of biochar amendments. Biochar amendments considerably increased soil moisture capacity and pH and subsequently shaped the composition and co-occurrence networks of soil bacterial and fungal communities. Importantly, network analysis revealed that the biochar amendments triggered the competitive interaction with putative keystone taxa in the bacterial and fungal networks. Structural equation modeling suggested that the competitive interaction with keystone taxa promoted bacterial and fungal diversity and consequently reduced carbohydrate catabolism and soil metabolic quotient. Stable isotope probing incubations further provided consistent evidence of competition by keystone taxa with the increases in bacterial and fungal diversity under the biochar amendments.ConclusionsWe found that biochar-induced competition with keystone taxa stimulated the bacterial and fungal diversity and consequently decreased SOC mineralization. The comprehensive understanding of the unexplored biological mechanisms underlying the biochar-induced negative priming may provide crucial implications for enabling SOC sequestration.",2019,"Chen, LJ; <br>Chen, LJ; <br>Jiang, YJ; <br>Liang, C; <br>Luo, Y; <br>Xu, QS; <br>Han, C; <br>Zhao, QG; <br>Sun, B","Biochar; Bacterial and fungal diversity; Competitive interaction; DNA-SIP microcosms; Keystone taxa; Soil organic carbon mineralization","http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0693-7","Article","MICROBIOME","Field experiments"]
["Synergy and trade-off between carbon sequestration and soil water balance: impact of revegetation choices",null,2019,"Liu, Y.; <br>Li, Y.",null,null,"Article",null,"Field experiments"]
["Engineering climate debt: temperature overshoot and peak-shaving as risky subprime mortgage lending","Despite the ambitious temperature goal of the 2015 Paris Agreement, the pace of reducing global CO2 emissions remains sluggish. This creates conditions in which the idea of temperature 'overshoot and peak-shaving' is emerging as a possible strategy to meet the Paris goal. An overshoot and peak-shaving scenario rests upon the 'temporary' use of speculative solar radiation management (SRM) technologies combined with large-scale carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Whilst some view optimistically the strategic interdependence between SRM and CDR, we argue that this strategy comes with a risk of escalating 'climate debt'. We explain our position using the logic of debt and the analogy of subprime mortgage lending. In overshoot and peak-shaving scenarios, the role of CDR and SRM is to compensate for delayed mitigation, placing the world in a double debt: 'emissions debt' and 'temperature debt'. Analogously, this can be understood as a combination of 'subprime mortgage' (i.e. large-scale CDR) and 'home-equity-line-of-credit' (i.e. temporary SRM). With this analogy, we draw some important lessons from the 2007-2009 US subprime mortgage crisis. The analogy signals that the efficacy of temporary SRM cannot be evaluated in isolation of the feasibility of large-scale CDR and that the failure of the overshoot promise will lead to prolonged peak-shaving, masking an ever-rising climate debt. Overshoot and peak-shaving scenarios should not be presented as a secured feasible investment, but rather as a high-risk speculation betting on insecure promises. Obscuring the riskiness of such scenarios is a precipitous step towards escalating a climate debt crisis. Key policy insights The slow progress of mitigation increases the attraction of an 'overshoot and peak-shaving' scenario which combines temporary SRM with large-scale CDR Following the logic of debt, the role of CDR and SRM in this scenario is to compensate for delayed mitigation, creating a double debt of CO2 emissions and global temperature Using the analogy of subprime lending, this strategy can be seen as offering a combination of subprime mortgage and open-ended 'line-of-credit' Because the 'success' of peak-shaving by temporary SRM hinges critically on the overshoot promise of large-scale CDR, SRM and CDR should not be discussed separately",2019,"Asayama, S; <br>Asayama, S; <br>Hulme, M","Geoengineering; solar radiation management; carbon dioxide removal; temperature overshoot; peak-shaving; climate debt","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.1623165","Article","CLIMATE POLICY","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Beyond carbon pricing: policy levers for negative emissions technologies","This paper explores policies for Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs), in an attempt to move beyond the supply-side focus of the majority of NETs research, as well as the current dominance of carbon pricing as the main NETs policy proposal. The paper identifies a number of existing policies from four key areas - energy/transport, agriculture, sub-soil, and oceans - which will have an impact on three NETs: Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), Direct Air Capture (DAC), and terrestrial Enhanced Rock Weathering (ERW). We propose that non-climate co-benefits may be valuable in terms of the policy 'demand pull' for NETs; in particular, we find that ERW may provide multiple co-benefits which can be mandated through existing policy structures. However, interaction with numerous policy areas may also create barriers, particularly where there is tension between the priorities of different government departments. On the basis of existing and analogous policies from a range of geographical contexts and scales, this paper proposes four options for NETs policy that could be reasonably implemented in the near-term. We also argue that ERW demonstrates the importance of scale and framing, because the policy environment depends on whether it is framed as a soil amendment at local scales or as a climate stabilization technique at international scale. Key policy insights Co-benefits may assist the 'demand pull' for novel technologies by providing multiple policy angles for incentivisation rather than relying on a 'fix-all' policy such as a high carbon price. DAC with storage might be overly reliant on a high carbon price, because it only provides one core benefit - that of atmospheric carbon reduction. ERW may provide multiple co-benefits which can be mandated through existing policy structures, but should focus on using waste rock rather than mining virgin material. We propose four near-term options for NETs policy: funding for small-scale BECCS demonstration and an international biomass certification mechanism; small-scale loans for ERW on farms and promotion of locally-sourced rock residues; amendment of fertilizer subsidy schemes to include silicate rock; and a clearer framework for licensing sub-soil access for CO2 storage.",2019,"Cox, E; <br>Edwards, NR","NETs; carbon dioxide removal; co-benefits; BECCS; enhanced rock weathering; direct air capture","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.1634509","Article","CLIMATE POLICY","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Fixing the Climate? How Geoengineering Threatens to Undermine the SDGs and Climate Justice","Geoengineering‚Äîlarge-scale technological interventions in the Earth‚Äôs natural processes and ecosystems promoted to counteract some of the symptoms of climate change‚Äîthreaten to undermine the achievement of SDGs and climate justice. Both Carbon Dioxide Removal and Solar Radiation Management¬†schemes are bound to exacerbate concomitant socio-ecological and socio-economic global crises, deepen societal dependence on technocratic elites and large-scale technological systems and create new spaces for profit and power for new and old economic elites. ¬© 2019, Society for International Development.",2019,"Schneider, L.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41301-019-00211-6","Article","Developmen","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The Role of Direct Air Capture in Mitigation of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions","In recent years Direct Air Capture (DAC) has established itself as a promising approach to atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) also referred to as Negative Emissions. However, due to the amounts likely needed to be removed CDR technologies like DAC will only become climate relevant if they rapidly reach gigaton scale, around the middle of this century. Here we give a brief insight into DAC and in particular, the modular low temperature DAC technology developed by Climeworks of Switzerland. We discuss potential co benefits, in particular in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations and conclude by suggesting some policy approaches on how a climate relevant scale could be achieved in time. Copyright ¬© 2019 Beuttler, Charles and Wurzbacher.",2019,"Beuttler, C.; <br>Charles, L.; <br>Wurzbacher, J.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2019.00010","Article","Front. Clim.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (BECCS): The Distracting Injustice of an Infeasible and Unlikely Technofix","In their constant attempt to avoid responsibility, polluters promote technological innovation as the ‚Äòtrue‚Äô solution to global warming. This article, through the case of BECCS, illustrates all that is faulty with such reasoning, and how indulging such diversion from addressing the environmental crisis with science-backed solutions violates human rights and the SDGs, and evidently, deepens the crisis and postpones the responsibility of making inconvenient changes to future generations. ¬© 2019, Society for International Development.",2019,"Smolker, R.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41301-019-00213-4","Article","Developmen","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Livestock Technologies and Grazing Land Management Options for Climate Change Adaption and Mitigation as a Contribution for Food Security in Ethiopia: A Brief Overview",null,2019,"Mekuriaw, S.; <br>Mengistu, A.; <br>Tegegne, F.",null,null,"Book Chapter",null,"Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Carbon sequestration for sustainable agriculture","The climate of earth has been experiencing an unprecedented change possibly due to the rapidly increasing amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. If the release of GHGs into atmosphere continued at current rate, global warming will make the earth's atmosphere uninhabitable for living beings in near future. There is an urgency to discreetly devise multiple strategies to offset the current release of GHGs into atmosphere. The CO2 has a prominent share in global warming amongst all GHGs in atmosphere. Soil carbon sequestration is a promising approach to offset the raising amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. Both partially degraded and agricultural soils have a considerable potential to minimize the elevated CO2 levels in the atmosphere. On a global scale, the soils can retain twofold more C than that present in the atmosphere or captured in vegetation. The temperature, soil moisture and elevated CO2 levels are the dominant climatic factors affecting the soil C sequestration. Soil C sequestration is also strongly influenced by various edaphic factors i.e. soil texture, soil structure, soil porosity, soil compaction, soil mineralogy, and soil microbial community composition etc. Additionally, agricultural practices like land-use changes, plant residue management, agro-chemicals etc. influence soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, either directly e.g. by altering the amount of C being added in the soil, or indirectly e.g. influencing soil aggregation and thereby accelerating microbial decomposition processes. Besides offsetting the rapidly increasing atmospheric GHGs, soil C sequestration may potentially improve the soil quality and advances the food security. It may play a crucial role in sustainable agriculture (SA) because it is highly sustainable and environment-friendly approach. It can enhance the soil quality by improving soil health parameters followed by improved crop production on sustainable basis. ¬© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019.",2019,"Sanaullah, M.; <br>Afzal, T.; <br>Shahzad, T.; <br>Wakeel, A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23169-9_15","Book Chapter","Innov. in Sustain. Agric.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Soil organic carbon dynamics and carbon sequestration under conservation tillage in tropical vertisols","Soils, especially managed agricultural soils, have the potential to sequester carbon (C) and contribute to the mitigation of GHGs emissions. Increasing the amount of organic matter addition to soils may not only mitigate GHG emissions, but also benefit agricultural productivity through improvements in soil health and environmental quality. One potential method for increasing the amount of C held in agricultural soil is through conversion of conventional tillage practices to conservation tillage practices that reduce tillage and retain crop residues. Vertisols in India occupy 8.1% of the total geographical area of the country and are generally low in organic carbon content, but these soils have great potential to increase the soil organic carbon (SOC) level. Improvement in SOC content in these soils through traditional/conventional soil management practices is very difficult, as it has already attained the equilibrium level. One of the most attainable pathways to improve and sequester SOC content in this soil is through either regular addition of organic manures such as farmyard manure, compost or crop residues or by switching traditional tillage practices to no-tillage or other forms of conservation tillage. Several long- and short-term field studies on Vertisols reported that management strategies, such as no-tillage (NT) and reduced tillage (RT) with residue retention, played a significant role in increasing SOC concentration and favouring aggregate stability. Adoption of conservation tillage practices resulted in an improvement of surface soil aggregation and an increase in the proportion of macroaggregates compared to conventional tillage. Conservation tillage increases the percentage of carbon-rich macroaggregates in the soil particularly in the surface layers, resulting in sequestration of more carbon into soil stabilized through physical protection. More aggregate-C in large and small macroaggregates favoured better aggregation under conservation tillage than that under conventional tillage, which suggested that macroaggregates are sensitive to changes in the soil microbial community associated with short-term conservation management practices. Conservation tillage also resulted in stratification of SOC and available nutrient levels in soil. Conservation tillage in tropical Vertisols could be a useful technology to partially mitigate the deleterious effect of climate change through sequestration of carbon into the soil and reduction of greenhouse gas emission from agricultural activities to atmosphere. It also improves soil health, its resilience to extraneous stresses and the sustainability of agricultural production system. ¬© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020.",2019,"Hati, K.M.; <br>Biswas, A.K.; <br>Somasundaram, J.; <br>Mohanty, M.; <br>Singh, R.K.; <br>Sinha, N.K.; <br>Chaudhary, R.S.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9628-1_12","Book Chapter","Carbon Management in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Terrestrial Systems","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Effects of productivity and soil carbon storage in mixed forests","Forest ecosystem stored carbon in vegetation and soil, but its quantitative values depend on soil, vegetation type, climate (rainfall and temperature), and stages of soil aggregation process. Soil organic carbon (SOC), a key component of the global C pool, plays an important role in C cycling, regulating climate, water supplies, and biodiversity, and therefore in providing the ecosystem services that are essential to human being. The global soil carbon (C) pool amounts to 2500 Gt, whereas the biotic pool is only 560 Gt. Most agricultural soils in temperate regions have lost as much as 60% of SOC and as much as 75% in tropical regions, mainly due to conversion of natural ecosystems to agricultural uses. On a global scale, C loss from soils is mainly associated with soil degradation, including accelerated erosion and mineralization, and land-use change and has amounted to 78 ¬± 12 Gt since 1850. Review of work revealed that carbon sequestration is the highest in the short-rotation young forest of fast-growing hardwood tree species with regular leaf shedding pattern in humid condition. Enhancing carbon sequestration in terrestrial pool could have direct environmental, economic, and social benefits for people thereby mitigating the effect of global climate change. Mechanisms of protection and dynamics of SOC in mixed forest soil, factors affecting carbon storage in mixed forest plantation, potential of carbon storage in different forest types, determination of carbon storage in different trees, and a case study of subtropical mixed forest have been focused in this chapter. Mixed forest management practices that sequester carbon and increase productivity has also been discussed, besides new areas of research to mitigate the impact on changing climate and global environment. ¬© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020.",2019,"Ghosh, B.N.; <br>Mishra, P.K.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9628-1_21","Book Chapter","Carbon Management in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Terrestrial Systems","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Pre- and post-Paris views on bioenergy with carbon capture and storage","The market potential of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) depends both on demand for and the cost of BECCS. In making investment decisions, capital as well as operational expenditure is weighed against potential revenues. As BECCS is providing no added value but mitigation, revenues are pending policy instruments capable of providing a market pull for BECCS or an ability to develop a premium market segment encouraging voluntary customer compensation. While the cost side of BECCS has been studied substantially, little is known of sociopolitical factors such as acceptance and political prioritization. This chapter explores questionnaire data from UN climate change conferences from before and after the conclusion of the Paris Agreement in 2015. A total of 2547 completed questionnaires are analyzed to explore if the views on BECCS as a mitigation technology has changed with increasing attention given to negative emission technologies following in the wake of the Paris Agreement. The chapter overall concludes that BECCS is prioritized low for investments both pre and post-Paris. Put in context of the lack of a global collective mitigation ambition, this is pointing toward a moral dilemma. The moral hazard of avoiding radical mitigation action today on the basis of trust in future deployment of BECCS is exacerbated if followed by a lack of interest in investing in BECCS. ¬© 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",2019,"Fridahl, M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816229-3.00003-X","Book Chapter","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage: Using Natural Resources for Sustainable Development","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Beyond ‚ÄúNet-Zero‚Äù: A Case for Separate Targets for Emissions Reduction and Negative Emissions","Targets and accounting for negative emissions should be explicitly set and managed separately from existing and future targets for emissions reduction. Failure to make such a separation has already hampered climate policy, exaggerating the expected future contribution of negative emissions in climate models, while also obscuring the extent and pace of the investment needed to deliver negative emissions. Separation would help minimize the negative impacts that promises and deployments of negative emissions could have on emissions reduction, arising from effects such as temporal trade-offs, excessive offsetting, and technological lock-in. Benefits for international, national, local, organizational, and sectoral planning would arise from greater clarity over the role and timing of negative emissions alongside accelerated emissions reduction. Copyright ¬© 2019 McLaren, Tyfield, Willis, Szerszynski and Markusson.",2019,"McLaren, D.P.; <br>Tyfield, D.P.; <br>Willis, R.; <br>Szerszynski, B.; <br>Markusson, N.O.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2019.00004","Article","Front. Clim.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Rightsizing expectations for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage toward ambitious climate goals","The Paris Agreement establishes a long-term temperature goal of limiting global mean warming well below 2¬∞C above preindustrial levels. Current deployments of proven approaches for limiting climate change, however, are far from the rates and scales needed to meet this goal. Against this backdrop, technologies for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, especially bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), are increasingly asserted as essential, provoking debate. Here, we rightsize expectations for BECCS in ambitious climate response. This chapter evaluates potential constraints to BECCS at very large scale and in scenarios in which global temperatures peak and then decline. It also analyzes near-term opportunities for catalyzing BECCS development, demonstration, and deployment. The examples used include both global analyses and regional consideration of near-term options in the United States. On balance, we identify robust opportunities to deploy BECCS technologies toward ambitious climate goals, though likely at smaller scales than those asserted in the present literature. ¬© 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",2019,"Sanchez, D.L.; <br>Turner, P.A.; <br>Baik, E.; <br>Field, C.B.; <br>Benson, S.M.; <br>Mach, K.J.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816229-3.00004-1","Book Chapter","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage: Using Natural Resources for Sustainable Development","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Effect of tillage on soil carbon sequestration","Climate change, because of anthropogenic interventions, can pose a serious threat to the agriculture in coming years. Sequestration of the atmospheric CO2 in soil can serve as one of the potential strategies in mitigation of global warming and improvement in soil health. Soil aggregates enhance C sequestration by physically protecting it from the microbial oxidation. Adoption of recommended management practices (RMPs) on agricultural soils can enhance carbon sequestration and reduce the rate of enrichment of atmospheric CO2 and have positive impacts on soil health, food security and water and environment quality. The global potential of SOC sequestration through these practices is 0.9 ¬± 0.3 pg C/year, which may offset one-fourth to one-third of atmospheric CO2 increase annually estimated at 3.3 pg C/year. Conservation agriculture involving minimum soil disturbance, residue retention and crop diversification is one of the important RMPs that can improve carbon sequestration. However, there are several constraints for soil carbon sequestration in the tropics and subtropics, which must be taken into consideration in designing carbon sequestration strategies. Site-specific and cost-effective technologies should be developed and disseminated among the farming community for improving carbon sequestration and enhancing input use efficiency for sustainable agricultural production under the changing climatic scenarios. ¬© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020.",2019,"Bandyopadhyay, K.K.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9628-1_13","Book Chapter","Carbon Management in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Terrestrial Systems","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Status of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage-potential and challenges","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), as a negative emission technology, has been assigned a key role for achieving ambitious mitigation targets in several climate models. One of the main challenges to deploy BECCS at the level required in the stringent emission scenarios is expanding sustainable bioenergy production. Intensification of bioenergy production could result in severe pressure on natural resources, especially land and water, and competition between food, feed, and energy. Thus it potentially could lead to controversial economic, ethical, and environmental issues. To avoid the social uncertainties and environmental impacts resulting from dedicated energy crop production, BECCS potential has to be restricted to the presumption of no land-use expansion and no increase in water consumption. ¬© 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",2019,"Pour, N.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816229-3.00005-3","Book Chapter","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage: Using Natural Resources for Sustainable Development","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage in a future world","Conventional approaches to climate change mitigation do not appear to be working, since the level of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the global atmosphere continues to rise. The 2015 Paris Conference set 2.0¬∞C temperature rise above preindustrial values as a safe limit, with an aspirational target of 1.5¬∞C. The world looks set to pass the 1.5¬∞C limit as early as 2026, and the 2.0¬∞C limit some time later. Some scientists argue that any rise beyond 1.5¬∞C should be seen as dangerous. If temperatures do exceed safe levels, the only way atmospheric GHG levels and global temperatures could be reduced is by negative emissions technologies that draw down carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. These technologies include bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), biosequestration in plants and soils, and direct air capture and enhanced weathering of minerals. The latter two methods have heavy energy costs, while for biosequestration, the energy costs are much lower. Only BECCS is a positive energy generator. There is considerable uncertainty about the global potential for BECCS in a world with rising population and, consequently, food needs. Nevertheless, in some favored regions, BECCS could be of considerable help for emissions reduction. ¬© 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",2019,"Moriarty, P.; <br>Honnery, D.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816229-3.00014-4","Book Chapter","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage: Using Natural Resources for Sustainable Development","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Negative emission technologies","Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important greenhouse gas (GHG), which concentration in the atmosphere has been rising since the Industrial Revolution due to emissions from anthropogenic activities (mainly burning of fossil fuels). The continuous CO2 emissions may lead to a potentially irreversible climate change (global warming) and ocean acidification. Even if CO2 emissions could be cut to zero today, the environmental impacts would persist in the future due to the long residence time of this GHG. Therefore an international agreement was signed, aiming to limit the increase of the global temperature at 2¬∞C. In this context, CO2 capture from large point sources is gaining the attention of the scientific community as a mitigation option. The pure stream obtained can be transported and stored, avoiding the emission of high amounts of CO2. However, since half of the CO2 emissions come from diffuse sources, capturing CO2 from the atmosphere may be also needed to fulfill the mitigation targets. Despite the higher costs when compared to CO2 capture from large sources, negative emission technologies (NETs) present several advantages: (1) it can capture CO2 emitted from different sources at different locations and time, and (2) the sequestration site can be placed anywhere, avoiding infrastructures‚Äô transportation. NETs can be divided into two routes: (1) direct air capture-using physicochemical processes and (2) indirect air capture-using biological processes. This chapter aims to present an overview of the main NETs, demonstrating their advantages and drawbacks. Currently, there is no single process that can be considered the only solution to achieve the mitigation goals. Research efforts should be made to completely assess the environmental impacts and reduce its costs, possibly through a process integration. ¬© 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",2019,"Santos, F.M.; <br>Gon√ßalves, A.L.; <br>Pires, J.C.M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816229-3.00001-6","Book Chapter","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage: Using Natural Resources for Sustainable Development","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Can biochar link forest restoration with commercial agriculture?","The commercial use of low-value forest-origin biomass has long been considered for its potential to offset the cost of reducing wildfire hazard. The production of biochar simultaneously consumes low-value forest biomass and produces stable charcoal that, when applied to dryland agricultural soils, can increase water holding capacity and crop yield. In this way the production of forest-origin biochar has the potential to promote forest restoration, foster forest-related employment, increase agricultural competitiveness, and sequester carbon. Biochar offers the greatest opportunity where dryland food crops, limited water availability, existing energy transmission infrastructure, and high-fire hazard forests share the same landscape. In this paper we describe a landscape-level study based on this scenario to optimize wildfire hazard reduction treatments, biochar facility locations, and agroeconomic outcomes to evaluate the potential benefits needed to carry the costs of biochar production.",2019,"Sessions, J; <br>Sessions, J; <br>Smith, D; <br>Smith, D; <br>Trippe, KM; <br>Trippe, KM; <br>Fried, JS; <br>Fried, JS; <br>Bailey, JD; <br>Bailey, JD; <br>Petitmermet, JH; <br>Petitmermet, JH; <br>Hollamon, W; <br>Hollamon, W; <br>Phillips, CL; <br>Phillips, CL; <br>Campbell, JD; <br>Campbell, JD","biochar production and costs; Forest resilience; Food security","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.02.015","Article","BIOMASS & BIOENERGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Techno-economic and georeferenced analysis of forestry residues-based Fischer-Tropsch diesel with carbon capture in Brazil","This study aims to identify the potential for the deployment of diesel biofuel production based on forestry residues conversion through Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in Brazil. It develops a technical and economic analysis to estimate in what extension (georeferenced analysis) and at what costs (process analysis) can this biomass-based diesel contribute to the Brazilian diesel supply, and to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Findings indicate the annual techno-economic potential of 80.3 PJ (considering the use of eucalyptus and pine residues), mostly concentrated in the South, Midwest and Southeast regions of the country. Overall, 21 production hotspots were identified, allowing the deployment of 27 facilities across the country. A clear advantage of this fuel production route is the fact that the carbon capture and storage can be intrinsic to the process, leading to negative CO2 emissions of the fuel production chain. Total mitigation potential is nearly 25 MtCO(2) yearly. Furthermore, while still not cost-competitive without ambitious climate and energy policies in place, the forestry residue-based diesel can contribute to the reduction of the country's dependency on imports, resulting in positive impacts on the Brazilian trade balance.",2019,"Tagomori, IS; <br>Rochedo, PRR; <br>Szklo, A","Fischer-Tropsch diesel; Biomass; BECCS; GIS; Brazil","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.02.018","Article","BIOMASS & BIOENERGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Mitigation potential and environmental impact of centralized versus distributed BECCS with domestic biomass production in Great Britain","New contingency policy plans are expected to be published by the United Kingdom government to set out urgent actions, such as carbon capture and storage, greenhouse gas removal and the use of sustainable bioenergy to meet the greenhouse gas reduction targets of the 4th and 5th Carbon Budgets. In this study, we identify two plausible bioenergy production pathways for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) based on centralized and distributed energy systems to show what BECCS could look like if deployed by 2050 in Great Britain. The extent of agricultural land available to sustainably produce biomass feedstock in the centralized and distributed energy systems is about 0.39 and 0.5 Mha, providing approximately 5.7 and 7.3 Mt(DM)/year of biomass respectively. If this land-use change occurred, bioenergy crops would contribute to reduced agricultural soil GHG emission by 9 and 11 MtCO2eq/year in the centralized and distributed energy systems respectively. In addition, bioenergy crops can contribute to reduce agricultural soil ammonia emissions and water pollution from soil nitrate leaching, and to increase soil organic carbon stocks. The technical mitigation potentials from BECCS lead to projected CO2 reductions of approximately 18 and 23 MtCO2/year from the centralized and distributed energy systems respectively. This suggests that the domestic supply of sustainable biomass would not allow the emission reduction target of 50 MtCO2/year from BECCS to be met. To meet that target, it would be necessary to produce solid biomass from forest systems on 0.59 or 0.49 Mha, or alternatively to import 8 or 6.6 Mt(DM)/year of biomass for the centralized and distributed energy system respectively. The spatially explicit results of this study can serve to identify the regional differences in the potential capture of CO2 from BECCS, providing the basis for the development of onshore CO2 transport infrastructures.",2019,"Albanito, F; <br>Hastings, A; <br>Fitton, N; <br>Richards, M; <br>Martin, M; <br>Mac Dowell, N; <br>Bell, D; <br>Taylor, SC; <br>Butnar, I; <br>Li, PH; <br>Slade, R; <br>Smith, P","agricultural GHG emissions; BECCS; bioenergy crops; carbon capture and storage; climate mitigation strategy; future energy scenarios; greenhouse gases; land-use change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12630","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Negative CO2 emissions - An analysis of the retention times required with respect to possible carbon leakage","With present emissions the global CO2 budget associated with a maximum temperature increase of about 1.5-2 degrees C will likely be spent within a few decades, Thus, it will be very difficult or perhaps even impossible to meet the climate targets agreed upon in Paris only by decreasing emissions of greenhouse gases. Scenarios presented in the IPCC reports accommodate for this by introducing so-called negative CO2 emissions. The idea is that the cumulative CO2 emission budget will be exceeded, but that massive negative emissions, especially during the latter part of the century, will remove the surplus of CO2 in the atmosphere. A number of different Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs) have been proposed, including Biomass Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), afforestation/reforestation, altered agricultural practices, biochar production, enhanced weathering and direct air captured. However, many of the options proposed could be associated with carbon leakage which could compromise the purpose of negative emissions, e.g. storage in of carbon in growing/dead biomass that leaks to the atmosphere. Furthermore, it may be difficult to safely assess the long-term leakage rates. To reach the large negative emissions needed it is expected to require a mix of approaches having different expected retention times, and different safety in terms of leakage rates. Could the risk of leakage mean that we are just delaying the problem and transferring the problem to coming generations? The short answer to this is that it all depends on the leakage rates. Different leakage rates and mixes of leakage rates are investigated in the paper. For the case of a mixture of leakage time scales of 300, 1000 and 10,000 years and assuming that 80% or more was permanently stored, the contribution to the atmospheric stock was small, peaking at about 3 ppm CO2. It was concluded that leakage would not significantly compromise the benefits of negative emissions unless leakage is substantial and rapid. To quantify what could be meant by substantial and rapid, an example would be if 100% of the CO2 stored would leak out at a rate of the order of 1%/year.",2019,"Lyngfelt, A; <br>Johansson, DJA; <br>Lindeberg, E","Negative CO2 emissions; Negative emission technologies; NETs; BECCS; CO2 leakage","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.04.022","Article; Proceedings Paper","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS CONTROL","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Policy measures for sustainable sunflower cropping in EU-MED marginal lands amended by biochar: case study in Tuscany, Italy","The aim of this study is to evaluate economic support measures based on current EU policies affecting the profitability of large-scale deployment of biochar for sunflower cultivation in dry marginal lands in Italy, paving the way to large scale carbon sequestration in the EU Mediterranean region. Two cases were considered: i) straight biochar use and ii) biochar in combination with compost (COMBI: 20% biochar and 80% compost mass fraction), at application rates of 5 and 10 Mg ha(-1) respectively. Based on realistic estimations of achievable crop-yield performances by biochar and COMBI addition to dry soils, the effect of current policies on the economic viability of biochar deployment and farmers' income has been investigated. Using a cost-model we identified the required levels of support, in the form of (i) area subsidies for crop cultivation, (ii) tradable carbon certificates (credits), and (iii) REDII-compliant biofuel support for Aviation and Maritime, so to make biochar and sunflower cultivation in EU MED dry marginal lands competitive for sustainable crop-based biofuels. Results show that, by employing existing policy instruments, sufficient income can be generated for famers to recover marginal land, sequester large amount of carbon by BECCS at costs (similar to 82 (sic) Mg-1 of CO2) falling at or below the typical range of CCS measures, as well as offer additional environmental and socio-economic positive benefits. The combination of currently operational economic mechanisms from the Common Agricultural Policy, the Climate Policy, and the Renewable Energy Directive II can: i) maintain domestic farming activities, ii) support the implementation of biochar projects at local level, iii) contribute to achieve EU and national biofuel targets without generating ILUC impacts and iv) achieve unprecedent potential for carbon sequestration. However, prior to large-scale deployment, targeted on-site R&D actions aimed at validating biochar effects under local conditions (soil, climate, crops) are recommended, together with training and capacity building activities for local farmers.",2019,"Chiaramonti, D; <br>Chiaramonti, D; <br>Panoutsou, C","Biofuels; Biochar; Policy; Marginal land; ETS; BECCS","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.04.021","Article","BIOMASS & BIOENERGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Optimal design of negative emission hybrid renewable energy systems with biochar production","To tackle the increasing global energy demand the climate change problem, the integration of renewable energy and negative emission technologies is a promising solution. In this work, a novel concept called \"negative emission hybrid renewable energy system\" is proposed for the first time. It is a hybrid solar-wind-biomass renewable energy system with biochar production, which could potentially provide energy generation, carbon sequestration, and waste treatment services within one system. The optimization and the conflicting economic and environmental trade-off of such system has not yet been fully investigated in the literature. To fill the research gap, this paper aims to propose a stochastic multi-objective decision-support framework to identify optimal design of the energy mix and discuss the economic and environmental feasibilities of a negative emission hybrid renewable energy system. This approach maximizes energy output and minimizes greenhouse gas emissions by the optimal sizing of the solar, wind, combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and energy storage components in the system. A case study on Carabao Island in the Philippines, which is representative of an island-mode energy system, is conducted based on the aim of achieving net-zero emission for the whole island. For the island with a population of 10,881 people and an area of 22.05 km(2), the proposed optimal system have significant negative emission capability and promising profitability with a carbon sequestration potential of 2795 kg CO2-eq/day and a predicted daily profit of 455 US$/day. [GRAPHICS]",2019,"Li, LY; <br>Yao, ZY; <br>You, SM; <br>Wang, CW; <br>Chong, L; <br>Wang, XN","Biochar; Gasification; Hybrid renewable energy system (HRES); Optimization; Pyrolysis; Negative emission technologies (NETs)","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.183","Article; Proceedings Paper","APPLIED ENERGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of Large-Scale Biochar Production and Use for Negative Emissions in Stockholm","Several cities in Sweden are aiming for climate neutrality within a few decades and for negative emissions thereafter. Combined biochar, heat, and power production is an option to achieve carbon sequestration for cities relying on biomass-fuelled district heating, while biochar use could mitigate environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector. By using prospective life cycle assessment, the climate impact of the pyrolysis of woodchips in Stockholm is compared with two reference scenarios based on woodchip combustion. The pyrolysis of woodchips produces heat and power for the city of Stockholm, and biochar whose potential use as a feed and manure additive on Swedish dairy farms is explored. The climate change mitigation trade-off between bioenergy production and biochar carbon sequestration in Stockholm's context is dominated by the fate of marginal power. If decarbonisation of power is achieved, building a new pyrolysis plant becomes a better climate option than conventional combustion. Effects of cascading biochar use in animal husbandry are uncertain but could provide 10-20% more mitigation than direct biochar soil incorporation. These results help design regional biochar systems that combine negative carbon dioxide emissions with increased methane and nitrous oxide mitigation efforts and can also guide the development of minimum performance criteria for biochar products.",2019,"Azzi, ES; <br>Karltun, E; <br>Sundberg, C; <br>Sundberg, C",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01615","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Four low-carbon futures for a Swedish society beyond GDP growth","This paper describes how different backcasting scenarios for developments beyond traditional GDP growth 2050, in Sweden may fulfil a climate goal corresponding to keeping global warming to a maximum 1.5 degrees C with 50% likelihood. This corresponds to a 92% decrease of greenhouse gas emissions from Swedish consumption from today's level. The four scenarios illustrate different strategies: 1) collaborative economy, 2) local self-sufficiency, 3) automation for quality of life and 4) circular economy in the welfare state. The aim is to further hone and quantify the scenario narratives with a focus on greenhouse gas emissions occurring as a result of Swedish consumption, both private and public. The results show that the climate target can be met in all scenarios but this requires radical sector-specific as well as general changes, including decarbonisation, technology development, increased efficiencies, innovative practices and reduced demand. The mix of these strategies varies for different sectors and different scenarios, but all are needed to reach the climate goals. As we assume that Sweden is fossil-free 2050, particular areas of attention are diets, travel, emission intensities in other countries and the level of imports. Potential implications for other environmental goals, land use and biodiversity as well as the potential magnitude of negative emissions technologies, although uncertain and limited, that could offset some additional greenhouse gas emissions are discussed. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.",2019,"Faure, E; <br>Finnveden, G; <br>Gunnarsson-Ostling, U",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.07.070","Article","JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Deliberate enhancement of rainfall using desert plantations","Large-scale afforestation is increasingly being considered as a negative emissions method for sequestering large quantities of atmospheric CO2. At the same time, regional weather modification methods, like cloud seeding, are being used to counteract increasing water scarcity in arid regions. Large-scale sustainable desert agroforestry plantations can contribute to climate change mitigation and can also be used to modify regional climate, particularly rainfall. Climate impacts from plantations need to be well understood before considering implementation. Typically, impact studies are attempted at continental or global scales and use coarse-resolution models, which suffer from severe systematic errors. This is highly problematic because decision makers should only countenance geoengineering schemes like global afforestation if impacts are understood on the regional scale. We posit the necessity of using high-resolution regional models with sophisticated representations of land-atmosphere feedback and vegetation. This approach allows for studying desert plantations and the process chain leading to climate modification. We demonstrate that large-scale plantations enhance regional clouds and rainfall and derive an index for predicting plantation impacts. Thus, desert plantations represent a unique environmental solution via predictable regional weather modification and carbon storage.",2019,"Branch, O; <br>Wulfmeyer, V","desert plantations; weather modification; rainfall enhancement","http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904754116","Article","PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Leveraging drought risk reduction for sustainable food, soil and climate via soil organic carbon sequestration","Drought is a major risk in global agriculture. Building-up soil organic carbon (SOC) enhances soil fertility and efficient use of rainwater, which can increase drought tolerance in food production. SOC management demonstrates its benefit at various locations and is a promising means to achieve food security and climate mitigation at once. However, no global assessment of its potential and co-benefits gained from SOC enhancement has been presented. Here we evaluated the extent to which SOC build-up could reduce agricultural drought risk. Using statistical analysis of spatially-explicit global crop and soil datasets, we find that relatively small enhancement in topsoil (0-30 cm) organic carbon content (OCtop) could increase drought tolerance of the food production systems operating over 70% of the global harvested area (particularly drylands). By closing the gap between current and upper limit of tolerance levels through SOC addition of 4.87 GtC at the global scale, farmer's economic output in drought years would increase by similar to 16%. This level of SOC increase has co-benefit of reducing global decadal mean temperature warming by 0.011 degrees C. Our findings highlight that progress towards multiple development goals can be leveraged by SOC enhancement in carbon (C)-poor soils in drier regions around the world.",2019,"Iizumi, T; <br>Wagai, R",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55835-y","Article","SCIENTIFIC REPORTS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["An inter-model assessment of the role of direct air capture in deep mitigation pathways","The feasibility of large-scale biological CO2 removal to achieve stringent climate targets remains unclear. Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS) offers an alternative negative emissions technology (NET) option. Here we conduct the first inter-model comparison on the role of DACCS in 1.5 and 2 degrees C scenarios, under a variety of techno-economic assumptions. Deploying DACCS significantly reduces mitigation costs, and it complements rather than substitutes other NETs. The key factor limiting DACCS deployment is the rate at which it can be scaled up. Our scenarios' average DACCS scale-up rates of 1.5 GtCO(2)/yr would require considerable sorbent production and up to 300 EJ/yr of energy input by 2100. The risk of assuming that DACCS can be deployed at scale, and finding it to be subsequently unavailable, leads to a global temperature overshoot of up to 0.8 degrees C. DACCS should therefore be developed and deployed alongside, rather than instead of, other mitigation options.",2019,"Realmonte, G; <br>Drouet, L; <br>Gambhir, A; <br>Glynn, J; <br>Hawkes, A; <br>Koberle, AC; <br>Tavoni, M; <br>Tavoni, M",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10842-5","Article","NATURE COMMUNICATIONS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Potential complementarity between forest carbon sequestration incentives and biomass energy expansion","There is a growing literature on the potential contributions the global forest sector could make toward long-term climate action goals through increased carbon sequestration and the provision of biomass for energy generation. However, little work to date has explored possible interactions between carbon sequestration incentives and bioenergy expansion policies in forestry. This study develops a simple conceptual model for evaluating whether carbon sequestration and biomass energy policies are carbon complements or substitutes. Then, we apply a dynamic structural model of the global forest sector to assess terrestrial carbon changes under different combinations of carbon sequestration price incentives and forest bioenergy expansion. Our results show that forest bioenergy expansion can complement carbon sequestration policies in the near- and medium-term, reducing marginal abatement costs and increasing mitigation potential. By the end of the century these policies become substitutes, with forest bioenergy expansion increasing the costs of carbon sequestration. This switch is driven by relatively high demand and price growth for pulpwood under scenarios with forest bioenergy expansion, which incentivizes management changes in the near- and medium-term that are carbon beneficial (e.g., afforestation and intensive margin shifts), but requires sustained increases in pulpwood harvest levels over the long-term.",2019,"Baker, JS; <br>Wade, CM; <br>Sohngen, BL; <br>Ohrel, S; <br>Fawcett, AA","Bioenergy expansion; Forestry; Carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.10.009","Article","ENERGY POLICY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Integrated assessment of biomass supply and demand in climate change mitigation scenarios","Biomass is often seen as a key component of future energy systems as it can be used for heat and electricity production, as a transport fuel, and a feedstock for chemicals. Furthermore, it can be used in combination with carbon capture and storage to provide so-called \"negative emissions\". At the same time, however, its production will require land, possibly impacting food security, land-based carbon stocks, and other environmental services. Thus, the strategies adopted in the supply, conversion, and use of biomass have a significant impact on its effectiveness as a climate change mitigation measure. We use the IMAGE 3.0 integrated assessment model to project three different global, long term scenarios spanning different socioeconomic futures with varying rates of population growth, economic growth, and technological change, and investigate the role of biomass in meeting strict climate targets. Using these scenarios we highlight different possibilities for biomass supply and demand, and provide insights on the requirements and challenges for the effective use of this resource as a climate change mitigation measure. The results show that in scenarios meeting the 1.5 degrees C target, biomass could exceed 20% of final energy consumption, or 115-180 EJ(Prim)/yr in 2050. Such a supply of bioenergy can only be achieved without extreme levels land use change if agricultural yields improve significantly and effective land zoning is implemented. Furthermore, the results highlight that strict mitigation targets are contingent on the availability of advanced technologies such as lignocellulosic fuels and carbon capture and storage.",2019,"Daioglou, V; <br>Daioglou, V; <br>Doelman, JC; <br>Wicke, B; <br>Faaij, A; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>van Vuuren, DP","Bioenergy; Scenario analysis; Climate policy; Land use; Energy system; Biochemicals","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.11.012","Article","GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Freshwater requirements of large-scale bioenergy plantations for limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees C","Limiting mean global warming to well below 2 degrees Cwill probably require substantial negative emissions (NEs) within the 21st century. To achieve these, bioenergy plantations with subsequent carbon capture and storage (BECCS) may have to be implemented at a large scale. Irrigation of these plantations might be necessary to increase the yield, which is likely to put further pressure on already stressed freshwater systems. Conversely, the potential of bioenergy plantations (BPs) dedicated to achieving NEs through CO2 assimilation may be limited in regions with low freshwater availability. This paper provides a first-order quantification of the biophysical potentials of BECCS as a negative emission technology contribution to reaching the 1.5 degrees C warming target, as constrained by associated water availabilities and requirements. Using a global biosphere model, we analyze the availability of freshwater for irrigation of BPs designed to meet the projected NEs to fulfill the 1.5 degrees C target, spatially explicitly on areas not reserved for ecosystem conservation or agriculture. Wetake account of the simultaneous water demands for agriculture, industries, and households and also account for environmental flow requirements (EFRs) needed to safeguard aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, we assess to what extent different forms of improved water management on the suggested BPs and on cropland may help to reduce the freshwater abstractions. Results indicate that global water withdrawals for irrigation of BPs range between similar to 400 and similar to 3000 km(3) yr(-1), depending on the scenario and the conversion efficiency of the carbon capture and storage process. Consideration of EFRs reduces theNE potential significantly, but can partly be compensated for by improved on-field water management.",2019,"Stenzel, F; <br>Stenzel, F; <br>Stenzel, F; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Werner, C; <br>Werner, C; <br>Werner, C; <br>Jagermeyr, J; <br>Jagermeyr, J; <br>Jagermeyr, J","BECCS; water demand; irrigation; negative emissions; environmental flow requirements; climate change; bioenergy plantations","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab2b4b","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Assessing the terrestrial capacity for Negative Emission Technologies in Ireland","Negative emissions technologies (NETs) and their potential role in meeting emission targets is a rapidly growing and contentious area of climate change mitigation research. The literature ranges in scope from general reviews of NETs options to research and development through applied case studies. Within this field, a gap exists in the application of this growing body of research to the unique limitations and opportunities of a specific nation. Ireland is a small developed island nation in the EU with a unique emissions profile, as 32% of the total comes from agriculture due to the high number of cattle. In this study we aim to assess the potential capacity of terrestrial NETs options for Ireland and review the nation-specific context for their deployment. Despite the proportionally high representation of biochar and carbon capture and storage in the international NETs research, in an Irish context afforestation and bioenergy crops are much more established practices and could readily be considered in possible emission pathways that use NETs. Higher capacities were found for NETs options that are currently unavailable (direct air carbon capture and storage and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage), while options available to deploy at scale (afforestation, soil carbon management and biochar) have capacities limited by saturation of soil carbon stock and have higher risk of reversibility due to impermanence. Hence, while we estimate a reasonable technical capacity for NETs in Ireland, emission reduction remains the highest priority for feasibly meeting a Paris-aligned carbon quota for Ireland.",2019,"McGeever, AH; <br>Price, P; <br>McMullin, B; <br>Jones, MB","Climate change; negative emissions technologies; carbon dioxide removal and storage; Ireland","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2018.1537516","Article","CARBON MANAGEMENT","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Implementing land-based mitigation to achieve the Paris Agreement in Europe requires food system transformation","Land-based mitigation, particularly through afforestation, reforestation and avoided deforestation, is an important component of the Paris Agreement to limit average global temperature increases to between 1.5 degrees C and 2 degrees C. However, the specific actions that would ensure sufficient carbon sequestration in forests remain unclear, as do their trade-offs against other land-based objectives. We use a regional integrated assessment model to identify the conditions under which European forests reach the extent required by mitigation targets. We compare stylised scenarios of changes in meat demand, bioenergy crop production, irrigation efficiency, and crop yield improvement. Only 42 out of 972 model simulations achieved minimum levels of food provision and forest extent without the need to change dietary preferences, but relied on crop yield improvements within Europe of at least 30%. Maintaining food imports at today's levels to avoid the potential displacement of food production and deforestation required at least a 15% yield improvement, or a drastic reduction in meat consumption (avg. 57%). The results suggest that the large-scale afforestation/reforestation planned in European targets is virtually impossible to achieve without transformation of the food system, making it unlikely that Europe will play its required role in global efforts to limit climate change without utilising land beyond its borders.",2019,"Lee, H; <br>Brown, C; <br>Seo, B; <br>Holman, I; <br>Audsley, E; <br>Cojocaru, G; <br>Rounsevell, M; <br>Rounsevell, M","the 1.5 degrees C Paris target; negative emissions technologies; dietary change; reforestation; afforestation; food consumption","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab3744","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Biomass-based negative emission technology options with combined heat and power generation","Biomass-based combined heat and power (CHP) generation with different carbon capture approaches is investigated in this study. Only direct carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are considered. The selected processes are (i) a circulating fluidized bed boiler for wood chips connected to an extraction/condensation steam cycle CHP plant without carbon capture; (ii) plant (i), but with post-combustion CO2 capture; (iii) chemical looping combustion (CLC) of solid biomass connected to the steam cycle CHP plant; (iv) rotary kiln slow pyrolysis of biomass for biochar soil storage and direct combustion of volatiles supplying the steam cycle CHP plant with the CO2 from volatiles combustion escaping to the atmosphere; (v) case (iv) with additional post-combustion CO2 capture; and (vi) case (iv) with CLC of volatiles. Reasonable assumptions based on literature data are taken for the performance effects of the CO2 capture systems and the six process options are compared. CO2 compression to pipeline pressure is considered. The results show that both bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and biochar qualify as negative emission technologies (NETs) and that there is an energy-based performance advantage of BECCS over biochar because of the unreleased fuel energy in the biochar case. Additional aspects of biomass fuels (ash content and ash melting behavior) and sustainable soil management (nutrient cycles) for biomass production should be quantitatively considered in more detailed future assessments, as there may be certain biomass fuels, and environmental and economic settings where biochar application to soils is indicated rather than the full conversion of the biomass to energy and CO2.",2019,"Proll, T; <br>Zerobin, F","Biomass; Carbon capture and storage; Bioenergy; Biochar; Chemical looping combustion; Pyrolysis; Combined heat and power; Negative emission technologies","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-019-9841-4","Article","MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR GLOBAL CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["ESD Ideas: Photoelectrochemical carbon removal as negative emission technology","The pace of the transition to a low-carbon economy - especially in the fuels sector - is not high enough to achieve the 2 degrees C target limit for global warming by only cutting emissions. Most political roadmaps to tackle global warming implicitly rely on the timely availability of mature negative emission technologies, which actively invest energy to remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store it permanently. The models used as a basis for decarbonization policies typically assume an implementation of such large-scale negative emission technologies starting around the year 2030, ramped up to cause net negative emissions in the second half of the century and balancing earlier CO2 release. On average, a contribution of -10 Gt CO(2 )yr(-1) is expected by 2050 (Anderson and Peters, 2016). A viable approach for negative emissions should (i) rely on a scalable and sustainable source of energy (solar), (ii) result in a safely storable product, (iii) be highly efficient in terms of water and energy use, to reduce the required land area and competition with water and food demands of a growing world population, and (iv) feature large-scale feasibility and affordability.",2019,"May, MM; <br>May, MM; <br>Rehfeld, K; <br>Rehfeld, K",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-1-2019","Article","EARTH SYSTEM DYNAMICS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The physics and ecology of mining carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by ecosystems","Reforesting and managing ecosystems have been proposed as ways to mitigate global warming and offset anthropogenic carbon emissions. The intent of our opinion piece is to provide a perspective on how well plants and ecosystems sequester carbon. The ability of individual plants and ecosystems to mine carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, as defined by rates and cumulative amounts, is limited by laws of physics and ecological principles. Consequently, the rates and amount of net carbon uptake are slow and low compared to the rates and amounts of carbon dioxide we release by fossil fuels combustion. Managing ecosystems to sequester carbon can also cause unintended consequences to arise. In this paper, we articulate a series of key take-home points. First, the potential amount of carbon an ecosystem can assimilate on an annual basis scales with absorbed sunlight, which varies with latitude, leaf area index and available water. Second, efforts to improve photosynthesis will come with the cost of more respiration. Third, the rates and amount of net carbon uptake are relatively slow and low, compared to the rates and amounts and rates of carbon dioxide we release by fossil fuels combustion. Fourth, huge amounts of land area for ecosystems will be needed to be an effective carbon sink to mitigate anthropogenic carbon emissions. Fifth, the effectiveness of using this land as a carbon sink will depend on its ability to remain as a permanent carbon sink. Sixth, converting land to forests or wetlands may have unintended costs that warm the local climate, such as changing albedo, increasing surface roughness or releasing other greenhouse gases. We based our analysis on 1,163 site-years of direct eddy covariance measurements of gross and net carbon fluxes from 155 sites across the globe.",2019,"Baldocchi, D; <br>Penuelas, J","biophysical ecology; carbon sequestration; climate mitigation; ecosystem ecology; unintended consequences","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14559","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["A synergistic approach for the simultaneous decarbonisation of power and industry via bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)","There is a need for a rapid and large scale decarbonisation to reduce CO2 emissions by 45% within 12 years. Thus, we propose a method that accelerates decarbonisation across multiple sectors via a synergistic approach with bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), which is able to remove 740 kgCO2 from air per MWh electricity generated. Industry is a hard-to-decarbonise sector which presents a unique set of challenges where, unlike the power sector, there are no obvious alternatives to CCS. One of these challenges is the significant variation of CO2 concentration, which directly influences CO2 capture costs, ranging from $10/tCO2 to over $170/tCO2 for high (95‚Äì99% CO2) and low CO2 concentration (4% CO2) applications, respectively. Re-purposing the existing coal-fired power plant fleet into BECCS displaces CO2 emissions from coal-use and enables a just transition, i.e., avoiding job loss, providing a supportive economic framework that does not rely on government subsidies. Negative emissions generated from capturing and storing atmospheric CO2 can be converted into negative emission credits (NECs) and auctioned to hard-to-decarbonise sectors, thus providing another revenue stream to the power plant. A levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) between $70 and $100 per MWh can be achieved through auctioning NECs at $90‚Äì$135 per tCO2. Offsetting the global industrial CO2 emissions of 9 GtCO2 would require 3000 BECCS plants under this framework. This approach could jumpstart industrial decarbonisation whilst giving this sector more time to develop new CCS technologies. ¬© 2019 Elsevier Ltd",2019,"Cabral, R.P.; <br>Bui, M.; <br>Mac Dowell, N.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.05.020","Article","Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Biophysical potential of crop residues for biochar carbon sequestration, and co-benefits, in Uganda","Increasing organic matter/carbon contents of soils is one option proposed to offset climate change inducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, under the auspices of the UNFCC Paris Agreement. One of the complementary practices to sequester carbon in soils on decadal time scales is amending it with biochar, a carbon rich byproduct of biomass gasification. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), there is a widespread and close interplay of agrarian-based economies and the use of biomass for fuel, which makes the co-benefits of biochar production for agriculture and energy supply explicitly different from the rest of the world. To date, the quantities of residues available from staple crops for biochar production, and their potential for carbon sequestration in farming systems of SSA have not been comprehensively investigated. We assessed the productivity and usage of biomass waste from maize, sorghum, rice, millet, and groundnut crops; specifically quantifying straw, shanks, chaff, and shells, based on measurements from multiple farmer fields and household surveys in eastern Uganda. Moreover, allometric models were tested, using grain productivity, plant height, and density as predictors. These models enable rapid and low-cost assessment of the potential availability of feedstocks at various spatial scales: individual cropland, farm enterprise, region, and country. Ultimately, we modeled the carbon balance in soils of major cropping systems when amended with biochar from biomass residues, and up-scaled this for basic scenario analysis. This interdisciplinary approach showcases that there is significant biophysical potential for soil carbon sequestration in farming systems of Uganda through amendment of biochar derived from unused residues of cereals and legume crops. Furthermore, information about these biomass waste flows is used for estimating the rates of biochar input that could be made to farmlands, as well as the amounts of energy that could be produced with gasifier appliances. ¬© 2019 The Authors. Ecological Applications published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Ecological Society of America",2019,"Roobroeck, D.; <br>Hood-Nowotny, R.; <br>Nakubulwa, D.; <br>Tumuhairwe, J.-B.; <br>Mwanjalolo, M.J.G.; <br>Ndawula, I.; <br>Vanlauwe, B.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eap.1984","Article","Ecol. Appl.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Climate change reduces the mitigation obtainable from sequestration in an Australian farming system",null,2019,"Thamo, T.; <br>Addai, D.; <br>Kragt, M.E.; <br>Kingwell, R.S.; <br>Pannell, D.J.; <br>Robertson, M.J.",null,null,"Article",null,"Quant. analyses & models"]
["Higher Carbon Prices on Emissions Alone Will Not Deliver the Paris Agreement",null,2019,"Daggash, H.A.; <br>Mac Dowell, N.",null,null,"Article",null,"Quant. analyses & models"]
["Matching policy and science: Rationale for the ‚Äò4 per 1000 - soils for food security and climate‚Äô initiative","At the 21st session of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, COP21), a voluntary action plan, the ‚Äò4 per 1000 Initiative: Soils for Food Security and Climate‚Äô was proposed under the Agenda for Action. The Initiative underlines the role of soil organic matter (SOM) in addressing the three-fold challenge of food and nutritional security, adaptation to climate change and mitigation of human-induced greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. It sets an ambitious aspirational target of a 4 per 1000 (i.e. 0.4%) rate of annual increase in global soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, with a focus on agricultural lands where farmers would ensure the carbon stewardship of soils, like they manage day-to-day multipurpose production systems in a changing environment. In this paper, the opportunities and challenges for the 4 per 1000 initiative are discussed. We show that the 4 per 1000 target, calculated relative to global top soil SOC stocks, is consistent with literature estimates of the technical potential for SOC sequestration, though the achievable potential is likely to be substantially lower given socio-economic constraints. We calculate that land-based negative emissions from additional SOC sequestration could significantly contribute to reducing the anthropogenic CO 2 equivalent emission gap identified from Nationally Determined Contributions pledged by countries to stabilize global warming levels below 2 ¬∞C or even 1.5 ¬∞C under the Paris agreement on climate. The 4 per 1000 target could be implemented by taking into account differentiated SOC stock baselines, reversing the current trend of huge soil CO 2 losses, e.g. from agriculture encroaching peatland soils. We further discuss the potential benefits of SOC stewardship for both degraded and healthy soils along contrasting spatial scales (field, farm, landscape and country) and temporal (year to century) horizons. Last, we present some of the implications relative to non-CO 2 GHGs emissions, water and nutrients use as well as co-benefits for crop yields and climate change adaptation. We underline the considerable challenges associated with the non-permanence of SOC stocks and show how the rates of adoption and the duration of improved soil management practices could alter the global impacts of practices under the 4 per 1000 initiative. We conclude that the 4 per 1000 initiative has potential to support multiple sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda. It can be regarded as no-regret since increasing SOC in agricultural soils will contribute to food security benefits that will enhance resilience to climate change. However, social, economic and environmental safeguards will be needed to ensure an equitable and sustainable implementation of the 4 per 1000 target. ¬© 2017 Elsevier B.V.",2019,"Soussana, J.-F.; <br>Lutfalla, S.; <br>Ehrhardt, F.; <br>Rosenstock, T.; <br>Lamanna, C.; <br>Havl√≠k, P.; <br>Richards, M.; <br>Wollenberg, E.L.; <br>Chotte, J.-L.; <br>Torquebiau, E.; <br>Ciais, P.; <br>Smith, P.; <br>Lal, R.","Carbon sequestration; Climate change; Soil organic carbon; Agronomy; Carbon dioxide; Climate change; Economics; Environmental regulations; Food supply; Forestry; Global warming; Greenhouse gases; Organic carbon; Sustainable development; Adaptation to climate changes; Carbon sequestration; Climate change adaptation; Environmental safeguard; Soil management practices; Soil organic carbon; Stabilize global warming; United nations framework convention on climate changes; Soils; action plan; adaptive management; agricultural land; carbon dioxide; carbon sequestration; climate change; emission; food security; greenhouse gas; organic carbon; soil carbon; soil organic matter; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.12.002","Article","Soil Tillage Res.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Killing two birds with one stone: A negative emissions strategy for a soft landing of the US coal sector","In a modeling study, optimizing the transformation of the US coal sector to achieve emissions reductions consistent with the 2¬∞C target, we include all current coal-fired power plants of the US fleet, a large part of which will need to be replaced due to their high age. Coal-fired power plants can either be (1) replaced by higher efficiency coal plants or (2) natural gas plants while units are not yet at the end of their lifetime and can be (3) retrofitted with carbon capture and storage (CCS) or (4) retrofitted to cofire coal and biomass coupled with CCS (BECCS) thereby achieving negative emissions. Our results show that if the 2¬∞C emissions mitigation target should be achieved, the cost-optimal way of doing so is through an early implementation of BECCS. This strategy also helps to address the US Administrations‚Äô concern for coal workers: there is a more gradual phaseout of coal, which allows to retain 40,000 jobs that would be loss due to the fleet retirement for aging. In addition, 22,000 new workers would be permanently employed in the coal sector by the end of midcentury, especially in areas where the deployments of BECCS would start already by 2030. Our modeling results indicate the Great Lakes area and the southeast United States as the greatest winners of this negative emissions strategy. If planned in an integrated and forward-looking way, climate change mitigation can boost employment and competitiveness. ¬© 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",2019,"Patrizio, P.; <br>Leduc, S.; <br>Kraxner, F.; <br>Fuss, S.; <br>Kindermann, G.; <br>Spokas, K.; <br>Wetterlund, E.; <br>Lundgren, J.; <br>Yowargana, P.; <br>Obersteiner, M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816229-3.00011-9","Book Chapter","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage: Using Natural Resources for Sustainable Development","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Cropland soils in China have a large potential for carbon sequestration based It on literature survey","The carbon sequestration of soils has been of key concern particularly since the 4 per mille initiative was launched in COP21 in Paris. Here, we tried to understand three related important questions through literature survey: how did soil organic carbon (SOC) stock change in Chinese croplands in the past decades? What are the agronomic management practices and their potentials to increase the SOC of croplands in China? And how do changes in the SOC affect crop yields? The analyses showed that the SOC stock in the surface soil (0-20 cm) of Chinese croplands increased on average by 0.48% yr(-1) from 1980 to 2011. The increase was significant in the eastern and northern China, and particularly in the paddy soils in southern China; however it decreased in the northeastern China. The increase of the SOC stock was attributed to substantial increase in organic inputs, resulted from increased crop productivity, the amendments of crop residues and organic manure, the increases in synthetic fertilizer application and the optimal combination of nutrients, as well as adopting no-tillage practice. Increase in the SOC can increase crop yield and reduce yield variability. Additional means to enhance soil carbon sequestration can be application of biochar, and improvement of synthetic nitrogen use efficiency through disseminating formula fertilizer application based on soil testing, optimized application of inorganic and organic fertilizers associated with extension of conservation tillage. Currently, the straw return ratio has reached about 50%, whereas organic fertilization and conservation tillage (about 6.6%) are still at relatively low levels, the recommended management practices can be further extended to the regions with degraded soils and high population pressure. Further implementation of the recommended management practices on Chinese croplands would increase the SOC stock by >= 25.0 Tg C yr(-1) or 0.63% yr(-1), compensating for Chinese CO2 emissions by >= 1.0%. In conclusion, Chinese croplands can meet the 4 per mille target and play a crucial role in food security, carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. The priority is to develop climate smart agronomic management practices to gain synergies between climate adaptation and mitigation.",2019,"Tao, FL; <br>Palosuo, T; <br>Valkama, E; <br>Makipaa, R","Agronomic management; Carbon sequestration; Climate smart agriculture; GHG emission; Mitigation; Paris agreement","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.10.009","Article","SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar implications for sustainable agriculture and environment: A review","Sustainable agriculture, characterized by farming profitably while minimizing damage to the environment, is not easy to practice. \"Conventional agriculture\" worldwide is commonly considered to involve numerous practices that have potential to damage the environment. \"Sustainable agriculture\" attempts to find a range of conservation agricultural practices which may mitigate some of the adverse impacts of land use intensification. Among the wide range of the conservation agricultural practices, biochar may prove a key and accessible input for sustainable agriculture, as it could efficiently sequester large amount of carbon in soil over the long-run, thus improving soil fertility, crop productivity, and mitigate global warming. In addition, biochar may enhance crop productive capacity of soils under different biotic and abiotic stresses, and advance global food security. The main focus of this report is providing a critical scientific review of the current state of knowledge regarding the effects of biochar application to soils on soil properties, processes and functions. Wider issues, including atmospheric emissions and occupational health and safety associated to biochar production and handling, are put into context. The aim of this review is to provide a sound scientific basis for policy development, to identify gaps in current knowledge, and to recommend further research relating to biochar application to soils. (C) 2019 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2019,"Semida, WM; <br>Semida, WM; <br>Beheiry, HR; <br>Beheiry, HR; <br>Setamou, M; <br>Simpson, CR; <br>Simpson, CR; <br>El-Mageed, TAA; <br>Rady, MM; <br>Nelson, SD","Sustainable agriculture; Biochar; Global warming; Greenhouse gases; Soil amendment; Biotic and abiotic stresses; Crop yield","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.11.015","Review","SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Potential of conservation agriculture for ecosystem services: A review","Conservation agriculture (CA) has emerged as a promising technology for efficient rational use of available resources and sustained productivity in the long run. By saving inputs, reducing energy usage and greenhouse gases emissions, CA-based management practices are quite viable for bringing sustenance in agricultural crop production. The CA system can provide multiple ecosystem services such as provisioning, regulating and supporting services. The regulating services include improving carbon status, and physical, chemical and biological properties of soil, which further lead to provisioning services in terms of sustained crop and water productivity. Increased soil carbon sequestration improves supporting services, namely, soil aggregation that increases available soil moisture and can be helpful for better plant growth and development. It also improves soil biodiversity both above-and below-ground. Here we focus on the potential ecosystem service benefits accrued from CA. Conservation agriculture in the long run can be a strategy for sustainable crop intensification and a climate resilient crop management system.",2019,"Ghosh, S; <br>Das, TK; <br>Sharma, DK; <br>Gupta, K; <br>Gupta, K","Carbon sequestration; Conservation agriculture; Ecosystem services; Food security; Residue Management",null,"Review","INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Significance of biochar application to the environment and economy","Biochar is a carbon-rich solid formed from the organic residue by pyrolysis. The productivity of biochar relies on feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions. Studies on biochar were discussed relating its application and production as a source of soil remediation and bioeconomy. Pyrolysis conditions, gasification, hydrothermal carbonization were discussed in this study in obtaining biochar for remediation of soil. Biochar have made substantial breakthroughs in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and global warming, reducing soil nutrient leaching losses, sequester atmospheric carbon into the soil, increasing agricultural productivity, reducing bioavailability of environmental contaminants and subsequently, becoming a value-added product sustaining bioeconomy. Bio-economy implies the exploration and exploitation of bio-resources, which involves the use of biotechnology to create new bio-products of economic value. Biochar is a marketable bio-product, which can be used in agriculture, industries and energy sector. Thus, biochar production can enhance soil property and provide opportunities for additional income. This review presents the production, agronomic and economic benefits of biochar.",2019,"Oni, BA; <br>Oziegbe, O; <br>Olawole, OO","Pyrolysis; Feedstock; Bio-economy; Soil remediation; Biochar","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2019.12.006","Review","ANNALS OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar for environmental management: Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, contaminant treatment, and potential negative impacts","With increased interest in scientific investigations and large-scale applications of lignocellulosic biomass derived biochar for environmental management, a comprehensive understanding of its function in the fragile earth environment is urgently needed. The study on the relationship between biochar properties and potential applications requires continuing research. This review provides new insights into the state-of-the-art accomplishments in the utilization of biochar in environmental management and covers three perspectives: firstly, mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, such as sequestration of CO2 and CH4 in global carbon pools and mitigation of N2O emissions; secondly, pollution control, including adsorptive removal and reactive removal of inorganic and organic contaminants; thirdly, potential negative aspects of biochar applications, including contaminations originated from biochar, negative alterations to soil properties and soil biota, negative impacts of biochar on GHG emissions and negative impacts of biochar migration. From a unique and comprehensive environmental perspective, this article aims to provide a critical review of updated knowledge on both positive and negative impacts of biochar for environmental management, based on an exponentially increased number of publications on the topic over the past decade.",2019,"Zhang, C; <br>Zhang, C; <br>Zhang, C; <br>Zeng, GM; <br>Zeng, GM; <br>Huang, DL; <br>Huang, DL; <br>Lai, C; <br>Lai, C; <br>Lai, C; <br>Chen, M; <br>Chen, M; <br>Chen, M; <br>Cheng, M; <br>Cheng, M; <br>Cheng, M; <br>Tang, WW; <br>Tang, WW; <br>Tang, WW; <br>Tang, L; <br>Tang, L; <br>Tang, L; <br>Dong, HR; <br>Dong, HR; <br>Dong, HR; <br>Huang, BB; <br>Huang, BB; <br>Huang, BB; <br>Tan, XF; <br>Tan, XF; <br>Tan, XF; <br>Wang, RZ; <br>Wang, RZ; <br>Wang, RZ","Biochar; Carbon sequestration; Contaminant management; Adsorption; Reaction","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.05.139","Review","CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Comprehensive review on production and utilization of biochar","The on-farm burning of crop residues and biomass results in numerous environmental issues and affects human beings. Crop residues have considerable energy potential if utilized appropriately. Crop residues can be converted into biochar through thermo-chemical routes; conversion helps in the managing and handling of biomass. Biochar reactors usually operate at temperatures between 400 and 600 degrees C with fixed carbon contents ranging from 60 to 85%. The application of this biochar to soil improves the physiochemical characteristics of soil because biochar is rich in organic carbon content, which makes the soil more fertile and acts as a carbon sequestration agent over the long term. Biochar itself is considered a source nutrient and can alter the soil nutrient pools and availability. Biochar applied up to 10 cm depth of soil may decrease the denitrification potential and lower N2O emission, greatly controlling leaching of mobile nutrients such as potassium, thus improving water use efficiency, nutrient availability and plant growth. Furthermore, it reduces the leaching of nitrogen into the groundwater and increases the water retention and cation-exchange capacity while moderating the soil's acidity, resulting in improved soil fertility. This article discusses different biochar production processes and various feedstocks and characteristics of biochar. The factors affecting biochar production and advantages of the utilization of biochar in soil are also reviewed.",2019,"Panwar, NL; <br>Pawar, A; <br>Salvi, BL","Biomass; Biochar; Slow pyrolysis; Soil health; Greenhouse gas mitigation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0172-6","Review","SN APPLIED SCIENCES","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["The mutual dependence of negative emission technologies and energy systems","While a rapid decommissioning of fossil fuel technologies deserves priority, most climate stabilization scenarios suggest that negative emission technologies ( NETs) are required to keep global warming well below 2 degrees C. Yet, current discussions on NETs are lacking a distinct energy perspective. Prominent NETs, such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage ( BECCS) and direct air carbon capture and storage ( DACCS), will integrate differently into the future energy system, requiring a concerted research effort to determine adequate means of deployment. In this perspective, we discuss the importance of energy per carbon metrics, factors of future cost development, and the dynamic response of NETs in intermittent energy systems. The energy implications of NETs deployed at scale are massive, and NETs may conceivably impact future energy systems substantially. DACCS outperform BECCS in terms of primary energy required per ton of carbon sequestered. For different assumptions, DACCS displays a sequestration efficiency of 75-100%, whereas BECCS displays a sequestration efficiency of 50-90% or less if indirect land use change is included. Carbon dioxide removal costs of DACCS are considerably higher than BECCS, but if DACCS modularity and granularity helps to foster technological learning to o100$ per tCO(2), DACCS may remove CO2 at gigaton scale. DACCS also requires two magnitudes less land than BECCS. Designing NET systems that match intermittent renewable energies will be key for stringent climate change mitigation. Our results contribute to an emerging understanding of NETs that is notably different to that derived from scenario modelling.",2019,"Creutzig, F; <br>Creutzig, F; <br>Breyer, C; <br>Hilaire, J; <br>Hilaire, J; <br>Hilaire, J; <br>Minx, J; <br>Minx, J; <br>Peters, GP; <br>Socolow, R",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ee03682a","Review","ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Direct Air Carbon Capture and Sequestration: How It Works and How It Could Contribute to Climate-Change Mitigation","Owing to the small quantity of carbon dioxide (CO2) that can be emitted before we exceed the 1.5 degrees C-2 degrees C target of the Paris Agreement on climate change, we are increasingly likely to require ways of removing significant CO2 from the atmosphere. In addition to the biological options considered to date such as afforestation and bioenergy with CO2 capture, direct air carbon capture and sequestration (DACCS) is emerging as a potentially important synthetic CO2 removal technology. Here, we explain how DACCS works, focusing on two major processes that have been developed into large-scale pilot plants. We discuss cost estimates and operational energy requirements, as well as ecological and ethical considerations. We highlight the role of DACCS in the low-carbon transition by discussing its benefits, while also noting potential trade-offs and uncertainties that deserve further investigation.",2019,"Gambhir, A; <br>Tavoni, M; <br>Tavoni, M",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2019.11.006","Review","ONE EARTH","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["A review on biochar modulated soil condition improvements and nutrient dynamics concerning crop yields: Pathways to climate change mitigation and global food security","The beneficial role of biochar on improvement of soil quality, C sequestration, and enhancing crop yield is widely reported. As such there is not much consolidated information available linking biochar modulated soil condition improvement and soil nutrient availability on crop yields. The present review paper addresses the above issues by compilation of world literature on biochar and a new dimension is introduced in this review by performing a meta-analysis of published data by using multivariate statistical analysis. Hence this review is a new in its kind and is useful to the broad spectrum of readers. Generally, alkalinity in biochar increases with increase in pyrolysis temperature and majority of the biochar is alkaline in nature except a few which are acidic. The N content in many biochar was reported to be more than 4% as well as less than 0.5%. Poultry litter biochar is a rich source of P (3.12%) and K (7.40%), while paper mill sludge biochar is higher in Ca content (31.1%) and swine solids biochar in Zn (49810 mg kg(-1)), and Fe (74800 mg kg(-1)) contents. The effect of biochar on enhancing soil pH was higher in Alfisol, Ferrosol and Acrisol. Soil application of biochar could on an average increase (78%), decrease (16%), or show no effect on crop yields under different soil types. Biochar produced at a lower pyrolysis temperature could deliver greater soil nutrient availabilities than that prepared at higher temperature. Principal component analysis (PCA) of available data shows an inverse relationship between [pyrolysis temperature and soil pH], and [biochar application rate and soil cation exchange capacity]. The PCA also suggests that the original soil properties and application rate strongly control crop yield stimulations via biochar amendments. Finally, biochar application shows net soil C gains while also serving for increased plant biomass production that strongly recommends biochar as a useful soil amendment. Therefore, the application of biochar to soils emerges as a 'win-win strategy' for sustainable waste management, climate change mitigation and food security. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2019,"Purakayastha, TJ; <br>Purakayastha, TJ; <br>Bera, T; <br>Bera, T; <br>Bhaduri, D; <br>Bhaduri, D; <br>Sarkar, B; <br>Sarkar, B; <br>Mandal, S; <br>Mandal, S; <br>Wade, P; <br>Wade, P; <br>Kumari, S; <br>Kumari, S; <br>Biswas, S; <br>Biswas, S; <br>Menon, M; <br>Menon, M; <br>Pathak, H; <br>Pathak, H; <br>Tsang, DCW; <br>Tsang, DCW","Biochar; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Potassium; Micronutrients; Crop yields","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.170","Article","CHEMOSPHERE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Polyaromatic hydrocarbons in biochars and human health risks of food crops grown in biochar-amended soils: A synthesis study","Soil amendment with biochars is currently being studied worldwide as a sustainable agricultural practice to improve soil and water quality, increase crop productivity, and augment soil carbon storage. However, the formation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during biochar production is inevitable. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the risks in food safety and human health of crops grown in biochar-amended soils. This paper performed a synthesis study of PAH concentrations in biochars and estimated the risks of soils amended with biochars, based on refereed articles published between 2012 and 2018. The PAH concentrations in biochars ranged greatly, with the dominant proportion being 2-3 ringed PAHs (40%-71%). Biochar application increased the PAH levels in soils at drastically varying extents (0.02-3574 mu g/kg), which led to a broad range of PAH concentrations in food crops grown in biochar-amended soils. A five-step method was then introduced to assess the toxicity of biochar-borne PAHs to human health. The total mean incremental lifetime cancer risk for adults was estimated to range between 2.0 x 10(-6)-1.9 x 10(-5) via direct contact with and ingestion (inhalation) of contaminated soils or consumption of tainted crops. These results indicated that biochar amendment in soils might pose potential risks to food safety and human health, but the overall cancer risks through exposure to biochar-borne PAHs in soils and food crops were low. Higher application rates (e.g. >= 20 t/ha) of biochars with high PAH contents can be avoided to minimize human cancer risks. Although biochar application in arable farmlands has many environmental and agronomic benefits, holistic and systematic approaches are required to fully assess the benefits and risks before their large-scale adoption. PAHs in biochar may be reduced by improving the biochar production process and developing a cost-effective post-manufacturing treatment.",2019,"Wang, J; <br>Odinga, ES; <br>Zhang, W; <br>Zhou, X; <br>Yang, B; <br>Waigi, MG; <br>Gao, YZ","Biochar; Polyaromatic hydrocarbon; Soil; Crop; Human health; Contamination risk","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.06.009","Article","ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Intact Forests in the United States: Proforestation Mitigates Climate Change and Serves the Greatest Good","Climate change and loss of biodiversity are widely recognized as the foremost environmental challenges of our time. Forests annually sequester large quantities of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), and store carbon above and below ground for long periods of time. Intact forests-largely free from human intervention except primarily for trails and hazard removals-are the most carbon-dense and biodiverse terrestrial ecosystems, with additional benefits to society and the economy. Internationally, focus has been on preventing loss of tropical forests, yet U.S. temperate and boreal forests remove sufficient atmospheric CO2 to reduce national annual net emissions by 11%. U.S. forests have the potential for much more rapid atmospheric CO2 removal rates and biological carbon sequestration by intact and/or older forests. The recent 1.5 Degree Warming Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change identifies reforestation and afforestation as important strategies to increase negative emissions, but they face significant challenges: afforestation requires an enormous amount of additional land, and neither strategy can remove sufficient carbon by growing young trees during the critical next decade(s). In contrast, growing existing forests intact to their ecological potential-termed proforestation-is a more effective, immediate, and low-cost approach that could be mobilized across suitable forests of all types. Proforestation serves the greatest public good by maximizing co-benefits such as nature-based biological carbon sequestration and unparalleled ecosystem services such as biodiversity enhancement, water and air quality, flood and erosion control, public health benefits, low impact recreation, and scenic beauty.",2019,"Moomaw, WR; <br>Moomaw, WR; <br>Masino, SA; <br>Masino, SA; <br>Faison, EK","biodiversity crisis; Pinchot; afforestation; reforestation; forest ecosystem; biological carbon sequestration; old-growth forest; second-growth forest","http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2019.00027","Article","FRONTIERS IN FORESTS AND GLOBAL CHANGE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar amendment effects on the activities of soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus hydrolytic enzymes: a meta-analysis","The aim of this meta-analysis was to synthesize the effects of biochar amendment on soil enzyme activities (SEAs) related to carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling. Based on 401 paired comparisons from 43 published studies, the SEAs and main influential factors were analyzed in response to biochar characteristics, soil properties, and experiment conditions. Results showed that biochar additions to soils overall increased the N- and P-cycling SEAs by 14 and 11%, respectively. The enhancement of the N- and P-cycling SEAs was mainly attributable to the microbial stimulation by biochar properties (i.e., nutrient content and porosity) and soil nutrients (e.g., soil organic C and total N). The enhancement was the most significant under the conditions with biochars produced at low temperatures and using feedstock materials with high nutrient content, and biochar applications in acidic or neutral soils, coarse or fine soils, and farmland soils. Biochar additions to soils overall reduced the C-cycling SEAs by 6.3%. The C-cycling SEAs were greatly suppressed under the conditions with low and very high biochar loads, biochars produced at high temperatures and with feedstock materials of herb and lignocellulose, and biochar applications in alkaline, fine, and forest soils. The results were mainly related to the adsorption and inhibition effects of biochars and soil properties (e.g., liming effect, high biochar porosity and aromatic C content) on fungi and the enzymes. Biochar feedstock, C/N and load, and soil total N were the main influential factors on the SEAs. The results from this study demonstrate that biochar amendment is beneficial to improving soil N and P cycling and C sequestration.",2019,"Zhang, LY; <br>Xiang, YZ; <br>Jing, YM; <br>Zhang, RD","Biochars; Soil enzymes; C sequestration; Nutrient cycling; Influential factors","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05604-1","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Overview of Carbon Capture Technology: Microalgal Biorefinery Concept and State-of-the-Art","The impending danger of climate change and pollution can now be seen on the world panorama. The concentration of CO2, the most important Green House Gas (GHG), has reached to formidable levels. Although carbon capture and storage (CCS) methods have been largely worked upon, they are cumbersome in terms of economy and their long term environmental safety raises a concern. Alternatively, bio-sequestration of CO2 using microalgal cell factories has emerged as a promising way of recycling CO2 into biomass via photosynthesis which in turn could be used for the production of bioenergy and other value-added products. Despite enormous potential, the production of microalgae for low-value bulk products and bulk products such as biofuels, is heretofore, not feasible. To achieve economic viability and sustainability, major hurdles in both, the upstream and downstream processes have to be overcome. Recent technoeconomic analyses and life-cycle assessments of microalgae-based production systems have suggested that the only possible way for scaling up the production is to completely use the biomass in an integrated biorefinery set-up wherein every valuable component is extracted, processed and valorized. This article provides a brief yet comprehensive review of the present carbon sequestration and utilization technologies, focusing primarily on biological CO2 capture by microalgae in the context of bio-refinery. The paper discusses various products of microalgal biorefinery and aims to assess the opportunities, challenges and current state-of-the-art of microalgae-based CO2 bioconversion, which are essential to the sustainability of this approach in terms of the environment as well as the economy.",2019,"Singh, J; <br>Dhar, DW","microalgae; biorefinery; carbon capture; bio-sequestration; CO2 mitigation; biofuel","http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00029","Review","FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["The impact of biochar on soil carbon sequestration: Meta-analytical approach to evaluating environmental and economic advantages","Soil carbon (SC) is important for food security, ecosystem functioning, and environmental health, especially in light of global climate change. The physico-chemical character of biochar (pyrolyzed crop residue) has been shown to augment SC levels. This review systematically compares the environmental and economic benefits of applying crop residue versus biochar produced from crop residues to soils and the potential implications for SC sequestration. Crop residues enhance the mineralization rate of SC, while biochar can increase or decrease SC depending on the types of biochar/soil and duration. Therefore, converting crop residues to biochar may be more efficient for sequestering SC, but may/may not be more cost-effective. In this review, special emphasis is given to understanding the underlying mechanisms and biogeochemical processes of biochar production, in particular: surface (crystallinity), redox, and ability to control electron transfer reactions. By using meta-analytics, we determined the role of biochar compared to crop residue to enhance the status of organic SC.",2019,"Majumder, S; <br>Neogi, S; <br>Dutta, T; <br>Powel, MA; <br>Banik, P","Biochar; Carbon storage; Crop residues; Greenhouse gas emission; Sequestration; Meta-analysis","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109466","Review","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar composition-dependent impacts on soil nutrient release, carbon mineralization, and potential environmental risk: A review","Biochar application has multiple benefits for soil fertility improvement and climate change mitigation. Biochar can act as a source of nutrients and sequester carbon (C) in the soil. The nutrient release capacity of biochar once applied to the soil varies with the composition of the biochar, which is a function of the feedstock type and pyrolysis condition used for biochar production. Biochar has a crucial influence on soil C mineralization, including its positive or negative priming of microorganisms involved in soil C cycling. However, in various cases, biochar application to the soil may cause negative effects in the soil and the wider environment. For instance, biochar may suppress soil nutrient availability and crop productivity due to the reduction in plant nutrient uptake or reduction in soil C mineralization. Biochar application may also negatively affect environmental quality and human health because of harmful compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, and dibenzofurans (PCDD/DF). In this review, we discuss the linkage between biochar composition and function, evaluate the role biochar plays in soil fertility improvement and C sequestration, and discuss regulations and concerns regarding biochar's negative environmental impact. We also summarize advancements in biochar production technologies and discuss future challenges and priorities in biochar research.",2019,"El-Naggar, A; <br>El-Naggar, A; <br>El-Naggar, A; <br>El-Naggar, AH; <br>El-Naggar, AH; <br>Shaheen, SM; <br>Shaheen, SM; <br>Shaheen, SM; <br>Sarkar, B; <br>Sarkar, B; <br>Chang, SX; <br>Tsang, DCW; <br>Rinklebe, J; <br>Rinklebe, J; <br>Ok, YS; <br>Ok, YS","Black carbon; Carbon storage; Policy development; Priming effect; Soil nutrients availability","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.044","Review","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Land-Management Options for Greenhouse Gas Removal and Their Impacts on Ecosystem Services and the Sustainable Development Goals","Land-management options for greenhouse gas removal (GGR) include afforestation or reforestation (AR), wetland restoration, soil carbon sequestration (SCS), biochar, terrestrial enhanced weathering (TEW), and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). We assess the opportunities and risks associated with these options through the lens of their potential impacts on ecosystem services (Nature's Contributions to People; NCPs) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We find that all land-based GGR options contribute positively to at least some NCPs and SDGs. Wetland restoration and SCS almost exclusively deliver positive impacts. A few GGR options, such as afforestation, BECCS, and biochar potentially impact negatively some NCPs and SDGs, particularly when implemented at scale, largely through competition for land. For those that present risks or are least understood, more research is required, and demonstration projects need to proceed with caution. For options that present low risks and provide cobenefits, implementation can proceed more rapidly following no-regrets principles.",2019,"Smith, P; <br>Adams, J; <br>Beerling, DJ; <br>Beringer, T; <br>Calvin, KV; <br>Fuss, S; <br>Fuss, S; <br>Griscom, B; <br>Hagemann, N; <br>Hagemann, N; <br>Kammann, C; <br>Kraxner, F; <br>Minx, JC; <br>Minx, JC; <br>Popp, A; <br>Renforth, P; <br>Vicente, JLV; <br>Keesstra, S; <br>Keesstra, S","greenhouse gas removal; carbon dioxide removal; CDR; negative emission technology; NET; afforestation/reforestation; wetland restoration; soil carbon sequestration; biochar; terrestrial enhanced weathering; bioenergy with carbon capture and storage; BECCS; ecosystem services; Nature's Contributions to People; NCPs; UN Sustainable Development Goals; SDG","http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033129","Review; Book Chapter","ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES, VOL 44","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Negative emissions and international climate goals-learning from and about mitigation scenarios","For aiming to keep global warming well-below 2 degrees C and pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees C, as set out in the Paris Agreement, a full-fledged assessment of negative emission technologies (NETs) that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is crucial to inform science-based policy making. With the Paris Agreement in mind, we re-analyse available scenario evidence to understand the roles of NETs in 1.5 degrees C and 2 degrees C scenarios and, for the first time, link this to a systematic review of findings in the underlying literature. In line with previous research, we find that keeping warming below 1.5 degrees C requires a rapid large-scale deployment of NETs, while for 2 degrees C, we can still limit NET deployment substantially by ratcheting up near-term mitigation ambition. Most recent evidence stresses the importance of future socio-economic conditions in determining the flexibility of NET deployment and suggests opportunities for hedging technology risks by adopting portfolios of NETs. Importantly, our thematic review highlights that there is a much richer set of findings on NETs than commonly reflected upon both in scientific assessments and available reviews. In particular, beyond the common findings on NETs underpinned by dozens of studies around early scale-up, the changing shape of net emission pathways or greater flexibility in the timing of climate policies, there is a suite of \"niche and emerging findings\", e.g. around innovation needs and rapid technological change, termination of NETs at the end of the twenty-first century or the impacts of climate change on the effectiveness of NETs that have not been widely appreciated. Future research needs to explore the role of climate damages on NET uptake, better understand the geophysical constraints of NET deployment (e.g. water, geological storage, climate feedbacks), and provide a more systematic assessment of NET portfolios in the context of sustainable development goals.",2019,"Hilaire, J; <br>Hilaire, J; <br>Minx, JC; <br>Minx, JC; <br>Callaghan, MW; <br>Edmonds, J; <br>Luderer, G; <br>Nemet, GF; <br>Rogelj, J; <br>Rogelj, J; <br>Rogelj, J; <br>Zamora, MD","Negative emission; Carbon dioxide removal; Systematic evidence synthesis; Integrated assessment model; 1; 5 degrees C; 2 degrees C","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02516-4","Review","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Potentials, Limitations, Co-Benefits, and Trade-Offs of Biochar Applications to Soils for Climate Change Mitigation","Biochar is one of the most affordable negative emission technologies (NET) at hand for future large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide removal (CDR), which is typically found essential to stabilizing global temperature rise at relatively low levels. Biochar has also attracted attention as a soil amendment capable of improving yield and soil quality and of reducing soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this work, we review the literature on biochar production potential and its effects on climate, food security, ecosystems, and toxicity. We identify three key factors that are largely affecting the environmental performance of biochar application to agricultural soils: (1) production condition during pyrolysis, (2) soil conditions and background climate, and (3) field management of biochar. Biochar production using only forest or crop residues can achieve up to 10% of the required CDR for 1.5 degrees C pathways and about 25% for 2 degrees C pathways; the consideration of dedicated crops as biochar feedstocks increases the CDR potential up to 15-35% and 35-50%, respectively. A quantitative review of life-cycle assessment (LCA) studies of biochar systems shows that the total climate change assessment of biochar ranges between a net emission of 0.04 tCO2eq and a net reduction of 1.67 tCO2eq per tonnes feedstock. The wide range of values is due to different assumptions in the LCA studies, such as type of feedstock, biochar stability in soils, soil emissions, substitution effects, and methodological issues. Potential trade-offs between climate mitigation and other environmental impact categories include particulate matter, acidification, and eutrophication and mostly depend on the background energy system considered and on whether residues or dedicated feedstocks are used for biochar production. Overall, our review finds that biochar in soils presents relatively low risks in terms of negative environmental impacts and can improve soil quality and that decisions regarding feedstock mix and pyrolysis conditions can be optimized to maximize climate benefits and to reduce trade-offs under different soil conditions. However, more knowledge on the fate of biochar in freshwater systems and as black carbon emissions is required, as they represent potential negative consequences for climate and toxicity. Biochar systems also interact with the climate through many complex mechanisms (i.e., surface albedo, black carbon emissions from soils, etc.) or with water bodies through leaching of nutrients. These effects are complex and the lack of simplified metrics and approaches prevents their routine inclusion in environmental assessment studies. Specific emission factors produced from more sophisticated climate and ecosystem models are instrumental to increasing the resolution and accuracy of environmental sustainability analysis of biochar systems and can ultimately improve the characterization of the heterogeneities of varying local conditions and combinations of type feedstock, conversion process, soil conditions, and application practice.",2019,"Tisserant, A; <br>Cherubini, F","biochar; pyrolysis; food security; climate mitigation; negative emission technology; carbon dioxide removal; life-cycle assessment; environmental assessment; biogeochemical cycles; biophysical effects","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8120179","Review","LAND","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Moral Conflicts of several \"green\" terrestrial Negative Emission Technologies regarding the Human Right to Adequate Food - A Review","<p>Several terrestrial Negative Emission Technologies (tNETs), like Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), Afforestation/Reforestation (AR) and Enhanced Weathering (EW), rely on natural processes and could therefore be designated as \"green\" forms of geoengineering. However, even those \"green\" tNETs may lead to undesirable side effects and thereby provoke moral concerns and conflicts. In this paper, I investigated whether BECCS, AR and EW would cause moral conflicts regarding the human right to adequate food if implemented on a scale sufficient to limit global warming \"to well below 2&thinsp;<span classCombining double low line\"inline-formula\">ƒù</span>C\". Reviewing recent publications concerning BECCS, AR and EW, I found that EW would not conflict with the human right to adequate food but would likely even promote agricultural food production due to a higher nutrient provision. However, EW does not provide a feasible solution to limit global warming \"to well below 2&thinsp;<span classCombining double low line\"inline-formula\">ƒù</span>C\", since a large-scale deployment of EW would require large investments and considerable amounts of energy to grind suitable rock-material. In regard of BECCS and AR, I found that even under the optimistic Representative Concentration Pathway 2.6 (RCP2.6), as assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its latest assessment report from 2013, a large-scale deployment of BECCS and/or AR would cause moral conflicts regarding the human right to adequate food for present and future generations. Due to this, I advocate for more and stronger mitigation efforts in line with efficient land management actions concerning, e.g. peats and soils, designated as \"natural climate solutions\" (NCS) and a deployment of multiple tNETs in near future.</p>. ¬© 2019 BMJ Publishing Group. All rights reserved.",2019,"Hohlwegler, P.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-37-2019","Article","Adv. Geosci.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["CO2 Removal With Enhanced Weathering and Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement: Potential Risks and Co-benefits for Marine Pelagic Ecosystems","Humankind will need to remove hundreds of gigatons of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere by the end of the twenty-first century to keep global warming below 2¬∞C within the constraints of the global carbon budget. However, so far it is unclear if and how this could be achieved. A widely recognized idea is to accelerate weathering reactions of minerals that consume CO2 when they dissolve. Acceleration could be realized by pulverizing and distributing gigatons of these minerals onto land (termed ‚Äúenhanced weathering (EW)‚Äù) or sea (termed ‚Äúocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE)‚Äù) thereby largely increasing their reactive surfaces. However, the desired consumption of atmospheric CO2 during dissolution would inevitably be accompanied by a release of mineral dissolution products (alkalinity, Si, Ca, Mg, Fe, Ni, and maybe others). Here, we approximate their maximum additions to assess potential consequences for pelagic communities (mainly primary producers) and the biogeochemical fluxes they control. Based on this assessment, we tentatively qualify the potential to induce positive and/or negative side effects to be high for Fe, Ni, Si, intermediate for alkalinity, and low for Ca and Mg. However, perturbation potentials are always higher at perturbation hotspots and would be different for EW than for OAE. Furthermore, ecological/biogeochemical consequences of EW/OAE largely depend on the minerals used. We hypothesize that mainly calcifiers would profit in a scheme where CaCO3 derivatives would be used due to beneficial changes in carbonate chemistry. Figuratively, this may turn the blue ocean into a white(r) ocean. When using silicates, the release of additional Si, Fe and Ni could benefit silicifiers and N2-fixers (cyanobacteria) and increase ocean productivity ultimately turning the blue ocean into a green(er) ocean. These considerations call for dedicated research to assess risks and co-benefits of mineral dissolution products on marine and other environments. Indeed, both EW and OAE could become important tools to realize CO2 removal at the planetary scale but associated risks and/or co-benefits should be revealed before deciding on their implementation. Copyright ¬© 2019 Bach, Gill, Rickaby, Gore and Renforth.",2019,"Bach, L.T.; <br>Gill, S.J.; <br>Rickaby, R.E.M.; <br>Gore, S.; <br>Renforth, P.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2019.00007","Article","Front. Clim.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Soil C Sequestration as a Biological Negative Emission Strategy","Soil carbon (C) sequestration is one of three main approaches to carbon dioxide removal and storage through management of terrestrial ecosystems. Soil C sequestration relies of the adoption of improved management practices that increase the amount of carbon stored as soil organic matter, primarily in cropland and grazing lands. These C sequestering practices act by increasing the rate of input of plant-derived residues to soils and/or by reducing the rates of turnover of organic C stocks already in the soil. In addition to carbon dioxide removal potential, increases in soil organic matter/soil C content are highly beneficial from the standpoint of soil health and soil fertility. Practices to increase soil C stocks include well-known, proven techniques, or ‚Äúbest management practices‚Äù (BMP) for building soil carbon. A second category includes what we refer to as frontier technologies for which significant technological and/or economic barriers exist today, but for which further R&amp;D and/or economic incentives might offer the potential for greater sequestration over the longer term. We reviewed published estimates of global soil carbon sequestration potential, representing the biophysical potential for managed cropland and/or grassland systems to store additional carbon assuming widespread (near complete) adoption of BMPs. The majority of studies suggests that 4‚Äì5 GtCO2/y as an upper limit for global biophysical potential with near complete adoption of BMPs. In the longer-term, if frontier technologies are successfully deployed, the global estimate might grow to 8 GtCO2/y. There is a strong scientific basis for managing agricultural soils to act as a significant carbon (C) sink over the next several decades. A two-stage strategy, to first incentivize adoption of well-developed, conventional soil C sequestering practices, while investing in R&amp;D on new frontier technologies that could come on-line in the next 2‚Äì3 decades, could maximize benefits. Implementation of such policies will require robust, scientifically-sound measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems to track that policy goals are being met and that claimed increases in soil C stocks are real. Copyright ¬© 2019 Paustian, Larson, Kent, Marx and Swan.",2019,"Paustian, K.; <br>Larson, E.; <br>Kent, J.; <br>Marx, E.; <br>Swan, A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2019.00008","Review","Front. Clim.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Challenges and Opportunities of Bioenergy With Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) for Communities","Purpose of Review: What do we know about community scale perceptions and desirability of BECCS? What does research on the governance of BECCS say about policy relevant to community scale challenges and opportunities? Recent Findings: The social acceptability of BECCS is influenced by contextual factors such as the source and use of the CO2, and the policy environment. Sustainable BECCS has a particular geography, and communities may be affected by its system boundaries and requirements in terms of feedstocks, transport, and infrastructure design. Summary: BECCS cannot be viewed on just the community scale without considering how national and global scales influence system design. The limited research relevant to BECCS on the community scale looks at public acceptance or social license, rather than opportunities for communities. Future research can move beyond ‚Äúsocial impact‚Äù to study ‚Äúsocial demand‚Äù for BECCS, and identify opportunities for communities along the farm-to-underground or farm-to-product chain. ¬© 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.",2019,"Buck, H.J.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40518-019-00139-y","Review","Curr. Sustain. Renew. Energy. Rep.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Prospect of China's renewable energy development from pyrolysis and biochar applications under climate change",null,2019,"Kung, C.-C.; <br>Mu, J.E.",null,null,"Review",null,"Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Good agricultural practices and carbon sequestration","Conservation agriculture (CA) technologies include minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover through crop residues or cover crops, and crop rotations for achieving higher productivity. Intensive agriculture and excessive use of external inputs have led to degradation of soil, water, and genetic resources, widespread soil erosion, nutrient mining, depleting water table, eroding biodiversity, high energy requirements, reduction in availability of protective foods, air and groundwater pollution, and stagnating farm incomes. To overcome this, CA is recognized as a potential tool. CA systems demand a total paradigm shift from conventional agriculture with regard to management of crops, soil, water, nutrients, weeds, and farm machinery. Reduction in cost of production, saving in water and nutrients, increased yields, more carbon sequestration, environmental benefits, crop diversification, and resource improvement are few prospects and opportunities lying with CA technologies. Laser land leveling, conservation tillage, direct-seeded rice, Sesbania brown manuring, residue management, integrated nutrient management, agroforestry, and use of biochar are important management practices for improving the carbon sequestration. There is need of developing policy frameworks and strategies for promotion of CA in the region. This article reviews the emerging concerns due to continuous adoption of conventional agriculture systems and analyzes the constraints, prospects, policy issues, and research needs for conservation agriculture and carbon sequestration. ¬© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020.",2019,"Sharma, A.R.; <br>Behera, U.K.","Carbon sequestration; Conservation agriculture; Management practices","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9628-1_9",null,null,"Reviews & meta-studies"]
["The technological and economic prospects for CO2 utilization and removal",null,2019,"Hepburn, C.; <br>Adlen, E.; <br>Beddington, J.; <br>Carter, E.A.; <br>Fuss, S.; <br>Mac Dowell, N.; <br>Minx, J.C.; <br>Smith, P.; <br>Williams, C.K.",null,null,"Review",null,"Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Perspectives from India on geoengineering","Geo-engineering technologies for deliberate and large-scale manipulation of the Earth's climate system are receiving serious scientific and political interest in the discourse on policy instruments for limiting temperature rise to 1.5 degrees C. While the debate on the scientific and technical feasibility of a range of geo-engineering technologies rages on, there is an urgent need for analysis of the complex ethical, social and governance issues related to research, experimentation and eventual deployment of these technologies. Our perception survey of Indian policy makers dealing with climate change has identified a number of governance concerns related to geoengineering technologies. Possible unintended consequences and 'side effects' of these technologies raises concerns of differential impacts in the vulnerable global south. Large-scale deployment of BECCS could have significant impact on food security, water resources and biodiversity. Above all, Indian policy makers are concerned about the prospect of unilateral action on geoengineering by developed nations. We examine in this article potential governance arrangements for geo-engineering technologies.",2019,"Mathur, V; <br>Roy, A","Climate change; geoenginering; governance; perspective","http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v116/i1/40-46","Article","CURRENT SCIENCE","Surveys & interviews"]
["Perceptions of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage in different policy scenarios","There is growing interest in bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) as a possible technology for removing CO2 from the atmosphere. In the first study of its kind, we investigate whether and how different forms of incentivisation impact on public perceptions of this technology. We develop a new experimental method to triangulate perceptions of BECCS in different policy scenarios through quantitative measurement and qualitative elicitation. Here we show that the type of policy instrument used to incentivise BECCS significantly affects perceptions of the technology itself. While we find approval of coercive and persuasion-based policy scenarios for incentivisation, supportive instruments proved polarising. Payments based on the amount of CO2 removed from the atmosphere were approved, but guarantees of higher prices for producers selling energy derived from BECCS were strongly opposed. We conclude that public support for BECCS is inextricably linked to attitudes towards the policies through which it is incentivised.",2019,"Bellamy, R; <br>Lezaun, J; <br>Palmer, J",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08592-5","Article","NATURE COMMUNICATIONS","Surveys & interviews"]
["Do climate engineering experts display moral-hazard behaviour?","Discourse analyses and expert interviews about climate engineering (CE) report high levels of reflectivity about the technologies' risks and challenges, implying that CE experts are unlikely to display moral hazard behaviour, i.e. a reduced focus on mitigation. This has, however, not been empirically tested. Within CE experts we distinguish between experts for radiation management (RM) and for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and analyse whether RM and CDR experts display moral hazard behaviour. For RM experts, we furthermore look at whether they agree to laboratory and field research, and how they perceive the risks and benefits of one specific RM method, Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI). Analyzing experts' preferences for climate-policy options, we do not find a reduction of the mitigation budget, i.e. moral hazard, for RM or CDR experts compared to climate-change experts who are neither experts for RM nor for CDR. In particular, the budget shares earmarked for RM are low. The perceptions of risks and benefits of SAI are similar for RM and climate-change experts. Despite the difference in knowledge and expertise, experts and laypersons share an understanding of the benefits, while their perceptions of the risks differ: experts perceive the risks to be larger. Key policy insights Experts surveyed all prioritize mitigation over carbon dioxide removal and in particular radiation management. In the views of the experts, SAI is not a viable climate policy option within the next 25 years, and potentially beyond, as global field-testing (which would be a precondition for long-term deployment) is widely rejected. In the case of SAI, greater knowledge leads to increased awareness of the uncertainty and complexity involved. Policy-makers need to be aware of this relationship and the potential misconceptions among laypersons with limited knowledge, and should follow the guidelines about communicating risks and uncertainties of CE that experts have been advised to follow.",2019,"Merk, C; <br>Ponitzsch, G; <br>Rehdanz, K; <br>Rehdanz, K","Stratospheric Aerosol injection (SAI); climate engineering; geoengineering; risk perception; expert perception; moral hazard","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1494534","Article","CLIMATE POLICY","Surveys & interviews"]
["Public perceptions of climate engineering Laypersons' acceptance at different levels of knowledge and intensities of deliberation","Even if societies decarbonized rapidly, it is unlikely that they will achieve the 1.5 degrees C target without also resorting to CO2 removal, by means, for example, of bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS). Such methods were included in the special report Global Warming of 1.5 degrees C published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2018. This report also discusses solar radiation management, such as stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) which might be used to change global temperatures. However, public debate about the acceptability of these methods remains absent. We look at laypersons' perceptions of BECCS and SAI at three stylized stages of increasing knowledge and deliberation. We found a high level of uncertainty among survey respondents as to whether to accept the use of these methods, which decreases when additional information is supplied by stakeholders. When comparing survey participants to members of a citizens' jury, we found lower levels of acceptance for SAI and similar levels for BECCS among jury members who had deliberated the methods intensively. Despite fears of distracting from the aim of reducing emissions, decision-makers should publicly discuss these methods to avoid planning based on incorrect assumptions about the political feasibility of CO2 removal. People want to be informed about both approaches and the threat of SAI makes them focus their attention on mitigation.",2019,"Merk, C; <br>Klaus, G; <br>Pohlers, J; <br>Ernst, A; <br>Ott, K; <br>Rehdanz, K; <br>Rehdanz, K","bioenergy carbon capture and storage; citizens' jury; climate engineering; public perception; stratospheric aerosol injection","http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/gaia.28.4.6","Article","GAIA-ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES FOR SCIENCE AND SOCIETY","Surveys & interviews"]
["Dominic Woolf: Studying soil and biochar for carbon dioxide removal","In this interview, Dominic Woolf, a senior research associate at Cornell University, describes a potential method for removing excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere: converting biomass into a long-lived, charcoal-like material that would be added to soil. Called biochar, this material could not only sequester some of the carbon fixed by plants during photosynthesis - and prevent it from returning to the atmosphere - but could also improve soil fertility. Woolf explains some of the tradeoffs and uncertainties associated with biochar and other methods of soil carbon sequestration, and the challenges to scaling up these approaches for global climate change mitigation.",2019,"Stover, D; <br>Woolf, D","Biochar; bioenergy; climate change mitigation; nitrous oxide; photosynthesis; soil carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2019.1654265","Note","BULLETIN OF THE ATOMIC SCIENTISTS","Surveys & interviews"]
["Public support for carbon dioxide removal strategies: the role of tampering with nature perceptions","Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) describes a suite of controversial approaches to mitigating climate change that involve removing existing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Through an online survey experiment with US adults (N = 980), we examine three factors that may shape public support for different types of CDR strategies: (1) perceptions that CDR tampers with nature, (2) individual-level variation in the degree to which people are uncomfortable with activities that tamper with nature, and (3) information about the risks and benefits associated with each CDR strategy. Using a moderated mediation analysis, we find that support for different CDR strategies is, in part, a function of how much each strategy is perceived to tamper with nature. Support for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and direct air capture (DAC) was lower than support for afforestation and reforestation (AR), as BECCS and DAC were perceived to tamper with nature more. These effects were particularly strong among individuals generally opposed to the idea of humans interfering with natural processes. Moreover, we find evidence that describing the risks and benefits of each CDR strategy dampens support; for AR and BECCS, this effect was again mediated through perceptions of tampering, while for DAC, the effect of describing these tradeoffs appeared to operate independently of perceived tampering. We conclude that policymakers and science communicators need to be mindful of how CDR strategies are described to the public, as perceptions of tampering with nature may be an important driver of their acceptance. ¬© 2019, Springer Nature B.V.",2019,"Wolske, K.S.; <br>Raimi, K.T.; <br>Campbell-Arvai, V.; <br>Hart, P.S.","Carbon capture; Climate change; Clock and data recovery circuits (CDR circuits); Public risks; Reforestation; Risk perception; Carbon dioxide removal; Individual levels; Mediation analysis; Natural process; Online surveys; Policy makers; Public support; Science communicators; Carbon dioxide","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02375-z","Article","Clim. Change","Surveys & interviews"]
["Stover retention rather than no-till decreases the global warming potential of rainfed continuous maize cropland","During the past two decades, conservation management practices to sequester soil carbon have been recommended to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the long-term effects of no-till, stover retention, and their interaction on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and GHG emissions from rainfed croplands remain uncertain. In this study, tillage practice and stover management effects were investigated in a long-term rainfed continuous maize cropping system. Measurements of soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes and SOC change were conducted in four treatments: conventional tillage with stover removal (CT), conventional tillage with stover retention (CS), no tillage with stover removal (NT) and no tillage with stover retention (NS). Annual N2O emissions with stover retention (CS and NS, 0.52-0.74 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than those with stover removal (CT and NT, 0.40-0.55 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)), but N2O emissions were not affected by tillage practice. Net CH4 consumption occurred in all treatments, but no significant effect of tillage practice or stover management was found. Surface (0-20 cm) SOC stocks decreased with both stover removal and no tillage practice, while deep SOC (20-100 cm) was not affected by tillage practice or stover management over ten years. Stover retention led to a net GHG sink with annual global warming potential (GWP) values of -2.52 +/- 0.05 and -1.03 +/- 0.02 Mg CO2-eq. ha(-1) yr(-1) for CS and NS, respectively, but stover removal practices were a net GHG source with annual GWP values of 0.83 +/- 0.04 and 1.40 +/- 0.04 Mg CO(2)eq. ha(-1) yr(-1) for CT and NT, respectively. Our results highlight the importance of C input from crop residues for increasing SOC stocks and mitigating GHG emissions. Therefore, conventional tillage with crop residue return is the most promising management system for simultaneously achieving maximum yield and minimum GWP.",2018,"Fan, JL; <br>Luo, RY; <br>Liu, DY; <br>Chen, ZM; <br>Luo, JF; <br>Boland, N; <br>Tang, JW; <br>Hao, MD; <br>McConkey, B; <br>Ding, WX","Stover retention; No-till; Nitrous oxide; Soil organic carbon; Global warming potential","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.01.023","Article","FIELD CROPS RESEARCH","Field experiments"]
["Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems","Beef cattle have been identified as the largest livestock-sector contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Using life cycle analysis (LCA), several studies have concluded that grass-finished beef systems have greater GHG intensities than feedlot-finished (FL) beef systems. These studies evaluated only one grazing management system - continuous grazing - and assumed steady-state soil carbon (C), to model the grass-finishing environmental impact. However, by managing for more optimal forage growth and recovery, adaptive multi-paddock (AMP) grazing can improve animal and forage productivity, potentially sequestering more soil organic carbon (SOC) than continuous grazing. To examine impacts of AMP grazing and related SOC sequestration on net GHG emissions, a comparative LCA was performed of two different beef finishing systems in the Upper Midwest, USA: AMP grazing and FL. We used on-farm data collected from the Michigan State University Lake City AgBioResearch Center for AMP grazing. Impact scope included GHG emissions from enteric methane, feed production and mineral supplement manufacture, manure, and on-farm energy use and transportation, as well as the potential C sink arising from SOC sequestration. Across-farm SOC data showed a 4-year C sequestration rate of 3.59 Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1) in AMP grazed pastures. After including SOC in the GHG footprint estimates, finishing emissions from the AMP system were reduced from 9.62 to -6.65 kg CO2-e kg carcass weight (CW)(-1), whereas FL emissions increased slightly from 6.09 to 6.12 kg CO2-e kg CW-1 due to soil erosion. This indicates that AMP grazing has the potential to offset GHG emissions through soil C sequestration, and therefore the finishing phase could be a net C sink. However, FL production required only half as much land as AMP grazing. While the SOC sequestration rates measured here were relatively high, lower rates would still reduce the AMP emissions relative to the FL emissions. This research suggests that AMP grazing can contribute to climate change mitigation through SOC sequestration and challenges existing conclusions that only feedlot-intensification reduces the overall beef GHG footprint through greater productivity.",2018,"Stanley, PL; <br>Stanley, PL; <br>Rowntree, JE; <br>Beede, DK; <br>DeLonge, MS; <br>Hamm, MW","Life cycle assessment; Greenhouse gas emissions; Soil carbon sequestration; Beef production; Adaptive multi-paddock grazing; Feedlot finishing","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.02.003","Article","AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS","Field experiments"]
["High pyrolysis temperature biochars reduce nitrogen availability and nitrous oxide emissions from an acid soil","Biochar-bioenergy coproduction from biomass pyrolysis has the potential to contribute to climate change mitigation. Biochar produced at various pyrolysis temperatures (<600 degrees C) has been widely studied. However, the effect of biochars, produced at high pyrolysis temperature (>= 600 degrees C), on soil nitrogen (N) dynamics and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission is largely unknown. A pot trial was performed to examine the effect of high pyrolysis temperature (600, 700, 850 and 950 degrees C) woody biochars on soil N dynamics, microbial gene abundance and N2O emissions with (+N) and without N (-N) fertilization from an acid soil. Results showed that all biochar treatments significantly lowered the N2O emissions in both fertilized and unfertilized regimes. However, the suppressive effect on N2O emission among different high pyrolysis temperatures was not statistically different. Biochar amendment significantly decreased the concentration of soil NH4+, and lower levels of soil NO3- were observed at the later stage of experiment. Under -N, plant biomass and N uptake were significantly lowered in all biochar treatments. Under +N, biochar addition significantly increased plant biomass, while only the 700 degrees C biochar significantly increased N uptake. This suggests that single application of biochar could limit soil mineral N bioavailability and further decrease plant growth and N uptake in the plant-soil system. Biochar amendments tended to increase nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) gene abundance, but this effect was only significant for biochar produced at 950 degrees C under +N. In conclusion, high pyrolysis temperature biochars can be effectively used to reduce N2O emission, while increases in nosZ gene abundance and decreases in NH4+ and NO3- concentrations in the acid soil are likely to be responsible for the reduction in N2O emission. Thus, woody biochars as a by-product produced at high pyrolysis temperature have the potential to mitigate soil N2O emission via modifying N transformation and further affect climate change.",2018,"Lan, ZM; <br>Lan, ZM; <br>Chen, CR; <br>Rashti, MR; <br>Yang, H; <br>Zhang, DK","Biochar amendment; biomass pyrolysis; greenhouse gas mitigation; microbial gene abundance; mineral nitrogen dynamics; plant nitrogen uptake","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12529","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY","Field experiments"]
["The Effect of the Agricultural Carbon Sequestration and Agrochemical Reduction on the Regional Water Environment Quality","This paper analysed the impact of the agricultural carbon reduction and emission reduction measures implementation on the environmental quality of surface water and groundwater in winter and summer in Henan and Anhui Province project areas by using entropy weight fuzzy matter element analysis method. The result showed that the reduction in the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides had a certain impact on the improvement of the water environment by using agricultural carbon sequestration technologies.",2018,"Wang, LY; <br>Zhang, BL; <br>Li, X; <br>Du, J",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/153/6/062023","Conference Paper","2018 2ND INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON RENEWABLE ENERGY AND DEVELOPMENT (IWRED 2018)","Field experiments"]
["Reducing losses but failing to sequester carbon in soils - the case of Conservation Agriculture and Integrated Soil Fertility Management in the humid tropical agro-ecosystem of Western Kenya","Agriculture is a global contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, causing climate change. Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is seen as a pathway to climate change mitigation. But, long-term data on the actual contribution of tropical soils to SOC sequestration are largely absent. To contribute to filling this knowledge gap, we measured SOC in the top 15 cm over 12 years in two agronomic long-term trials in Western Kenya. These trials include various levels - from absence to full adoption - of two widely promoted sustainable agricultural management practices: Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM; i.e. improved varieties, mineral fertilizer and organic matter/manure incorporation) and Conservation Agriculture (CA; improved varieties, mineral fertilizer, zero-tillage and crop residues retention). None of the tested ISFM and CA treatments turned out successful in sequestering SOC long-term. Instead, SOC decreased significantly over time in the vast majority of treatments. Expressed as annual averages, losses ranged between 0.11 and 0.37 t C ha(-1) yr(-1) in the CA long-term trial and 0.21 and 0.96 t C ha(-1) yr(-1) in the ISFM long-term trial. Long-term application of mineral N and P fertilizer did not mitigate SOC losses in both trials. Adopting zero-tillage and residue retention alone (as part of CA) could avoid SOC losses of on average 0.13 t C ha(-1) yr(-1), while this was 0.26 t C ha(-1) yr(-1) in response to mere inclusion of manure as part of ISFM. However, cross-site comparison disclosed that initial SOC levels of the two trials were different, probably as a result of varying land use history. Such initial soil status was responsible for the bulk of the SOC losses and less so the various tested agronomic management practices. This means, while ISFM and CA in the humid tropical agro-ecosystem of Western Kenya contribute to climate change mitigation by reducing SOC losses, they do not help offsetting anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions elsewhere.",2018,"Sommer, R; <br>Paul, BK; <br>Mukalama, J; <br>Kihara, J","Climate change mitigation; Greenhouse gas emissions; Soil organic carbon; C-sink; 4p1000","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.11.004","Article","AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["The Impact of Biochar on the Soil","In the present paper are presented the experimental results of biomass gasification, the biochair was produced from vineyards by controlled pyrolysis at 750 degrees C, in order to increase the fertility of soils, it was found the increase of the fertility produced by the development of the vegetables in the soil to which was added biochar. Soil was added to soil 4 g/dm(3) biochar, 8 g/dm(3) biochar, the soil had no high humidity, was taken at a time when it had not rained for at least one week, the soil pH was 8, in the soil with 8 g/dm(3) biochar the plants increased compared to the soil with 4 g/dm(3) and the soil without biochar. The biochar resulting from pyrolysis and gasification processes is a valuable amendment to agricultural soils and an efficient and economical way to seize carbon. Using biochar it is possible to increase the diversity of agricultural land in an environmentally sound way in areas with depleted soils, limited organic resources and insufficient water for development. Helps to soil carbon sequestration with negative CO2 balance, increases the productive potential of agricultural ecosystems.",2018,"Rusanescu, CO; <br>Murad, E; <br>Jinescu, C; <br>Rusanescu, M","biomass; micro-gasification energy potential; biochar",null,"Article","REVISTA DE CHIMIE","Field experiments"]
["Response of surface albedo and soil carbon dioxide fluxes to biochar amendment in farmland","Understanding the effect of biochar on surface albedo and soil CO2 fluxes is a crucial issue in evaluating the impact of biochar on carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas mitigation. In this study, we consider the following research questions: (1) Under bare soil and crop coverage conditions, do different dosages of biochar decrease the surface albedo? (2) How does the application of biochar affect soil CO2 fluxes? (3) What are the influencing factors of surface albedo and soil CO2 fluxes after biochar is applied? We examined the influence of biochar applications on farmland on the surface albedo, soil CO2 flux, soil temperature, soil moisture, and soil organic carbon fractions over a period of 15 months. There are six treatments (CK+, CK-, BC5+, BC5-, BC45+, and BC45-) in this study, and three biochar application rates, which are as follows: 0 t ha(-1) year(-1) (CK), 5 t ha(-1) year(-1) (BC5), and 45 t ha(-1) year(-1) (BC45) of biochar, and each application is rated with two crop coverage conditions, a wheat-maize crop rotation (+) and bare soil (-). We found that in the early stage of crop growth, the surface albedo of BC45+ and BC5+ were decreased significantly compared with the control treatment (P < 0.05). As the crop canopy structures developed, the surface albedo reduction weakened or even disappeared. Under the bare soil condition, the surface albedos of BC45- and BC5- was decreased significantly in most of the measurements (P < 0.05). The soil CO2 fluxes of the biochar treatments were increased significantly (P < 0.05). However, the growth rates of the soil CO2 fluxes of BC45+, BC5+, BC45-, and BC5- gradually decreased with time. The increase in the CO2 emissions of biochar treatments may be due to mineralization of the readily oxidizable organic carbon (e.g., water-soluble organic carbon) in the biochar-soil system. Adding biochar to the soil reduced the sensitivity of the soil respiration to temperature changes. The leaf area index is one of the factors that affects the surface albedo. The surface albedo did not decrease proportionally with the increase in biochar application. Readily oxidizable organic carbon played an important role in the soil CO2 emissions. The reduction of surface albedo caused by the biochar has no direct effect on soil CO2 fluxes. The findings were helpful in evaluating the effects of adding biochar to soil and its consequences for C sequestration in agricultural soils.",2018,"Zhang, YY; <br>Hu, XY; <br>Zou, J; <br>Zhang, D; <br>Chen, W; <br>Liu, Y; <br>Chen, YJ; <br>Wang, XQ","Biochar; Carbon dioxide; Climate change; Q(10); Surface albedo","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-017-1889-8","Article","JOURNAL OF SOILS AND SEDIMENTS","Field experiments"]
["Sustainable intensification of high-diversity biomass production for optimal biofuel benefits","The potential benefits of biofuels depend on the environmental impacts of biomass production. High-diversity mixtures of grassland species grown on abandoned agricultural lands have been proposed as enhancing climate mitigation potential, but can have low yields. Intensification might increase productivity, but might also cause negative environmental impacts. Here, we show that, compared with more intensive treatments, moderate intensification of high-diversity grasslands had as great or greater biomass yields, soil carbon stores and root mass, and had negligible effects on grassland stability, diversity and nitrate leaching. In particular, compared with untreated plots, the moderate treatment of irrigation and addition of 70 kgN ha(-1) yr(-1) resulted in 89% more yield, 61% more root carbon, 187% more soil carbon storage and, if biomass were used for bioenergy, twice the greenhouse gas reductions. Irrigation and 140 kgN ha(-1) yr(-1 )had 32% lower greenhouse gas benefits, 10 times greater nitrate leaching and 121% greater loss of plant diversity than the moderate treatment. These results suggest that optimizing multiple environmental benefits requires sustainable intensification practices appropriate for the soils, climate and plant species of a region.",2018,"Yang, Y; <br>Tilman, D; <br>Tilman, D; <br>Lehman, C; <br>Trost, JJ",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0166-1","Article","NATURE SUSTAINABILITY","Field experiments"]
["Long-term impact of conservation agriculture and diversified maize rotations on carbon pools and stocks, mineral nitrogen fractions and nitrous oxide fluxes in inceptisol of India","Given the increasing scarcity of production resources such as water, energy and labour coupled with growing climatic risks, maize-based production systems could be potential alternatives to intensive rice-wheat (RW) rotation in western Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). Conservation agriculture (CA) in maize systems has been widely promoted for minimizing soil degradation and ensuring sustainability under emerging climate change scenario. Such practices are also believed to provide mitigation co-benefits through reduced GHG emission and increased soil carbon sequestration. However, the combined effects of diversified crop rotations and CA-based management on GHG mitigation potential and other co-benefits are generally over looked and hence warrant greater attention. A field trial was conducted for 5-years to assess the changes in soil organic carbon fractions, mineral-N, N2O emission and global warming potential (GWP) of maize-based production systems under different tillage & crop establishment methods. Four diversified cropping systems i.e. maize-wheat-mungbean (MWMb), maize-chickpea-Sesbania (MCS), maize-mustard-mungbean (MMuMb) and maize-maize-Sesbania (MMS) were factorially combined with three tillage & crop establishment methods i.e. zero tilled permanent beds (PB), zero-tillage flat (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) in a split-plot design. After 5-years of continued experimentation, we recorded that across the soil depths, SOC content, its pools and mineral-N fractions were greatly affected by tillage & crop establishment methods and cropping systems. ZT and PB increased SOC stock (0-30 cm depth) by 7.22-7.23 Mg C ha(-1) whereas CT system increased it only by 0.88 Mg C ha(-1) as compared to initial value. Several researchers reported that SOC & mineral-N fraction contents in the top 30 cm soil depth are correlated with N2O-N emission. In our study, global warming potential (GWP) under CT system was higher by 18.1 and 17.4%, compared to CA-based ZT and PB, respectively. Among various maize systems, GWP of MMS were higher by 11.2, 6.7 and 6.6%, compared that of MWMb (1212 kg CO2-eq. ha(-1)), MCS (1274 kg CO2-eq. ha(-1)) and MMuMb (1275 kg CO2-eq. ha(-1)), respectively. The results of our study suggest that CA and diversified crop rotations should be promoted in north-western IGP and other similar agroecologies across the globe for ensuring food security, restoration of soil health and climate change mitigation, the key sustainable development goals (SDGs). (c) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2018,"Parihar, CM; <br>Parihar, CM; <br>Parihar, MD; <br>Sapkota, TB; <br>Nanwal, RK; <br>Singh, AK; <br>Jat, SL; <br>Nayak, HS; <br>Mahala, DM; <br>Singh, LK; <br>Kakraliya, SK; <br>Kakraliya, SK; <br>Stirling, CM; <br>Jat, ML","Global warming potential; Soil carbon dynamics; Tillage; Soil health","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.405","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["Pine sawdust biochar reduces GHG emission by decreasingmicrobial and enzyme activities in forest and grassland soils in a laboratory experiment","This study investigated the effects of biochar soil amendment on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in soils. Pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc.) sawdust biochar was produced at 300 and 550 degrees C with and without steam activation (coded as BC300-S, BC550-S, BC300 and BC550, respectively). They were applied to forest and grassland soils at 1.5% (w/w) rate in a 100-day laboratory incubation experiment. Application of BC550 significantly reduced cumulative CO2 emission from the forest soil by 16.4% relative to the control (without biochar application), but not from the grassland soil. Biochar application did not have significant effects on CH4 uptake from either soil. Application of BC550 and BC550-S reduced the cumulative N2O emission by 27.5 and 31.5%, respectively, in the forest soil and 14.8 and 11.7%, respectively, in the grassland soil, as compared to the control. The effects of BC300 and BC300-S on cumulative CO2 and N2O emission was not significant in both soils, except for the significant reduction in cumulative N2O emission from the forest soil by BC300-S. The effect of BC550 and BC550-S on N2O emission persisted until the end of the 100-day incubation indicating possible long-term effects of these biochars. We conclude that BC550 and BC550-S had the highest potential to reduce CO2 and N2O emission in the 100-day laboratory incubation experiment. These biochars should be tested in long-term field trials to confirm their potential for mitigating CO2 and N2O fluxes in real ecosystems with a relevant time frame. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2018,"Pokharel, P; <br>Kwak, JH; <br>Ok, YS; <br>Ok, YS; <br>Chang, SX","Black carbon; Charcoal; Slow pyrolysis; Biomass carbonization; Carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.343","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["Short-term greenhouse emission lowering effect of biochars from solid organic municipal wastes","Qatar economy has been growing rapidly during the last two decades during which waste generation and greenhouse gas emissions increased exponentially making them among the main environmental challenges facing the country. Production of biochar from municipal solid organic wastes (SOWs) for soil application may offer a sustainable waste management strategy while improving crop productivity and sequestering carbon. This study was conducted to (1) investigate the physicochemical parameters of biochars for SOW, (2) select the best-performing biochars for soil fertility, and (3) evaluate the potential benefits of these biochars in lowering greenhouse gases (GHGs) during soil incubation. Biochars were produced from SOW at pyrolysis temperatures of 300-750 A degrees C and residence times of 2-6 h. Biochars were characterized before use in soil incubation to select the best-performing treatment and evaluation of potential GHG-lowering effect using CO2 emission as proxy. Here, soil-biochar mixtures (0-2%w/w) were incubated in greenhouse settings for 120 days at 10% soil moisture. Soil properties, such as pH, EC, TC, and WHC, were significantly improved after soil amendment with biochar. Two biochars produced from mixed materials at 300-500 A degrees C for 2 h and used at 0.5-1% application rate performed the best in enhancing soil fertility parameters. A significant decrease in CO2 emission was observed in vials with soil-biochar mixtures, especially for biochars produced at 500 A degrees C compared the corresponding raw materials which exhibited an exponential increase in the CO2 emission. Hence, application of biochar to agricultural soils could be beneficial for simultaneously improving soil fertility/crop productivity while sequestering carbon, thereby reducing anthropogenic emissions of GHGs.",2018,"Rehrah, D; <br>Bansode, RR; <br>Hassan, O; <br>Ahmedna, M","Municipal organic solid waste; Biochar; Qatari sandy soil; Principal components analysis; Greenhouse gas emission","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-017-1470-4","Article","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY","Field experiments"]
["A Biogeochemical Compromise: The High Methane Cost of Sequestering Carbon in Restored Wetlands","Peatland drainage is an important driver of global soil carbon loss and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Restoration of peatlands by reflooding reverses CO2 losses at the cost of increased methane (CH4) emissions, presenting a biogeochemical compromise. While restoring peatlands is a potentially effective method for sequestering carbon, the terms of this compromise are not well constrained. Here we present 14 site years of continuous CH4 and CO2 ecosystem-scale gas exchange over a network of restored freshwater wetlands in California, where long growing seasons, warm weather, and managed water tables result in some of the largest wetland ecosystem CH4 emissions recorded. These large CH4 emissions cause the wetlands to be strong greenhouse gas sources while sequestering carbon and building peat soil. The terms of this biogeochemical compromise, dictated by the ratio between carbon sequestration and CH4 emission, vary considerably across small spatial scales, despite nearly identical wetland climate, hydrology, and plant community compositions. Plain Language Summary Wetlands play an important role in the climate system, with restoration commonly undertaken for the benefit of atmospheric carbon dioxide removal and carbon storage in the soil. While flooded conditions suppress carbon dioxide emissions from decomposition and sequester carbon, they also generate methane, another potent heat-trapping greenhouse gas. Understanding the balance between these exchanges is important to our understanding of how restored or created wetlands will contribute to mitigating climate change. Here we present a long-term record of continuous carbon dioxide and methane exchange from restored wetlands in Northern California to understand the ultimate climate impact of wetland restoration.",2018,"Hemes, KS; <br>Chamberlain, SD; <br>Eichelmann, E; <br>Knox, SH; <br>Baldocchi, DD","methane; greenhouse gas; wetlands; restoration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077747","Article","GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Field experiments"]
["Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage following farmland afforestation with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on the Loess Plateau, China","Although afforestation of farmlands has been proposed as an effective method of carbon (C) sequestration, there remain uncertainties that deter us from developing a clear picture of C stocks in plantation ecosystems. This study investigated the dynamics of stand structure and plant diversity, and C and nitrogen (N) pools in trees, herbs, litter, and soil (0-100 cm depth) in black locust plantations aged 9, 17, 30, and 37 years, and in newly abandoned farmlands as pre-afforestation sites, on the Loess Plateau, China. Stand density decreased significantly, while tree diameter at breast height and height increased during stand development. The dominant species of the herb layer differed with age. Afforestation resulted in slight increases in tree C and N storage in plantations from 9 to 30 years of age, and then significantly increased from 30 to 37 years. Compared to pre-afforestation, C and N storage in soil decreased to minimum values in stands aged 17 and 9 years, respectively. The soil re-accumulated C and N during stand development, attaining equilibrium levels similar to those in pre-afforestation when stands reached about 30 years of age. Soil C and N storage in 37-year stands were 29 and 16% higher, respectively, than in pre-afforestation levels. However, C and N concentrations in the subsoil (20-40 cm) were still less than the pre-afforestation levels for stands of all ages (from 9 to 37 years). The relative contribution to the total ecosystem C and N pools increased in trees and decreased in soil during the observed period. Our results indicate that afforestation reduced soil C and N storage during the early stages of stand development. We conclude that the growing phase of an afforested stand over its initial 30 years is important for C and N sequestration by black locust due to the C and N storage that result from recovered soil quality and an increase in tree biomass.",2018,"Zhang, GQ; <br>Zhang, P; <br>Cao, Y; <br>Cao, Y","Afforestation; Biomass; Carbon content; Plantation ecosystem; Nitrogen sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-017-0479-3","Article","JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH","Field experiments"]
["The Impact of Biochar Incorporation on Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilizer Plant Uptake; An Opportunity for Carbon Sequestration in Temperate Agriculture","Field studies of biochar addition to soil and nutrient cycling using N-15 fertilizers in temperate agriculture are scant. These data are required in order to make evidence based assessments. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that biochar application can increase crop yields through improving the nitrogen uptake and utilization of added inorganic fertilizer, whilst sequestering significant quantities of carbon. Results showed that although biochar addition led to significant spring barley grain yield increases in the first year of biochar application, an unusually dry year; this was possibly not solely the result of improved nitrogen uptake, as total crop N was similar in both treatments. Results suggested it was improved water utilization, indicated by the crop carbon isotope values and soil moisture characteristics. In the second year, there were no significant effects of the previous year's biochar addition on the sunflower yield, N status, fertilizer recovery or any signs of improved water utilization. These data add to a growing body of evidence, suggesting that biochar addition has only slightly positive or neutral effects on crop growth and fertilizer retention but has the potential to sequester vast amounts of carbon in the soil with minimal yield losses in temperate agriculture.",2018,"Hood-Nowotny, R; <br>Watzinger, A; <br>Wawra, A; <br>Soja, G; <br>Soja, G","N-15; stable isotopes; isotope ratio mass spectrometry; chernozem; soil; biochar","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8110420","Article","GEOSCIENCES","Field experiments"]
["Forest plantations and climate change discourses: New powers of 'green' grabbing in Cambodia","Efforts to combat global climate change through forestry plantations designed to sequester carbon and promote sustainable development are on the rise. This paper analyses the trajectory of Cambodia's first large-scale reforestation project awarded within the context of climate change mitigation. The 34,007 ha concession was formally conceived to promote sustainable resource use, livelihood improvements and emission reduction. On the ground, however, vast tracks of diverse forest landscapes are being cleared and converted to acacia monocultures, existing timber stocks are logged for market sale, and customary land users dispossessed from land and forest resources. While the project adds to an ongoing land grab crisis in Cambodia, we argue that the explicit environmental ends of the forestry concession enabled a 'green grab' that not only exceeds the scale of land grabs caused by conventional economic land concessions, but surprisingly also exacerbates forest logging and biodiversity loss in the area. This case demonstrates the extent to which current climate change discourses, forestry agendas and their underlying assumptions require critical revision in global policy discussions to forestall the growing problem of green grabbing in land use.",2018,"Scheidel, A; <br>Work, C; <br>Work, C","Cambodia; Prey Long forest; Green grabbing; Shifting cultivation; Climate change mitigation; Forest definition","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.04.057","Article","LAND USE POLICY","Field experiments"]
["Soil carbon and sewage water","The soil carbon pool plays a major role in the global carbon cycle, in the context of climate change. Small changes in the soil carbon pool can increase or decrease greenhouse gas. One of the ways to mitigate to rise in atmospheric CO2 is sequestration of C by soils. In the SW of Romania, in Timis county, there are 32 industrial zootechnical piggery complexes, with a daily number of 449904 per capita. From these complexes results about 5.7 mill m3/year sewage water, which produced by biochemically transformation 2.13 mill m3/year CO2. The sewage water is settled in the ponds for decanting and after 3-5 months are used as fertilize application by placement. The scientific researches were made on the piggery complex Parta which has 37225 pigs. Sewage water is added in a favorable period, with a set of cistern ‚Äì scarifier, on March 15th and October 31th, in the years 2015, 2016 and 2017. The number of plots varied per anum: in the year 2015 ‚Äì 156 plots with an area of 568 ha; in the year 2016 ‚Äì 30 plots with 350 ha; in the year 2017 ‚Äì 67 plots with 146 ha. On the basis of a soil and agrochemical survey, with 44 principal soil profiles, were sampling 229 soil samples. The main soil analyses were: pH, humus, mobile phosphorus and potassium degree of base saturation. For the liquid organic manure, the chemical analyses were: pH, Ntotal, P2O5, K2O, organic matter content and humidity. Contamination of soils can also occur at all scales and we oversee the phenomena, in order to protect soil. The contamination risk is really especially on the plots where the sewage water application was made with 70-100 cubic metres on hectare, and the soil has a great permeability and the ground water layer is at 1-2 m depth. Apart from the sequestration of carbon by soils, sewage water represents a source of nutrients. The liquid organic manure contains: Ntotal (0.15-0.16%), P2O5 (0.0087-0.046%), K2O (0.11-0.28%), SOM (62.5-72.05%, from dry matter), and water content (98-99%). ¬© SGEM 2018.",2018,"Tudor, C.M.; <br>Rogobete, G.; <br>Grozav, A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/3.2/S13.062","Conference Paper","Int. Multidisciplinary Sci. Geoconf. Surveying Geology Mining Ecology Manage., SGEM","Field experiments"]
["Land-based negative emissions: risks for climate mitigation and impacts on sustainable development","This paper focuses on the risks associated with \"negative emissions\" technologies (NETs) for drawing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and storing it in land-based sinks or underground. Modelled mitigation pathways for 1.5 A degrees C assume NETs that range as high as 1000 Gt CO2. We argue that this is two to three times greater than the amount of land-based NETs that can be realistically assumed, given critical social objectives and ecological constraints. Embarking on a pathway that assumes unrealistically large amounts of future NETs could lead society to set near-term targets that are too lenient and thus greatly overshoot the carbon budget, without a way to undo the damage. Pathways consistent with 1.5 A degrees C that rely on smaller amounts of NETs, however, could prove viable. This paper presents a framework for assessing the risks associated with negative emissions in the context of equity and sustainable development. To do this, we identify three types of risks in counting on NETs: (1) that NETs will not ultimately prove feasible; (2) that their large-scale deployment involves unacceptable ecological and social impacts; and (3) that NETs prove less effective than hoped, due to irreversible climate impacts, or reversal of stored carbon. We highlight the technical issues that need to be resolved and-more importantly-the value judgements that need to be made, to identify the realistic potential for land-based NETs consistent with social and environmental goals. Given the critical normative issues at stake, these are decisions that should be made within an open, transparent, democratic process. As input, we offer here an indicative assessment of the realistic potential for land-based NETs, based on a precautionary assessment of the risks to their future effectiveness and a provisional assessment of the extent to which they are in conflict with sustainable development goals related to land, food and climate.",2018,"Dooley, K; <br>Dooley, K; <br>Kartha, S","Negative emissions technologies (NETs); Ecosystem restoration; SDGs; Equity; Sustainable development","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10784-017-9382-9","Article","INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS-POLITICS LAW AND ECONOMICS","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Geoengineering: neither economical, nor ethical-a risk-reward nexus analysis of carbon dioxide removal","This article addresses a central debate in combatting climate change: whether we should focus on reducing CO2 emissions or on removing the emitted CO2 from the atmosphere. We favor the former by arguing against the economic viability of the carbon dioxide removal (CDR) branch of geoengineering. This is of course not a question of either or, but we argue that the perception of CDR as a viable option reduces the willingness to reduce CO2 emissions. Using the recently developed approach of risk-reward nexus (RRN) in the economics of innovation, we question the economic viability of CDR. The main argument is simple: if one uses the new framework of RRN in evaluating the innovations involved in the CDR branch of geoengineering, not only does one include more areas of risk but also one has to consider a broader base for distributing the rewards. Consequently, from RRN's point of view, it would be less likely to find investing in CDR economically viable for the investor firms. Although the core argument of the paper concerns the economics of CDR, in a final section the paper tries to show that the economic argument has also ethical implications against relying on CDR.",2018,"Faran, TS; <br>Olsson, L","Economics of geoengineering; Carbon dioxide removal; Risk-reward nexus; Justice and economics; Hegelian ethics","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10784-017-9383-8","Article","INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS-POLITICS LAW AND ECONOMICS","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Ethics of Climate Engineering: Chemical Capture of Carbon Dioxide from Air","In the coming decades, scientists will be increasingly confronted with opportunities to pursue research with implications for one or more climate engineering proposals. Now is the time for chemists to critically reflect on the controversial possibility of managing the climate and its ethical implications. The ultimate goal of this case study on ethics and climate engineering is to promote critical reflection and discussion on the ethics of climate engineering research. To fulfill its goal, this paper will investigate four questions: (1) Why should scientists and engineers consider climate engineering research? (2) What is climate engineering? (3) What is the substance of a common ethical objection to climate engineering, the moral hazard objection? (4) How might we begin to address crucial ethical concerns with climate engineering?",2018,"Scott, D","Climate engineering; ethics; technological fix; moral hazard; direct air capture; Carbon Engineering",null,"Article","HYLE","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Towards a cultural political economy of mitigation deterrence by negative emissions technologies (NETs)","Non-technical summary. In the face of limited carbon budgets, negative emissions technologies (NETs) offer hopes of removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. It is difficult to determine whether the prospect of NETs is significantly deterring or delaying timely action to cut emissions. This paper sets out a novel theoretical perspective to this challenge, enabling analysis that accounts for interactions between technologies, society and political and economic power. The paper argues that, seen in this light, the scope of NETs to substitute for mitigation may be easily exaggerated, and thus that the risk of harm from mitigation deterrence should be taken seriously. Technical summary. This paper offers a new theoretical perspective on the risk that geoengineering interventions might deter or delay mitigation (previously typically described as moral hazard). Drawing on a brief review of mitigation deterrence (MD) in solar geoengineering, it suggests a novel analytical viewpoint going beyond and contrasting with the methodological individualist, managerialist and economist analyses common in the literature. Three distinct registers to assist identification and interpretation of situations and processes through which MD might arise are elaborated and compared. The paper shows that moving from a realist register via a cultural register to a cultural political economy register, makes it clearer how and why misperceived substitutability (between negative emissions technologies (NETs) and mitigation) and narrow climate policy goals matter for MD. We have also identified several plausible mechanisms for MD under a neoliberal political regime. The paper argues that MD cannot be overcome simply by better informing decision makers (the 'realist' response), or even by opening up the standard techno-economic framing of climate change and our responses (the 'cultural' response). The paper also concludes that the entire political regime that has evolved alongside specific economic interests is implicated in MD, and that the likelihood and significance of MD probably remain underappreciated and understudied.",2018,"Markusson, N; <br>McLaren, D; <br>Tyfield, D","climate geoengineering; cultural political economy; mitigation deterrence; moral hazard; negative emissions technologies","http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/sus.2018.10","Article","GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The paradox of regulating negative emissions technologies under US environmental laws","Non-technical summary Most domestic environmental laws control the act of emitting pollutants into the environment. As a result, they do not apply squarely to negative emissions technologies (NETs) that remove ambient contaminants and do not emit pollutants themselves. As a result, current US environmental laws cannot readily govern a NET unless it has features that would typically allow regulation of a clean-up, such as ownership of the polluted resources, being at fault for polluting them or instituting projects to restore them. We should reinterpret such laws to focus on actual disruption or harm to the environment instead of using emission of pollutants as a proxy for ecological damage. Technical summary Negative emissions technologies (NETs) promise to remove greenhouse gases (particularly carbon dioxide) from the ambient atmosphere and current plans to attain the Paris Agreement's secondary goal relies heavily on them. Their governance, however, remains an open question, and most domestic environmental laws regulate pollutant emissions rather than their removal from the environment. Under US environmental laws, the clean-up of prior pollutant releases typically occurs when (i) the person releasing the pollutant bears fault or liability, (ii) the contaminated natural resource is owned by a party who must remediate it regardless of fault or (iii) a governmental authority removes it as a public work. The historical releases of greenhouse gases and anthropogenic climate change will not fall into these categories. This governance gap may spark concerns if the uncoordinated or overzealous deployment of NETs might cause unintended consequences, their full use unexpectedly transfers ownership of public resources to private parties or their deployment without transparency disenfranchises stakeholders. We should reinterpret domestic environmental laws to focus on direct harms to ecological systems rather than requiring a pollutant release. Federal and state legislatures and agencies should explicitly declare how (or if) current environmental laws will apply to NETs and provide guidance to the public and stakeholders.",2018,"Hester, TD","climate engineering; domestic environmental law; governance policy; negative emissions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/sus.2018.1","Article","GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Mitigation gambles: uncertainty, urgency and the last gamble possible","A rejection by current generations of more ambitious mitigation of carbon emissions inflicts on future generations inherently objectionable risks about which they have no choice. Any gains through savings from less ambitious mitigation, which are relatively minor, would accrue to current generations, and all losses, which are relatively major, would fall on future generations. This mitigation gamble is especially unjustifiable because it imposes a risk of unlimited losses until carbon emissions cease. Ultimate physical collapses remain possible. Much more ominous is prior social collapse from political struggles over conflicting responses to threatened physical collapse. The two most plausible objections to the thesis that less ambitious mitigation is unjustifiable rely, respectively, on the claim that negative emissions will allow a later recovery from a temporary overshoot in emissions and on the claim that ambitious mitigation is incompatible with poverty alleviation that depends on inexpensive fossil fuels. Neither objection stands up. Reliance on negative emissions later instead of ambitious mitigation now permits the passing of tipping points for irreversible change meanwhile, and non-carbon energy is rapidly becoming price competitive in developing countries like India that are committed to poverty alleviation. This article is part of the themed issue 'The Paris Agreement: understanding the physical and social challenges for a warming world of 1.5 degrees C above preindustrial levels'.",2018,"Shue, H","carbon emissions; future generations; mitigation; negative emissions; risk","http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0105","Article","PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Managing the global land resource","With a growing population with changing demands, competition for the global land resource is increasing. We need to feed a projected population of 9-10 billion by 2050, rising to approximately 12 billion by 2100. At the same time, we need to reduce the climate impact of agriculture, forestry and other land use, and we almost certainly need to deliver land-based greenhouse gas removal for additional climate change mitigation. In addition, we need to deliver progress towards meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, all without compromising the many ecosystem services provided by land and without exceeding planetary boundaries. Managing the land to tackle these pressing issues is a major global challenge. In this perspective paper, I provide a very broad overview of the main challenges, and explore co-benefits, trade-offs and possible solutions.",2018,"Smith, P; <br>Smith, P","climate change; land; food security; greenhouse gas removal; biodiversity; Sustainable Development Goal","http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2798","Article","PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Integrating carbon dioxide removal into EU climate policy: Prospects for a paradigm shift","Scenarios meeting the Paris Agreement's temperature targets envisage a major and imminent deployment of technologies to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, of which there has been almost no practical implementation to date. Here we explore the political dimensions and policy implications of expectations for \"negative emissions\" in the European Union (EU), considering its largely successful leadership role in mitigation action and corresponding low-carbon technology development and deployment. Carbon dioxide removal and especially Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage present significant challenges to the EU's dominant climate policy paradigm and low-carbon policy experience. Considering this challenge, we assess expectations for widespread implementation of carbon dioxide removal in the EU to be unrealistic, and explore possible pathways for its more limited introduction. This article is categorized under: Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior",2018,"Geden, O; <br>Geden, O; <br>Scott, V; <br>Palmer, J; <br>Palmer, J","carbon dioxide removal; climate policy; European Union; negative emissions; paradigm","http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcc.521","Article","WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-CLIMATE CHANGE","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Opportunities and Trade-offs among BECCS and the Food, Water, Energy, Biodiversity, and Social Systems Nexus at Regional Scales","Carbon dioxide must be removed from the atmosphere to limit climate change to 2 degrees C or less. The integrated assessment models used to develop climate policy acknowledge the need to implement net negative carbon emission strategies, including bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), to meet global climate imperatives. The implications of BECCS for the food, water, energy, biodiversity, and social systems (FWEBS) nexus at regional scales, however, remain unclear. Here, we present an interdisciplinary research framework to examine the trade-offs as well as the opportunities among BECCS scenarios and FWEBS on regional scales using the Upper Missouri River Basin (UMRB) as a case study. We describe the physical, biological, and social attributes of the UMRB, and we use grassland bird populations as an example of how biodiversity is influenced by energy transitions, including BECCS. We then outline a \"conservation\" BECCS strategy that incorporates societal values and emphasizes biodiversity conservation.",2018,"Stoy, PC; <br>Ahmed, S; <br>Jarchow, M; <br>Rashford, B; <br>Swanson, D; <br>Albeke, S; <br>Bromley, G; <br>Brookshire, ENJ; <br>Dixon, MD; <br>Haggerty, J; <br>Miller, P; <br>Peyton, B; <br>Royem, A; <br>Spangler, L; <br>Straub, C; <br>Poulter, B","agroecosystems; biofuels; land-use management; natural resources; sustainability","http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix145","Article","BIOSCIENCE","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Planting carbon storage","A global effort is underway to restore more than 350 million hectares of deforested and degraded land by bringing together reforestation commitments under the Bonn Challenge. Molly Hawes investigates the benefits and complexities of returning land to forest.",2018,"Hawes, M",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0214-x","Editorial Material","NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Viable and convivial technologies: Considerations on Climate Engineering from a degrowth perspective","Faced with the urgency of climate change, Climate Engineering has been framed as a fast and feasible technological solution. At the same time, however, critique against it is getting increasingly louder. This paper articulates a critical analysis of Climate Engineering technologies from a point of view situated within the degrowth discourse. In the first part two approaches discussed within the degrowth debate are presented: the concept of viability based on a biophysical perspective and the concept of conviviality based on a socio-cultural approach. In a second step formalized arguments from the point of view of applied ethics are articulated and applied to three Climate Engineering Technologies: Sulfate Aerosol Injection, Bio-energy with Carbon Capture and Storage, and Afforestation. In a third step, an extended version of the trade-off argument about mitigation versus Climate Engineering solution is discussed from a degrowth perspective: accordingly, within the current dominant growth paradigm, climate engineering technologies might lead to reduced mitigation efforts. The paper follows the argumentative turn in applied ethics and displays a formalization of arguments that can help clarify decision-making and identify the different dimensions at stake. The paper articulates arguments against the deployment of CE technologies and advances a new version of the trade-off-argument based on a degrowth perspective. From the point of view of a degrowth-based critique of technology, the only type of Climate Engineering Technology ethically acceptable would be afforestation under specific conditions. ¬© 2017 Elsevier Ltd",2018,"Muraca, B.; <br>Neuber, F.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.159","Article","J. Clean. Prod.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Blurred lines: The ethics and policy of Greenhouse Gas Removal at scale","The topic of Greenhouse Gas Removal (GGR) for climate geoengineering is becoming increasingly salient following the IPCC's 5th Assessment Report and the Paris Agreement. GGR is thought of as a separate category to mitigation techniques such as low-carbon supply or demand reduction, yet multiple social, ethical and acceptability concerns cut across categories. We propose moving beyond classifying climate strategies as a set of discrete categories (which may implicitly homogenize diverse technologies), toward a prioritization of questions of scale of both technology and decision-making in the examination of social and ethical risks. This is not just a theoretical issue: important questions for policy, governance and finance are raised, for instance over the future inclusion of GGR in carbon markets. We argue that the conclusions drawn about how best to categorize, govern and incentivize any strategy will depend on the framing used, because different framings could lead to very different policy recommendations being drawn. Because of this, a robust approach to developing, governing and financing GGR should pay attention first to urgent concerns regarding democracy, justice and acceptability. ¬© 2018 Cox, Pidgeon, Spence and Thomas.",2018,"Cox, E.M.; <br>Pidgeon, N.; <br>Spence, E.; <br>Thomas, G.","Acceptability; Ethics; Geoengineering; Greenhouse gas removal; Policy; Risk","http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00038","Article","Front. Environ. Sci.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Carbon sequestration through tree planting on agricultural lands","Policies to plant trees are a frequently discussed way of sequestering carbon and mitigating the environmental effects of greenhouse gas emissions (National Academy of Sciences, 1991; Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1991). A number of appraisers have argued that planting trees to sequester carbon is an inexpensive alternative with broad based benefits (Moulton and Richards 1990; Sedjo and Solomon 1983; Dudek and LeBlanc 1990). However, Adams et al. (1993) argued that large scale tree planting programs were more costly than the previous studies suggested. They also found major implications for the forestry sector showing the potential expansion in agricultural based timber harvest could swamp forest product markets. ¬© 1995 by CRC Press, Inc.",2018,"McCarl, B.A.; <br>Mac Callaway, J.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203739310","Book Chapter","Soil Management and Greenhouse Effect","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The role of soil management in sequestering soil carbon","Soils are an important component of the global carbon cycle and serve as a large reservoir of terrestrial carbon. The amount of carbon in any soil is a function of the soil forming factors including: climate, relief, organisms, parent material, and time. Over the centuries, humans, usually included as part of the ‚Äúorganisms‚Äù factor, have profoundly influenced the dynamics and sequestration of carbon in soils by their land use and management practices. These practices include cultivation, deforestation, and draining wet soils. In general, human activities have decreased the amount of carbon held in the affected soils. With the concern over increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, humans need to consider how soil management affects greenhouse gas emissions from soil and the sequestration of carbon in soils, and to look for ways to protect and manage soil carbon. This paper examines soil management practices and their effects on greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration. Included is an analysis of how management practices affect the physical and chemical environment of soil and how these in turn affect greenhouse gas emissions and the soil carbon sequestration potential. ¬© 1995 by CRC Press, Inc.",2018,"Johnson, M.G.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203739310","Book Chapter","Soil Management and Greenhouse Effect","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services in the Northern Rockies","Ecosystem services are increasingly valued on federal lands, beyond just their economic value. Climate change effects will vary greatly within different subregions of the Northern Rockies, with some ecosystem services being affected in the short term and others in the long term. Of the many ecosystem services provided in the Northern Rockies, eight are considered here, including annual water yield, water quality, wood products, minerals and mineral extraction, forage for livestock, viewsheds and air quality, regulation of soil erosion, and carbon sequestration. Although annual water yield is not expected to change significantly, timing of water availability will likely shift, and summer flows may decline. These changes may result in some communities experiencing summer water shortages, although reservoir storage can provide some capacity. Rural agricultural communities will be disproportionately affected by climate change if water does become limiting. Water quality will also decrease in some locations if wildfires and floods increase, adding sediment to rivers and reservoirs. Hazardous fuel treatments, riparian restoration, and upgrading of hydrologic infrastructure can build resilience to disturbances that damage water quality. Forage for livestock is expected to increase in productive grasslands as a result of a longer growing season and in some cases elevated carbon dioxide. Therefore, ranching and grazing may benefit from climate change. Primary effects on grazing include loss of rural population, spread of nonnative grasses, and fragmentation of rangelands. Viewsheds and air quality will be negatively affected by increasing wildfires and longer pollen seasons. A growing percentage of the Northern Rockies population will be in demographic groups at risk for respiratory and other medical problems on days with poor air quality. Hazardous fuel treatments can help build resilience to disturbances that degrade air quality. Carbon sequestration will be increasingly difficult if wildfires, insect outbreaks, and perhaps plant disease increase as expected, especially in the western part of the Northern Rockies. At the same time, managing forests for carbon sequestration is likely to become more important in response to national policies on carbon emissions. Hazardous fuel treatments can help build resilience to disturbances that rapidly oxidize carbon and emit it to the atmosphere. ¬© 2018, Springer International Publishing AG.",2018,"Warziniack, T.; <br>Lawson, M.; <br>Karen Dante-Wood, S.","Adaptation; Air quality; Carbon sequestration; Climate change; Ecosystem services; Minerals; Natural capital; Rocky Mountains; Social vulnerability; Soil erosion; Viewsheds; Water quality; Water yield; Wood products","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56928-4_10","Book Chapter","Adv. Glob. Change Res.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The economics of geoengineering","Geoengineering provides an alternative strategy from abatement to counteract or mask impacts of anthropogenic climate change. Geoengineering strategies can be classified as either solar radiation management (SRM) or carbon dioxide removal (CDR). SRM strategies are cheap, quick, but imperfect. CDR strategies are expensive, slow, but perfect and can generate negative net emissions. High abatement costs and shared global benefits have created a free-rider problem, but properties of geoengineering have the potential to disrupt that impasse. Geoengineering can also introduce new problems through additional risks and uncertainties. Even if the use of geoengineering is found to be optimal, strategic decision making may produce suboptimal outcomes. Over the past decade, research has examined if geoengineering is a serious alternative and when the benefits of using it outweigh the costs. ¬© 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",2018,"Harding, A.; <br>Moreno-Cruz, J.B.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814104-5.00025-9","Book Chapter","Manag. Glob. Warm.: An Interface of Technol. and Hum. Issues","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The Role of Biochar in Sustainable Agriculture, and Climate Change Mitigation for Sustainable Cities","Sustainable development is facing a transformation. One solution finding its place as a key strategy in a number of sustainable development goal areas is biochar. Biochar is a geo-engineered bi-product that is similar in appearance to charcoal which differs from charcoal in that the organic biomass waste from which it is created is heated in an enclosed chamber to low temperatures and deprived of oxygen. This paper investigates the latest studies in crop productivity, commercial viabilities, and the socio-economic options of biochar production at a local and international level in the pursuit of sustainability and climate change mitigation. In terms of sustainability the uptake of biochar as a model for sustainable agriculture is steadily gaining momentum due to its agronomic potential for crop yields, organic soil carbon, carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. The economic viability of biochar production varies markedly around the world. The most promising opportunities for soil carbon sequestration have derived from voluntary carbon markets and government initiatives such as Australia‚Äôs Emissions Reduction Fund. The scheme promoted the integration of biochar in land use management practices at a farm scale. If biochar is to have a more profound impact on a global scale, then countries need to adopt a sustainable biochar strategy which is universal along with standardised sustainability protocols. ¬© 2018, Springer International Publishing AG.",2018,"Rodrigues, S.; <br>Horan, E.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73293-0_25","Book Chapter","World Sustain. Ser.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Biochar for carbon sequestration: Bioengineering for sustainable environment","Biochar, a pyrogenic carbon produced by thermochemical oxygen-limited combustion of lignocellulosic crop residue/wood/other solid biomass, has multifaceted benefits for sustainable environment. Biochar is comprised of recalcitrant carbon resistant to microbial degradation, thus contributes to environmental sustainability (ES) through carbon sequestration. Production of biochar from crop residue offers an environmentally safe alternative to avoid open-field crop residue burning. Its application to soil reduces greenhouse gas emissions and acts as a beneficial soil ameliorant. Although literature is available on climate change abatement benefits of biochar application in agriculture, this manuscript explores the benefits of biochar addition in vegetable cropping systems for maintenance of edaphic properties that govern soil sustainability, bioengineering-specific ecological niches, such as dystrophic/acidic/highly weathered soils, alleviation of abiotic/biotic stress, and better nutrient, and water use efficiency for enhanced crop production in a sustainable way. Furthermore, biochar use for reclaiming nonarable land resources for vegetable production will lead to achievement of long-term goal of ES through conservation of natural resources. ¬© 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",2018,"Sharma, S.P.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815870-8.00020-6","Book Chapter","Omics Technologies and Bio-engineering: Volume 2: Towards Improving Quality of Life","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The politics and governance of negative emissions technologies",null,2018,"Radunsky, K.","Climate action; Climate change risks; Geo-engineering; Paris agreement",null,"Book Chapter",null,"Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The ethics of negative emissions",null,2018,"Lenzi, D.","adaptation and mitigation; policies; politics and governance",null,"Conference Paper",null,"Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Anthropogenic climate change and countermeasures: Chances and risks of weather modification techniques and climate engineering (CE)",null,2018,"Schwarz-Herion, O.",null,null,"Book Chapter",null,"Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Opportunities for application of BECCS in the Australian power sector","Australia has committed to meeting its international obligations to decrease its greenhouse gas emissions including transitioning toward decarbonising its emission-intense energy sector. However, it is facing the dual problems of increasing electricity cost and decreasing energy security. One of the potential contributions to reducing its emission while supplying reliable power is deployment of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). BECCS is a carbon removal technology that offers permanent net removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere together with the prospect of negative emissions. The present study was undertaken to assess the potential contribution of BECCS to achieving long term decarbonising of the Australian energy sector. This study considers the availability of sustainable bioenergy resources and the economic viability and environmental impacts of BECCS. In order to avoid the ecological uncertainties and social challenges of dedicated energy crops, this study focuses on organic waste from the municipal, agricultural, and forestry sectors. Based on the quantity of biomass resources available, BECCS options in Australia have the potential to remove a total of 25 million tonne CO2/year from the atmosphere as negative emissions by 2050. In addition, BECCS systems could supply Australia with up to 13.7 terawatt-hours of renewable power by mid-century which is around 3.6% of expected gross electricity generation in 2050. Deployment of BECCS as a reliable supplier of electricity would potentially enhance the flexibility and diversity of Australia's energy portfolio and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, deployment of BECCS as a carbon negative strategy will require strong policy support.",2018,"Pour, N; <br>Webley, PA; <br>Cook, PJ","Bioenergy; BECCS; Negative emission; LCA; Australian power sector; Organic waste; Sustainability","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.04.117","Article","APPLIED ENERGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The potential for implementation of Negative Emission Technologies in Scotland","The reduction of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission rates alone appears insufficient to limit the rise in global temperatures. Negative Emission Technologies (NETs) can be helpful in this critical goal by actively removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Industrialised countries like Scotland will require NETs to address their climate targets and reach net-zero carbon emissions in a timely manner. However, the implementation of NETs has varied energy, economic and environmental implications that need to be analysed in detail. In this paper, we explore the potential energy and economic costs for implementation of land-based NETs in Scotland. This analysis is based on the calculated averaged costs of the different technologies and the availability of resources for its implementation in Scotland. We found that the country has a maximum technical potential to abate 90-100% of its annual CO2 emissions by means of land-based NETs, thanks to its low annual emissions and large land area for implementation of NETs. Even in less optimistic scenarios, Scotland is exceptionally well suited for land NETs, which can complement and enhance the potential of more conventional technologies, like renewable energy resources. Our results show that Scotland could lead the transformation towards a carbon-neutral society.",2018,"Alcalde, J; <br>Alcalde, J; <br>Alcalde, J; <br>Smith, P; <br>Smith, P; <br>Haszeldine, RS; <br>Bond, CE; <br>Bond, CE","Negative Emission Technologies; Bioenergy; Carbon capture and storage; Direct air capture; Enhanced weathering; Afforestation-reforestation; Soil carbon sequestration; Biochar; Scotland","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2018.06.021","Article","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS CONTROL","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Graphical Pinch Analysis for Planning Biochar-Based Carbon Management Networks","Biochar is a potentially scalable negative emission technology (NET). The negative net flow of carbon is achieved sequentially via photosynthesis which fixes atmospheric carbon into biomass, followed by thermochemical processing of biomass into biochar which converts the bulk of the fixed carbon into stable or recalcitrant form, and finally by the application of the resulting biochar to soil. In addition, this process can result in additional carbon offsets through favorable modification of soil by reducing fertilizer requirement, as well as other secondary benefits. On the other hand, biochar is typically contaminated with traces of organic (e.g., dioxins) and inorganic impurities (e.g., salts) that are detrimental to soil quality. The presence of such impurities and the capacity of the receiving soil to tolerate their presence put an upper limit on the amount of biochar that can be added without causing adverse environmental effects. Thus, scaling up biochar-based systems requires the planning of a carbon management network (CMN) consisting of biochar sources (i.e., production facilities) and biochar sinks (i.e., receiving tracts of land). In general, such CMNs need to be operated so as to maximize system-wide carbon sequestration without exceeding the tolerance limits of the biochar sinks. This paper proposes a graphical pinch analysis approach to planning such biochar-based CMNs. The applicability of the methodology is illustrated using a hypothetical case study.",2018,"Tan, RR; <br>Bandyopadhyay, S; <br>Foo, DCY","Biochar; Negative emission technology (NET); Process integration (PI); Pinch analysis; Carbon management network (CMN)","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41660-018-0033-6","Article","PROCESS INTEGRATION AND OPTIMIZATION FOR SUSTAINABILITY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Using Particle Swarm Optimization method to optimize the carbon sequestration potential of agricultural afforestation in Beijing, China","Agricultural afforestation is an important way to mitigate climate change and improve the environmental quality of city system. The major restriction of planning agricultural afforestation programs and optimize the carbon sequestration potential of these programs is the decrease of food productivity. The spatial heterogeneity of both the food productivity and carbon sequestration potential further complicate this problem. In this article, we demonstrate how the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method can be formulated and applied to address this problem. Based on the spatial estimation of food productivity and carbon sequestration potential, we formulated a PSO model to generate the optimal zoning of agricultural afforestation area and optimize the carbon sequestration potential with different scenarios of food productivity decrease ratio in Beijing, China. Results show that our method can be used to optimize the carbon sequestration potential of agricultural afforestation under the restriction of decrease in food productivity. With the application of our method, a significantly higher carbon sequestration potential can be achieved with a small loss of the current food productivity, e.g. 8.80-12.47 Tg C (14.82 - 20.93 % of the maximum carbon sequestration potential) can be sequestrated with 5% loss of current food productivity. This research highlights the application of machine learning at the high level of smart city management to improve the efficacy and intelligence of urban planning.",2018,"Yao, JT; <br>Kong, XB; <br>Lal, R","Particle Swarm Optimization; Agricultural Afforestation; Carbon sequestration; Urban planning; Beijing","http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SmartWorld.2018.00348","Conference Paper","2018 IEEE SMARTWORLD, UBIQUITOUS INTELLIGENCE & COMPUTING, ADVANCED & TRUSTED COMPUTING, SCALABLE COMPUTING & COMMUNICATIONS, CLOUD & BIG DATA COMPUTING, INTERNET OF PEOPLE AND SMART CITY INNOVATION (SMARTWORLD/SCALCOM/UIC/ATC/CBDCOM/IOP/SCI)","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Land use strategies to mitigate climate change in carbon dense temperate forests","Strategies to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions through forestry activities have been proposed, but ecosystem process-based integration of climate change, enhanced CO2, disturbance from fire, and management actions at regional scales are extremely limited. Here, we examine the relative merits of afforestation, reforestation, management changes, and harvest residue bioenergy use in the Pacific Northwest. This region represents some of the highest carbon density forests in the world, which can store carbon in trees for 800 y or more. Oregon's net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) was equivalent to 72% of total emissions in 2011-2015. By 2100, simulations show increased net carbon uptake with little change in wildfires. Reforestation, afforestation, lengthened harvest cycles on private lands, and restricting harvest on public lands increase NECB 56% by 2100, with the latter two actions contributing the most. Resultant cobenefits included water availability and biodiversity, primarily from increased forest area, age, and species diversity. Converting 127,000 ha of irrigated grass crops to native forests could decrease irrigation demand by 233 billion m(3).y(-1). Utilizing harvest residues for bioenergy production instead of leaving them in forests to decompose increased emissions in the short-term (50 y), reducing mitigation effectiveness. Increasing forest carbon on public lands reduced emissions compared with storage in wood products because the residence time is more than twice that of wood products. Hence, temperate forests with high carbon densities and lower vulnerability to mortality have substantial potential for reducing forest sector emissions. Our analysis framework provides a template for assessments in other temperate regions.",2018,"Law, BE; <br>Hudiburg, TW; <br>Berner, LT; <br>Kent, JJ; <br>Buotte, PC; <br>Harmon, ME","forests; carbon balance; greenhouse gas emissions; climate mitigation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720064115","Article","PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Estimating water-food-ecosystem trade-offs for the global negative emission scenario (IPCC-RCP2.6)","Negative emission technologies such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) are regarded as an option to achieve the climatic target of the Paris Agreement. However, our understanding of the realistic sustainable feasibility of the global lands for BECCS remains uncertain. In this study, we assess the impact of BECCS deployment scenarios on the land systems including land use, water resources, and ecosystem services. Specifically, we assess three land-use scenarios to achieve the total amount of 3.3 GtC year(-1) (annual negative emission level required for IPCC-RCP 2.6) emission reduction by growing bioenergy crops which requires huge use of global agricultural and forest lands and water. Our study shows that (1) vast conversion of food cropland into rainfed bio-crop cultivation yields a considerable loss of food production that may not be tolerable considering the population increase in the future. (2) When irrigation is applied to bio-crop production, the bioenergy crop productivity is enhanced. This suppresses the necessary area for bio-crop production to half, and saves the land for agricultural productions. However, water consumption is doubled and this may exacerbate global water stress. (3) If conversion of forest land for bioenergy crop cultivation is allowed without protecting the natural forests, large areas of tropical forest could be used for bioenergy crop production. Forest biomass and soil carbon stocks are reduced, implying degradation of the climate regulation and other ecosystem services. These results suggest that without a careful consideration of the land use for bioenergy crop production, a large-scale implementation of BECCS could negatively impact food, water and ecosystem services that are supporting fundamental human sustainability.",2018,"Yamagata, Y; <br>Hanasaki, N; <br>Ito, A; <br>Kinoshita, T; <br>Murakami, D; <br>Zhou, Q","BECCS; Land use; Water resources; Ecosystem service; Sustainability","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-017-0522-5","Article","SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The energy return on investment of BECCS: is BECCS a threat to energy security?","Compliance with long term climate targets whilst maintaining energy security is understood to rely heavily on the large-scale deployment of negative emissions technologies (NETs). One option, Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), is prominent in Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), with projected annual contributions of 8-16.5 GtCO2 per year of atmospheric carbon dioxide removal whilst contributing 150-300 EJ per year, or 14 to 20% of global primary energy supply, in 2100. Implicit in these scenarios is the assumption that BECCS is a net producer of energy. However, relatively energy intensive biomass supply chains and low power generation efficiency could challenge this ubiquitous assumption. Deploying an energy negative technology at this scale could thus represent a threat to energy security. In this contribution, we evaluate the energy return on investment (EROI) of an archetypal BECCS facility. In order to highlight the importance of biomass sourcing, two feedstock scenarios are considered: use of domestic biomass pellets (UK) and import of biomass pellets from Louisiana, USA. We use the Modelling and Optimisation of Negative Emissions Technologies (MONET) framework to explicitly account for growing, pre-treating, transporting and converting the feedstock in a 500 MW BECCS facility. As an example, we illustrate how the net electricity balance (NElB) of a UK-based BECCS facility can be either positive or negative, as a function of supply chain decisions. Power plant efficiency, fuel efficiency for transport, transport distance, moisture content, drying method, as well as yield were identified as key factors that need to be carefully managed to maximise BECCS net electricity balance. A key insight of this contribution is that, given an annual carbon removal target, increasing BECCS' power generation efficiency by using a more advanced biomass conversion and CO2 capture technology could improve BECCS net electricity balance, but at the cost of increasing the amount of BECCS capacity required to meet this target. BECCS optimal deployment pathway is thus heavily dependent on which service provided by BECCS is most valued: carbon dioxide removal or power generation.",2018,"Fajardy, M; <br>Fajardy, M; <br>Mac Dowell, N; <br>Mac Dowell, N",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee03610h","Article","ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Investigating the BECCS resource nexus: delivering sustainable negative emissions","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), and other negative emissions technologies (NETs), are integral to all scenarios consistent with meeting global climate ambitions. BECCS's ability to promptly remove CO2 from the atmosphere in a resource efficient manner, whilst being a net energy generator to the global economy, remains controversial. Given the large range of potential outcomes, it is crucial to understand how, if at all, this technology can be deployed in a way which minimises its impact on natural resources and ecosystems, while maximising both carbon removal and power generation. In this study, we present a series of thought experiments, using the Modelling and Optimisation of Negative Emissions Technologies (MONET) framework, to provide insight into the combinations of biomass feedstock, origin, land type, and transport route, to meet a given CO2 removal target. The optimal structure of an international BECCS supply chain was found to vary both quantitatively and qualitatively as the focus shifted from conserving water, land or biomass, to maximising energy generated, with the water use in particular increasing threefold in the land and biomass use minimisation scenario, as compared to the water minimisation scenario. In meeting regional targets, imported biomass was consistently chosen over indigenous biomass in the land and water minimisation scenarios, confirming the dominance of factors such as yield, electricity grid carbon intensity, and precipitation, over transport distance. A pareto-front analysis was performed and, in addition to highlighting the strong trade-offs between BECCS resource efficiency objectives, indicated the potential for tipping points. An analysis of the sensitivity to the availability of marginal land and agricultural residues showed that (1) the availability of agricultural residues had a great impact on BECCS land, and that (2) water use and land use change, two critical sustainability indicators for BECCS, were negatively correlated. Finally, we showed that maximising energy production increased water use and land use fivefold, and land use change by two orders of magnitude. It is therefore likely that an exclusive focus on energy generation and CO2 removal can result in negative consequences for the broader environment. In spite of these strong trade-offs however, it was found that BECCS could meet its electricity production objective without compromising estimated safe land use boundaries. Provided that the right choices are made along BECCS value chain, BECCS can be deployed in a way that both satisfies its resource efficiency and technical performance objectives.",2018,"Fajardy, M; <br>Fajardy, M; <br>Chiquier, S; <br>Chiquier, S; <br>Mac Dowell, N; <br>Mac Dowell, N",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ee01676c","Article","ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Increased vegetation growth and carbon stock in China karst via ecological engineering","Afforestation and reforestation projects in the karst regions of southwest China aim to combat desertification and improve the ecological environment. However, it remains unclear at what scale conservation efforts have impacted on carbon stocks and if vegetation regrowth occurs at a large spatial scale as intended. Here we use satellite time series data and show a widespread increase in leaf area index (a proxy for green vegetation cover), and aboveground biomass carbon, which contrasted negative trends found in the absence of anthropogenic influence as simulated by an ecosystem model. In spite of drought conditions, aboveground biomass carbon increased by 9% (+0.05 Pg C y(-1)), mainly in areas of high conservation effort. We conclude that large scale conservation projects can contribute to a greening Earth with positive effects on carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change. At the regional scale, such ecological engineering projects may reduce risks of desertification by increasing the vegetation cover and reducing the ecosystem sensitivity to climate perturbations.",2018,"Tong, XW; <br>Brandt, M; <br>Yue, YM; <br>Yue, YM; <br>Horion, S; <br>Wang, KL; <br>Wang, KL; <br>De Keersmaecker, W; <br>Tian, F; <br>Schurgers, G; <br>Xiao, XM; <br>Xiao, XM; <br>Luo, YQ; <br>Luo, YQ; <br>Luo, YQ; <br>Chen, C; <br>Myneni, R; <br>Shi, Z; <br>Chen, HS; <br>Chen, HS; <br>Fensholt, R",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-017-0004-x","Article","NATURE SUSTAINABILITY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The moderating or amplifying biophysical effects of afforestation on CO2-induced cooling depend on the local background climate regimes in China","Afforestation can significantly influence regional climates through both the biogeochemical and biophysical processes involved in land surface-atmosphere interactions. However, many studies have ignored the biophysical processes that can, in some cases, offset the biogeochemical impacts. In this paper, the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide absorbed by forests and the surface energy balance changes due to land cover changes from croplands and grasslands to forests were quantitatively analyzed, and the impacts of afforestation on the regional temperatures were thoroughly investigated over various climate zones of China, especially over the temperate and arid regions. According to our analysis, (1) when considering only the CO2-induced effects, afforestation led to carbon sequestration ranging from 267.7 to 531.5 Mg CO2.eq hm(-2)50 yr(-1) and carbon sinks ranging from 2.6 to 15.7 Mg CO2-eq hm(-2)50 yr(-1) in all climate regions; therefore, the cooling effects were achieved. (2) When considering only the biophysical effects, the increase in the net radiation was greater than the increase in the latent heat fluxes in the arid and semiarid regions. Therefore, the land surface provides a positive heat fluxes to the atmosphere and warms the Earth. In contrast, afforestation leads to a decrease in the net radiation and a large increase in the latent heat flux in humid subtropical regions. The increase in net radiation was less than the increase in the latent heat fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau and mid-temperate humid regions, resulting in atmospheric cooling effects. (3) When considering both the CO2-induced and biophysical effects simultaneously, the potential cooling effects caused by afforestation were amplified 1.3-1.5 times relative to those resulting from considering only the CO2 for the subtropical regions. However, the potential cooling effects in arid and semiarid regions were moderated to only approximately 50% of those when only the CO2 was considered. Therefore, the biophysical processes of afforestation have amplified the CO2-induced changes in the subtropical regions and moderated them in temperate regions, while the reverse is true in arid regions.",2018,"Huang, L; <br>Zhai, J; <br>Liu, JY; <br>Sun, CY","Afforestation; CO2-induced cooling; Biophysical processes; Moderating or amplifying; Local background climate","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.05.020","Article","AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Using water scarcity footprint to choose the most suitable location for forest carbon sinks: A case study","The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is an urgent and internationally shared target. One of the existing measures to do so is carbon offsetting through afforestation. However, when designing afforestation projects meant to act as carbon sinks, the remaining environmental issues are usually overlooked, with the potential risk of shifting environmental burdens. This study uses the water scarcity footprint as an indicator to choose the most adequate location for afforestation. To do so, a particular case study aimed at offsetting the carbon emissions of a canning company has been chosen. This multinational company has two main locations: Galicia (NW Spain), and La Union (El Salvador). First, the annual carbon and water footprints of the production of the company's flagship product (a pack of 3 tuna cans) have been calculated. The carbon footprint has been calculated following the corresponding ISO 14067 and PAS 2050 recommendations. Then, an afforestation project aimed at offsetting those carbon emissions has been designed following the corresponding Spanish regulations, and its prospective water scarcity impacts have been calculated. Two potential locations for the afforestation measure (next to the two company facilities in Galicia and La Union) were assessed regarding green water scarcity impacts, in order to choose the more sustainable location. If the afforestation project were located in El Salvador, its water scarcity footprint would be 30% higher than in Galicia, and thus Galicia has been chosen as the location for this offsetting action. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out to evaluate how the use of different evapotranspiration values would affect the results, and the choice of the methodological approach used has been justified. Still, the approach used in this study has some limitations which have also been discussed, and ideas for its further improvement in subsequent studies have been presented. The relevance of following a holistic approach when designing carbon offsetting projects has been stated. If an afforestation project was planned focusing only on its carbon absorption rate, it may result in a burden shift to other impact areas (such as the water scarcity considered here). Thus, by linking indicators, we make sure that the carbon footprint reduction achieved does not imply an unsustainable contribution to water scarcity. (C) 2018 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2018,"Roibas, L; <br>Cuevas, A; <br>Vazquez, ME; <br>Vilas, M; <br>Hospido, A","Carbon footprint; Life cycle assessment; Afforestation; Canned tuna; Water scarcity footprint; Carbon offset","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2018.06.001","Article","SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Role contribution of biological nitrogen fixation to future terrestrial net land carbon accumulation under warming condition at centennial scale","Future changes in net land carbon (C) accumulation in the terrestrial ecosystem remain highly uncertain. This uncertainty is mainly due to nitrogen (N) availability not being included in model simulations. N availability is ultimately determined by the balance of N inputs and outputs for the terrestrial ecosystem. Here, as the largest N input pathway, the influence of biological N fixation (BNF) combined with increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, climate change, and atmospheric N deposition on future terrestrial C sequestration is investigated to the year 2100 using the Community Atmosphere Biosphere-Land-Exchange (CABLE) global land surface model. Projections show a net land C accumulation increase of similar to 20% by 2100 for the terrestrial ecosystem, relative to the pre-industrial (1901-1910) level. BNF will increase terrestrial C sequestration by similar to 104 Pg C by the end of this century, accounting for similar to 28% of the total increase in net land C accumulation due to increasing CO2, climate change, BNF, and atmospheric N deposition. Therefore, the findings highlight the fundamental importance of BNF in determining the size of future net terrestrial C accumulation, although there are still unresolved questions regarding BNF and its role in forecasting climate change. Furthermore, a climate warming-induced increase in soil N mineralization of similar to 431 Tg N per degrees C is estimated, resulting in increased N uptake (similar to 17 Tg N yr(-1)) from soil to vegetation by the end of this century, relative to the pre-industrial period, which could offset soil carbon loss due to warming. This highlights the effect of warming-induced N mineralization on land net C accumulation. Thus, BNF variations and warming-stimulated soil mineralization should be included in model simulations of land C carbon sequestration to prevent the effect of N limitation on land C loss being overestimated. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2018,"Peng, J; <br>Dan, L; <br>Wang, YP; <br>Tang, XB; <br>Yang, XJ; <br>Yang, FQ; <br>Lu, XJ; <br>Pak, B","Biological nitrogen fixation; Net land C accumulation; Climate change; Atmospheric CO2 concentration; Atmospheric nitrogen deposition","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.089","Article","JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Land-use emissions play a critical role in landbased mitigation for Paris climate targets","Scenarios that limit global warming to below 2 degrees C by 2100 assume significant land-use change to support large-scale carbon dioxide (CO2) removal from the atmosphere by afforestation/reforestation, avoided deforestation, and Biomass Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS). The more ambitious mitigation scenarios require even greater land area for mitigation and/or earlier adoption of CO2 removal strategies. Here we show that additional land-use change to meet a 1.5 degrees C climate change target could result in net losses of carbon from the land. The effectiveness of BECCS strongly depends on several assumptions related to the choice of biomass, the fate of initial above ground biomass, and the fossil-fuel emissions offset in the energy system. Depending on these factors, carbon removed from the atmosphere through BECCS could easily be offset by losses due to land-use change. If BECCS involves replacing high-carbon content ecosystems with crops, then forest-based mitigation could be more efficient for atmospheric CO2 removal than BECCS.",2018,"Harper, AB; <br>Powell, T; <br>Cox, PM; <br>House, J; <br>Huntingford, C; <br>Lenton, TM; <br>Sitch, S; <br>Burke, E; <br>Chadburn, SE; <br>Chadburn, SE; <br>Collins, WJ; <br>Comyn-Platt, E; <br>Daioglou, V; <br>Daioglou, V; <br>Doelman, JC; <br>Hayman, G; <br>Robertson, E; <br>van Vuuren, D; <br>van Vuuren, D; <br>Wiltshire, A; <br>Webber, CP; <br>Bastos, A; <br>Bastos, A; <br>Boysen, L; <br>Ciais, P; <br>Devaraju, N; <br>Jain, AK; <br>Krause, A; <br>Poulter, B; <br>Shu, SJ",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05340-z","Article","NATURE COMMUNICATIONS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF COMBINED BIOCHAR AND BIOENERGY PRODUCTION","The study evaluates the environmental impact of the co-production of bioenergy and biochar through biomass gasification, aiming to replace natural gas heating and peat in the horticulture substrate market. The syngas can provide sustainable greenhouse heating and biochar is currently considered as a peat substitute offering carbon sequestration potential when disposed in the soil due to its higher carbon recalcitrance compared to peat. The carbon footprint of four feedstocks is followed, namely willow and pine from tree nurseries, grade A wood pellets from demolition wood and park residues, including the growth and the decay rates of organic matter, peat and biochar, and taking into account the CO2 emissions timing. The feedstock source and physical properties play an important role in the environmental impact of the production of bioenergy (process heat) and biochar. Peat replacement by biochar reduces the current pressure on the environment caused by peat extraction and use. When biochar is stored permanently in the soil as a disposal option, the corresponding negative CO2 flux further reduces the total CO2 emissions acting as a carbon capture and storage tool.",2018,"Fryda, L; <br>Schmidt, J; <br>Visser, R","CO2 balance; bioenergy; gasification",null,"Conference Paper","PAPERS OF THE 26TH EUROPEAN BIOMASS CONFERENCE: SETTING THE COURSE FOR A BIOBASED ECONOMY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Exploring SSP land-use dynamics using the IMAGE model: Regional and gridded scenarios of land-use change and land-based climate change mitigation","Projected increases in population, income and consumption rates are expected to lead to rising pressure on the land system. Ambitions to limit global warming to 2 degrees C or even 1.5 degrees C could also lead to additional pressures from land-based mitigation measures such as bioenergy production and afforestation. To investigate these dynamics, this paper describes five elaborations of the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSP) using the IMAGE 3.0 integrated assessment model framework to produce regional and gridded scenarios up to the year 2100. Additionally, land-based climate change mitigation is modelled aiming for long-term mitigation targets including 1.5 degrees C. Results show diverging global trends in agricultural land in the baseline scenarios ranging from an expansion of nearly 826 Mha in SSP3 to a decrease of more than 305 Mha in SSP1 for the period 2010-2050. Key drivers are population growth, changes in food consumption, and agricultural efficiency. The largest changes take place in Sub-Saharan Africa in SSP3 and SSP4, predominantly due to high population growth. With low increases in agricultural efficiency this leads to expansion of agricultural land and reduced food security. Land use also plays a crucial role in ambitious mitigation scenarios. First, agricultural emissions could form a substantial component of emissions that cannot be fully mitigated. Second, bioenergy and reforestation are crucial to create net negative emissions reducing emissions in SSP2 in 2050 by 8.7 Gt CO2/yr and 1.9 Gt CO2/yr, respectively (1.5 degrees C scenario compared to baseline). This is achieved by expansion of bioenergy area (516 Mha in 2050) and reforestation. Expansion of agriculture for food production is reduced due to REDD policy (290 Mha in 2050) affecting food security especially in Sub-Saharan Africa indicating an important trade-off of land-based mitigation. This set of SSP land-use scenarios provides a comprehensive quantification of interacting trends in the land system, both socio-economic and biophysical. By providing high resolution data, the scenario output can improve interactions between climate research and impact studies.",2018,"Doelman, JC; <br>Stehfest, E; <br>Tabeau, A; <br>van Meijl, H; <br>Lassaletta, L; <br>Gernaat, DEHJ; <br>Gernaat, DEHJ; <br>Hermans, K; <br>Hermans, K; <br>Harmsen, M; <br>Harmsen, M; <br>Daioglou, V; <br>Daioglou, V; <br>Biemans, H; <br>van der Sluis, S; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>van Vuuren, DP","Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs); Integrated assessment; Land-use change; Climate change mitigation; Bioenergy; REDD","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.11.014","Article","GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Water demand for electricity in deep decarbonisation scenarios: a multi-model assessment","This study assesses the effects of deep electricity decarbonisation and shifts in the choice of power plant cooling technologies on global electricity water demand, using a suite of five integrated assessment models. We find that electricity sector decarbonisation results in co-benefits for water resources primarily due to the phase-out of water-intensive coal-based thermoelectric power generation, although these co-benefits vary substantially across decarbonisation scenarios. Wind and solar photovoltaic power represent a win-win option for both climate and water resources, but further expansion of nuclear or fossil- and biomass-fuelled power plants with carbon capture and storage may result in increased pressures on the water environment. Further to these results, the paper provides insights on the most crucial factors of uncertainty with regards to future estimates of water demand. These estimates varied substantially across models in scenarios where the effects of decarbonisation on the electricity mix were less clear-cut. Future thermal and water efficiency improvements of power generation technologies and demand-side energy efficiency improvements were also identified to be important factors of uncertainty. We conclude that in order to ensure positive effects of decarbonisation on water resources, climate policy should be combined with technology-specific energy and/or water policies.",2018,"Mouratiadou, I; <br>Mouratiadou, I; <br>Bevione, M; <br>Bevione, M; <br>Bijl, DL; <br>Drouet, L; <br>Drouet, L; <br>Hejazi, M; <br>Mima, S; <br>Pehl, M; <br>Luderer, G",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-2117-7","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Biogeochemical potential of biomass pyrolysis systems for limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees C","Negative emission (NE) technologies are recognized to play an increasingly relevant role in strategies limiting mean global warming to 1.5 degrees C as specified in the Paris Agreement. The potentially significant contribution of pyrogenic carbon capture and storage (PyCCS) is, however, highly underrepresented in the discussion. In this study, we conduct the first quantitative assessment of the global potential of PyCCS as a NE technology based on biomass plantations. Using a process-based biosphere model, we calculate the land use change required to reach specific climate mitigation goals while observing biodiversity protection guardrails. We consider NE targets of 100-300 GtC following socioeconomic pathways consistent with a mean global warming of 1.5 degrees C as well as the option of additional carbon balancing required in case of failure or delay of decarbonization measures. The technological opportunities of PyCCS are represented by three tracks accounting for the sequestration of different pyrolysis products: biochar (as soil amendment), bio-oil (pumped into geological storages) and permanent-pyrogas (capture and storage of CO2 from gas combustion). In addition, we analyse how the gain in land induced by biochar-mediated yield increases on tropical cropland may reduce the pressure on land. Our results show that meeting the 1.5 degrees C goal through mitigation strategies including large-scale NE with plantation-based PyCCS may require conversion of natural vegetation to biomass plantations in the order of 133-3280 Mha globally, depending on the applied technology and the NE demand. Advancing towards additional bio-oil sequestration reduces land demand considerably by potentially up to 60%, while the benefits from yield increases account for another 3%-38% reduction (equalling 82-362 Mha). However, when mitigation commitments are increased by high balancing claims, even the most advanced PyCCS technologies and biochar-mediated co-benefits cannot compensate for delayed action towards phasing-out fossil fuels.",2018,"Werner, C; <br>Schmidt, HP; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Kammann, C","negative emission technologies; biochar; bio-oil; mitigation; 1.5 goal; PyCCS; geoengnieering","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabb0e","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Evaluating the use of biomass energy with carbon capture and storage in low emission scenarios","Biomass Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is heavily relied upon in scenarios of future emissions that are consistent with limiting global mean temperature increase to 1.5 degrees C or 2 degrees C above pre-industrial. These temperature limits are defined in the Paris Agreement in order to reduce the risks and impacts of climate change. Here, we explore the use of BECCS technologies in a reference scenario and three low emission scenarios generated by an integrated assessment model (IMAGE). Using these scenarios we investigate the feasibility of key implicit and explicit assumptions about these BECCS technologies, including biomass resource, land use, CO2 storage capacity and carbon capture and storage (CCS) deployment rate. In these scenarios, we find that half of all global CO2 storage required by 2100 occurs in USA, Western Europe, China and India, which is compatible with current estimates of regional CO2 storage capacity. CCS deployment rates in the scenarios are very challenging compared to historical rates of fossil, renewable or nuclear technologies and are entirely dependent on stringent policy action to incentivise CCS. In the scenarios, half of the biomass resource is derived from agricultural and forestry residues and half from dedicated bioenergy crops grown on abandoned agricultural land and expansion into grasslands (i.e. land for forests and food production is protected). Poor governance of the sustainability of bioenergy crop production can significantly limit the amount of CO2 removed by BECCS, through soil carbon loss from direct and indirect land use change. Only one-third of the bioenergy crops are grown in regions associated with more developed governance frameworks. Overall, the scenarios in IMAGE are ambitious but consistent with current relevant literature with respect to assumed biomass resource, land use and CO2 storage capacity.",2018,"Vaughan, NE; <br>Gough, C; <br>Mander, S; <br>Littleton, EW; <br>Welfle, A; <br>Gernaat, DEHJ; <br>Gernaat, DEHJ; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>van Vuuren, DP","1.5 degrees C; biomass energy with carbon capture and storage; integrated assessment model; negative emissions technologies; carbon dioxide removal; 2 degrees C; climate change mitigation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaaa02","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Between Scylla and Charybdis: Delayed mitigation narrows the passage between large-scale CDR and high costs","There are major concerns about the sustainability of large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies. It is therefore an urgent question to what extent CDR will be needed to implement the long term ambition of the Paris Agreement. Here we show that ambitious near term mitigation significantly decreases CDR requirements to keep the Paris climate targets within reach. Following the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) until 2030 makes 2 degrees C unachievable without CDR. Reducing 2030 emissions by 20% below NDC levels alleviates the trade-off between high transitional challenges and high CDR deployment. Nevertheless, transitional challenges increase significantly if CDR is constrained to less than 5Gt CO2 a(-1) in any year. At least 8 Gt CO2 a(-1) CDR are necessary in the long term to achieve 1.5 degrees C andmore than 15GtCO(2) a(-1) to keep transitional challenges in bounds.",2018,"Strefler, J; <br>Bauer, N; <br>Kriegler, E; <br>Popp, A; <br>Giannousakis, A; <br>Edenhofer, O; <br>Edenhofer, O; <br>Edenhofer, O","negative emissions; carbon dioxide removal; climate change; sustainability; 1.5 degrees C; Paris Agreement","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab2ba","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The Carbon Dioxide Removal Model Intercomparison Project (CDRMIP): rationale and experimental protocol for CMIP6","The recent IPCC reports state that continued anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are changing the climate, threatening \"severe, pervasive and irreversible\" impacts. Slow progress in emissions reduction to mitigate climate change is resulting in increased attention to what is called geoengineering, climate engineering, or climate intervention - deliberate interventions to counter climate change that seek to either modify the Earth's radiation budget or remove greenhouse gases such as CO2 from the atmosphere. When focused on CO2, the latter of these categories is called carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Future emission scenarios that stay well below 2 degrees C, and all emission scenarios that do not exceed 1.5 degrees C warming by the year 2100, require some form of CDR. At present, there is little consensus on the climate impacts and atmospheric CO2 reduction efficacy of the different types of proposed CDR. To address this need, the Carbon Dioxide Removal Model Intercomparison Project (or CDRMIP) was initiated. This project brings together models of the Earth system in a common framework to explore the potential, impacts, and challenges of CDR. Here, we describe the first set of CDRMIP experiments, which are formally part of the 6th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). These experiments are designed to address questions concerning CDR-induced climate \"reversibility\", the response of the Earth system to direct atmospheric CO2 removal (direct air capture and storage), and the CDR potential and impacts of afforestation and reforestation, as well as ocean alkalinization.",2018,"Keller, DP; <br>Lenton, A; <br>Lenton, A; <br>Scott, V; <br>Vaughan, NE; <br>Bauer, N; <br>Bauer, N; <br>Ji, DY; <br>Jones, CD; <br>Kravitz, B; <br>Muri, H; <br>Zickfeld, K",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1133-2018","Article","GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to reconcile with planetary boundaries","Under the Paris Agreement, 195 nations have committed to holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 degrees C above pre-industrial levels and to strive to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees C (ref. (1)). It is noted that this requires \"a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of the century\"(1). This either calls for zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or a balance between positive and negative emissions (NE)(2,3). Roadmaps and socio-economic scenarios compatible with a 2 degrees C or 1.5 degrees C goal depend upon NE via bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) to balance remaining GHG emissions(4-7). However, large-scale deployment of BECCS would imply significant impacts on many Earth system components besides atmospheric CO2 concentrations(8,9). Here we explore the feasibility of NE via BECCS from dedicated plantations and potential trade-offs with planetary boundaries (PBs)(10,11) for multiple socio-economic pathways. We show that while large-scale BECCS is intended to lower the pressure on the PB for climate change, it would most likely steer the Earth system closer to the PB for freshwater use and lead to further transgression of the PBs for land-system change, biosphere integrity and biogeochemical flows.",2018,"Heck, V; <br>Heck, V; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Popp, A",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0064-y","Article","NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The role of large-scale BECCS in the pursuit of the 1.5 degrees C target: an Earth system model perspective","The increasing awareness of the many damaging aspects of climate change has prompted research into ways of reducing and reversing the anthropogenic increase in carbon concentrations in the atmosphere. Most emission scenarios stabilizing climate at low levels, such as the 1.5 degrees C target as outlined by the Paris Agreement, require large-scale deployment of Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS). Here, the potential of large-scale BECCS deployment in contributing towards the 1.5 degrees C global warming target is evaluated using an Earth system model, as well as associated climate responses and carbon cycle feedbacks. The geographical location of the bioenergy feedstock is shown to be key to the success of such measures in the context of temperature targets. Although net negative emissions were reached sooner, by similar to 6 years, and scaled up, land use change emissions and reductions in forest carbon sinks outweigh these effects in one scenario. Re-cultivating mid-latitudes was found to be beneficial, on the other hand, contributing in the right direction towards the 1.5 degrees C target, only by -0.1 degrees C and -54 GtC in avoided emissions, however. Obstacles remain related to competition for land from nature preservation and food security, as well as the technological availability of CCS.",2018,"Muri, H; <br>Muri, H","BECCS; 1.5 degrees C target; Earth system modelling; carbon cycle","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab324","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Potential and costs of carbon dioxide removal by enhanced weathering of rocks","The chemical weathering of rocks currently absorbs about 1.1 Gt CO2 a(-1) being mainly stored as bicarbonate in the ocean. An enhancement of this slow natural process could remove substantial amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere, aiming to offset some unavoidable anthropogenic emissions in order to comply with the Paris Agreement, while at the same time it may decrease ocean acidification. We provide the first comprehensive assessment of economic costs, energy requirements, technical parameterization, and global and regional carbon removal potential. The crucial parameters defining this potential are the grain size and weathering rates. The main uncertainties about the potential relate to weathering rates and rock mass that can be integrated into the soil. The discussed results do not specifically address the enhancement of weathering through microbial processes, feedback of geogenic nutrient release, and bioturbation. We do not only assess dunite rock, predominantly bearing olivine (in the form of forsterite) as the mineral that has been previously proposed to be best suited for carbon removal, but focus also on basaltic rock to minimize potential negative side effects. Our results show that enhanced weathering is an option for carbon dioxide removal that could be competitive already at 60 US $ t(-1) CO2 removed for dunite, but only at 200 US $ t(-1) CO2 removed for basalt. The potential carbon removal on cropland areas could be as large as 95 Gt CO2 a(-1) for dunite and 4.9 Gt CO2 a(-1) for basalt. The best suited locations are warm and humid areas, particularly in India, Brazil, South-East Asia and China, where almost 75% of the global potential can be realized. This work presents a techno-economic assessment framework, which also allows for the incorporation of further processes.",2018,"Strefler, J; <br>Amann, T; <br>Bauer, N; <br>Kriegler, E; <br>Hartmann, J","enhanced weathering; carbon dioxide removal; supply curve; negative emissions; 1.5C; climate change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa9c4","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["What if negative emission technologies fail at scale? Implications of the Paris Agreement for big emitting nations","A cumulative emissions approach is increasingly used to inform mitigation policy. However, there are different interpretations of what 2 degrees C' implies. Here it is argued that cost-optimization models, commonly used to inform policy, typically underplay the urgency of 2 degrees C mitigation. The alignment within many scenarios of optimistic assumptions on negative emissions technologies (NETs), with implausibly early peak emission dates and incremental short-term mitigation, delivers outcomes commensurate with 2 degrees C commitments. In contrast, considering equity and socio-technical barriers to change, suggests a more challenging short-term agenda. To understand these different interpretations, short-term CO2 trends of the largest CO2 emitters, are assessed in relation to a constrained CO2 budget, coupled with a what if' assumption that negative emissions technologies fail at scale. The outcomes raise profound questions around high-level framings of mitigation policy. The article concludes that applying even weak equity criteria, challenges the feasibility of maintaining a 50% chance of avoiding 2 degrees C without urgent mitigation efforts in the short-term. This highlights a need for greater engagement with: (1) the equity dimension of the Paris Agreement, (2) the sensitivity of constrained carbon budgets to short-term trends and (3) the climate risks for society posed by an almost ubiquitous inclusion of NETs within 2 degrees C scenarios.POLICY RELEVANCESince the Paris meeting, there is increased awareness that most policy solutions' commensurate with 2 degrees C include widespread deployment of negative emissions technologies (NETs). Yet much less is understood about that option's feasibility, compared with near-term efforts to curb energy demand. Moreover, the many different ways in which key information is synthesized for policy makers, clouds the ability of policy makers to make informed decisions. This article presents an alternative approach to consider what the Paris Agreement implies, if NETs are unable to deliver more carbon sinks than sources. It illustrates the scale of the climate challenge for policy makers, particularly if the Agreement's aim to address equity' is accounted for. Here it is argued that much more attention needs to be paid to what CO2 reductions can be achieved in the short-term, rather than taking a risk that could render the Paris Agreement's policy goals unachievable.",2018,"Larkin, A; <br>Larkin, A; <br>Kuriakose, J; <br>Kuriakose, J; <br>Sharmina, M; <br>Sharmina, M; <br>Anderson, K; <br>Anderson, K","Big emitters; carbon budgets; CO2; emission pathways; emission scenarios; short-term trends","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2017.1346498","Article","CLIMATE POLICY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Large uncertainty in carbon uptake potential of land-based climate-change mitigation efforts","Most climate mitigation scenarios involve negative emissions, especially those that aim to limit global temperature increase to 2 degrees C or less. However, the carbon uptake potential in land-based climate change mitigation efforts is highly uncertain. Here, we address this uncertainty by using two land-based mitigation scenarios from two land-use models (IMAGE and MAgPIE) as input to four dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs; LPJ-GUESS, ORCHIDEE, JULES, LPJmL). Each of the four combinations of land-use models and mitigation scenarios aimed for a cumulative carbon uptake of 130 GtC by the end of the century, achieved either via the cultivation of bioenergy crops combined with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) or avoided deforestation and afforestation (ADAFF). Results suggest large uncertainty in simulated future land demand and carbon uptake rates, depending on the assumptions related to land use and land management in the models. Total cumulative carbon uptake in the DGVMs is highly variable across mitigation scenarios, ranging between 19 and 130 GtC by year 2099. Only one out of the 16 combinations of mitigation scenarios and DGVMs achieves an equivalent or higher carbon uptake than achieved in the land-use models. The large differences in carbon uptake between the DGVMs and their discrepancy against the carbon uptake in IMAGE and MAgPIE are mainly due to different model assumptions regarding bioenergy crop yields and due to the simulation of soil carbon response to land-use change. Differences between land-use models and DGVMs regarding forest biomass and the rate of forest regrowth also have an impact, albeit smaller, on the results. Given the low confidence in simulated carbon uptake for a given land-based mitigation scenario, and that negative emissions simulated by the DGVMs are typically lower than assumed in scenarios consistent with the 2 degrees C target, relying on negative emissions to mitigate climate change is a highly uncertain strategy.",2018,"Krause, A; <br>Pugh, TAM; <br>Pugh, TAM; <br>Pugh, TAM; <br>Bayer, AD; <br>Li, W; <br>Leung, F; <br>Bondeau, A; <br>Doelman, JC; <br>Humpenoder, F; <br>Anthoni, P; <br>Bodirsky, BL; <br>Ciais, P; <br>Muller, C; <br>Murray-Tortarolo, G; <br>Murray-Tortarolo, G; <br>Olin, S; <br>Popp, A; <br>Sitch, S; <br>Stehfest, E; <br>Arneth, A","avoided deforestation and afforestation; BECCS; carbon dioxide removal; land-based mitigation; negative emissions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14144","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Integrating Algae with Bioenergy Carbon Capture and Storage (ABECCS) Increases Sustainability","Bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) has been proposed to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations, but concerns remain about competition for arable land and freshwater. The synergistic integration of algae production, which does not require arable land or freshwater, with BECCS (called \"ABECCS\") can reduce CO2 emissions without competing with agriculture. This study presents a technoeconomic and life-cycle assessment for colocating a 121-ha algae facility with a 2,680-ha eucalyptus forest for BECCS. The eucalyptus biomass fuels combined heat and power (CHP) generation with subsequent amine-based carbon capture and storage (CCS). A portion of the captured CO2 is used for growing algae and the remainder is sequestered. Biomass combustion supplies CO2, heat, and electricity, thus increasing the range of sites suitable for algae cultivation. Economic, energetic, and environmental impacts are considered. The system yields as much protein as soybeans while generating 61.5TJ of electricity and sequestering 29,600t of CO2 per year. More energy is generated than consumed and the freshwater footprint is roughly equal to that for soybeans. Financial break-even is achieved for product value combinations that include 1) algal biomass sold for $1,400/t (fishmeal replacement) with a $68/t carbon credit and 2) algal biomass sold for $600/t (soymeal replacement) with a $278/t carbon credit. Sensitivity analysis shows significant reductions to the cost of carbon sequestration are possible. The ABECCS system represents a unique technology for negative emissions without reducing protein production or increasing water demand, and should therefore be included in the suite of technologies being considered to address global sustainability. Plain Language Summary We evaluated the sustainability of integrating algae production with bioenergy CCS (called ABECCS). Our motivation is to devise an affordable system that removes CO2 from the atmosphere without negatively impacting food security. The International Panel on Climate Change suggested that in addition to zero-emissions systems (such as solar power or crops), negative-emissions systems are needed to mitigate global warming. Bioenergy CCS (BECCS) is a promising negative-emissions approach in which biomass is combusted to generate electricity in conjunction with CCS. However, on a scale relevant to mitigating global warming, the arable land and freshwater requirements for BECCS could be unviable and cause competition with food production. In the ABECCS system, soy cropland is replaced by eucalyptus forests used for BECCS that provides marine algae with CO2, heat, and electricity. The integrated 2,800-ha facility produces as much high-quality protein as soy without increasing freshwater demand, and generates 61.5 TJ of electricity while sequestering 29,600t of CO2 per year. The system is economically viable when receiving $600/t of algae and $278/t of CO2 sequestered. With favorable economic conditions, ABECCS could contribute to the reduction of CO2 in the atmosphere in a sustainable way.",2018,"Beal, CM; <br>Beal, CM; <br>Archibald, I; <br>Archibald, I; <br>Huntley, ME; <br>Huntley, ME; <br>Huntley, ME; <br>Huntley, ME; <br>Greene, CH; <br>Greene, CH; <br>Johnson, ZI; <br>Johnson, ZI",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000704","Article","EARTHS FUTURE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["What is the potential of cropland albedo management in the fight against global warming? A case study based on the use of cover crops","Land cover management in agricultural areas is a powerful tool that could play a role in the mitigation of climate change and the counterbalance of global warming. First, we attempted to quantify the radiative forcing that would increase the surface albedo of croplands in Europe following the inclusion of cover crops during the fallow period. This is possible since the albedo of bare soil in many areas of Europe is lower than the albedo of vegetation. By using satellite data, we demonstrated that the introduction of cover crops into the crop rotation during the fallow period would increase the albedo over 4.17% of Europe's surface. According to our study, the effect resulting from this increase in the albedo of the croplands would be equivalent to a mitigation of 3.16 MtCO(2)-eq.year(-1) over a 100 year time horizon. This is equivalent to a mitigation potential per surface unit (m(2)) of introduced cover crop over Europe of 15.91 gCO(2)-eq.year(-1). m(-2). This value, obtained at the European scale, is consistent with previous estimates. We show that this mitigation potential could be increased by 27% if the cover crop is maintained for a longer period than 3 months and reduced by 28% in the case of no irrigation. In the second part of this work, based on recent studies estimating the impact of cover crops on soil carbon sequestration and the use of fertilizer, we added the albedo effect to those estimates, and we argued that, by considering areas favourable to their introduction, cover crops in Europe could mitigate human-induced agricultural greenhouse gas emissions by up to 7% per year, using 2011 as a reference. The impact of the albedo change per year would be between 10% and 13% of this total impact. The countries showing the greatest mitigation potentials are France, Bulgaria, Romania, and Germany.",2018,"Carrer, D; <br>Pique, G; <br>Pique, G; <br>Ferlicoq, M; <br>Ceamanos, X; <br>Ceschia, E","surface albedo; radiative forcing; cropland; cover crops; agriculture","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab650","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Biogeophysical Impacts of Land-Use Change on Climate Extremes in Low-Emission Scenarios: Results From HAPPI-Land","The impacts of land use have been shown to have considerable influence on regional climate. With the recent international commitment to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees C, emission reductions need to be ambitious and could involve major land-use change (LUC). Land-based mitigation efforts to curb emissions growth include increasing terrestrial carbon sequestration through reforestation, or the adoption of bioenergy crops. These activities influence local climate through biogeophysical feedbacks, however, it is uncertain how important they are for a 1.5 degrees climate target. This was the motivation for HAPPI-Land: the half a degree additional warming, prognosis, and projected impactsland-use scenario experiment. Using four Earth system models, we present the first multimodel results from HAPPI-Land and demonstrate the critical role of land use for understanding the characteristics of regional climate extremes in low-emission scenarios. In particular, our results show that changes in temperature extremes due to LUC are comparable in magnitude to changes arising from half a degree of global warming. We also demonstrate that LUC contributes to more than 20% of the change in temperature extremes for large land areas concentrated over the Northern Hemisphere. However, we also identify sources of uncertainty that influence the multimodel consensus of our results including how LUC is implemented and the corresponding biogeophysical feedbacks that perturb climate. Therefore, our results highlight the urgent need to resolve the challenges in implementing LUC across models to quantify the impacts and consider how LUC contributes to regional changes in extremes associated with sustainable development pathways. Plain Language Summary The motivation for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report of 1.5 degrees C stems from the need to understand how the impacts of climate change may evolve for half a degree of global warming. Most low-emission scenarios involve substantial land-use change (LUC) including the expansion of bioenergy and food crops, as well as afforestation. Future emission scenarios used as input to climate models are derived using integrated assessment models, and focus on greenhouse gas emissions. However, changes in land use also have a direct effect on local climate through the local water and energy balances, which is not considered in these models, and therefore, our understanding on how dependent these climate projections are to the choice of land-use scenario is limited. Our study demonstrates that the land-use scenario has a considerable influence on the projections of temperature extremes for low-emission scenarios. In particular, for large land areas in the Northern Hemisphere, more than 20% of the change in temperature extremes can be attributed to LUC. However, our study also reveals that considerable uncertainty remains on what the feedbacks of land use may mean for land-based mitigation activities.",2018,"Hirsch, AL; <br>Guillod, BP; <br>Guillod, BP; <br>Seneviratne, SI; <br>Beyerle, U; <br>Boysen, LR; <br>Brovkin, V; <br>Davin, EL; <br>Doelman, JC; <br>Kim, H; <br>Mitchell, DM; <br>Nitta, T; <br>Shiogama, H; <br>Sparrow, S; <br>Stehfest, E; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>Wilson, S; <br>Wilson, S","HAPPI-Land; land-use change; land-based mitigation; Shared Socioeconomic Pathways; Earth System Modeling; Integrated Assessment Modeling-","http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000744","Article","EARTHS FUTURE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Cover crops mitigate direct greenhouse gases balance but reduce drainage under climate change scenarios in temperate climate with dry summers","Cover crops provide ecosystem services such as storing atmospheric carbon in soils after incorporation of their residues. Cover crops also influence soil water balance, which can be an issue in temperate climates with dry summers as for example in southern France and Europe. As a consequence, it is necessary to understand cover crops' long-term influence on greenhouse gases (GHG) and water balances to assess their potential to mitigate climate change in arable cropping systems. We used the previously calibrated and validated soil-crop model STICS to simulate scenarios of cover crop introduction to assess their influence on rainfed and irrigated cropping systems and crop rotations distributed among five contrasted sites in southern France from 2007 to 2052. Our results showed that cover crops can improve mean direct GHG balance by 315 kg CO(2)e ha(-1) year(-1) in the long term compared to that of bare soil. This was due mainly to an increase in carbon storage in the soil despite a slight increase in N2O emissions which can be compensated by adapting fertilization. Cover crops also influence the water balance by reducing mean annual drainage by 20 mm/year but increasing mean annual evapotranspiration by 20 mm/year compared to those of bare soil. Using cover crops to improve the GHG balance may help to mitigate climate change by decreasing CO(2)e emitted in cropping systems which can represent a decrease from 4.5% to 9% of annual GHG emissions of the French agriculture and forestry sector. However, if not well managed, they also could create water management issues in watersheds with shallow groundwater. Relationships between cover crop biomass and its influence on several variables such as drainage, carbon sequestration, and GHG emissions could be used to extend our results to other conditions to assess the cover crops' influence in a wider range of areas.",2018,"Tribouillois, H; <br>Constantin, J; <br>Justes, E","carbon; catch crop; evapotranspiration; N2O; simulation; STICS model; water balance","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14091","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Land use options for staying within the Planetary Boundaries - Synergies and trade-offs between global and local sustainability goals","In this paper we develop and assess alternative global land use patterns, guided by the Planetary Boundaries framework, to quantify land use opportunities for staying within the safe environmental operating space. Through a simulation based multi-criteria land use optimisation procedure, we determine the potential upper bounds of improved terrestrial carbon storage and of biodiversity conservation, while also meeting the Planetary Boundaries of land and water use and ensuring improved food supply for a population of 9 billion people. We present alternative global land use scenarios that could simultaneously yield better outcomes on all of these goals, in particular if substantial increases in agricultural productivity are realised. Terrestrial carbon sequestration potentials reach 98 GtC, whereas the potential reduction of the risk to biodiversity is 53%. Furthermore, we analyse the potential synergies and trade-offs of these global land use scenarios with national- and local-level environmental and developmental goals such as those specified in the SDGs, e.g. related to nature conservation, afforestation, bioenergy, employment and equity. This model-based information on synergies and trade-offs between different sustainability goals at different scales can be used in scientific assessments of transformation pathways, in policy making, in support of improved horizontal and vertical policy coherence and multi-level institutional solutions, as well as in SDG implementation, sustainable production and consumption (SDG 12) and global partnership mechanisms (SDG 17).",2018,"Heck, V; <br>Heck, V; <br>Heck, V; <br>Hoff, H; <br>Hoff, H; <br>Wirsenius, S; <br>Meyer, C; <br>Meyer, C; <br>Kreft, H","Land use; Optimisation; Biodiversity; Carbon sequestration; Planetary Boundaries; Sustainable Development Goals","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.02.004","Article","GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Ratcheting ambition to limit warming to 1.5 degrees C-trade-offs between emission reductions and carbon dioxide removal","Mitigation scenarios to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees C or less in 2100 often rely on large amounts of carbon dioxide removal (CDR), which carry significant potential social, environmental, political and economic risks. A precautionary approach to scenario creation is therefore indicated. This letter presents the results of such a precautionary modelling exercise in which the models C-ROADS and En-ROADS were used to generate a series of 1.5 degrees C mitigation scenarios that apply increasingly stringent constraints on the scale and type of CDR available. This allows us to explore the trade-offs between near-term stringency of emission reductions and assumptions about future availability of CDR. In particular, we find that regardless of CDR assumptions, near-term ambition increase ('ratcheting') is required for any 1.5 degrees C pathway, making this letter timely for the facilitative, or Talanoa, dialogue to be conducted by the UNFCCC in 2018. By highlighting the difference between net and gross reduction rates, often obscured in scenarios, we find that mid-term gross CO2 emission reduction rates in scenarios with CDR constraints increase to levels without historical precedence. This in turn highlights, in addition to the need to substantially increase CO2 reduction rates, the need to improve emission reductions for non-CO2 greenhouse gases. Further, scenarios in which all or part of the CDR is implemented as non-permanent storage exhibit storage loss emissions, which partly offset CDR, highlighting the importance of differentiating between net and gross CDR in scenarios. We find in some scenarios storage loss trending to similar values as gross CDR, indicating that gross CDR would have to be maintained simply to offset the storage losses of CO2 sequestered earlier, without any additional net climate benefit.",2018,"Holz, C; <br>Siegel, LS; <br>Johnston, E; <br>Jones, AP; <br>Sterman, J","carbon dioxide removal; Paris Agreement; climate change mitigation; mitigation pathways; GHG emission pathways; climate model","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aac0c1","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Collective action and geoengineering","This paper investigates some of the myriad collective action implications of geoengineering. Its two major components - carbon dioxide reduction and albedo modification - present diverse collective action and strategic aspects. Carbon dioxide reduction may be characterized by Prisoners' Dilemma, threshold, or harmony games, depending on capture and sequestration procedures. In contrast, albedo modification may abide by chicken, coordination, or threshold games. Once deployed, albedo modification presents an addiction problem that makes current efforts difficult to alter, even by countries originally opposed to such modification. With its many procedures, geoengineering is tied to a host of collective action problems that may ensue prior, during, or after geoengineering deployment. For carbon dioxide reduction, governance concerns encouraging action, while for albedo modification, governance concerns inhibiting unilateral action. The latter may be a more difficult governance issue.",2018,"Sandler, T","Geoengineering; Collective action; Strategic aspects; Carbon dioxide reduction; Albedo modification","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11558-017-9282-3","Article","REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Co-producing climate policy and negative emissions: Trade-offs for sustainable land-use","Non-Technical summary Under the Paris Agreement, nations have committed to preventing dangerous global warming. Scenarios for achieving net-zero emissions in the second half of this century depend on land (forests and bioenergy) to remove carbon from the atmosphere. Modelled levels of land-based mitigation could reduce the availability of productive agricultural land, and encroach on natural land, with potentially significant social and environmental consequences. However, these issues are poorly recognized in the policy-uptake of modelled outputs. Understanding how science and policy interact to produce expectations about mitigation pathways allows us to consider the trade-offs inherent in relying on land for mitigation. Technical summary Science enables better understanding of climate change causes and impacts but may also define the 'climate problem' in technical terms, with technical solutions, as seen in the recent inclusion of negative emissions technologies (NETs) in Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) to meet the Paris Agreement's temperature goals. This paper examines the sustainability of land-based carbon removal, using a co-production lens to explain the legitimization of NETs as key mitigation options. We evaluate the scale of NETs in the most recent generation of <2 ¬∞C scenarios, finding that projected levels of land-based mitigation imply strong trade-offs with other societal goals. Future demand for bioenergy from dedicated cropland drives large-scale land-use change across all models. Upper ranges of modelled outputs would require up to a doubling of global cropland, with potential losses of up to a quarter of both current pasture and natural lands by 2100. We find that the perception of model-based knowledge as 'objective science' lends authority to outcomes that might otherwise be more critically debated and contested. Closer engagement between modellers and policy experts for mitigation scenario development would allow for more negotiated forms of knowledge production that might better clarify and represent the multiple objectives and interests at stake in the utilization of limited land resources. ¬© The Author(s) 2018.",2018,"Dooley, K.; <br>Christoff, P.; <br>Nicholas, K.A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/sus.2018.6","Article","Glob. Sustain.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Cover crop carbon sequestration potential and associated trade-offs: The olive tree debris as feedstock of a local bio-refinery case study","Biomass residues use in circular economy is aimed to get significant GHG emission reductions to tackle against climate change. Olive pruning debris, in Andalusia region, is commonly used (50%) as inert cover on field to protect against erosion and to provide nitrogen and carbon to the soil. The installation of a local bio-refinery using olive pruning residues as feedstock could be a good example of circular economy application enhancing sustainability of goods produced and improving local economy. However, the conversion of the residue into a raw material generates a change in the agriculture management with negative consequences on soil carbon sequestration. The paper analyses the living cover crops plantation function as a mitigation strategy to improve carbon sequestration in olive groves combined with the use of olive pruning residues in a bio-refinery. The paper analyses the function of the living cover crops as a mitigation strategy to improve carbon sequestration in olive groves combined to the use of olive pruning residues in a bio-refinery. The main conclusion of the study is the bio-refinery systems analyzed save GHG emissions in all the cases. The selected cover crop specie is of high relevance in the GHG balance. ¬© 2018 ETA-Florence Renewable Energies.",2018,"Lago, C.; <br>Herrera, I.; <br>Lech√≥n, Y.",null,null,"Conference Paper","European Biomass Conf. Exhib. Proc.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Farming with crops and rocks to address global climate, food and soil security","The magnitude of future climate change could be moderated by immediately reducing the amount of CO2 entering the atmosphere as a result of energy generation and by adopting strategies that actively remove CO2 from it. Biogeochemical improvement of soils by adding crushed, fast-reacting silicate rocks to croplands is one such CO2-removal strategy. This approach has the potential to improve crop production, increase protection from pests and diseases, and restore soil fertility and structure. Managed croplands worldwide are already equipped for frequent rock dust additions to soils, making rapid adoption at scale feasible, and the potential benefits could generate financial incentives for widespread adoption in the agricultural sector. However, there are still obstacles to be surmounted. Audited field-scale assessments of the efficacy of CO2 capture are urgently required together with detailed environmental monitoring. A cost-effective way to meet the rock requirements for CO2 removal must be found, possibly involving the recycling of silicate waste materials. Finally, issues of public perception, trust and acceptance must also be addressed.",2018,"Beerling, DJ; <br>Leake, JR; <br>Long, SP; <br>Long, SP; <br>Long, SP; <br>Scholes, JD; <br>Ton, J; <br>Nelson, PN; <br>Nelson, PN; <br>Bird, M; <br>Bird, M; <br>Kantzas, E; <br>Taylor, LL; <br>Sarkar, B; <br>Kelland, M; <br>DeLucia, E; <br>DeLucia, E; <br>Kantola, I; <br>Muller, C; <br>Rau, GH; <br>Hansen, J",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-018-0108-y","Review","NATURE PLANTS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Negative CO2 emissions through the use of biofuels in chemical looping technology: A review","In order to limit the increase in the global average temperature to 2 degrees C or below, the Paris Agreement proposed the reduction of CO2 emissions throughout this century. Bioenergy with CO2 capture and storage (BECCS) technologies represent an interesting option in order to allow this goal to be metgoal, because they are able to achieve negative CO2 emissions. Chemical looping (CL) is recognized as one of the most innovative CO2 capture technologies owing to its low energy penalty. CL processes permit the utilization of renewable fuels in a nitrogen-free atmosphere, given that the required oxygen is supplied by solid oxygen carriers. The present work presents an overview of the status of development of the use of biofuels in chemical looping technologies, including chemical looping combustion (CLC) and chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) for the production of heat/electricity, as well as chemical looping reforming (CLR), chemical looping gasification (CLG) and chemical looping coupled with water splitting (CLWS) for syngas/H-2 generation. The main milestones in the development of such processes are shown, and the future trends and opportunities for CL technology with biofuels are discussed.",2018,"Mendiara, T; <br>Garcia-Labiano, F; <br>Abad, A; <br>Gayan, P; <br>de Diego, LF; <br>Izquierdo, MT; <br>Adanez, J","Negative CO2 emissions; BECCS; Biofuels; CO2 capture; Chemical looping","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.201","Review","APPLIED ENERGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Evaluating climate geoengineering proposals in the context of the Paris Agreement temperature goals","Current mitigation efforts and existing future commitments are inadequate to accomplish the Paris Agreement temperature goals. In light of this, research and debate are intensifying on the possibilities of additionally employing proposed climate geoengineering technologies, either through atmospheric carbon dioxide removal or farther-reaching interventions altering the Earth's radiative energy budget. Although research indicates that several techniques may eventually have the physical potential to contribute to limiting climate change, all are in early stages of development, involve substantial uncertainties and risks, and raise ethical and governance dilemmas. Based on present knowledge, climate geoengineering techniques cannot be relied on to significantly contribute to meeting the Paris Agreement temperature goals.",2018,"Lawrence, MG; <br>Lawrence, MG; <br>Schafer, S; <br>Schafer, S; <br>Muri, H; <br>Muri, H; <br>Scott, V; <br>Oschlies, A; <br>Vaughan, NE; <br>Boucher, O; <br>Schmidt, H; <br>Haywood, J; <br>Haywood, J; <br>Scheffran, J",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05938-3","Review","NATURE COMMUNICATIONS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Impacts on terrestrial biodiversity of moving from a 2 degrees C to a 1.5 degrees C target","We applied a recently developed tool to examine the reduction in climate risk to biodiversity in moving from a 2 degrees C to a 1.5 degrees C target. We then reviewed the recent literature examining the impact of (a) land-based mitigation options and (b) land-based greenhouse gas removal options on biodiversity. We show that holding warming to 1.5 degrees C versus 2 degrees C can significantly reduce the number of species facing a potential loss of 50% of their climatic range. Further, there would be an increase of 5.5-14% of the globe that could potentially act as climatic refugia for plants and animals, an area equivalent to the current global protected area network. Efforts to meet the 1.5 degrees C target through mitigation could largely be consistent with biodiversity protection/enhancement. For impacts of land-based greenhouse gas removal technologies on biodiversity, some (e.g. soil carbon sequestration) could be neutral or positive, others (e.g. bioenergy with carbon capture and storage) are likely to lead to conflicts, while still others (e.g. afforestation/reforestation) are context-specific, when applied at scales necessary for meaningful greenhouse gas removal. Additional effort to meet the 1.5 degrees C target presents some risks, particularly if inappropriately managed, but it also presents opportunities. This article is part of the theme issue 'The Paris Agreement: understanding the physical and social challenges for a warming world of 1.5 degrees C above pre-industrial levels'.",2018,"Smith, P; <br>Smith, P; <br>Price, J; <br>Molotoks, A; <br>Molotoks, A; <br>Warren, R; <br>Malhi, Y","biodiversity; climate change targets; land; greenhouse gas removal","http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0456","Article","PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Large and active CO2 uptake by coupled carbonate weathering","Carbonate mineral weathering coupled with aquatic photosynthesis on the continents, herein termed coupled carbonate weathering (CCW), represents a current atmospheric CO2 sink of about 0.5 Pg C/a. Because silicate mineral weathering has been considered the primary geological CO2 sink, CCW's role in the present carbon cycle has been neglected. However, CCW may be helping to offset anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 increases as carbonate minerals weather more rapidly than silicates. Here we provide an overview of atmospheric CO2 uptake by CCW and its impact on global carbon cycling. This overview shows that CCW is linked to climate and land-use change through changes in the water cycle and water-born carbon fluxes. Projections of future changes in carbon cycling should therefore include CCW as linked to the global water cycle and land-use change.",2018,"Liu, ZH; <br>Macpherson, GL; <br>Groves, C; <br>Martin, JB; <br>Yuan, DX; <br>Zeng, SB; <br>Zeng, SB","CO2 uptake; Carbonate weathering; Aquatic photosynthesis; Global carbon cycle; Climate change; Land-use change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.05.007","Article","EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Climate change mitigation and adaptation in agriculture: the case of the olive","Agriculture might serve as a mitigation solution through carbon (C) sequestration in soil, in tree biomass and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Increased C is beneficial for some soil structures and functions, improving the use of water and in turn the crop adaptation. This study reports on the synergy between mitigation and adaptation in agriculture through the paradigm of the olive (Olea europaea). Through data on net ecosystem productivity and soil respiration, the role of olive groves to store C in tree biomass (from 0.36 to 2.78 t CO2 ha(-1) yr(-1)) and into soil (similar to 8.5 t CO(2 )ha(-1) yr(-1)) is reviewed. The influence of some management practices on that role is also discussed. The overall climatic impact of olive fruit and oil production has been evaluated also considering GHG emissions by field operations (e.g., pruning, mulching of cover crop, fertilization, harvest, etc.) and by the extraction and bottling of oil. Soil C as interface between climate change mitigation and adaptation has been delineated, linking C-induced improvements in soil properties to increased water storage and reduced run-off and erosion. The outcomes may strengthen the environmental role of agriculture and promote synergistic mitigation and adaptation policies assisting in soil and water resources conservation.",2018,"Montanaro, G; <br>Nuzzo, V; <br>Xiloyannis, C; <br>Dichio, B","biomass; carbon; erosion; Olea europaea; soil respiration; soil water","http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.023","Article","JOURNAL OF WATER AND CLIMATE CHANGE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["The Effects of Carbon Dioxide Removal on the Carbon Cycle","Increasing atmospheric CO2 is having detrimental effects on the Earth system. Societies have recognized that anthropogenic CO2 release must be rapidly reduced to avoid potentially catastrophic impacts. Achieving this via emissions reductions alone will be very difficult. Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) has been suggested to complement and compensate for insufficient emissions reductions, through increasing natural carbon sinks, engineering new carbon sinks, or combining natural uptake with engineered storage. Here, we review the carbon cycle responses to different CDR approaches and highlight the often-overlooked interaction and feedbacks between carbon reservoirs that ultimately determines CDR efficacy. We also identify future research that will be needed if CDR is to play a role in climate change mitigation, these include coordinated studies to better understand (i) the underlying mechanisms of each method, (ii) how they could be explicitly simulated, (iii) how reversible changes in the climate and carbon cycle are, and (iv) how to evaluate and monitor CDR.",2018,"Keller, DP; <br>Lenton, A; <br>Lenton, A; <br>Littleton, EW; <br>Oschlies, A; <br>Scott, V; <br>Vaughan, NE","Climate change; Carbon dioxide removal (CDR); Mitigation; Carbon cycle; Negative emissions; Carbon cycle feedbacks; Climate feedbacks","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40641-018-0104-3","Article","CURRENT CLIMATE CHANGE REPORTS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Negative emissions-Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects","The most recent IPCC assessment has shown an important role for negative emissions technologies (NETs) in limiting global warming to 2 degrees C cost-effectively. However, a bottom-up, systematic, reproducible, and transparent literature assessment of the different options to remove CO2 from the atmosphere is currently missing. In part 1 of this three-part review on NETs, we assemble a comprehensive set of the relevant literature so far published, focusing on seven technologies: bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), afforestation and reforestation, direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS), enhanced weathering, ocean fertilisation, biochar, and soil carbon sequestration. In this part, part 2 of the review, we present estimates of costs, potentials, and side-effects for these technologies, and qualify them with the authors' assessment. Part 3 reviews the innovation and scaling challenges that must be addressed to realise NETs deployment as a viable climate mitigation strategy. Based on a systematic review of the literature, our best estimates for sustainable global NET potentials in 2050 are 0.5-3.6 GtCO(2) yr(-1) for afforestation and reforestation, 0.5-5GtCO(2) yr(-1) for BECCS, 0.5-2GtCO(2) yr(-1) for biochar, 2-4 GtCO(2) yr(-1) for enhanced weathering, 0.5-5 GtCO(2) yr(-1) for DACCS, and up to 5GtCO(2) yr(-1) for soil carbon sequestration. Costs vary widely across the technologies, as do their permanency and cumulative potentials beyond 2050. It is unlikely that a single NET will be able to sustainably meet the rates of carbon uptake described in integrated assessment pathways consistent with 1.5 degrees C of global warming.",2018,"Fuss, S; <br>Lamb, WF; <br>Callaghan, MW; <br>Callaghan, MW; <br>Hilaire, J; <br>Creutzig, F; <br>Creutzig, F; <br>Amann, T; <br>Beringer, T; <br>Garcia, WD; <br>Hartmann, J; <br>Khanna, T; <br>Luderer, G; <br>Nemet, GF; <br>Rogelj, J; <br>Rogelj, J; <br>Smith, P; <br>Vicente, JLV; <br>Wilcox, J; <br>Dominguez, MDZ; <br>Minx, JC; <br>Minx, JC","climate change mitigation; negative emission technologies; carbon dioxide removal; scenarios","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9f","Review","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Safeguarding reforestation efforts against changes in climate and disturbance regimes","Reforestation schemes, which encompass environmental plantings and natural regeneration of vegetation on cleared land, are increasingly being established for the purposes of mitigating anthropogenic carbon emissions. However, these schemes are themselves at risk from climate change and associated changes in disturbance regimes. Simultaneously, there is increasing pressure on reforested areas to achieve multiple co-benefits, e.g. maximizing carbon storage, ameliorating environmental degradation and promoting biodiversity objectives, all while not adversely affecting community values, such as agricultural production. Here, we review the myriad of biophysical risks posed by climate change to reforested areas while documenting management actions and policies that can enhance both the resistance and resilience of reforested areas to such risks. While it is difficult to buffer vegetation against the direct effects of climate change, such as elevated temperature and changed precipitation patterns, it is possible to manage some of the indirect effects, such as wildfire, drought and insect defoliation. Methods for reducing the vulnerability of reforested areas range from site-specific management actions, particularly around design and location, through to regional and national scale initiatives, such as vulnerability assessments and decision support tools. The complexity of objectives and risks posed to reforested areas means that it is vitally important to evaluate outcomes from across the current estate of reforested areas. However, there is currently no national protocol in place in Australia to track, monitor or evaluate the outcomes of reforestation. Thus, we recommend the establishment of a national framework for analyzing and supporting the growing range of reforestation activities.",2018,"Nolan, RH; <br>Nolan, RH; <br>Drew, DM; <br>O'Grady, AP; <br>Pinkard, EA; <br>Paul, K; <br>Roxburgh, SH; <br>Mitchell, PJ; <br>Bruce, J; <br>Battaglia, M; <br>Ramp, D","Forest; Thinning; Risk assessment; Plantation; Recruitment; Fuel; Biomass","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.05.025","Review","FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Dynamics of soil carbon and nitrogen stocks after afforestation in arid and semi-arid regions: A meta-analysis","Arid and semi-arid regions store approximately 27% of global soil organic carbon (SOC), thus playing an important role in the global carbon cycle. Although afforestation is widely used to achieve the goals of landscape protection and ecological restoration in these regions, its effects on the dynamics of SOC and total nitrogen (TN) stocks as well as the related controlling factors are still poorly understood. In this study, a meta-analysis was conducted by compiling results from published studies to evaluate the influences of afforestation on dynamics of SOC and TN stocks in mineral soils (0-30 cm) in arid and semi-arid regions, and to examine whether the changes in SOC and TN stocks were influenced by prior land-use, planted tree species and plantation age. The results showed that overall, afforestation significantly increased SOC stock by 131% and TN stock by 88%. Prior land-use was found to be the most important factor that influenced the dynamics of SOC and TN stocks following afforestation. Significantly larger increases in SOC and TN stocks were observed after barren land afforestation in comparison to cropland and grassland afforestation. The accumulations in SOC and TN stocks after afforestation decreased in the following order: broadleaf deciduous forests > coniferous forests N broadleaf evergreen forests. However, significant differences in SOC and TN accumulations were only detected between broadleaf deciduous forests and broadleaf evergreen forests. Plantation age did not affect the dynamics of SOC and TN stocks after afforestation, mainly due to the rapid accumulations in SOC and TN after barren land afforestation. The results indicate that afforestation, especially on barren land with broadleaf deciduous species, provides substantial opportunities for SOC and TN sequestrations in arid and semi-arid regions. (c) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2018,"Liu, X; <br>Liu, X; <br>Liu, X; <br>Yang, T; <br>Yang, T; <br>Wang, Q; <br>Huang, FR; <br>Huang, FR; <br>Li, LH; <br>Li, LH","Afforestation; Carbon sequestration; Soil nitrogen; Arid; Semi-arid; Meta-analysis","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.009","Review","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Negative emissions-Part 1: Research landscape and synthesis","With the Paris Agreement's ambition of limiting climate change to well below 2 degrees C, negative emission technologies (NETs) have moved into the limelight of discussions in climate science and policy. Despite several assessments, the current knowledge on NETs is still diffuse and incomplete, but also growing fast. Here, we synthesize a comprehensive body of NETs literature, using scientometric tools and performing an in-depth assessment of the quantitative and qualitative evidence therein. We clarify the role of NETs in climate change mitigation scenarios, their ethical implications, as well as the challenges involved in bringing the various NETs to the market and scaling them up in time. There are six major findings arising from our assessment: first, keeping warming below 1.5 degrees C requires the large-scale deployment of NETs, but this dependency can still be kept to a minimum for the 2 degrees C warming limit. Second, accounting for economic and biophysical limits, we identify relevant potentials for all NETs except ocean fertilization. Third, any single NET is unlikely to sustainably achieve the large NETs deployment observed in many 1.5 degrees C and 2 degrees C mitigation scenarios. Yet, portfolios of multiple NETs, each deployed at modest scales, could be invaluable for reaching the climate goals. Fourth, a substantial gap exists between the upscaling and rapid diffusion of NETs implied in scenarios and progress in actual innovation and deployment. If NETs are required at the scales currently discussed, the resulting urgency of implementation is currently neither reflected in science nor policy. Fifth, NETs face severe barriers to implementation and are only weakly incentivized so far. Finally, we identify distinct ethical discourses relevant for NETs, but highlight the need to root them firmly in the available evidence in order to render such discussions relevant in practice.",2018,"Minx, JC; <br>Minx, JC; <br>Lamb, WF; <br>Callaghan, MW; <br>Callaghan, MW; <br>Fuss, S; <br>Hilaire, J; <br>Hilaire, J; <br>Creutzig, F; <br>Creutzig, F; <br>Amann, T; <br>Beringer, T; <br>Garcia, WD; <br>Hartmann, J; <br>Khanna, T; <br>Lenzi, D; <br>Luderer, G; <br>Nemet, GF; <br>Rogelj, J; <br>Rogelj, J; <br>Rogelj, J; <br>Rogelj, J; <br>Smith, P; <br>Vicente, JLV; <br>Wilcox, J; <br>Dominguez, MDZ","negative emissions; carbon dioxide removal (CDR); soil carbon sequestration and biochar; afforestation and reforestation; enhanced weathering; direct air capture; bioenergy combined with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9b","Review","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Enrichment Planting and Soil Amendments Enhance Carbon Sequestration and Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Agroforestry Systems: A Review","Agroforestry practices that intentionally integrate trees with crops and/or livestock in an agricultural production system could enhance carbon (C) sequestration and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from terrestrial ecosystems, thereby mitigating global climate change. Beneficial management practices such as enrichment planting and the application of soil amendments can affect C sequestration and GHG emissions in agroforestry systems; however, such effects are not well understood. A literature review was conducted to synthesize information on the prospects for enhancing C sequestration and reducing GHG emissions through enrichment (i.e., in-fill) tree planting, a common practice in improving stand density within existing forests, and the application of organic amendments to soils. Our review indicates that in agroforests only a few studies have examined the effect of enrichment planting, which has been reported to increase C storage in plant biomass. The effect of adding organic amendments such as biochar, compost and manure to soil on enhancing C sequestration and reducing GHG emissions is well documented, but primarily in conventional crop production systems. Within croplands, application of biochar derived from various feedstocks, has been shown to increase soil organic C content, reduce CO2 and N2O emissions, and increase CH4 uptake, as compared to no application of biochar. Depending on the feedstock used to produce biochar, biochar application can reduce N2O emission by 3% to 84% as compared to no addition of biochars. On the other hand, application of compost emits less CO2 and N2O as compared to the application of manure, while the application of pelleted manure leads to more N2O emission compared to the application of raw manure. In summary, enrichment planting and application of organic soil amendments such as compost and biochar will be better options than the application of raw manure for enhancing C sequestration and reducing GHG emissions. However, there is a shortage of data to support these practices in the field, and thus further research on the effect of these two areas of management intervention on C cycling will be imperative to developing best management practices to enhance C sequestration and minimize GHG emissions from agroforestry systems.",2018,"Shrestha, BM; <br>Shrestha, BM; <br>Chang, SX; <br>Bork, EW; <br>Carlyle, CN","climate change; manuring; manure pelleting; northern temperate; pyrolysis; information review","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9060369","Review","FORESTS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar characteristics and its effect on soil physico-chemical properties","Biochar amendment to agricultural soils has been promoted for use in agricultural systems, both to mitigate global warming by increasing long-term soil carbon (C) sequestration and to enhance soil fertility and crop productivity. Biochar has the power to form farm-based renewable energy in a climate-friendly manner and provides a good soil amendment to increase crop productivity. Biochar is the result of turning biomass into gas or oil with the priority of adding it to crop production systems as a soil amendment. Balancing an optimum level of soil organic matter and biological cycling of nutrients is critical to the success of any soil management. Some other amendments like cover crops, mulches, compost, or manure additions have been used successfully, supplying nutrients to crops, providing quick nutrient cycling through microbial biomass, and helping to keep applied mineral fertilizers better. The advantage of these amendments is for short time because decomposition and mineralization rates are high and C is not retained in the soil for long time. Organic amendments therefore, have to be applied each year to maintain soil productivity. Management of black carbon (C) increasingly referred to as bio‚Äìchar-may overcome some of those limitations and provide an additional soil management option. This paper will review the current research and issues surrounding the production and use of this emerging biomass energy technology (biochar) and explore how biochar can contribute to sustainable agriculture. ¬© 2018, Agri. Bio. Publishers. All rights reserved.",2018,"Jaswal, A.; <br>Singh, A.",null,null,"Article","Ann. Biol.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Global negative emission land use scenarios and their ecological implications","Earth‚Äôs atmospheric CO2 level has increased beyond 400 ppm and still continuing to rise. In fact, this is the highest level in the last 2 million years. It appears we are heading towards an overshoot of CO2 concentration before stabilizing green house gases (GHGs) to keep global warming below dangerous level. In Paris on December 2015, the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) agreed to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2¬∞ celsius above preindustrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5¬∞ celsius. Can this level of CO2 stabilization still be achieved? One core strategies in the mitigation mix are negative emissions technologies (NETs) which are also explicitly described as important options in many IPCC (AR5) CO2 emission scenarios. Among others, BioEnergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) are shown their potential for CO2 removable from the atmosphere. BECCS as the NETs are most widely selected by integrated assessment models (IAMs) to meet the requirements of temperature limits of 2¬∞ and below. It is based on assumed carbon-neutral bioenergy combined with capture of CO2 produced by combustion and its subsequent storage in geological or ocean repositories. BECCS is a net transfer of CO2 from the atmosphere into geological layers. However, its credibility as a climate change mitigation option and their impacts to global and regional ecosystems are still unknown. To explore the ecosystem impacts of the large-scale deployment of negative emission land use scenarios, we review some papers that are analyzing global impacts of the land use scenarios on various factors of ecosystem services to look at the sustainability limits to their global large scale deployments. Ecological services implications of the NETs especially land demanding BECCS land use scenarios need to be addressed before implementing such projects not only for achieving global low carbon target but also achieving more comprehensive ecological sustainabilities to meet the sustainable development goals (SDGs). ¬© 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2018,"Yamagata, Y.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10893-0","Book Chapter","Encyclopedia of Ecology","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Long-term (‚â•20¬†years) application of fertilizers and straw return enhances soil carbon storage: a meta-analysis","Increasing soil carbon (C) storage is crucial to addressing climate change and ensuring food security. The C sequestration potential of the world‚Äôs cropland soil is 0.4‚Äì0.8¬†Pg¬†soil¬†C¬†year‚àí1, which may be achieved through the adoption of recommended management practices (RMPs), including fertilizer management. This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the influence of long-term application of different fertilizers and straw retention on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, to compare the calculated response ratios with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)-recommended default relative stock change factors, and to propose recommendations for enhancing SOC sequestration. The meta-analysis indicated that the long-term application of chemical fertilizers (CF), organic fertilizers (OF), combined chemical and organic fertilizers (CFOF), and straw return (SR) significantly enhanced the SOC storage. Response ratios varied significantly (p¬†&lt;¬†0.05) across different fertilization measures and climatic zones, and was sensitive to the initial SOC content. The mean response ratio was 0.94 for no fertilizer (NF), 1.08 for CF, 1.48 for OF, 1.38 for CFOF, and 1.28 for SR. When IPCC default values for response ratios were applied, SOC storage with OF and CFOF treatments in warm temperate regions with a dry climate was underestimated by 26%, and in the cool temperate region with a moist climate was overestimated by 25% (p¬†&lt;¬†0.05). Analysis showed that sustained application of organic fertilizers and straw return could be a beneficial measures to mitigate climate change and ensure food security in China. Our findings highlight the importance of deriving SOC stock change factors for a detailed classification of cropland by fertilizer management, climate, and soil types in order to more accurately reflect the effects of policy measures. ¬© 2017, Springer Science+Business Media B.V.",2018,"Li, Y.; <br>Shi, S.; <br>Waqas, M.A.; <br>Zhou, X.; <br>Li, J.; <br>Wan, Y.; <br>Qin, X.; <br>Gao, Q.; <br>Liu, S.; <br>Wilkes, A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-017-9751-2","Article","Mitigation Adapt. Strateg. Global Change","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Cattle producer willingness to afforest pastureland and sequester carbon","The beef industry can mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with cattle production and increasing carbon sequestration on grazing lands. One alternative for increasing carbon sequestration is to convert pasture to forest while either reducing animal numbers or increasing cattle stocking density on more productive pastureland. This study uses data from a survey of beef cattle producers in the eastern United States to determine: (i) interest in afforesting pastureland; (ii) contingent upon interest, willingness to participate in a hypothetical afforestation program; and (iii) contingent upon willingness to participate, participation intensity in the form of enrolled acres. Less than one-third of producers were interested in afforesting pasture. Producer interest was associated with beliefs about the on- and off-farm effects of afforestation, risk aversion, age, educational attainment, opportunity costs, forest ownership, and previous experience with afforestation. Willingness to participate in the program was influenced by the incentive offered, household income, and opportunity costs. Respondents willing to participate in the program were willing to afforest an average of 55 acres, given the incentive offered. Producers with larger farms were willing to enroll more acres. Extrapolating these results to the population of beef cattle producers in the eastern United States provides a measure of the potential for pasture afforestation and carbon sequestration.",2018,"Claytor, HS; <br>Clark, CD; <br>Lambert, DM; <br>Jensen, KL","Willingness-to-afforest; Carbon sequestration; Pasture; Triple-hurdle regression","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2018.03.004","Article","FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS","Surveys & interviews"]
["Public perceptions about climate change mitigation in British Columbia's forest sector","The role of forest management in mitigating climate change is a central concern for the Canadian province of British Columbia. The successful implementation of forest management activities to achieve climate change mitigation in British Columbia will be strongly influenced by public support or opposition. While we now have increasingly clear ideas of the management opportunities associated with forest mitigation and some insight into public support for climate change mitigation in the context of sustainable forest management, very little is known with respect to the levels and basis of public support for potential forest management strategies to mitigate climate change. This paper, by describing the results of a web-based survey, documents levels of public support for the implementation of eight forest carbon mitigation strategies in British Columbia's forest sector, and examines and quantifies the influence of the factors that shape this support. Overall, respondents ascribed a high level of importance to forest carbon mitigation and supported all of the eight proposed strategies, indicating that the British Columbia public is inclined to consider alternative practices in managing forests and wood products to mitigate climate change. That said, we found differences in levels of support for the mitigation strategies. In general, we found greater levels of support for a rehabilitation strategy (e.g. reforestation of unproductive forest land), and to a lesser extent for conservation strategies (e.g. old growth conservation, reduced harvest) over enhanced forest management strategies (e.g. improved harvesting and silvicultural techniques). We also highlighted multiple variables within the British Columbia population that appear to play a role in predicting levels of support for conservation and/or enhanced forest management strategies, including environmental values, risk perception, trust in groups of actors, prioritized objectives of forest management and socio-demographic factors.",2018,"St-Laurent, GP; <br>Hagerman, S; <br>Kozak, R; <br>Hoberg, G",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195999","Article","PLOS ONE","Surveys & interviews"]
["What risks matter? Public views about assisted migration and other climate-adaptive reforestation strategies","The world's forests play an important role in regulating climate change through their capacity to sequester carbon. At the same time, they are also increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. In the western Canadian province of British Columbia, changes in temperature, precipitation, and disturbance regimes are already impacting forests. In response to these observed and anticipated changes, adapted reforestation practices are being developed and proposed as a means to help forest ecosystems adjust to changing climatic conditions. One such practice under consideration is assisted migrationplanting species within or outside of the native historical range into areas that are anticipated to be climatically suitable in the future. We used a survey of British Columbia's population at large (n=1923) to quantify levels of support for a range of potential reforestation options (including assisted migration) to adapt to climate change, and to explore what factors can help predict this support. Our findings reveal that the likely location of potential public controversy resides not with the potential implementation of assisted migration strategies per se, but rather with assisted migration strategies that involve movement of tree species beyond their native range.",2018,"St-Laurent, GP; <br>Hagerman, S; <br>Kozak, R",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2310-3","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Surveys & interviews"]
["The politics of negative emissions technologies and decarbonization in rural communities","Non-Technical summary Technologies and practices to remove carbon from the atmosphere ('negative emissions technologies') will be challenging to scale-up. Efforts to incentivize or govern their scale-up globally risk failing if they miss the social challenges. This paper analyzes prospective challenges for negative emissions through examining how decarbonization practices are evolving in one particular landscape: The Imperial Valley in southeast California, a desert landscape engineered for industrial agriculture. Based on semi-structured interviews and site visits, this paper examines how community actors have received, participated in, imagined or contested new energy technologies and climate practices, and draws out takeaways for negative emissions policy. Technical summary This article examines prospective challenges and opportunities for scaling up negative emissions technologies (NETs) through examining how decarbonization practices are evolving in one particular landscape: The Imperial Valley in southeast California, a desert landscape engineered for industrial agriculture. Local officials, community activists and business ventures are re-imagining the valley as a renewable energy landscape, some with interest in carbon-negative technologies. At the same time, aspects of this strategy for economic development via green energy are often contested. Based on semi-structured interviews and site visits, this paper examines how landscape-level actors have received, participated in, imagined or contested new energy technologies and climate practices. Through analyzing local perspectives on climate change and emerging energy technologies, the paper draws out three takeaways for the governance of NETs: (1) entrenched interests can play a role in shaping how particular NETs compete; (2) environmental justice concerns around NETs should be viewed as more than not-in-my-backyard-ism; and (3) incentives for NETs must be tailored to local contexts. The conclusion discusses two crosscutting challenges: The lack of institutions to build out new infrastructure and the challenge of generating narratives around invisible 'negative' emissions. ¬© The Author(s) 2018.",2018,"Buck, H.J.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/sus.2018.2","Article","Glob. Sustain.","Surveys & interviews"]
["Corncob-derived biochar decelerates mineralization of native and added organic matter (AOM) in organic matter depleted alkaline soil","The understanding of the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization is essential to mitigate the climate change and improve the soil quality for agricultural sustainability. An incubation study was carried out to investigate the effects of corncob-derived biochar with and without the corncob residues, as added organic matter (AOM), on C and N mineralization in an organic C deficient alkaline soil. The study used biochar produced from corncobs by pyrolysing the biomass at 400 degrees C and consisted of four treatments: unamended control soil, soil +2% biochar (45 tons ha(-1)), soil +2% corncob residue (45 tons ha-1) and soil +1% corncob residue +1% biochar (22.5 tons ha(-1) each of biochar and residue). Soil C mineralization was quantified by measuring soil respiration periodically throughout the experiment over the 54 d incubation period. Soils were analyzed for microbial biomass C (MBC), water extractable organic C (WEOC) and N mineralization. We also calculated microbial metabolic quotient (qCO(2)), net C mineralization (NCM), net CO2 efflux and priming effect values. The results revealed that only a very little fraction of biochar was respired whereas a high proportion of corncob was decomposed. Biochar addition suppressed decomposition of native and AOM by 16.31% and 30.13% respectively through negative priming effect (-40.01%). Compared to the corncob residue alone, addition of biochar with corncob residue significantly increased MBC but decreased WEOC, qCO(2), NCM and net CO2 efflux. Moreover, residue significantly increased the net CO2 efflux, NCM and qCO(2) and, at the same time, decreased net N mineralization. Extractable NH4+-N, NO3--N and mineral-N contents were the highest in the biochar and biochar + residue treatments. In addition, biochar alone and in combination with residue resulted in higher negative net N mineralization/immobilization. Enhanced MBC contents and reduced qCO(2) indicated efficient C utilization by microorganisms. The results of this study conclude that biochar could decrease C mineralization but enhanced microbial C use efficiency and, therefore, offer an important management strategy to improve C sequestration in nutrient and organic C deficient alkaline soil. The results also imply that the amendment of corncob residue with biochar had a potential to reduce the rate of the soil N leaching and N2O emission by N immobilization and sorption to biochar. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2017,"Riaz, M; <br>Roohi, M; <br>Arif, MS; <br>Hussain, Q; <br>Hussain, Q; <br>Yasmeen, T; <br>Shahzad, T; <br>Shahzad, SM; <br>Muhammad, HF; <br>Arif, M; <br>Arif, M; <br>Khalid, M","Biochar; Crop residues; Microbial biomass C; Priming effect; C sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.02.002","Article","GEODERMA","Field experiments"]
["Tree functional diversity influences belowground ecosystem functioning","Many ecosystem processes in forest ecosystems are influenced by tree species richness and tree functional diversity (FD). Several studies, mainly in grasslands, have already underlined a positive effect of plant species richness on soil carbon (C) storage, but evidence for such a relationship for forests is scarce and not much is known about the role of FD. In this study, we investigated the impact of trees with contrasting functional litter traits on soil C and nitrogen (N) storage in a forest plantation on a former grassland. In addition, we also investigated the impact of increasing FD on six different soil enzymes, considered as proximate agents of potential microbial mineralization processes. We found synergistic effects of tree mixtures on soil enzymatic activities at the highest FD levels and an overall increase in soil mineralization potential with FD within tree mixtures. Moreover, we registered an overall decrease in soil C and N stocks 12 years after tree planting. Our results suggest that the selection of tree species and mixtures based on functional traits influencing soil C storage is fundamental for the success of climate change mitigation strategies employing tree plantations on abandoned pastures or grasslands.",2017,"Alberti, G; <br>Alberti, G; <br>Alberti, G; <br>Nock, C; <br>Fornasier, F; <br>Scherer-Lorenzen, M; <br>De Nobili, M; <br>Peressotti, A; <br>Hoenig, L; <br>Hoenig, L; <br>Bruelheide, H; <br>Bruelheide, H; <br>Bruelheide, H; <br>Bauhus, J","Functional diversity; Enzyme activity; Soil carbon; Biodiversity","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.07.038","Article","APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY","Field experiments"]
["Effect of biochar on the bioavailability of difenoconazole and microbial community composition in a pesticide-contaminated soil","Biochar is a soil amendment for carbon sequestration and contaminant remediation. However, there is relatively little information on the impact of biochar on soil microorganisms that play key roles in pollutant degradation. We investigated the interrelations between soil chemical properties, microbial community, and difenoconazole bioavailability after biochar amendments. Biochar was prepared by pyrolysis of flue-cured tobacco stalks. It was applied at four levels, 0%, 1.0%, 2.5%, and 5.0% (w/w), respectively, to soils in the presence and absence of tobacco plants (K326). Biochar increased soil pH, organic matter, total carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio and plant biomass. After 90 d incubation, 99% of the difenoconazole was degraded in planted and unplanted soils (control), whereas only 88% and 83% of difenoconazole was degraded in the 5.0% biochar-amended soil with and without plant, respectively. Difenoconazole had greater persistence in soil amended with biochar but plant uptake of difenoconazole was significantly decreased with increasing biochar application level. Compared to the control, the total plant residue of difenoconazole decreased by 24%, 41% and 45% in the 1.0%, 2.5% and 5.0% biochar treatments, respectively. Reduced plant uptake was related to increased sorption and microbial degradation of difenoconazole in biochar treated soils. High-throughput sequencing revealed that biochar altered soil bacterial community composition. Biochar amendment in planted soils increased the average relative abundance of Sphingomonadaceae and Pseudomonadaceae by 18% and 63%, respectively. When plants were absent, Sphingomonadaceae and Pseudomonadaceae increased by 46% and 110%, respectively. Therefore, biochar amendment enhances difenoconazole-degrading bacteria by modifying soil chemical properties, and eventually reduces difenoconazole bioavailability in contaminated soils.",2017,"Cheng, JZ; <br>Lee, XQ; <br>Gao, WC; <br>Chen, Y; <br>Pan, WJ; <br>Tang, Y","Biochar; Bacteria; Pyrosequencing; Bioavailability; Degradation; Difenoconazole","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.10.009","Article","APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY","Field experiments"]
["Perennial species mixtures for multifunctional production of biomass on marginal land","Multifunctional agriculture provides noncommodity functions and services along with food, feed and bioenergy feedstocks, for example by preserving or promoting biodiversity, improving soil fertility, mitigating climate change and environmental degradation, and contributing to the socio-economic viability of rural areas. Producing biomass for bioenergy from low-input perennial species mixtures on marginal land has the potential to support biodiversity and soil carbon sequestration in synergy with greenhouse gas mitigation. We compared biomass production in species-rich mixtures of perennial grasses, legumes and forbs with pure-stand grasses and relatively species-poor mixtures under different nitrogen fertilization regimes. Field experiments were performed on different types of marginal land, that is agricultural field margins and land with poor soil fertility, at four sites in southernmost and western Sweden. Biomass production was measured for three years in perennial grasses grown as pure stands, in legume-grass mixtures, and legume-grass-forb mixtures across a species richness gradient. In unfertilized species-rich mixtures, average biomass yields per experimental site and year were in the range from 3 to 9 metric ton DM ha(-1) yr(-1). While the most productive pure-stand grasses fertilized with 60-120 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) often produced higher biomass yields than unfertilized mixtures, these differences were generally smaller than the variations between years and sites. Calculations of climate impact using the harvested biomass for conversion to biogas as vehicle fuel showed that the average greenhouse gas emissions per energy unit were about 50% lower in unfertilized systems than in treatments fertilized with 100-120 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1). Our findings thereby show that unfertilized species-rich perennial plant mixtures on marginal land provide resource-efficient biomass production and contribute to the mitigation of climate change. Perennial species mixtures managed with low inputs thus promote synergies between productivity and biodiversity in the perspective of climate-smart and multifunctional biomass production.",2017,"Carlsson, G; <br>Martensson, LM; <br>Prade, T; <br>Prade, T; <br>Svensson, SE; <br>Jensen, ES","biodiversity; bioenergy; biogas; ecosystem services; fertilization; grasses; greenhouse gas mitigation; legumes; nitrogen","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12373","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY","Field experiments"]
["Ridge-furrow plastic-mulching with balanced fertilization in rainfed maize (Zea mays L.): An adaptive management in east African Plateau","Adaptive management on rainfed agricultural ecosystem is crucial to improve field productivity and soil carbon sequestration under climate change, particularly in semiarid east African Plateau (EAP). We first introduced ridge-furrow (RF) farming system with plastic mulching and balanced fertilization into EAP to explore its effects on maize growth, yield formation, water use and soil carbon sequestration in a typical semiarid site of EAP in long but cool (2012) and short but warm (2013) rainy seasons. Local maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid, KCB was used in field experiments including three farming patterns: 1) conventional flat planting (FP); 2) RF with transparent polyethylene film (RFT) and 3) RF with black polyethylene film (RFB), in which each pattern was exposed to high fertilization (compound fertilizer) (375 kg ha(-1)), conventional fertilization (225 kg ha(-1)) and zero fertilization respectively. The results indicated that RFT and RFB treatments significantly increased soil water storage in the depth of 0-120 cm, aboveground biomass, grain yield and water use efficiency over two growing seasons. On average, fertilization treatments further increased biomass accumulation, grain yield, leaf area index and WUE by 24.3%, 13.1%, 18.7% and 9.6%, respectively on the basis of sole RFM treatment. Across two seasons, RF mulching with fertilization averagely increased soil organic carbon and C/N ratio (soil organic carbon/soil total nitrogen) by 5.1% and 10.7% respectively. Critically, increased root biomass resulted in more root residue import into soil system due to improved hydro-thermal balance, which may account for biological carbon sequestration effects in this system. In addition, our field demonstration suggested that local farmers benefited from higher economic return from this integrated farming system, showing a high acceptance extent. Taken together, this system could serve as a promising adaptive management on increasing agricultural carbon fixation and maize productivity to cope with food security and climate change in semiarid EAP and other similar areas of Africa. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2017,"Mo, F; <br>Wang, JY; <br>Zhou, H; <br>Luo, CL; <br>Zhang, XF; <br>Li, XY; <br>Li, FM; <br>Xiong, LB; <br>Kavagi, L; <br>Nguluu, SN; <br>Xiong, YC","Ridge-furrow mulching system; Soil organic carbon; Adaptive management; Rainfed maize; East African Plateau","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.01.014","Article","AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY","Field experiments"]
["Converting highly productive arable cropland in Europe to grassland: -a poor candidate for carbon sequestration","Sequestration of atmospheric CO2 as organic carbon by agricultural soils (SOC) is promoted as a climate change mitigation option. IPCC provides guidelines for determining carbon stocks and sequestration potential, incentivising policy changes towards management of farmland for carbon sequestration. However, the basis of the assumption that agricultural soils can sequester significant atmospheric CO2 has been questioned. We sought to determine the potential for conversion of arable cropland to grassland to sequester carbon in the short to medium term and potential limiting factors. There were no differences in SOC stocks in the top 30 cm between grassland up to 17 years old and arable cropland at 14 sites across the UK. However, SOC showed different distribution patterns, being concentrated in the top 10 cm under grassland. Soil microbial communities were significantly different between arable and grassland, with higher biomass and lesser dominance by bacteria in grassland soils. A land use conversion experiment showed these changes occurred within one year of land use change. Failure of grassland soils to accumulate SOC was attributed to reduced available soil nitrogen, resulting in low productivity. The implications of these results for carbon sequestration in soils as a climate change mitigation strategy are discussed.",2017,"Gosling, P; <br>van der Gast, C; <br>Bending, GD",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11083-6","Article","SCIENTIFIC REPORTS","Field experiments"]
["Ex-ante evaluation of policy measures to enhance carbon sequestration in agricultural soils","In the course of climate change, sequestration of soil organic carbon (SOC) has gained importance as a compensation for carbon emissions. Moreover, the promotion of SOC is increasingly advocated as a measure to sustain ably increase crop yields and reduce agricultural production risks. Applying an incentivized extra-laboratory experiment, we evaluate the factors and policy measures that affect the decision to promote SOC using a sample of German farmers. Our results reveal that farmers were highly motivated to promote SOC. Political fostering through subsidy payments increased farmers' efforts to build SOC. Efforts remained constant if economically equal payments were designated as certificates rather than subsidies. Surprisingly, certificates with uncertain payments increased farmers' efforts to enhance SOC to a similar degree as subsidy and certificate scenarios, which provided fixed and therefore certain payments. Thus, these results contribute valuable information regarding the effectiveness of market-based policy measures which aim to include farmers in climate protection strategies. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2017,"Hermann, D; <br>Sauthoff, S; <br>Musshoff, O","Soil organic carbon; Carbon sequestration; Extra-laboratory experiment; Policy measure; Farmer","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.05.018","Article","ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS","Field experiments"]
["Cropping systems affect paddy soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks (in rice-garlic and rice-fava systems) in temperate region of southern China","The accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural soils is critical to food security and climate change. However, there is still limited information on the dynamic trend of SOC sequestration following changes in cropping systems. Paddy soils, typical of temperate region of southern China, have a large potential for carbon (C) sequestration and nitrogen (N) fixation. It is of great importance to study the impacts of changes in cropping systems on stocks of SOC and total nitrogen (TN) in paddy soils. A six-year field experiment was conducted to clarify the dynamics of SOC and TN stocks in the paddy topsoil (0-20 cm) when crop rotation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) -garlic (Allium sativum) (RG) was changed to rice-fava (Vicia faba L.) (RF), and to examine how the dynamics were affected by two N management strategies. The results showed that SOC stocks increased by 24.9% in the no N (control) treatment and by 18.9% in the treatment applied with conventional rate of N (CON), when RG was changed to RF. Correspondingly, TN stocks increased by 8.5% in the control but decreased by 2.6% in the CON. Compared with RG, RF was more conducive to increase the contents of soil microbial biomass C and N. Moreover, changing the cropping system from RG to RF increased the year-round N use efficiency from 21.6% to 34.4% and reduced soil N surplus in the CON treatment from 547 kg/ha to 93 kg/ha. In conclusion, changes in the cropping system from RG to RF could markedly increase SOC stocks, improve N utilization, reduce soil N surplus, and thus reduce the risk of N loss in the paddy soil. Overall, this study showed the potential of paddy agro-ecological systems to store C and maintain N stocks in the temperate regions. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2017,"Zhang, T; <br>Chen, AQ; <br>Liu, J; <br>Liu, HB; <br>Lei, BK; <br>Zhai, LM; <br>Zhang, D; <br>Wang, HY","Nitrogen balance; Paddy soil; Rice-fava system; Rice-garlic system; Soil organic carbon stock; Total nitrogen stock","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.226","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["Impact of Biochar Organic and Inorganic Carbon on Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions","Biochar has been shown to influence soil CO2 and N2O emissions following application to soil, but the presence of carbonates in biochars has largely confounded efforts to differentiate among labile and recalcitrant C pools in biochar and establish their timeframe of influence. Understanding the mechanism, magnitude, and duration of biochar C pools' influence on C and N dynamics is imperative to successful implementation of biochar for C sequestration. Here we therefore aim to assess biochar organic and inorganic C pool impacts on CO2 and N2O emissions from soil amended with two untreated biochars, inorganic carbon (as Na2CO3), acid (HCl) and bicarbonate (NaHCO 3) extracts of the biochars, and acid and bicarbonate/acid-washed biochars during a 140-d soil incubation. We hypothesized that (i) both biochar labile organic carbon (LOC) and inorganic carbon (IC) pools contribute significantly to short-term (< 1 mo) CO2 emissions from biochar-amended soil, (ii) biochars will influence the size of soil NH4+ and NO 3 -pools, and (iii) changes in soil inorganic N pools will affect soil N2O emissions. All biochar, biochar extract, and carbonate treatments (12 total) increased CO2 produced during the initial >= 48 h of the incubation relative to controls, indicating that both biochar LOC and IC contribute to CO2 emissions. Of these treatments, only bicarbonate extracts of the biochars increased total C losses significantly. However, treatment impacts on soil N2O production were not significant despite significant effects of select treatments on inorganic N pools. Overall, results indicate that biochars contain small LOC and IC pools that are stabilized by a larger recalcitrant organic C pool.",2017,"Fidel, RB; <br>Laird, DA; <br>Parkin, TB",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2016.09.0369","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY","Field experiments"]
["Comparative responses of early-successional plants to charcoal soil amendments","Charcoal used as a soil amendment, or \"biochar,\" has received considerable recent research attention as a means to increase plant productivity while mitigating climate change through enhanced carbon sequestration. Interest in biochar for use in the restoration of disturbed sites is growing; however, biochar effects on wild plant species of the early phase of post-disturbance succession have received almost no prior research attention. Physiological adaptations that enable rapid growth in early-successional pioneers (e.g., high rates of photosynthesis) should be advantageous in soils with fresh charcoal since plants with a capacity for expeditious resource capture can capitalize on resource pulses from leachable mineral elements. In a glasshouse study, we tested the effects of biochar applied at two doses (10 and 20 t/ha) to brunisol/juvenile podzol soils, collected from a managed temperate mixed-wood forest, on the growth and physiology of 13 herbaceous old-field pioneers. We measured leaf-level physiology and nutrient supply rates throughout the experiment, and biomass and reproductive performance at experiment completion. Overall, biochar treatments resulted in 30-37% increases in final average aboveground biomass, 13-17% increases in photosynthesis, and an average similar to 44% increase in leaf-level water-use efficiency (at 10 t/ha), but with a high species-specific variation that included negative responses. We detected weak negative relationships between intrinsic photosynthetic rates (of non-biochar controls) and some biomass responses: Species with high photosynthetic capacities tended to have low or negative biomass responses to biochar. Plants in biochar treatments flowered earlier and on average had double the reproductive biomass overall. Pulses of PO4- and K+ were supplied by biochar in the first four weeks of the experiment, while NO3- was significantly immobilized by biochar. These results suggest that by providing a pulse of P and base cations, biochar can improve the restoration of disturbed landscapes by enhancing the physiological and reproductive performance of a subset of pioneers that have moderate photosynthetic rates and nitrogen demand. Biochar has important potential applications to restoration; however, biochar is likely to affect community composition strongly, and careful consideration of the physiological rates and nitrogen requirements of target species will be necessary to maximize the success of biochar-based restoration projects.",2017,"Gale, NV; <br>Halim, MA; <br>Halim, MA; <br>Horsburgh, M; <br>Thomas, SC","biochar; carbon sequestration; ecophysiology; ecosystem management; photosynthesis; plant nutrients; plant performance; reproduction; restoration; soil nutrients; succession.","http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1933","Article","ECOSPHERE","Field experiments"]
["Ranking thirteen tree species based on their impact on soil physiochemical properties, soil fertility, and carbon sequestration in Northeastern China","Site-appropriate tree species can provide greater ecological benefit by improving soil physicochemical properties and soil fertility and by increasing carbon sequestration. However, inter-species ranking derived from long-term, reliable data is still scarce. In this study, 13 tree species from >30 yr of afforestation at long-term experimental forest plots were selected, and 24 parameters comprised of soil physiochemical properties, fertility, and level of carbon sequestration were determined to rank the tree species. The two ranking methods used (significance summation method and PCA extraction method) showed similar inter-specific differences (linear relations, r(2) = 0.68-0.95, p < 0.05), with the exception of a weak match for C sequestration rankings (r(2) = 0.49, p < 0.05). Picea-J (Picea jezoensis), Juglans, and Fraxinus showed favorable effects on soil physicochemical properties, while others, such as Quercus, Populus, and Pinus-T, had adverse effects. In terms of soil fertility, the tree species with scores above the average were Ulmus, Picea-J, Fraxinus, Pinus-K (Pinus koraiensis), and Picea-K (Picea koraiensis), while Larbc, Populus, Quercus, and Pinus-T (Pinus tabulifortnis) had scores much lower than the average. The available N, total N, total P, total K, TG, available P, available K, and EEG for the above-average group (Juglans, Phellodendron, Fraxinus, Pinus-K, Picea-K, Picea-J, Minus) were 36%, 55%, 22%, 4%, 22%, 19%, 22%, and 4% higher, respectively, than those for the below-average group (Larix, Populus, Quercus, Pinus-T). For C sequestration by both ranking methods, Ulmus, Picea-J, and Larbc scored significantly higher than Pinus-T, Quercus, and Betula. Pooling all traits, Picea-J and Ulmus had peak scores while Pinus-T, Quercus and Populus had the lowest. A further redundancy ordination map representing the associations between species and soil properties as well as C sequestration also confirmed the above-mentioned findings. The entire survey showed that 44.5% afforestation with Populus species could probably increase the risk of soil physical degradation, soil fertility reduction, and lower carbon sequestration. In contrast, an increase in the percentage of the native species such as Ulmus and Picea-J, would efficiently benefit these ecological services. Our findings provide the basic data to support afforestation in China as well as for ecological functional evaluation based on species differences.",2017,"Wang, WJ; <br>Wang, WJ; <br>Lu, JL; <br>Du, HJ; <br>Wei, CH; <br>Wang, HM; <br>Fu, YJ; <br>He, XY; <br>He, XY","Inter-specific differences; Soil physical properties; Fertility; Carbon sequestration; Statistical species ranking","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.08.047","Article","FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT","Field experiments"]
["Biochar reduced nitrate leaching and improved soil moisture content without yield improvements in a four-year field study","The use of biochar (BC) is discussed as a strategy to sequester carbon in soils, to reduce GHG emissions and improve soil fertility. However, the responses of crop yields to biochar amendments in agricultural ecosystems, specifically under temperate field conditions, are still uncertain. Furthermore, results obtained under field conditions are often differing from laboratory studies. Therefore, the establishment of long-term studies under field conditions is mandatory to provide the base for recommendations. We carried out a two-factorial split-plot field experiment over four years (2012‚Äì2015, still in progress) to compare the effects of BC on crop yields, mineral nitrogen (NO3 ‚àí and NH4 +) dynamics, soil moisture and initial soil CO2 efflux. A temperate sandy soil was amended with BC (0, 15 and 30 Mg ha‚àí1) with the second factor being watering regime (irrigated or rainfed). The soil CO2 efflux was increased only for a short time following BC amendments. Freshly incorporated BC (30 Mg ha‚àí1) initially induced manganese (Mn) deficiency at the vegetative stage of the first crop maize (Zea maize L.). Biochar amendments significantly reduced NO3 ‚àí leaching, as indicated by greater NO3 ‚àí stocks in the topsoil and reduced stocks in the subsoil (0‚Äì15, BC amendment zone and 60‚Äì90 cm respectively). In BC treatments a higher soil moisture and higher NO3 ‚àí amount was observed, however, this did not translate into higher yields. Rather, grain yields of maize (year I) and summer barley (Hordeum vulgare L., year III, no nitrogen (N) fertilization) were significantly reduced (1‚Äì11 and 5‚Äì26% respectively) due to N deficiency with BC amendment or (non-alleviated) drought stress. A prolonged drought spell in 2015 (year IV) drastically reduced the grain yield of maize (5 and 0.7 Mg ha‚àí1) and N uptake (96 and 11 kg ha‚àí1) in the irrigated and rainfed treatments respectively, without any alleviating effects of biochar amendment. We conclude that application of large amounts of pure, non-nutrient-loaded biochar to temperate sandy soils may provide environmental benefits, such as carbon sequestration and reduction of nitrate leaching, but without an economic incentive for implementing biochar use, at least for the initial few years of application. ¬© 2016 Elsevier B.V.",2017,"Kammann, C.I.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.019","JOUR","Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.","Field experiments"]
["Biochar in the Agroecosystem Climate-Change-Sustainability Nexus","Interest in the use of biochar in agriculture has increased exponentially during the past decade. Biochar, when applied to soils is reported to enhance soil carbon sequestration and provide other soil productivity benefits such as reduction of bulk density, enhancement of water-holding capacity and nutrient retention, stabilization of soil organic matter, improvement of microbial activities, and heavy-metal sequestration. Furthermore, biochar application could enhance phosphorus availability in highly weathered tropical soils. Converting the locally available feedstocks and farm wastes to biochar could be important under smallholder farming systems as well, and biochar use may have applications in tree nursery production and specialty-crop management. Thus, biochar can contribute substantially to sustainable agriculture. While these benefits and opportunities look attractive, several problems, and bottlenecks remain to be addressed before widespread production and use of biochar becomes popular. The current state of knowledge is based largely on limited small-scale studies under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Properties of biochar vary with both the feedstock from which it is produced and the method of production. The availability of feedstock as well as the economic merits, energy needs, and environmental risks-if any-of its large-scale production and use remain to be investigated. Nevertheless, available indications suggest that biochar could play a significant role in facing the challenges posed by climate change and threats to agroecosystem sustainability.",2017,"Nair, VD; <br>Nair, PKR; <br>Dari, B; <br>Freitas, AM; <br>Chatterjee, N; <br>Pinheiro, FM","feedstocks; highly weathered tropical soil; low-input agriculture; manure; nutrient retention; phosphorus availability; plant biomass","http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.02051","Article","FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Research for assessment, not deployment, of Climate Engineering: The German Research Foundation's Priority Program SPP 1689","The historical developments are reviewed that have led from a bottom-up responsibility initiative of concerned scientists to the emergence of a nationwide interdisciplinary Priority Program on the assessment of Climate Engineering (CE) funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). Given the perceived lack of comprehensive and comparative appraisals of different CE methods, the Priority Program was designed to encompass both solar radiation management (SRM) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) ideas and to cover the atmospheric, terrestrial, and oceanic realm. First, key findings obtained by the ongoing Priority Program are summarized and reveal that, compared to earlier assessments such as the 2009 Royal Society report, more detailed investigations tend to indicate less efficiency, lower effectiveness, and often lower safety. Emerging research trends are discussed in the context of the recent Paris agreement to limit global warming to less than two degrees and the associated increasing reliance on negative emission technologies. Our results show then when deployed at scales large enough to have a significant impact on atmospheric CO2, even CDR methods such as afforestation-often perceived as \"benign\"-can have substantial side effects and may raise severe ethical, legal, and governance issues. We suppose that before being deployed at climatically relevant scales, any negative emission or CE method will require careful analysis of efficiency, effectiveness, and undesired side effects.",2017,"Oschlies, A; <br>Klepper, G",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000446","Article","EARTHS FUTURE","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Beyond hectares: four principles to guide reforestation in the context of tropical forest and landscape restoration","New climate change agreements emerging from the 21st Conference of the Parties and ambitious international commitments to implement forest and landscape restoration (FLR) are generating unprecedented political awareness and financial mobilization to restore forests at large scales on deforested or degraded land. Restoration interventions aim to increase functionality and resilience of landscapes, conserve biodiversity, store carbon, and mitigate effects of global climate change. We propose four principles to guide tree planting schemes focused on carbon storage and commercial forestry in the tropics in the context of FLR. These principles support activities and land uses that increase tree cover in human-modified landscapes, while also achieving positive socioecological outcomes at local scales, in an appropriate contextualization: (1) restoration interventions should enhance and diversify local livelihoods; (2) afforestation should not replace native tropical grasslands or savanna ecosystems; (3) reforestation approaches should promote landscape heterogeneity and biological diversity; and (4) residual carbon stocks should be quantitatively and qualitatively distinguished from newly established carbon stocks. The emerging global restoration movement and its growing international support provide strong momentum for increasing tree and forest cover in mosaic landscapes. The proposed principles help to establish a platform for FLR implementation and monitoring based on a broad set of socioenvironmental benefits including, but not solely restricted, to carbon mitigation and wood production.",2017,"Brancalion, PHS; <br>Chazdon, RL; <br>Chazdon, RL","carbon stock assessment; forest biomass; forest governance; forest regeneration; restoration accountability; tropical reforestation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec.12519","Article","RESTORATION ECOLOGY","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The Need for Governance of Climate Geoengineering","Keeping global temperature rise to within 1.5-2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels is looking increasingly unlikely through mitigation alone. While increased adaptation to inevitable climate impacts will be necessary, a new realism is creeping into the climate debate. A growing number of scientists are proposing geoengineering technologies to deal with the expected shortfall, both through carbon dioxide removal and possibly through solar radiation management. But both approaches bring risks and pose significant governance challenges, and would likely affect different communities in different ways. As geoengineering moves mainstream, it is time to put governance at the heart of future discussion, and to broaden the debate from academia to governments, treaty bodies, faith groups, and civic organizations. The Carnegie Climate Geoengineering Governance Initiative is a major new effort to catalyze this conversation, bringing together players from a wide range of social, geographical, and professional backgrounds. It argues that policymakers need to take an ethical risk management approach, informed by continued research. How should transborder and transgenerational ethical issues be addressed? How will governance frameworks withstand geopolitical change? Can we build on existing international treaties and institutions, or do we need new ones? And most immediately, how should further research on solar engineering be governedgiven current plans to start experiments in the stratosphere? In a geoengineered world, who controls the global thermostat?",2017,"Pasztor, J; <br>Pasztor, J; <br>Pasztor, J; <br>Pasztor, J","geoengineering; climate change; solar radiation management; carbon dioxide removal; governance; Paris Accord; mitigation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0892679417000405","Article","ETHICS & INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Geoengineering: Rights, risks and ethics","This article discusses arguments that manipulating the Earth‚Äôs climate may provoke unforeseen, unintended and uncontrollable consequences that threaten human rights. The risks arise from both main types of geoengineering: solar radiation management (SRM) techniques and carbon dioxide removal (CDR). SRM creates particular risks because it is difficult to test on a wide scale and may not be capable of being recalled after deployment. Adequate, enforceable governance structures do not currently exist to assess and regulate the risks of climate engineering, not least whether such technologies can be terminated in the absence of significant emissions reductions. This article is divided into six sections. After the opening introductory section, section 2 discusses the links between climate change and human rights. It briefly outlines the range of rights, including procedural rights, that might be violated by geoengineering. This is followed, in section 3, by an evaluation of the risks of SRM and CDR. The fourth section discusses debates on the ethics of geoengineering. Section 5 critiques hubristic faith in technological solutions. The final section examines the governance of geoengineering and the extent to which international environmental law and human rights law might be used to regulate the research and deployment of geoengineering. ¬© 2017 The Author. and 2017 Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.",2017,"Adelman, S.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2017.01.06","Article","J. Hum. Rights Environ.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Biochar: An emerging panacea for contaminated and degraded soils","Biochar is a black solid material derived from the thermo-chemical decomposition of solid organic material in an oxygen-deficit atmosphere. In recent years, biochar has been contributed as a technique that can provide several environmental benefits upon application to soil, including long-term storage of carbon (C) in soil. Because of their dominantly aromatic nature, biochars are advised as a resistant form of C with long mean residence times (MRTs) in the range of hundreds to thousands of years. Different pyrolysis techniques (e.g., torrefaction (a pyrolysis process at low temperature), slow pyrolysis, gasification, fast pyrolysis, intermediate pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization (htc), or flash carbonization) are used for biochar production. Recently, research on torrefied biomass as soil ameliorant has started only. Biochar characteristics are governed by production variables such as feedstock, highest treatment temperature, holding time at HTT, pyrolysis conditions, etc. Feedstock properties (both physical and chemical) and HTT are considered to be the main factors influencing biochar physico-chemical characteristics. Currently, biochar is prepared at small scale to large scale. In some countries, it is used for kitchen garden and prepared from the domestic waste. Both traditional earthen charcoal kilns and modern charcoal retorts can be used for biochar production. The traditional earthen charcoal kilns and charcoal retorts can be used for the industrial production of biochar. In former technology, pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion processes occur in earthen kiln layer. In the modern charcoal retorts, a metal barrier is used for the separation of pyrolysis and combustion processes. A specific biochar according to its inherent physico-chemical properties can be utilized for particular application. For an example, high surface area biochar may be utilized as a sorbent, whereas high recalcitrance biochar may be used in carbon fixation. Biochars rich in nutrient and mineral contents with high water holding capacity could be more suitable for soil fertility enhancement. The application of biochar as an organic amendment is favourable in terms of carbon capture and fertility of soil. Biochar accommodates a suitable habitat for microorganisms due to its high porosity, adsorption and cation exchange capacity and affecting different microbial processes involved in nutrient cycling, green house gas emission and organic matter (OM) decomposition, etc. Other than its agriculture benefit, there is increasing interest in the implementation of biochar as an alternative technique for many environmental issues such as amelioration of contaminated sites. In recent years the effectiveness of the combination of biochar and other organic materials, for example compost, has been reported widely with regard to the remediation of polluted soils and the improvement of soil resistance against erosion and nutrient retention. The liming and sorptive properties of biochar make it suitable for reclamation of low pH and metal polluted soils such as acidic mine spoil. Biochar amendment in acidic and polluted soil can serve dual purpose: (a) improve soil health, (b) extenuate the risk of heavy metal pollution in various environmental surroundings. The combination of phyto-remediation in combination with biochar addition could be an excellent technology to improve the soil quality index in the coal mine area. In this chapter, the potential of biochar amendment for promoting the establishment of a plant cover and phyto-stabilization strategies on contaminated soils has been discussed. ¬© Springer International Publishing AG 2017.",2017,"Khare, P.; <br>Jain, S.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50654-8_20","Book Chapter","Green Technol. and Environ. Sustain.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Climate dreaming: Negative emissions, risk transfer, and irreversibility","The integrated assessment models used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change rely heavily on negative emissions technologies (NETs) for scenarios that keep global temperature rise to 2¬∞C or lower. One favoured NET is bio-energy combined with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). Firstly, it is not established that BECCS is feasible at a scale sufficient to matter, nor that BECCS at sufficient scale is compatible with sustainable development. Secondly, substituting the prospect of BECCS later for ambitious mitigation of emissions now unjustifiably transfers risks from the present to the future. Thirdly, no NET can ‚Äòbuy time‚Äô for unambitious mitigation because the later reduction of ‚Äòover-shoots‚Äô in emissions cannot reverse the passing of tipping points in the interim. The substitution of the dream of later negative emissions for immediate mitigations is therefore completely unjustified. ¬© 2017 The Author and 2017 Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.",2017,"Shue, H.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2017.02.02","Article","J. Hum. Rights Environ.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Implications of geoengineering under the 1.5¬†¬∞C target: Analysis and policy suggestions","The Paris Agreement introduced a 1.5 ¬∞C target to control the rise in global temperature, but clear arrangements for feasible implementation pathways were not made. Achieving the 1.5 ¬∞C target imposes high requirements on global emission reduction. Nationally Determined Contributions of all Parties are far from the 1.5 ¬∞C target, and conventional emission reduction technologies and policies will also have difficulty in fulfilling this task. In this context, geoengineering is gaining interest in the international arena. The Paris Agreement includes afforestation, carbon capture, utilization and storage, and negative emission technologies such as bio-energy with carbon capture and store. All of these techniques are CO2 removal technologies that belong to geoengineering. Solar radiation management, which is highly controversial, has also attracted increased attention in recent years. Although the outline of the IPCC Special Report on 1.5 ¬∞C does not include a specific section on geoengineering issues yet, geoengineering is an unconventional technical option that cannot be avoided in research and discussions on impact assessment, technical options, ethics, and international governance under the 1.5 ¬∞C target. On the basis of analyzing and discussing abovementioned issues, this paper proposes several policy suggestions for China to strengthen research on and response to geoengineering. ¬© 2017 National Climate Center (China Meteorological Administration)",2017,"Chen, Y.; <br>Xin, Y.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2017.05.003","Article","Adv. Clim. Change Manage.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Soil carbon sequestration in dryland agriculture","Drylands are the part of terrestrial ecosystem characterized by low water and spans over an area of about 6.15 billion hectares. About 57-65 % of this area is desertified or prone to desertification. In spite of low soil organic carbon (SOC), the total SOC stock in dryland soils is 241 Pg (1 Pg = petagram =1015 g) which is 15.5 % of the global SOC pool (1550 Pg). Significant C losses (~20-30 Pg) occur due to low C input as a result of desertification. About two third of this loss can be sequestered through better management practices in the period of next 50 years. In this chapter, our major focus is to discuss the biophysical aspects of soil C sequestration and their impact on global climate change and food security in dryland areas. Management and other land use practices for SOC sequestration to combat land degradation in drylands, such as afforestation using suitable species, management of pasture on grazing lands, management of cultivated lands, and restorative land use to reestablish the degraded soils and the ecosystems. In drylands, tree species suited for afforestation are Acacia, Mesquite and Neem etc. Grazing management practices such as controlled grazing at an optimal carrying capacity, fire management, and the cultivation of improved species. Suitable practices for soil management are application of biosolids (manure, sludge) to improve the macrofauna (termites) of the soil, water harvesting, use of vegetative mulches, and wise irrigation structures. ¬© Springer International Publishing AG 2016.",2017,"Arshad, M.S.; <br>Sanaullah, M.; <br>Farooq, M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47928-6_17","Book Chapter","Innovations in Dryland Agriculture","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Bioenergy and carbon capture with storage (BECCS): the prospects and challenges of an emerging climate policy response","There is increasing impetus for large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide removal geoengineering approaches to help keep temperatures to below 2¬†¬∞C, as provided for under the Paris Agreement. The primary option that has been discussed to date is Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). While BECCS could sequester very large amounts of carbon dioxide, it also poses substantial socio-economic risks to society, as well as threats to biodiversity. This essay suggests that a human rights-based approach can help to protect the interests of those who might be adversely impacted by BECCS deployment. ¬© 2017, AESS.",2017,"Burns, W.; <br>Nicholson, S.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13412-017-0445-6","Article","J. Environ. Stud. Sci.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Global zero emissions scenarios: The role of biomass energy with carbon capture and storage by forested land use","We investigate the prospects of three zero-emission scenarios for achieving the target of limiting global mean temperature rise to 2 degrees C or below, and compare them with the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario involving no climate policy intervention. The \"2100 zero\" emissions scenario requires zero emissions after 2100 until 2150. The \"350 ppm zero\" emissions scenario entails zero emissions in the latter half of this century, which can be achieved by the cumulative emissions constraints of the Wigley-Richels-Edmonds (WRE) 350 from 2010 to 2150. Finally, the \"net zero\" scenario requires zero cumulative emissions from 2010 to 2150, allowing positive emissions over the coming several decades that would be balanced-out by negative emissions in the latter half of the century. The role of biomass energy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) with forested land is also assessed with these scenarios. The results indicate that the 2 degrees C target can be achieved in the \"net zero\" scenario, while the \"350 ppm zero\" scenario would result in a temperature rise of 2.4 degrees C. The \"2100 zero\" scenario achieved a 4.1 degrees C increase, while the BAU reached about 5.2 degrees C. BECCS contributed to achieving zero-emission requirements while providing a limited contribution to energy supply. The findings indicate substantial future challenges for the management of forested land. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2017,"Tokimatsu, K; <br>Tokimatsu, K; <br>Yasuoka, R; <br>Nishio, M","Zero emission scenarios; Biomass energy carbon capture and storage (BECCS); Forested land use","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.077","Article; Proceedings Paper","APPLIED ENERGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["On the global limits of bioenergy and land use for climate change mitigation","Across energy, agricultural and forestry landscapes, the production of biomass for energy has emerged as a controversial driver of land-use change. We present a novel, simple methodology, to probe the potential global sustainability limits of bioenergy over time for energy provision and climate change mitigation using a complex-systems approach for assessing land-use dynamics. Primary biomass that could provide between 70EJyear(-1) and 360EJyear(-1), globally, by 2050 was simulated in the context of different land-use futures, food diet patterns and climate change mitigation efforts. Our simulations also show ranges of potential greenhouse gas emissions for agriculture, forestry and other land uses by 2050, including not only above-ground biomass-related emissions, but also from changes in soil carbon, from as high as 24 GtCO(2)eq year(-1) to as low as minus 21 GtCO(2)eq year(-1), which would represent a significant source of negative emissions. Based on the modelling simulations, the discussions offer novel insights about bioenergy as part of a broader integrated system. Whilst there are sustainability limits to the scale of bioenergy provision, they are dynamic over time, being responsive to land management options deployed worldwide.",2017,"Strapasson, A; <br>Strapasson, A; <br>Woods, J; <br>Chum, H; <br>Kalas, N; <br>Shah, N; <br>Rosillo-Calle, F","biomass; biofuels; food security; GCLUC model; Global Calculator; system dynamics","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12456","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Opportunities for enhancing yield and soil carbon sequestration while reducing N2O emissions in rainfed cropping systems","Producing the food required to feed the growing global population will inevitably put pressure on the environment and requires sustainable management of agroecosystems. The management strategies should be context-specific, and will require consideration of different stakeholders' interests, and of the local soil and climatic conditions. We developed a framework to analyse nitrogen (N) management options with the objective of increasing crop production while reducing CO2 and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soil, and applied this framework to Australian rainfed wheat systems using a systems modelling approach. The results indicated that modified N management strategies in Australian rainfed wheat systems could increase average grain yield by up to 76% (from 1.7 to 3.0 Mg ha(-1)) while substantially reducing net soil and N2O emissions (expressed in CO2 equivalents, CO2-eq), compared with current farming practice. Meta-modelling of the simulation results from 613 sites across the Australian wheat growing regions indicated that site-specific best N management aimed at increasing yield and reducing net soil CO2-eq emissions significantly correlated with water availability, temperature, and antecedent soil carbon content. The results emphasise the opportunity for well-managed intensification to simultaneously increase yield and reduce soil CO2 and N2O emissions in Australian rainfed cropping regions. The 'win-win' N management recommendations should, and can be specified according to local climate and soil conditions. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2017,"Luo, ZK; <br>Wang, EL; <br>Xing, HT; <br>Smith, C; <br>Wang, GC; <br>Cresswell, H","APSIM; Agricultural intensification; Carbon sequestration; Climate change mitigation; Food security; Management practices; Nitrogen fertilizer; Nitrous oxide","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.09.008","Article","AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Trade-off between carbon reduction benefits and ecological costs of biomass-based power plants with carbon capture and storage (CCS) in China","Integrating carbon capture and storage into biomass power plants (BioCCS) can reduce carbon emissions, but its ecological performance associated with natural resources consumption remains unexamined. Taking a typical BioCCS project - the Maowusu biomass direct-fired power plant with the CCS of Spirulina cultivation in Inner Mongolia of China as a case, this study observed the trade-offs between the carbon reduction benefits and ecological performance of adding CCS to the power plant. Life cycle assessment (LCA) revealed that the combination of CCS avoids 1228 metric tons (MT) of CO2 emissions annually, while emergy analysis revealed that it deteriorated the ecological performance of the BioCCS system because considerable nonrenewable resources were required by Spirulina cultivation. The BioCCS system is unsustainable in the long run from the ecological point of view. The sensitivity analyses show that there would be no carbon reduction benefits by adding CCS when 60% of designed CO2 capacity is fixed by Spirulina, and insufficient biomass for electricity generation also affects system performance significantly, which are two main barriers to the BioCCS project. These results indicate that decision makers should take into account both the carbon reduction benefits and the ecological costs in the development of BioCCS systems. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2017,"Pang, MY; <br>Zhang, LX; <br>Liang, S; <br>Liu, GY; <br>Wang, CB; <br>Hao, Y; <br>Wang, YF; <br>Xu, M; <br>Xu, M","BioCCS; Carbon reduction benefits; Ecological cost; Life cycle assessment; Emergy analysis","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.034","Article","JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Simulated climate effects of desert irrigation geoengineering","Geoengineering, the deliberate large-scale manipulation of earth's energy balance to counteract global warming, is an attractive proposition for sparsely populated deserts. We use the BNU and UVic Earth system models to simulate the effects of irrigating deserts under the RCP8.5 scenario. Previous studies focused on increasing desert albedo to reduce global warming; in contrast we examine how extending afforestation and ecological projects, that successfully improve regional environments, fair for geoengineering purposes. As expected desert irrigation allows vegetation to grow, with bare soil or grass gradually becoming shrub or tree covered, with increases in terrestrial carbon storage of 90.3 Pg C (UVic-ESCM) - 143.9 Pg C (BNU-ESM). Irrigating global deserts makes the land surface temperature decrease by 0.48 degrees C and land precipitation increase by 100 mm yr(-1). In the irrigated areas, BNU-ESM simulates significant cooling of up to 4.2 degrees C owing to the increases in low cloud and latent heat which counteract the warming effect due to decreased surface albedo. Large volumes of water would be required to maintain global desert irrigation, equivalent 10 mm/year of global sea level (BNU-ESM) compensate for evapotranspiration losses. Differences in climate responses between the deserts prompt research into tailored albedo-irrigation schemes.",2017,"Cheng, W; <br>Moore, JC; <br>Cao, L; <br>Ji, DY; <br>Zhao, LY",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep46443","Article","SCIENTIFIC REPORTS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The biodiversity cost of carbon sequestration in tropical savanna","Tropical savannas have been increasingly viewed as an opportunity for carbon sequestration through fire suppression and afforestation, but insufficient attention has been given to the consequences for biodiversity. To evaluate the biodiversity costs of increasing carbon sequestration, we quantified changes in ecosystemcarbon stocks and the associated changes in communities of plants and ants resulting from fire suppression in savannas of the Brazilian Cerrado, a global biodiversity hotspot. Fire suppression resulted in increased carbon stocks of 1.2 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) since 1986 but was associated with acute species loss. In sites fully encroached by forest, plant species richness declined by 27%, and ant richness declined by 35%. Richness of savanna specialists, the species most at risk of local extinction due to forest encroachment, declined by 67% for plants and 86% for ants. This loss highlights the important role of fire in maintaining biodiversity in tropical savannas, a role that is not reflected in current policies of fire suppression throughout the Brazilian Cerrado. In tropical grasslands and savannas throughout the tropics, carbon mitigation programs that promote forest cover cannot be assumed to provide net benefits for conservation.",2017,"Abreu, RCR; <br>Hoffmann, WA; <br>Vasconcelos, HL; <br>Pilon, NA; <br>Pilon, NA; <br>Rossatto, DR; <br>Durigan, G",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701284","Article","SCIENCE ADVANCES","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Global consequences of afforestation and bioenergy cultivation on ecosystem service indicators","Land management for carbon storage is discussed as being indispensable for climate change mitigation because of its large potential to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and to avoid further emissions from deforestation. However, the acceptance and feasibility of land-based mitigation projects depends on potential side effects on other important ecosystem functions and their services. Here, we use projections of future land use and land cover for different land-based mitigation options from two land-use models (IMAGE and MAgPIE) and evaluate their effects with a global dynamic vegetation model (LPJ-GUESS). In the land-use models, carbon removal was achieved either via growth of bioenergy crops combined with carbon capture and storage, via avoided deforestation and afforestation, or via a combination of both. We compare these scenarios to a reference scenario without land-based mitigation and analyse the LPJ-GUESS simulations with the aim of assessing synergies and trade-offs across a range of ecosystem service indicators: carbon storage, surface albedo, evapotranspiration, water runoff, crop production, nitrogen loss, and emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds. In our mitigation simulations cumulative carbon storage by year 2099 ranged between 55 and 89 GtC. Other ecosystem service indicators were influenced heterogeneously both positively and negatively, with large variability across regions and land-use scenarios. Avoided deforestation and afforestation led to an increase in evapotranspiration and enhanced emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds, and to a decrease in albedo, runoff, and nitrogen loss. Crop production could also decrease in the afforestation scenarios as a result of reduced crop area, especially for MAgPIE land-use patterns, if assumed increases in crop yields cannot be realized. Bioenergy-based climate change mitigation was projected to affect less area globally than in the forest expansion scenarios, and resulted in less pronounced changes in most ecosystem service indicators than forest-based mitigation, but included a possible decrease in nitrogen loss, crop production, and biogenic volatile organic compounds emissions.",2017,"Krause, A; <br>Pugh, TAM; <br>Pugh, TAM; <br>Pugh, TAM; <br>Bayer, AD; <br>Doelman, JC; <br>Humpenoder, F; <br>Anthoni, P; <br>Olin, S; <br>Bodirsky, BL; <br>Popp, A; <br>Stehfest, E; <br>Arneth, A",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4829-2017","Article","BIOGEOSCIENCES","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Global Sequestration Potential of Increased Organic Carbon in Cropland Soils","The role of soil organic carbon in global carbon cycles is receiving increasing attention both as a potentially large and uncertain source of CO2 emissions in response to predicted global temperature rises, and as a natural sink for carbon able to reduce atmospheric CO2. There is general agreement that the technical potential for sequestration of carbon in soil is significant, and some consensus on the magnitude of that potential. Croplands worldwide could sequester between 0.90 and 1.85 Pg C/yr, i.e. 26-53% of the target of the \"4p1000 Initiative: Soils for Food Security and Climate\". The importance of intensively cultivated regions such as North America, Europe, India and intensively cultivated areas in Africa, such as Ethiopia, is highlighted. Soil carbon sequestration and the conservation of existing soil carbon stocks, given its multiple benefits including improved food production, is an important mitigation pathway to achieve the less than 2 degrees C global target of the Paris Climate Agreement.",2017,"Zomer, RJ; <br>Bossio, DA; <br>Sommer, R; <br>Verchot, LV",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15794-8","Article","SCIENTIFIC REPORTS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Quantifying the trade-off between carbon sequestration and albedo in midlatitude and high-latitude North American forests","Afforestation is a viable and widely practiced method of sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, because of a change in surface albedo, placement of less reflective forests can cause an increase in net-absorbed radiation and localized surface warming. This effect is enhanced in northern high latitudes where the presence of snow cover exacerbates the albedo difference. Regions where afforestation could provide a climate benefit are determined by comparing net ecosystem production and net radiation differences from afforestation in midlatitude and high latitude of North America. Using the dynamic vegetation model Integrated Biosphere Simulator, agricultural version (Agro-IBIS), we find a boundary through North America where afforestation results in a positive equivalent carbon balance (cooling) to the south, and a negative equivalent carbon balance (warming) to the north. Including the effects of stand age and fraction cover affect whether a site contributes to mitigating global warming.",2017,"Mykleby, PM; <br>Snyder, PK; <br>Twine, TE",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071459","Article","GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Climate change mitigation and productivity gains in livestock supply chains: insights from regional case studies","Livestock can contribute to climate change mitigation by reducing their greenhouse gas emissions and by increasing soil carbon sequestration. Packages of mitigation techniques can bring large environmental benefits as illustrated in six case studies modeled in the Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model developed by FAO. With feasible technical interventions in livestock production systems, the mitigation potential of each of the selected species, systems and regions ranges from 14 to 41 %. While comparably high mitigation potentials were estimated for ruminant and pig production systems in Asia, Latin America and Africa, large emission reductions can also be attained in dairy systems with already high levels of productivity, in OECD countries. Mitigation interventions can lead to a concomitant reduction in emissions and increase in production, contributing to food security. This is particularly the case for improved feeding practices and better health and herd management practices. Livestock systems also have a significant potential for sequestrating carbon in pasturelands and rangelands through improved management, as illustrated in two of the six case studies in this paper.",2017,"Mottet, A; <br>Henderson, B; <br>Opio, C; <br>Falcucci, A; <br>Tempio, G; <br>Silvestri, S; <br>Chesterman, S; <br>Gerber, PJ; <br>Gerber, PJ","Climate change; Mitigation; Livestock systems; Productivity; Packages of options","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-0986-3","Article","REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["A RECONNAISSANCE-SCALE GIS-BASED MULTICRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE BIOCHAR USE: POLAND AS A CASE STUDY","Although increasing numbers of research papers regarding biochar are being published worldwide, in some countries growing interest in biochar has only recently been observed; this is true of Poland. We analysed information on biochar research in Poland alongside lessons learned elsewhere in order to identify the significant opportunities and risks associated with biochar use. This data fed into a GIS-based multicriteria analysis to identify areas where biochar application could deliver greatest benefit. We found that 21.8% of agricultural land in Poland has at least moderate indication for biochar use (soil organic matter below 2% and pH below 5.5), while 1.5% was categorized as a priority as it also exhibited contamination. Potential barriers identified included biomass availability and associated risks of indirect land-use change due to possible national and transnational biomass production displacement. Biochar use could have positive global consequences as a climate change mitigation strategy, particularly relevant in a country with limited alternatives. Scaling up a mitigation technology that is viable on account of its co-benefits might be cost-effective, which could, in turn, adjust national perspectives and stronger involvement in developing mitigation policies at the regional level. Biochar has much promise in temperate conditions and further research should therefore be assigned to explore biochar's environmental and socio-economic impacts.",2017,"Latawiec, AE; <br>Latawiec, AE; <br>Latawiec, AE; <br>Latawiec, AE; <br>Peake, L; <br>Baxter, H; <br>Cornelissen, G; <br>Cornelissen, G; <br>Grotkiewicz, K; <br>Hale, S; <br>Krolczyk, JB; <br>Kubon, M; <br>Lopatka, A; <br>Medynska-Juraszek, A; <br>Reid, BJ; <br>Siebielec, G; <br>Sohi, SP; <br>Spiak, Z; <br>Strassburg, BBN; <br>Strassburg, BBN","biochar; carbon sequestration; GIS-based multicriteria analysis; land remediation; sustainable agricultural production","http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2017.1326924","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Inefficient power generation as an optimal route to negative emissions via BECCS?","Current ambitions to limit climate change to no more than 1.5 degrees C-2 degrees C by the end of the 21st century rely heavily on the availability of negative emissions technologies (NETs)-bioenergy with CO2 capture and storage (BECCS) and direct air capture in particular. In this context, these NETs are providing a specific service by removing CO2 from the atmosphere, and therefore investors would expect an appropriate risk-adjusted rate of return, varying as a function of the quantity of public money involved. Uniquely, BECCS facilities have the possibility to generate both low carbon power and remove CO2 from the atmosphere, but in an energy system characterised by high penetration of intermittent renewable energy such as wind and solar power plants, the dispatch load factor of such BECCS facilities may be small relative to their capacity. This has the potential to significantly under utilise these assets for their primary purpose of removing CO2 from the atmosphere. In this study, we present a techno-economic environmental evaluation of BECCS plants with a range of operating efficiencies, considering their full-and part-load operation relative to a national-scale annual CO2 removal target. We find that in all cases, a lower capital cost, lower efficiency BECCS plant is superior to a higher cost, higher efficiency facility from both environmental and economic perspectives. We show that it may be preferable to operate the BECCS facility in base-load fashion, constantly removing CO2 from the atmosphere and dispatching electricity on an as-needed basis. We show that the use of this 'spare capacity' to produce hydrogen for, e.g. injection to a natural gas system for the provision of low carbon heating can add to the overall environmental and economic benefit of such a system. The only point where this hypothesis appears to break down is where the CO2 emissions associated with the biomass supply chain are sufficiently large so as to eliminate the service of CO2 removal.",2017,"Mac Dowell, N; <br>Mac Dowell, N; <br>Fajardy, M; <br>Fajardy, M","BECCS; CO2 capture and storage; negative emissions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa67a5","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The limits to global-warming mitigation by terrestrial carbon removal","Massive near-term greenhouse gas emissions reduction is a precondition for staying \"well below 2 degrees C\" global warming as envisaged by the Paris Agreement. Furthermore, extensive terrestrial carbon dioxide removal (tCDR) through managed biomass growth and subsequent carbon capture and storage is required to avoid temperature \"overshoot\" in most pertinent scenarios. Here, we address two major issues: First, we calculate the extent of tCDR required to \"repair\" delayed or insufficient emissions reduction policies unable to prevent global mean temperature rise of 2.5 degrees C or even 4.5 degrees C above pre-industrial level. Our results show that those tCDR measures are unable to counteract \"business-as-usual\" emissions without eliminating virtually all natural ecosystems. Even if considerable (Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 [RCP4.5]) emissions reductions are assumed, tCDR with 50% storage efficiency requires >1.1 Gha of the most productive agricultural areas or the elimination of > 50% of natural forests. In addition, > 100 MtN/yr fertilizers would be needed to remove the roughly 320 GtC foreseen in these scenarios. Such interventions would severely compromise food production and/or biosphere functioning. Second, we reanalyze the requirements for achieving the 160-190 GtC tCDR that would complement strong mitigation action (RCP2.6) in order to avoid 2 degrees C overshoot anytime. We find that a combination of high irrigation water input and/or more efficient conversion to stored carbon is necessary. In the face of severe trade-offs with society and the biosphere, we conclude that large-scale tCDR is not a viable alternative to aggressive emissions reduction. However, we argue that tCDR might serve as a valuable \" supporting actor\" for strong mitigation if sustainable schemes are established immediately. Plain Language Summary In 2015, parties agreed to limit global warming to \" well below\" 2 degrees C above pre-industrial levels. However, this requires not only massive near-term greenhouse gas emissions reductions but also the application of \" negative emission\" techniques that extract already emitted carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Specifically, this could refer to the establishment of extensive plantations of fast-growing tree and grass species in combination with biomass conversion to carbon-saving products. Although such deployment is seen as promising, its carbon sequestration potentials and possible side-effects still remain to be studied in depth. In this study, we analyzed two feasibility aspects of such a negative emissions approach using biomass plantations and carbon utilization pathways. First, we show that biomass plantations with subsequent carbon immobilization are likely unable to \"repair\" insufficient emission reduction policies without compromising food production and biosphere functioning due to its space-consuming properties. Second, the requirements for a strong mitigation scenario staying below the 2 degrees C target would require a combination of high irrigation water input and development of highly effective carbon process chains. Although we find that this strategy of sequestering carbon is not a viable alternative to aggressive emission reductions, it could still support mitigation efforts if sustainably managed.",2017,"Boysen, LR; <br>Boysen, LR; <br>Boysen, LR; <br>Boysen, LR; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Heck, V; <br>Heck, V; <br>Lenton, TM; <br>Schellnhuber, HJ; <br>Schellnhuber, HJ",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000469","Article","EARTHS FUTURE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Young people's burden: requirement of negative CO2 emissions","Global temperature is a fundamental climate metric highly correlated with sea level, which implies that keeping shorelines near their present location requires keeping global temperature within or close to its preindustrial Holocene range. However, global temperature excluding short-term variability now exceeds +1(circle)C relative to the 1880-1920 mean and annual 2016 global temperature was almost +1.3(circle)C. We show that global temperature has risen well out of the Holocene range and Earth is now as warm as it was during the prior (Eemian) interglacial period, when sea level reached 6-9m higher than today. Further, Earth is out of energy balance with present atmospheric composition, implying that more warming is in the pipeline, and we show that the growth rate of greenhouse gas climate forcing has accelerated markedly in the past decade. The rapidity of ice sheet and sea level response to global temperature is difficult to predict, but is dependent on the magnitude of warming. Targets for limiting global warming thus, at minimum, should aim to avoid leaving global temperature at Eemian or higher levels for centuries. Such targets now require \"negative emissions\", i.e., extraction of CO2 from the air. If phasedown of fossil fuel emissions begins soon, improved agricultural and forestry practices, including reforestation and steps to improve soil fertility and increase its carbon content, may provide much of the necessary CO2 extraction. In that case, the magnitude and duration of global temperature excursion above the natural range of the current interglacial (Holocene) could be limited and irreversible climate impacts could be minimized. In contrast, continued high fossil fuel emissions today place a burden on young people to undertake massive technological CO2 extraction if they are to limit climate change and its consequences. Proposed methods of extraction such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) or air capture of CO2 have minimal estimated costs of USD 89-535 trillion this century and also have large risks and uncertain feasibility. Continued high fossil fuel emissions unarguably sentences young people to either a massive, implausible cleanup or growing deleterious climate impacts or both.",2017,"Hansen, J; <br>Sato, M; <br>Kharecha, P; <br>von Schuckmann, K; <br>Beerling, DJ; <br>Cao, JJ; <br>Marcott, S; <br>Masson-Delmotte, V; <br>Prather, MJ; <br>Rohling, EJ; <br>Rohling, EJ; <br>Shakun, J; <br>Smith, P; <br>Lacis, A; <br>Russell, G; <br>Ruedy, R; <br>Ruedy, R",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-577-2017","Article","EARTH SYSTEM DYNAMICS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Trade-offs between plant species richness and carbon storage in the context of afforestation - Examples from afforestation scenarios in the Mulde Basin, Germany","The German Federal State of Saxony aims to increase forest cover, supported by the implementation of afforestation programs. To analyze consequences of an increase in forest cover, this study investigates possible trade-offs between carbon storage and plant biodiversity caused by afforestation. Six afforestation scenarios with total forest cover ranging from 27.7% to 46% were generated in the Mulde river basin in Saxony with regard to different forest types. Carbon storage was calculated by the process-based Dynamic Vegetation Model LPJ-GUESS while random forest models were used to predict changes in plant species richness. We used eight different plant groups as responses: total number of plant species, endangered species, as well as species grouped by native status (three groups) and pollination traits (three groups). Afforestation led to an increase in carbon storage that was slightly stronger in coniferous forests as compared to deciduous forests. The relationship between plant species richness and afforestation was context dependent. Species richness showed a non-linear relationship with forest cover share. The relationship was influenced by shares of land use types, climatic conditions and land use configuration expressed by the number of land use patches. The effect of forest type on plant species richness was marginal. On average the relationship between carbon storage and plant species richness was synergistic for most plant groups. However, the relationship between change in species richness and change in carbon storage varied across space. This changing relationship was used to identify priority areas for afforestation. The different plant groups responded differently to an increase in forest cover. The change in species richness for Red List species was relatively distinct from the other species groups. Neophytes and archeophytes (i.e. alien plant species introduced after and before the discovery of the Americas) showed a similar response to the afforestation scenarios. While afforestation had overall positive effects both on plant species richness and carbon storage, a number of locations were identified for which afforestation would lead to a decrease in plant species richness. Spatial planning should therefore avoid afforestation at these locations. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2017,"Lautenbach, S; <br>Lautenbach, S; <br>Jungandreas, A; <br>Blanke, J; <br>Lehsten, V; <br>Muhlner, S; <br>Kuhn, I; <br>Kuhn, I; <br>Kuhn, I; <br>Volk, M","Ecosystem services; Biodiversity; Random forest; Species richness modeling; Trade-offs; LPJ-GUESS; Plant species richness; Carbon storage; Land use change simulation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.09.035","Article","ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture without compromising food security?","To keep global warming possibly below 1.5 degrees C and mitigate adverse effects of climate change, agriculture, like all other sectors, will have to contribute to efforts in achieving net negative emissions by the end of the century. Cost-efficient distribution of mitigation across regions and economic sectors is typically calculated using a global uniform carbon price in climate stabilization scenarios. However, in reality such a carbon price would substantially affect food availability. Here, we assess the implications of climate changemitigation in the land use sector for agricultural production and food security using an integrated partial equilibrium modelling framework and explore ways of relaxing the competition between mitigation in agriculture and food availability. Using a scenario that limits global warming cost-efficiently across sectors to 1.5 degrees C, results indicate global food calorie losses ranging from 110-285 kcal per capita per day in 2050 depending on the applied demand elasticities. This could translate into a rise in undernourishment of 80-300 million people in 2050. Less ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation in the land use sector reduces the associated food security impact significantly, however the 1.5 degrees C target would not be achieved without additional reductions outside the land use sector. Efficiency of GHG mitigation will also depend on the level of participation globally. Our results show that if non-Annex-I countries decide not to contribute to mitigation action while other parties pursue their mitigation efforts to reach the global climate target, food security impacts in these non-Annex-I countries will be higher than if they participate in a global agreement, as inefficient mitigation increases agricultural production costs and therefore food prices. Land-rich countries with a high proportion of emissions from land use change, such as Brazil, could reduce emissions with only a marginal effect on food availability. In contrast, agricultural mitigation in high population (density) countries, such as China and India, would lead to substantial food calorie loss without a major contribution to global GHG mitigation. Increasing soil carbon sequestration on agricultural land would allow reducing the implied calorie loss by 65% when sticking to the initially estimated land use mitigation requirements, thereby limiting the impact on undernourishment to 20-75 million people, and storing significant amounts of carbon in soils.",2017,"Frank, S; <br>Havlik, P; <br>Soussana, JF; <br>Levesque, A; <br>Levesque, A; <br>Valin, H; <br>Wollenberg, E; <br>Wollenberg, E; <br>Kleinwechter, U; <br>Fricko, O; <br>Gusti, M; <br>Gusti, M; <br>Herrero, M; <br>Smith, P; <br>Hasegawa, T; <br>Hasegawa, T; <br>Kraxner, F; <br>Obersteiner, M","AFOLU; climate change mitigation; food security; soil carbon; partial equilibrium model","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8c83","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Trade-offs for food production, nature conservation and climate limit the terrestrial carbon dioxide removal potential","Large-scale biomass plantations (BPs) are a common factor in climate mitigation scenarios as they promise double benefits: extracting carbon from the atmosphere and providing a renewable energy source. However, their terrestrial carbon dioxide removal (tCDR) potentials depend on important factors such as land availability, efficiency of capturing biomass-derived carbon and the timing of operation. Land availability is restricted by the demands of future food production depending on yield increases and population growth, by requirements for nature conservation and, with respect to climate mitigation, avoiding unfavourable albedo changes. We integrate these factors in one spatially explicit biogeochemical simulation framework to explore the tCDR opportunity space on land available after these constraints are taken into account, starting either in 2020 or 2050, and lasting until 2100. We find that assumed future needs for nature protection and food production strongly limit tCDR potentials. BPs on abandoned crop and pasture areas (similar to 1,300 Mha in scenarios of either 8.0 billion people and yield gap reductions of 25% until 2020 or 9.5 billion people and yield gap reductions of 50% until 2050) could, theoretically, sequester similar to 100 GtC in land carbon stocks and biomass harvest by 2100. However, this potential would be similar to 80% lower if only cropland was available or similar to 50% lower if albedo decreases were considered as a factor restricting land availability. Converting instead natural forest, shrubland or grassland into BPs could result in much larger tCDR potentials. but at high environmental costs (e.g. biodiversity loss). The most promising avenue for effective tCDR seems to be improvement of efficient carbon utilization pathways, changes in dietary trends or the restoration of marginal lands for the implementation of tCDR.",2017,"Boysen, LR; <br>Boysen, LR; <br>Boysen, LR; <br>Boysen, LR; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Gerten, D","bioenergy; climate change; ecosystem change; food production; mitigation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13745","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The Role of Bio-energy with Carbon Capture and Storage in Meeting the Climate Mitigation Challenge: A Whole System Perspective","This paper explores the role and implications of bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) for addressing the climate change mitigation challenge. Framed within the context of the latest emissions budgets, and their associated uncertainty, we present a summary of the contribution of BECCS within the Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) scenarios used by the climate change community. Within this discussion we seek to shed light on two important areas. Firstly, that BECCS is a central, but often hidden element of many of the modelling work that underpins climate policy from the global to the national scale. The second area we address are the assumptions for BECCS embedded within IAM models, and the wider system consequences of these implied levels of deployment. In light of these challenges, we question whether BECCS can deliver what is anticipated of it within existing climate change policy. ¬© 2017 The Authors.",2017,"Mander, S.; <br>Anderson, K.; <br>Larkin, A.; <br>Gough, C.; <br>Vaughan, N.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1739","Conference Paper","Energy Procedia","Quant. analyses & models"]
["A Sustainable Pathway of Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage Deployment","We present a development strategy of low carbon scenarios that consider interaction of economically viable bioenergy and/or BECCS technological flow, biophysical limit of bioenergy productivity and food security. In the process, detailed bioenergy representations, including various bioenergy feedstock and conversion technologies with and without CCS, are implemented in an integrated assessment (IA) model, GRAPE (Global Relationship Assessment to Protect the Environment). Also to overcome a general discrepancy about yield development between 'top-down' IA models and 'bottom-up' estimates, we applied yields change of food and bioenergy crops consistent with process-based biophysical food crop models for bioenergy crops in changing climate conditions. Using the framework, economically viable strategy for implementing sustainable BECCS are evaluated. ¬© 2017 The Authors.",2017,"Kato, E.; <br>Moriyama, R.; <br>Kurosawa, A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1748","Conference Paper","Energy Procedia","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Reduced Local Emissions and Long-term Carbon Storage through Pyrolysis of Agricultural Waste and Application of Pyrolysis Char for Soil Improvement","The direct storage of biologically stable pyrolysis char in soils is discussed as a low-tech below zero emission technology option with positive side-effects. A rotary kiln pyrolysis process, which has already been successfully applied at industrial scale before, is selected as the reference technology. Cotton stalks are considered as feed for the pyrolysis plant, representing a typical agricultural by-product with short rotation times. The plant efficiency is calculated for the case that the thermal energy that runs the pyrolysis process is provided by combustion of a part of the pyrolysis gas, while pyrolysis oil is provided as a product. The remaining pyrolysis gas powers a gas engine-based combined heat and power (CHP) island. 100% of fuel power fed with the biomass are distributed as follows (based on the lower heating value): 52% stay in the biochar, 13% in the pyrolysis oil, 10% are converted to electric power in the CHP plant, and, finally 15% are available as heat at a temperature span between forward and back flow of 100 ¬∞C/70 ¬∞C and may be used on-site for drying of agricultural products and pyrolysis feedstock. A rough comparison of the proposed process to biomass power generation substituting coal-fired power generation shows that the net effects on the carbon balance are comparable, but additional carbon-neutral energy streams are generated in the pyrolysis case. ¬© 2017 The Authors.",2017,"Pr√∂ll, T.; <br>Afif, R.A.; <br>Schaffer, S.; <br>Pfeifer, C.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1742","Conference Paper","Energy Procedia","Quant. analyses & models"]
["A Sustainability Framework for Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) Technologies","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) involves the conversion of biomass to energy, producing CO2 which is sequestered, transported and then permanently stored in a suitable geological formation. Thus, a negative flow of CO2 from the atmosphere to the subsurface is established. The potential of BECCS to remove CO2 from the atmosphere (in addition to generating energy) makes it an attractive approach to help achieving the ambitious global warming targets of COP 21. BECCS has a range of variables such as the type of biomass resource, the conversion technology, the CO2capture process used and storage options. Each of the pathways to connect these options has its own environmental, economic and social impacts. This study attempts to integrate these impacts into a three pillar sustainability framework (3PSF) approach. As an example, the 3PSF approach is applied to bioenergy from organic waste collected from municipal solid waste (MSW). Global and Australian potentials for using municipal solid waste as resource for bioenergy and coupling it with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), was investigated. Two BECCS systems, municipal solid waste incineration with carbon capture and storage (MSW-CCS) and landfill gas combusted in gas turbine with carbon capture and storage (LFG-CCS) were modelled. In the case of business-as-usual scenarios with no emission policy in place, the cost of electricity from both BECCS options is higher than for unmitigated coal power generation. However, introducing renewable energy certificate or negative emission refunding schemes has a significant impact on the economic viability of these technologies. Environmental impact assessments show that in the MSW-CCS model, for each kg of wet MSW incinerated around 0.7 kg CO2,eq is removed from the atmosphere. BECCS has the potential to be a valuable step towards a low-carbon energy system. However, if planned unsustainably it could compromise the natural ecosystem and social equity. The importance of the presented study is in its holistic approach to assessing the sustainability of different BECCS routes and providing a comprehensive adaptive management system that enables decision-makers to plan BECCS options in a transparent and timely manner. ¬© 2017 The Authors.",2017,"Pour, N.; <br>Webley, P.A.; <br>Cook, P.J.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1741","Conference Paper","Energy Procedia","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Crop response to soils amended with biochar: expected benefits and unintended risks","Biochar (BC) from biomass waste pyrolysis has been widely studied due to its ability to increase carbon sequestration, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance both crop growth and soil quality. This review summarises the current knowledge of BC production, characterisation, and types, with a focus on its positive effects on crop yield and soil properties vs the unintended risks associated with these effects. Biochar-amended soils enhance crop growth and yield via several mechanisms: expanded plant nutrient and is availability through increased use efficiencies, improved soil quality, and suppression of soil and plant diseases. Yield response to BC has been shown to be more evident in acidic and sandy soils than in alkaline and fine-textured soils. Biochar composition and properties vary considerably with feedstock and pyrolysis conditions so much that its concentrations of toxic compounds and heavy metals can negatively impact crop and soil health. Consequently, more small-scale and greenhouse-sited studies are in process to investigate the role of BC/soil/crop types on crop growth, and the mechanisms by which they influence crop yield. Similarly a need exists for long-term, field-scale studies on the effects (beneficial and harmful) of BC amendment on soil health and crop yields, so that production guidelines and quality standards may be devel oped for BCs derived from a range of feedstocks.",2017,"Subedi, R; <br>Bertora, C; <br>Zavattaro, L; <br>Grignani, C","Feedstock type; Pyrolysis temperature; Crop yield; Carbon sequestration; Soil quality","http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2017.794","Article","ITALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Climate-smart cropping systems for temperate and tropical agriculture: mitigation, adaptation and trade-offs","Climate-smart cropping systems should be designed with three objectives: reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, adapting to changing and fluctuating climate and environment, and securing food production sustainably. Agriculture can improve the net GHG emissions balance via three levers: less N2O, CH4 and CO2 emissions, more carbon storage, and green energy production (agrifuels, biogas). Reducing the application of mineral N fertilizer is the main option for reducing N2O emissions either directly or by increasing the proportion of legumes in the rotation. The most promising options for mitigating CH4 emissions in paddy fields are based on mid-season drainage or intermittent irrigation. The second option is storing more carbon in soil and biomass by promoting no-tillage (less fuel, crop residues), sowing cover crops, introducing or maintaining grasslands and promoting agroforestry. Breeding for varieties better adapted to thermal shocks and drought is mainly suggested as long-term adaptation to climate change. Short-term strategies have been identified from current practices to take advantage of more favorable growing conditions or to offset negative impacts: shifting sowing dates, changing species, cultivars and crop rotations, modifying soil management and fertilization, introducing or expanding irrigation. Some crops could also move to more suitable locations. Model-based tools and site-specific technologies should be developed to optimize, support and secure farmer's decisions in a context of uncertainty and hazards. Most of the adaptation and mitigation options are going in the same way but tradeoffs will have to be addressed (e. g. increasing the part of legumes will be possible only with significant breeding efforts). This will be a challenge for designing cropping systems in a multifunctional perspective.",2017,"Debaeke, P; <br>Pellerin, S; <br>Scopel, E","climate change; adaptation; mitigation; trade-offs; conservation agriculture","http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2017028","Review","CAHIERS AGRICULTURES","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Pollution to solution: Capture and sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and its utilization as a renewable energy source for a sustainable future","The major contributor to global warming is human-generated greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions that pollute the air. GHGs emissions are a global issue dominated by emission of carbon dioxide (CO2). Notably, CO2 accounts for an estimated 77% of GHGs and thus has a huge impact on the environment. The capture, sequestration, and utilization of CO2 emissions from flue gas are now becoming familiar worldwide. These methods are a promising solution to promote sustainability for the benefit of future generations. Previously, many researchers have focused on capturing and storing CO2; however, less effort has been spent on finding ways to utilize flue gas emissions. Moreover, several issues must be overcome in the field of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology, especially regarding the cost, capacity of storage and the durability of the storage reservoir. In addition, this paper addresses new technology in carbon capture and sequestration. To make CCS technology more feasible, this paper suggests a sustainable method combining CCS and biofuel production.using CO2 as a feedstock. This method offers many advantages, such as CO2 emission mitigation and energy security through the production of renewable energy. Due to the many advantages of biofuels, the conversion of CO2 into biofuel is a best practice and may provide a solution to pollution while encouraging sustainability practises.",2017,"Rahman, FA; <br>Aziz, MMA; <br>Saidur, R; <br>Saidur, R; <br>Abu Bakar, WAW; <br>Hainin, MR; <br>Putrajaya, R; <br>Hassan, NA","CO2; Pollution to solution; Carbon capture and sequestration; Renewable energy; Biofuel; Environment","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.011","Review","RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds in biochar and biochar-amended soil: a review","Residual pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and carbon (aceous) nanoparticles are inevitably generated during the pyrolysis of waste biomass and remain on the solid coproduct called biochar. Such pollutants could have adverse effects on the plant growth as well as microbial community in soil. Although biochar has been proposed as a 'carbon negative strategy' to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions, the impacts of its application with respect to long-term persistence and bioavailability of hazardous components are not clear. Moreover, the co-occurrence of low molecular weight VOCs with PAHs in biochar may exert further phytotoxic effects. This review describes the basic need to unravel key mechanisms driving the storage vs. emission of these organics and the dynamics between the sorbent (biochar) and soil microbes. Moreover, there is an urgent need for standardized methods for quantitative analysis of PAHs and VOCs in biochar under environmentally relevant conditions. This review is also extended to cover current research gaps including the influence of biochar application on the short- and long-term fate of PAHs and VOCs and the proper control tactics for biochar quality and associated risk.",2017,"Dutta, T; <br>Kwon, E; <br>Bhattacharya, SS; <br>Jeon, BH; <br>Deep, A; <br>Deep, A; <br>Uchimiya, M; <br>Kim, KH","biochar; environmental pollutants; PAHs; soil; sorption capacity; VOCs","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12363","Review","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar properties and eco-friendly applications for climate change mitigation, waste management, and wastewater treatment: A review","Pyrolysis is one of the most promising technologies for the conversion of biomass into high-value products such as bio-oil, syngas, and biochar in the absence of oxygen. High yield biochar can be produced through torrefaction or slow pyrolysis. The efficiency of biochar production from biomass is highly dependent on the pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, type and composition of feedstock, particle size, and reactor conditions. Application of biochar to agriculture may have a significant effect on reducing global warming through the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the sequestering of atmospheric carbon into soil. At the same time, biochar can help improve soil health and fertility, and enhance agricultural production. Livestock manure, along with waste-feed residues and bedding materials, is a potential source of biochar. This waste emits significant amounts of GHGs adding to global warming and threatening the environment in other ways. The environmental challenges caused by agricultural and animal-waste disposal can be reduced by recycling the waste using pyrolysis, into biochar, energy, and value-added products. Biochar can act as a sorbent for organic and inorganic contaminants and can efficiently remove these materials from affected waters. Contaminant removal is mainly based on the presence of functional groups and charges on the surface of the biochar. Thus, biochar can help to improve food security by contributing to sustainable production systems and maintaining an eco-friendly environment. This review details the principles and concepts involved in biochar production, the factors that affect biochar quality, as well as the applications of biochar.",2017,"Qambrani, NA; <br>Rahman, MM; <br>Rahman, MM; <br>Won, S; <br>Shim, S; <br>Ra, C","Biochar; Carbon sequestration; GHG mitigation; Soil fertility; Waste management; Wastewater treatment","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.057","Review","RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Using cover crops to mitigate and adapt to climate change. A review","Cover crops have long been touted for their ability to reduce erosion, fix atmospheric nitrogen, reduce nitrogen leaching, and improve soil health. In recent decades, there has been resurgence in cover crop adoption that is synchronous with a heightened awareness of climate change. Climate change mitigation and adaptation may be additional, important ecosystem services provided by cover crops, but they lie outside of the traditional list of cover cropping benefits. Here, we review the potential for cover crops to mitigate climate change by tallying all of the positive and negative impacts of cover crops on the net global warming potential of agricultural fields. Then, we use lessons learned from two contrasting regions to evaluate how cover crops affect adaptive management for precipitation and temperature change. Three key outcomes from this synthesis are (1) Cover crop effects on greenhouse gas fluxes typically mitigate warming by similar to 100 to 150 g CO2 e/m(2)/year, which is higher than mitigation from transitioning to no-till. The most important terms in the budget are soil carbon sequestration and reduced fertilizer use after legume cover crops. (2) The surface albedo change due to cover cropping, calculated for the first time here using case study sites in central Spain and Pennsylvania, USA, may mitigate 12 to 46 g CO2 e/m(2)/year over a 100-year time horizon. And (3) Cover crop management can also enable climate change adaptation at these case study sites, especially through reduced vulnerability to erosion from extreme rain events, increased soil water management options during droughts or periods of soil saturation, and retention of nitrogen mineralized due to warming. Overall, we found very few tradeoffs between cover cropping and climate change mitigation and adaptation, suggesting that ecosystem services that are traditionally expected from cover cropping can be promoted synergistically with services related to climate change.",2017,"Kaye, JP; <br>Quemada, M","Adaptive management; Agriculture; Albedo; Cover crops; Climate change; Global warming; Greenhouse gases; Mitigation; Review","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13593-016-0410-x","Review","AGRONOMY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Can BECCS deliver sustainable and resource efficient negative emissions?","Negative emissions technologies (NETs) in general and bioenergy with CO2 capture and storage (BECCS) in particular are commonly regarded as vital yet controversial to meeting our climate goals. In this contribution we present a whole-systems analysis of the BECCS value chain associated with cultivation, harvesting, transport and conversion in dedicated biomass power stations in conjunction with CCS, of a range of biomass resources - both dedicated energy crops (miscanthus, switchgrass, short rotation coppice willow), and agricultural residues (wheat straw). We explicitly consider the implications of sourcing the biomass from different regions, climates and land types. The water, carbon and energy footprints of each value chain were calculated, and their impact on the overall system water, carbon and power efficiencies was evaluated. An extensive literature review was performed and a statistical analysis of the available data is presented. In order to describe the dynamic greenhouse gas balance of such a system, a yearly accounting of the emissions was performed over the lifetime of a BECCS facility, and the carbon \"breakeven time'' and lifetime net CO2 removal from the atmosphere were determined. The effects of direct and indirect land use change were included, and were found to be a key determinant of the viability of a BECCS project. Overall we conclude that, depending on the conditions of its deployment, BECCS could lead to both carbon positive and negative results. The total quantity of CO2 removed from the atmosphere over the project lifetime and the carbon breakeven time were observed to be highly case specific. This has profound implications for the policy frameworks required to incentivise and regulate the widespread deployment of BECCS technology. The results of a sensitivity analysis on the model combined with the investigation of alternate supply chain scenarios elucidated key levers to improve the sustainability of BECCS: (1) measuring and limiting the impacts of direct and indirect land use change, (2) using carbon neutral power and organic fertilizer, (3) minimising biomass transport, and prioritising sea over road transport, (4) maximising the use of carbon negative fuels, and (5) exploiting alternative biomass processing options, e.g., natural drying or torrefaction. A key conclusion is that, regardless of the biomass and region studied, the sustainability of BECCS relies heavily on intelligent management of the supply chain.",2017,"Fajardy, M; <br>Fajardy, M; <br>Mac Dowell, N; <br>Mac Dowell, N",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee00465f","Article","ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Climate change mitigation: potential benefits and pitfalls of enhanced rock weathering in tropical agriculture","Restricting future global temperature increase to 2 degrees C or less requires the adoption of negative emissions technologies for carbon capture and storage. We review the potential for deployment of enhanced weathering (EW), via the application of crushed reactive silicate rocks (such as basalt), on over 680 million hectares of tropical agricultural and tree plantations to offset fossil fuel CO2 emissions. Warm tropical climates and productive crops will substantially enhance weathering rates, with potential co-benefits including decreased soil acidification and increased phosphorus supply promoting higher crop yields sparing forest for conservation, and reduced cultural eutrophication. Potential pitfalls include the impacts of mining operations on deforestation, producing the energy to crush and transport silicates and the erosion of silicates into rivers and coral reefs that increases inorganic turbidity, sedimentation and pH, with unknown impacts for biodiversity. We identify nine priority research areas for untapping the potential of EW in the tropics, including effectiveness of tropical agriculture at EW for major crops in relation to particle sizes and soil types, impacts on human health, and effects on farmland, adjacent forest and stream-water biodiversity.",2017,"Edwards, DP; <br>Lim, F; <br>James, RH; <br>Pearce, CR; <br>Scholes, J; <br>Freckleton, RP; <br>Beerling, DJ","carbon dioxide removal; global temperature; negative emissions technologies; oil palm; agroecosystems and monoculture tree plantations; silicate weathering","http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0715","Review","BIOLOGY LETTERS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Effects and mechanisms of biochar-microbe interactions in soil improvement and pollution remediation: A review","Biochars have attracted tremendous attention due to their effects on soil improvement; they enhance carbon storage, soil fertility and quality, and contaminant (organic and heavy metal) immobilization and transformation. These effects could be achieved by modifying soil microbial habitats and (or) directly influencing microbial metabolisms, which together induce changes in microbial activity and microbial community structures. This review links microbial responses, including microbial activity, community structures and soil enzyme activities, with changes in soil properties caused by biochars. In particular, we summarized possible mechanisms that are involved in the effects that biochar-microbe interactions have on soil carbon sequestration and pollution remediation. Special attention has been paid to biochar effects on the formation and protection of soil aggregates, biochar adsorption of contaminants, biochar-mediated transformation of soil contaminants by microorganisms, and biochar-facilitated electron transfer between microbial cells and contaminants and soil organic matter. Certain reactive organic compounds and heavy metals in biochar may induce toxicity to soil microorganisms. Adsorption and hydrolysis of signaling molecules by biochar interrupts microbial interspecific communications, potentially altering soil microbial community structures. Further research is urged to verify the proposed mechanisms involved in biochar-microbiota interactions for soil remediation and improvement. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2017,"Zhu, XM; <br>Zhu, XM; <br>Chen, BL; <br>Chen, BL; <br>Zhu, LZ; <br>Zhu, LZ; <br>Xing, BS","Biochar amendment; Soil improvement; Microbial community; Carbon sequestration; Contaminant mitigation; Interaction mechanisms","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envPol.2017.04.032","Review","ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Potential of global croplands and bioenergy crops for climate change mitigation through deployment for enhanced weathering","Conventional row crop agriculture for both food and fuel is a source of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere, and intensifying production on agricultural land increases the potential for soil C loss and soil acidification due to fertilizer use. Enhanced weathering (EW) in agricultural soils applying crushed silicate rock as a soil amendment is a method for combating global climate change while increasing nutrient availability to plants. EW uses land that is already producing food and fuel to sequester carbon (C), and reduces N2O loss through pH buffering. As biofuel use increases, EW in bioenergy crops offers the opportunity to sequester CO2 while reducing fossil fuel combustion. Uncertainties remain in the long-term effects and global implications of large-scale efforts to directly manipulate Earth's atmospheric CO2 composition, but EW in agricultural lands is an opportunity to employ these soils to sequester atmospheric C while benefitting crop production and the global climate.",2017,"Kantola, IB; <br>Kantola, IB; <br>Masters, MD; <br>Masters, MD; <br>Beerling, DJ; <br>Long, SP; <br>Long, SP; <br>DeLucia, EH; <br>DeLucia, EH; <br>DeLucia, EH","basalt; carbon sequestration; agriculture; global climate change; silicate weathering; biofuels","http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0714","Review","BIOLOGY LETTERS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["A Dialogue on Perspectives of Biochar Applications and Its Environmental Risks","Biochar presents great promise as a technology that makes a substantial contribution in various fields of environmental research. However, existing knowledge is still uneven and limited in terms of its effective utilization and field application. In this review, a comprehensive discussionof biochar technology is presentedwith respect to three main aspects:(1) biochar stability; (2) application in soil for conditioning, remediation, and GHG reduction; and (3) biochar sustainability and its environmental impacts. Biochar is a highly stable and slow-mineralizing product; therefore, its application promotes agricultural productivity by providingan efficient nutrient balance and soil fertility, and by restricting the loss of nutrients due to its surface sorption capacity. Moreover, it contributes significantly to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from the soil through carbon sequestration. The high adsorption capacity of biochar aids in removing contaminants from soil, thus assisting in the restoration of contaminated sites. Nevertheless, biochar poses certain negative impacts to the environment as well. A few studies have reported that biochar could release organic and inorganic contaminants such as phenol, PAHs, POPs, dioxins, furans, and heavy metals into the soil, altering the soil productivity and soil biota. In certain circumstances, biochar is also responsible for emission of CO2 from soil due to the priming effect. However, the effect of biochar in soil varies widely depending upon ecological conditions, the pyrolysis process, and the feedstock materials. Overall, this review aims to help in evaluating and addressing the mechanistic understanding of biochar functions in the environment and encouraging awareness of the need forfuture research to counteract its negative environmental consequences.",2017,"Qadeer, S; <br>Anjum, M; <br>Khalid, A; <br>Waqas, M; <br>Batool, A; <br>Mahmood, T","Biochar; Biochar stability; Soil nutrients; GHGs; Environmental risks; Soil contaminants","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3428-z","Article","WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar-Rhizosphere Interactions - a Review","Biochar is a solid material of biological origin obtained from biomass carbonization, designed as a mean to reduce greenhouse gases emission and carbon sequestration in soils for a long time. Biochar has a wide spectrum of practical utilization and is applied as a promising soil improver or fertilizer in agriculture, or as a medium for soil or water remediation. Preparations of biochar increase plant growth and yielding when applied into soil and also improve plant growth conditions, mainly bio, physical and chemical properties of soil. Its physical and chemical properties have an influence on bacteria, fungi and invertebrates, both in field and laboratory conditions. Such effects on rhizosphere organisms are positive or negative depending on biochar raw material origin, charring conditions, frequency of applications, applications method and doses, but long term effects are generally positive and are associated mainly with increased soil biota activity However, a risk assessment of biochar applications is necessary to protect food production and the soil environment. This should be accomplished by biochar production and characterization, land use implementation, economic analysis, including life cycle assessment, and environmental impact assessment.",2017,"Gluszek, S; <br>Sas-Paszt, L; <br>Sumorok, B; <br>Kozera, R","biochar; rhizosphere; soil bacteria; soil microbiota; soil quality",null,"Review","POLISH JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["In the Shadow of Trees: Does Eucalyptus Afforestation Reduce Herpetofaunal Diversity in Southern Brazil?","Tree cultivation is widely stimulated due to the provision of environmental services by sequestering atmospheric carbon, but forestry is a potential danger to biodiversity, mainly when cultivation replaces originally non-forested landscapes. Due to the rapid expansion of afforestation in grassland ecosystems, we used environmental descriptors and structure of amphibian and reptile communities as a tool to assess the possible effects of forestry on wildlife. We used pitfall traps with drift fences in Eucalyptus afforestation and native grasslands of the Pampa biome from southern Brazil. Amphibians and reptile species richness was lower in afforestation than in native grasslands. Furthermore, the reptile community found in afforestation was a poor subset of the community recorded in native grasslands. Indeed, the structure of communities for both amphibians and reptiles in afforestation was highly dissimilar from the native grasslands, with major environmental descriptors that influenced this difference being related to the structure of undergrowth vegetation, incident light, and sodium concentration in soil. Amphibians and reptiles proved to be an efficient tool to assess the potential impacts effects of afforestation/forestation since the replacement of natural grassland ecosystems by eucalypt afforestation caused detectable negative effects on the diversity of herpetofauna. Biodiversity conservation strategies in non-forest ecosystems are urgently needed and should encompass policies to restrict the expansion of forestry on the remaining native grasslands.",2017,"Saccol, SDA; <br>Bolzan, AMR; <br>dos Santos, TG","Anurans; Community changes; Grasslands; Habitat loss; Reptiles","http://dx.doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-16-00028.1","Review","SOUTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Public perceptions of climate geoengineering: a systematic review of the literature","Geoengineering is a set of proposed large-scale technological fixes designed to curb anthropogenic climate change mostly through the reduction or neutralization of greenhouse gas emissions. While this set of technologies may provide significant benefit to future society, it may also be controversial for a variety of reasons including values-based objections and uncertainties regarding the manageability and potential irreversibility of the technologies. Studies of public perceptions of geoengineering have begun to elicit responses to these proposed technologies, yet the findings of such work are scattered across many publications, and represent the work of a variety of scholars using many methods to collect data. This work provides a systematic review of empirical literature regarding the methods and results of public perception studies of 2 distinct geoengineering approaches: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Reviewing public opinion data regarding these sets of technologies can provide a stronger basis of understanding that can empower anticipatory governance initiatives, future decision-making, and risk communication. We do not analyze public opinion studies regarding carbon dioxide capture and storage, as other reviews have been recently published elsewhere. Four key themes are identified and reviewed across studies: (1) support for research and use of geoengineering, (2) risk and benefit perceptions, (3) familiarity with geoengineering, and (4) trust in governing bodies. This review also discusses methodological issues pertaining to participant sampling and framing of geo-engineering technologies within the reviewed studies.",2017,"Cummings, CL; <br>Lin, SH; <br>Trump, BD","Public perception; Geoengineering; Risk and benefit perception; Familiarity; Trust","http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr01475","Review","CLIMATE RESEARCH","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Forest management and carbon sequestration in the Mediterranean region: A review","Aim of study: TTo review and acknowledge the value of carbon sequestration by forest management in the Mediterranean area. Material and methods: We review the main effects of forest management by comparing the effects of silvicultural systems (even-aged vs. uneven-aged stands, coppice systems, agroforestry systems), silvicultural options (thinning, rotation period, species composition), afforestation, harvesting, fire impact or effects of shrub layer on carbon sequestration in the Mediterranean area. Main results: We illustrate as forest management can clearly improve forest carbon sequestration amounts. We conclude that forest management is an effective way to maintain and enhance high carbon sequestration rates in order to cope with climate change and provision of ecosystem services. We also think that although much effort has been put into this topic research, there are still certain gaps that must be dealt with to increase our scientific knowledge and in turn transfer this knowledge to forest practitioners in order to achieve sustainable management aimed at mitigating climate change. Research highlights: It is important to underline the importance of forests in the carbon cycle as this role can be enhanced by forest managers through sustainable forest management. The effects of different management options or disturbances can be critical as regards mitigating climate change. Understanding the effects of forest management is even more important in the Mediterranean area, given that the current high climatic variability together with historical human exploitation and disturbance events make this area more vulnerable to the effects of climate change.",2017,"Ruiz-Peinado, R; <br>Ruiz-Peinado, R; <br>Bravo-Oviedo, A; <br>Bravo-Oviedo, A; <br>Lopez-Senespleda, E; <br>Lopez-Senespleda, E; <br>Bravo, F; <br>Bravo, F; <br>del Rio, M; <br>del Rio, M","global carbon cycle; forest sink; forest mitigation strategies; carbon sequestration potential; climate change mitigation; Mediterranean forests","http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2017262-11205","Review","FOREST SYSTEMS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Multiple benefits of legumes for agriculture sustainability: an overview","Food security, lowering the risk of climate change and meeting the increasing demand for energy will increasingly be critical challenges in the years to come. Producing sustainably is therefore becoming central in agriculture and food systems. Legume crops could play an important role in this context by delivering multiple services in line with sustainability principles. In addition to serving as fundamental, worldwide source of high-quality food and feed, legumes contribute to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, as they release 5‚Äì7 times less GHG per unit area compared with other crops; allow the sequestration of carbon in soils with values estimated from 7.21¬†g¬†kg‚àí1 DM, 23.6 versus 21.8¬†g¬†C¬†kg‚àí1 year; and induce a saving of fossil energy inputs in the system thanks to N fertilizer reduction, corresponding to 277¬†kg¬†ha‚àí1 of CO2 per year. Legumes could also be competitive crops and, due to their environmental and socioeconomic benefits, could be introduced in modern cropping systems to increase crop diversity and reduce use of external inputs. They also perform well in conservation systems, intercropping systems, which are very important in developing countries as well as in low-input and low-yield farming systems. Legumes fix the atmospheric nitrogen, release in the soil high-quality organic matter and facilitate soil nutrients‚Äô circulation and water retention. Based on these multiple functions, legume crops have high potential for conservation agriculture, being functional either as growing crop or as crop residue. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] ¬© 2017, The Author(s).",2017,"Stagnari, F.; <br>Maggio, A.; <br>Galieni, A.; <br>Pisante, M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40538-016-0085-1","Review","Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar for crop production: potential benefits and risks","Purpose: Biochar, the by-product of thermal decomposition of organic materials in an oxygen-limited environment, is increasingly being investigated due to its potential benefits for soil health, crop yield, carbon (C) sequestration, and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. Materials and methods: In this review, we discuss the potential role of biochar for improving crop yields and decreasing the emission of greenhouse gases, along with the potential risks involved with biochar application and strategies to avoid these risks. Results and discussion: Biochar soil amendment improves crop productivity mainly by increasing nutrient use efficiency and water holding capacity. However, improvements to crop production are often recorded in highly degraded and nutrient-poor soils, while its application to fertile and healthy soils does not always increase crop yield. Since biochars are produced from a variety of feedstocks, certain contaminants can be present. Heavy metals in biochar may affect plant growth as well as rhizosphere microbial and faunal communities and functions. Biochar manufacturers should get certification that their products meet International Biochar Initiative (IBI) quality standards (basic utility properties, toxicant assessment, advanced analysis, and soil enhancement properties). Conclusions: The long-term effects of biochar on soil functions and its fate in different soil types require immediate attention. Biochar may change the soil biological community composition and abundance and retain the pesticides applied. As a consequence, weed control in biochar-amended soils may be difficult as preemergence herbicides may become less effective. ¬© 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.",2017,"Siddique, K.H.M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1360-2","JOUR","J. Soils Sed.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Perceptions of enhanced weathering as a biological negative emissions option","This paper addresses the social acceptability of enhanced weathering, a technology that would involve spreading silicate particles over terrestrial surfaces in order to boost the biological processes that currently sequester CO2 as part of the earth's natural carbon cycle. We present the first exploration of British attitudes towards enhanced weathering, using an online survey (n = 935) of a representative quota sample of the public. Baseline awareness of weathering was extremely low. Many respondents remained undecided or neutral about risks, although more people support than oppose weathering. Factors predicting support for weathering and its research included feelings about the technology and trust in scientists. Over half of the sample agrees that scientists should be able to conduct research into effectiveness and risks, but with conditions also placed upon how research is conducted, including the need for scientific independence, small-scale trials, strict monitoring, risk minimization and transparency of results. Public engagement is needed to explore in more detail why particular individuals feel either positive or negative about weathering, and why they believe particular conditions should be applied to research, as part of wider responsible research and innovation processes for biological and other types of negative emissions technologies.",2017,"Pidgeon, NF; <br>Pidgeon, NF; <br>Pidgeon, NF; <br>Spence, E; <br>Spence, E; <br>Spence, E","public perceptions; enhanced weathering; biological negative emissions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0024","Article","BIOLOGY LETTERS","Surveys & interviews"]
["The influence of learning about carbon dioxide removal (CDR) on support for mitigation policies","A wide range of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategies has been proposed to address climate change. As most CDR strategies are unfamiliar to the public, it is unknown how increased media and policy attention on CDR might affect public sentiment about climate change. On the one hand, CDR poses a potential moral hazard: if people perceive that CDR solves climate change, they may be less likely to support efforts to reduce carbon emissions. On the other hand, the need for CDR may increase the perceived severity of climate change and, thus, increase support for other types of mitigation. Using an online survey of US adults (N = 984), we tested these competing hypotheses by exposing participants to information about different forms of CDR. We find that learning about certain CDR strategies indirectly reduces support for mitigation policies by reducing the perceived threat of climate change. This was found to be true for participants who read about CDR in general (without mention of specific strategies), bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, or direct air capture. Furthermore, this risk compensation pattern was more pronounced among political conservatives than liberals-although in some cases, was partially offset by positive direct effects. Learning about reforestation, by contrast, had no indirect effects on mitigation support through perceived threat but was found to directly increase support among conservatives. The results suggest caution is warranted when promoting technological fixes to climate change, like CDR, as some forms may further dampen support for climate change action among the unengaged.",2017,"Campbell-Arvai, V; <br>Hart, PS; <br>Raimi, KT; <br>Wolske, KS; <br>Wolske, KS",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-2005-1","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Surveys & interviews"]
["Interactions between biochar and soil organic carbon decomposition: Effects of nitrogen and low molecular weight carbon compound addition","Conversion of plant residues to biochar is an attractive strategy for atmospheric CO2 emission mitigation and soil carbon (C) storage enhancement. However, our understanding of the factors controlling biochar persistence in soil is still limited, and generally based on biochar chemical recalcitrance. In addition to its chemical properties, biochar C decomposition might be limited by other factors, such as N and low molecular weight C compounds (LMW-C) availability. We presented results from a laboratory incubation experiment, where 4 atom% C-13 enriched biochar was added at a rate of 10% by weight to two different soils, with or without N and LMW-C additions. Sucrose was used as the LMW-C, and its 13C natural abundance composition was manipulated, by mixing sucrose from sugar beet (C3) and from sugar cane (C4), to make it equal or dissimilar to the native soil organic carbon (SOC). This approach allowed partitioning the biochar-C from the 'soil + LMW-C' in the biochar amendment units and the LMW-C from SOC in the non-biochar amended units. Biochar-C, SOC and LMW-C were traced into CO2 throughout the 112 day incubation and into microbial biomass C (MBC) and dissolved organic C (DOC) at the end of the incubation. Compared to LMW-C addition, N was a more significant factor stimulating biochar-C mineralization and biochar-C incorporation in microbial biomass. Biochar significantly decreased SOC mineralization and this negative effect was not influenced by N and LMW-C additions. Biochar addition promoted formation of SOC derived DOC; however, DOC accumulated in soil rather than being mineralized to CO2. According to our study, biochar was confirmed to be highly resistant to decomposition, and N or LMW-C availability did not affect the overall soil C sequestration potential of biochar. Biochar effects on soil DOC dynamics will need to be farther investigated in the field to better constrain the overall C sequestration potential of biochar. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2016,"Jiang, XY; <br>Jiang, XY; <br>Jiang, XY; <br>Haddix, ML; <br>Cotrufo, MF; <br>Cotrufo, MF","Biochar loss; Nitrogen; Low molecular weight C compound; C-13 of microbial biomass C; Dissolved organic C","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.05.020","Article","SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY","Field experiments"]
["Modification of chemical and hydrophysical properties of two texturally differentiated soils due to varying magnitudes of added biochar","The potential benefit of biochar as a soil conditioner to improve crop yield and simultaneously sequester carbon in the soil, is a subject of intense discourse. Biochar amendment of agricultural soils is presumed to improve water holding capacity of the soil, and enhance nutrient retention within the root zone. However, there are very few investigations which provide quantitative data and qualitative descriptions concerning the specific mechanisms driving these improvements in the properties of biochar-amended soils. In this study, the effect of different rates of biochar amendment on some chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of fine-sand and sandy loamy silt soils was investigated by adding 20, 50 and 100 g biochar kg(-1) (by dry weight). In order to evaluate the additional effects of biochar application, the initial hydrophobicity and rheological properties were also examined. The result showed that biochar amendment improved total carbon and aggregate properties. The available water capacity was significantly higher in the amended substrates, particularly in the amended fine sand. Saturated hydraulic conductivity of the sandy loam silt increased between 25% and 119%, but decreased in the fine sand between 23 and 82%. Moreover, biochar amendment of the sandy loamy silt improved particle to particle bonding and resulted in the development of weaker (compared with the unamended control) but more resilient aggregates which were better structured. With increasing rate of added biochar (>= 50-<= 100 g kg(-1)) the added biochar itself now dominated the internal soil strength of the substrate. Adding (>= 20 g kg(-1)) biochar, to the fine-sand induced particle rearrangements, which in combination with possible surface oxidation at the biochar-soil particles interphase, improved bonding in this originally non-cohesive soil. Beyond an amendment rate of 50 g biochar kg(-1) soil, we observed that most of the positive improvements, associated with the biochar treatment of the soils, were no longer significant and the aggregates became brittle and collapsed more easily. Our results therefore provide more detailed insights into the effect of biochar in agricultural soils depending on texture of the soil and the amount of added biochar. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2016,"Ajayi, AE; <br>Ajayi, AE; <br>Horn, R","Biochar; Pore size distribution; Hydraulic functions; Rheology; Hydrophobicity","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2016.01.011","Article; Proceedings Paper","SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH","Field experiments"]
["Effect of long-term differential application of inorganic fertilizers and manure on soil CO2 emissions","Carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes from agricultural soils have been considered as one of the important environmental impact issue, due to their role in global warming and also its mitigation by carbon (C) sequestration in soils. Substantial scope of C sequestration with the application of inorganic fertilizers and manures has been reported, but the long-term effects of continuous application need to be critically examined. To study the effect of continuous differential application of NPK fertilizers and farmyard manure (FYM) in maize-wheat cropping system, CO2 fluxes were measured via closed chambers and gas chromatography in a long-term experiment in progress for the past 42 years. The average daily CO2 fluxes differed significantly amongst various treatments and were 55, 26 and 92% higher in NPK, N and NPK + FYM treatments over the control in the maize crop season and 43, 8 and 83% in the wheat crop season. Highly significant correlation of CO2 emissions was found with soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in the maize and the wheat crop seasons. Although, CO2 emissions were higher from long-term inorganic fertilizers and FYM treatments, still they are environmentally sustainable management practices, as they increased soil fertility and crop yields which consequently resulted in higher atmospheric CO2 capture by plants and carbon sequestration in soils.",2016,"Dhadli, HS; <br>Brar, BS","fertilization; soil C-forms; soil N-forms; Zea mays; Triticum spp.","http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/266/2015-PSE","Article","PLANT SOIL AND ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["The effect of biochar management on soil and plant community properties in a boreal forest","Biochar management has been proposed as a possible tool to mitigate anthropogenic CO2 emissions, and thus far its impacts in forested environments remain poorly understood. We conducted a large-scale, replicated field experiment using 0.05-ha plots in the boreal region in northern Sweden to evaluate how soil and vegetation properties and processes responded to biochar application and the disturbance associated with burying biochar in the soil. We employed a randomized block design, where biochar and soil mixing treatments were established in factorial combination (i.e., control, soil mixing only, biochar only, and biochar and soil mixing; n=6 plots of each). After two growing seasons, we found that biochar application enhanced net soil N mineralization rates and soil NH4+ concentrations regardless of the soil mixing treatment, but had no impact on the availability of NO3- , the majority of soil microbial community parameters, or soil resPiration. Meanwhile, soil mixing enhanced soil NO3- concentrations, but had negative impacts on net N mineralization rates and several soil microbial community variables. Many of the effects of soil mixing on soil nutrient and microbial community properties were less extreme when biochar was also added. Biochar addition had almost no effects on vegetation properties (except for a small reduction in species richness of the ground layer vegetation), while soil mixing caused significant reductions in graminoid and total ground layer vegetation cover, and enhanced seedling survival rates of P.sylvestris, and seed germination rates for four tree species. Our results suggest that biochar application can serve as an effective tool to store soil C in boreal forests while enhancing NH4+ availability. They also suggest that biochar may serve as a useful complement to site preparation techniques that are frequently used in the boreal region, by enhancing soil fertility and reducing nutrient losses when soils are scarified during site preparation.",2016,"Gundale, MJ; <br>Nilsson, MC; <br>Pluchon, N; <br>Wardle, DA","biochar management; boreal forest; carbon sequestration; charcoal; forest regeneration; ground layer vegetation; humus; nitrogen mineralization; nutrients; soil carbon efflux","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12274","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY","Field experiments"]
["Impacts of afforestation on plant diversity, soil properties, and soil organic carbon storage in a semi-arid grassland of northwestern China","Grassland afforestation, occurring in many parts of the world, can modify the nature and transformations of soil organic carbon and associated soil properties, which in turn can affect plant diversity and ecosystem function. Afforestation area has grown rapidly over the last few decades in the semi-arid grasslands of the Qilian Mountains in northwestern China in an effort to restore mountain vegetation. However, ecological consequences of this land use change are poorly known. We investigated the effects of grassland afforestation on plant diversity, soil properties, and soil organic carbon and nitrogen storage at the soil depth of 0-70 cm. Our results showed that afforestation decreased percent cover and aboveground biomass, and increased plant diversity of herbaceous community. Afforestation also decreased soil bulk density and pH, and increased soil water content. Generally, afforestation favored an increase in soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and organic carbon storage, and resulted in a significant increase in total phosphorus in the surface soil (0-5 cm), although a slight decrease (P>0.05) was observed in the subsoil. In addition, afforestation significantly increased soil C:N ratio in the upper soil. Results of this study demonstrate the potential for afforestation to increase soil organic carbon and nitrogen storage in semi-arid grasslands of Qilian Mountains. This has important implications for C sequestration in this area. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2016,"He, ZB; <br>Chen, LF; <br>Chen, LF; <br>He, ZB; <br>Zhu, X; <br>Zhu, X; <br>Du, J; <br>Du, J; <br>Yang, JJ; <br>Yang, JJ; <br>Li, J; <br>Li, J","Afforestation; Semi-arid grassland; Plant diversity; Soil properties; Soil organic carbon; Qilian Mountains","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.07.009","Article","CATENA","Field experiments"]
["Short-term response of soil microorganisms to biochar addition in a temperate agroecosystem under soil warming","The amendment of biochar to agricultural soils is presumed to mitigate global warming through long-term carbon (C) sequestration. In addition, biochar may support microbial biomass and diversity as well as plant growth by the improvement of soil properties. So far, no information is available on the stability of biochar and the effects of biochar on soil microbial and plant properties under predicted soil warming at the field scale. We investigated the impacts of biochar addition (Miscanthus pyrochar, 30 t ha(-1), August 2013) and long-term soil warming (+2.5 degrees C, since July 2008) and their interactive effects on microbial biochar-C utilization and physical, chemical and microbial soil properties of a silty-loamy stagnic Luvisol in a temperate agroecosystem (Stuttgart, Germany) over one year under winter rapeseed (Brassica napus). Three months after biochar application (November 2013), microbial abundances remained unaffected, indicating that readily available C from fresh biochar had been consumed before sampling. However, we found evidence for initial decomposition of more recalcitrant biochar-C by fungi under soil warming after three months. We suggest that the added biochar was very stable, since increased biochar degradation by fungi could not be detected after seven and twelve months. Nevertheless, during spring 2014, biochar reduced water loss in warmed soil by 16 % and decreased negative effects of soil dryness on microbial abundances by up to 80 %. In addition, the positive effect of biochar on soil moisture affected canopy height of winter rapeseed in the non-warmed plots in the early growth stages, although it did not change the final aboveground biomass in the first year after biochar application. Overall, biochar could be an appropriate tool for C sequestration by improving or maintaining soil fertility and productivity in temperate agroecosystems under future elevated temperatures. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2016,"Bamminger, C; <br>Bamminger, C; <br>Poll, C; <br>Sixt, C; <br>Hogy, P; <br>Wust, D; <br>Kandeler, E; <br>Marhan, S","Pyrogenic carbon; Soil warming; Soil microbial community composition; Brassica napus; Agroecosystem","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.09.016","Article","AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["Shifts in soil organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics for afforestation in central China","The afforestation has been proposed as a primary means of sequestering carbon (C) from the atmosphere, thereby mitigating climate change. However, consequences of afforestation on soil organic C and nitrogen (N) dynamics due to spatial heterogeneity are not fully understood. The objectives of this study were to identify the consequences of 18 years of afforestation on C and N dynamics in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area of central China. Soil samples from the woodland, shrubland, cropland and adjacent open area soils (i.e. the control) were separated into four aggregate sizes (>2000 mu m, 250-2000 mu m, 53-250 mu m and <53 mu m), and three density fractions [free light fraction (LF), intra-aggregate particulate organic matter (iPOM) and mineral-associated organic matter (mSOM)]. All fractions were analyzed for their C and N content, and delta C-13 and delta N-15 values. Afforestation enhanced the soil C and N storage, primarily due to increases in soil C and N storage of macroaggregates (>2000 mu m) with the largest (65-87%) fraction in iPOM. The C: N ratios generally increased from the cropland to shrubland to woodland across all fractions. The C-13 values indicated that the fastest decay rates (k = 0.024 yr(-1)) in LF of macroaggregates (>2000 mu m) was in woodland, but the fastest decay rates (0.114-0.137 yr(-1)) in iPOM of all aggregates were observed in cropland. Meanwhile, the most enriched delta N-15 values (0.87-3.81) were found in cropland soil. Our results suggest that afforestation could alter weight distribution of soil fractions and increase the soil organic C and N storage, thereby affecting the turnover and stability of SOM. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2016,"Dou, XL; <br>Dou, XL; <br>Xu, X; <br>Shu, X; <br>Zhang, QF; <br>Cheng, XL","Afforestation; delta C-13; Density fractionation; delta N-15; Soil aggregates; Soil organic matter","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.11.052","Article","ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING","Field experiments"]
["Relationships among land use, soil texture, species richness, and soil carbon in Midwestern tallgrass prairie, CRP and crop lands","Accumulation of soil carbon (C) in ecosystems could help mitigate climate change, particularly in agricultural landscapes, but accumulation rates are thought to depend on land cover and management practices. To uncover relatiohships between soil properties and vegetation management strategies in the Midwestern USA, we examined soil C and nitrogen (N) content on lands under five management types that produced different levels of plant species diversity: remnant prairies, high-, medium- and low-diversity grassland restorations, and crop fields. We examined the relationships of soil C, labile C, and N with plant species richness, aboveground biomass production and silt + clay content on land under each of the five management types, in two non-adjacent counties. Field plots were located in sites predicted to have mid-range soil C contents for each county (2.0-2.5% or 2.4-2.9%) based on a SOLIM (Soil Land Inference Model) C model (Libohova, 2010), in an effort to limit variability among sites. However, we found that soil texture data from the Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO; the base data layer for SOLIM) frequently overestimated silt + clay content relative to the hydrometer-measured silt + clay content of our collected soil samples. We found that the low-diversity restorations (which were the most productive sites) had the greatest soil C and N content over the full soil profile (to 90 cm depth). On average soil C was 1.3 and 1.9 times greater, and soil N was 3.7 and 1.5 times greater, in the low diversity restorations compared to remnant prairies in Newton and Lee Counties, respectively. This was likely a consequence of (and a driver of) the high biomass production of the grasses that tended-to dominate these fields. We attribute low soil C content in the remnant prairies and high diversity restorations in large part to the patterns of soil texture that led to the historical patterns of land use change, in which less productive areas were left as prairie and the more productive areas tilled. Labile C was highest in the low-diversity restoratiOns at the 0-15 and 15-30 cm depths in both counties. Labile C was greatest from 0-15 cm and decreased with soil depth. Patterns of soil C across the intensely cultivated Midwestern landscape depend on the interaction between the suitability of soil for cultivation, and historical land management in terms of both the soil and vegetation. Our results suggest that the more heavily managed and productive fields in this region often harbor the greatest soil C, and that this soil C cannot be accurately predicted from the SSURGO database, highlighting the challenges and opportunities associated with maintaining and sequestering soil C in the Midwestern agricultural landscape. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2016,"Whisler, KM; <br>Rowe, HI; <br>Rowe, HI; <br>Dukes, JS; <br>Dukes, JS","Soil carbon; Soil texture; Tallgrass prairie; Conservation Reserve Program","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.09.041","Article","AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature on Physico-Chemical Properties of Corn Stover (Zea mays L.) Biochar and Feasibility for Carbon Capture and Energy Balance","This study examined the influence of pyrolysis temperature on biochar characteristics and evaluated its suitability for carbon capture and energy production. Biochar was produced from corn stover using slow pyrolysis at 300, 400 and 500 degrees C and 2 hrs holding time. The experimental biochars were characterized by elemental analysis, BET, FTIR, TGA/DTA, NMR (C-13). Higher heating value (HHV) of feedstock and biochars was measured using bomb calorimeter. Results show that carbon content of corn stover biochar increased from 45.5% to 64.5%, with increasing pyrolysis temperatures. A decrease in H:C and O:C ratios as well as volatile matter, coupled with increase in the concentration of aromatic carbon in the biochar as determined by FTIR and NMR (C-13) demonstrates a higher biochar carbon stability at 500 degrees C. It was estimated that corn stover pyrolysed at 500 degrees C could provide of 10.12 MJ/kg thermal energy. Pyrolysis is therefore a potential technology with its carbon-negative, energy positive and soil amendment benefits thus creating win- win scenario.",2016,"Rafiq, MK; <br>Rafiq, MK; <br>Rafiq, MK; <br>Bachmann, RT; <br>Rafiq, MT; <br>Shang, ZH; <br>Shang, ZH; <br>Joseph, S; <br>Long, RJ; <br>Long, RJ",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156894","Article","PLOS ONE","Field experiments"]
["Particulate matter emissions from biochar-amended soils as a potential tradeoff to the negative emission potential","Novel carbon sequestration strategies such as large-scale land application of biochar may provide sustainable pathways to increase the terrestrial storage of carbon. Biochar has a long residence time in the soil and hence comprehensive studies are urgently needed to quantify the environmental impacts of large-scale biochar application. In particular, black carbon emissions from soils amended with biochar may counteract the negative emission potential due to the impacts on air quality, climate, and biogeochemical cycles. We investigated, using wind tunnel experiments, the particulate matter emission potential of a sand and two agriculturally important soils amended with different concentrations of biochar, in comparison to control soils. Our results indicate that biochar application considerably increases particulate emissions possibly by two mechanisms-the accelerated emission of fine biochar particles and the generation and emission of fine biochar particles resulting from abrasion of large biochar particles by sand grains. Our study highlights the importance of considering the background soil properties (e.g., texture) and geomorphological processes (e.g., aeolian transport) for biochar-based carbon sequestration programs.",2016,"Ravi, S; <br>Sharratt, BS; <br>Li, JR; <br>Olshevski, S; <br>Meng, ZJ; <br>Meng, ZJ; <br>Zhang, JG; <br>Zhang, JG",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep35984","Article","SCIENTIFIC REPORTS","Field experiments"]
["Impact of biochar amendment on soil water soluble carbon in the context of extreme hydrological events","Biochar amendments to soil have been promoted as a low cost carbon (C) sequestration strategy as well as a way to increase nutrient retention and remediate contaminants. If biochar is to become part of a long-term management strategy, it is important to consider its positive and negative impacts, and their trade-offs, on soil organic matter (SOM) and soluble C under different hydrological conditions such as prolonged drought or frequent wet-dry cycles. A 52-week incubation experiment measuring the influence of biochar on soil water soluble C under different soil moisture conditions (wet, dry, or wet-dry cycles) indicated that, in general, dry and wet-dry cycles increased water soluble C, and biochar addition further increased release of water soluble C from native SOM. Biochar amendment appeared to increase transformation of native SOM to water soluble C, based on specific ultraviolet absorption (SUVA) and C stable isotope composition; however, the increased amount of water soluble C from native SOM is less than 1% of total biochar C. The impacts of biochar on water soluble C need to be carefully considered when applying biochar to agricultural soil. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2016,"Wang, DY; <br>Wang, DY; <br>Griffin, DE; <br>Parikh, SJ; <br>Scow, KM","Biochar; Water soluble C; Drought; Wet-dry cycles","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.100","Article","CHEMOSPHERE","Field experiments"]
["Effects of enhancing soil organic carbon sequestration in the topsoil by fertilization on crop productivity and stability: Evidence from long-term experiments with wheat-maize cropping systems in China","Although organic carbon sequestration in agricultural soils has been recommended as a 'win-win strategy' for mitigating climate change and ensuring food security, great uncertainty still remains in identifying the relationships between soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and crop productivity. Using data from 17 long-term experiments in China we determined the effects of fertilization strategies on SOC stocks at 0-20 cm depth in the North, North East, North West and South. The impacts of changes in topsoil SOC stocks on the yield and yield stability of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) were determined. Results showed that application of inorganic fertilizers (NPK) plus animal manure over 20-30 years significantly increased SOC stocks to 20-cmdepth by 32-87% whilst NPK plus wheat/maize straw application increased it by 26-38% compared to controls. The efficiency of SOC sequestration differed between regions with 7.4-13.1% of annual C input into the topsoil being retained as SOC over the study periods. In the northern regions, application of manure had little additional effect on yield compared to NPK over a wide range of topsoil SOC stocks (18->50 Mg C ha(-1)). In the South, average yield from manure applied treatments was 2.5 times greater than that from NPK treatments. Moreover, the yield with NPK plus manure increased until SOC stocks (20-cmdepth) increased to similar to 35Mg C ha(-1). In the northern regions, yield stability was not increased by application of NPK plus manure compared to NPK, whereas in the South there was a significant improvement. We conclude that manure application and straw incorporation could potentially lead to SOC sequestration in topsoil in China, but beneficial effects of this increase in SOC stocks to 20-cm depth on crop yield and yield stability may only be achieved in the South. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2016,"Zhang, XB; <br>Zhang, XB; <br>Zhang, XB; <br>Sun, N; <br>Wu, LH; <br>Xu, MG; <br>Bingham, IJ; <br>Li, ZF","Soil organic carbon; Yield; Yield stability; Manure application; Straw return; China","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.193","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["Impact of soybean stover- and pine needle-derived biochars on Pb and As mobility, microbial community, and carbon stability in a contaminated agricultural soil","Biochar is gaining attention as a potential soil amendment to remediate and revitalize the contaminated soils. Simultaneous effects of biochar on metals mobility, microbial abundance, bacterial diversity and carbon storage in soil are scarcely addressed. This study assessed the effect of biochars on metal mobility, microbial abundance, bacterial community, and carbon storage in an agricultural soil contaminated with heavy metals. Biochars derived from soybean stover at 300 and 700 degrees C (S-BC300 and S-BC700, respectively) and pine needles at the same temperatures (P-BC300 and P-BC700, respectively) were used. A maximum reduction of Pb mobility by 95% was observed from a soil treated with S-BC700, associated with precipitation of chloropyromorphite and hydroxylpyromorphite. In contrast, As was desorbed from soil particles because of P competition. The abundance of Gram-positive and negative bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased in the soils treated with biochar produced at 300 degrees C, possibly due to the high dissolved organic and active organic carbons. Microbial abundance in the soils treated with S-BC700 and P-BC700 was constant due to the existence of fixed or non-labile carbon. Changes to bacterial communities in the biochar-treated soils depended on feedstock type and pyrolysis temperature. Actinobacteria substantially increased whereas Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi decreased in the biochar-treated soils. The non-labile carbon fraction was similar to 25 fold higher in the biochar-treated soil than the control soil, indicating long-term carbon storage. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2016,"Ahmad, M; <br>Ahmad, M; <br>Ahmad, M; <br>Ok, YS; <br>Ok, YS; <br>Kim, BY; <br>Ahn, JH; <br>Lee, YH; <br>Zhang, M; <br>Moon, DH; <br>Al-Wabel, MI; <br>Lee, SS; <br>Lee, SS","Biochar; Heavy metals; Precipitation; Bacterial community; Carbon storage; Immobilization","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.10.006","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT","Field experiments"]
["Managing reforestation to sequester carbon, increase biodiversity potential and minimize loss of agricultural land","Reforestation will have important consequences for the global challenges of mitigating climate change, arresting habitat decline and ensuring food security. We examined field-scale trade-offs between carbon sequestration of tree plantings and biodiversity potential and loss of agricultural land. Extensive surveys of reforestation across temperate and tropical Australia (N = 1491 plantings) were usedto determine how planting width and species mix affect carbon sequestration during early development (< 15 year). Carbon accumulation per area increased significantly with decreasing planting width and with increasing proportion of eucalypts (the predominant over-storey genus). Highest biodiversity potential was achieved through block plantings (width > 40 m) with about 25% of planted individuals being eucalypts. Carbon and biodiversity goals were balanced in mixed-species plantings by establishing narrow belts (width <20 m) with a high proportion (>75%) of eucalypts, and in monocultures of mallee eucalypt plantings by using the widest belts (ca. 6-20 m). Impacts on agriculture were minimized by planting narrow belts (ca. 4m) of mallee eucalypt monocultures, which had the highest carbon sequestering efficiency. A plausible scenario where only 5% of highly-cleared areas (<30% native vegetation cover remaining) of temperate Australia are reforested showed substantial mitigation potential. Total carbon sequestration after 15 years was up to 25 Mt CO2-e year(-1) when carbon and biodiversity goals were balanced and 13 Mt CO2-e year(-1) if block plantings of highest biodiversity potential were established. Even when reforestation was restricted to marginal agricultural land (<$2000 ha(-1) land value, 28% of the land under agriculture in Australia), total mitigation potential after 15 years was 17-26 Mt CO2-e year(-1) using narrow belts of mallee plantings. This work provides guidance on land use to governments and planners. We show that the multiple benefits of young tree plantings can be balanced by manipulating planting width and species choice at establishment. in highly-cleared areas, such plantings can sequester substantial biomass carbon while improving biodiversity and causing negligible loss of agricultural land. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2016,"Paul, KI; <br>Paul, KI; <br>Cunningham, SC; <br>Cunningham, SC; <br>England, JR; <br>England, JR; <br>Roxburgh, SH; <br>Roxburgh, SH; <br>Preece, ND; <br>Preece, ND; <br>Lewis, T; <br>Brooksbank, K; <br>Crawford, DF; <br>Crawford, DF; <br>Polglase, PJ; <br>Polglase, PJ","Afforestation; Environmental plantings; FullCAM; Mallee eucalypts; Mixed -species plantings; Carbon sequestration; Co-benefits","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.10.027","Article","LAND USE POLICY","Field experiments"]
["Release of soluble elements from biochars derived from various biomass feedstocks","Biochar as soil amendment can increase soil carbon (C) sequestration and mineral nutrients; however, some of its soluble elements may also be unintentionally released during the application. In this work, eight types of biochars were derived from herbaceous, woody, and waste (tailing, manure, sludge) biomass feedstocks through slow pyrolysis at 600 A degrees C in N-2. The elemental composition, specific surface area, morphology, crystalline phases, thermal stability, surface functional groups, and pH of the point of zero charge of the biochars were determined using various methods. These properties varied significantly among the tested biochars, suggesting that feedstock type played an important role in controlling their properties. Laboratory release and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure extraction experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential release of nutritious and toxic element from biochars. Results showed that all the biochars released nutritious elements and thus, may be beneficial to plants when amended in soils. In general, biochars produced from herbaceous and woody biomass feedstocks showed low risks of releasing toxic elements. Biochar derived from sludge, however, might present ecotoxicological challenges for its environmental applications due to the release of toxic elements, such as heavy metals.",2016,"Wu, HL; <br>Che, XD; <br>Ding, ZH; <br>Hu, X; <br>Hu, X; <br>Creamer, AE; <br>Chen, H; <br>Gao, B","Biochar landapplication; Nutrient release; Heavy metal leaching; Biochar contamination; Soil amendment","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5451-1","Article; Proceedings Paper","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH","Field experiments"]
["N use efficiencies and N2O emissions in two contrasting, biochar amended soils under winter wheat-cover crop-sorghum rotation","Biochar, a carbon-rich, porous pyrolysis product of organic residues, is evaluated as an option to tackle major problems of the global food system. Applied to soil, biochar can sequester carbon and have beneficial effects on nitrogen (N) cycling, thereby enhancing crop yields and reducing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. There is little understanding of the underlying mechanisms, but many experiments indicated increased yields and manifold changes in N transformation, suggesting an increase in Nuse efficiency. Biochar's effects can be positive in extensively managed tropical agriculture, however less is known about its use in temperate soils with intensive fertilisation. We tested the effect of slow pyrolysis wood chip biochar on Nuse efficiency, crop yields and N2O emissions in a lysimeter system with two soil types (sandy loamy Cambisol and silty loamy Luvisol) in a winter wheat-cover crop-sorghum rotation. N-15-labelled ammonium nitrate fertiliser (170 kg Nha(-1) in 3 doses, 10% N-15) was applied to the first crop to monitor its fate in three ecosystem components (plants, soil, leachate). Green rye was sown as cover crop to keep the first year's fertiliser N for the second year's sorghum crop (fertilised with 110 kgNha(-1) in two doses and natural abundance N-15). We observed no effects of biochar on N fertiliser use efficiency, yield or N uptake for any crop. Biochar reduced leaching by 43 +/- 19% but only towards the end of the experiment with leaching losses being generally low. For both soils N2O emissions were reduced by 15 +/- 4% with biochar compared to the control treatments. Our results indicate that application of the chosen biochar induces environmental benefits in terms of N2O emission and N leaching but does not substantially affect the overall N cycle and hence crop performance in the analyzed temperate crop rotation.",2016,"Huppi, R; <br>Huppi, R; <br>Neftel, A; <br>Lehmann, MF; <br>Krauss, M; <br>Six, J; <br>Leifeld, J","biochar; nitrous oxide; nitrogen use efficiency; leaching; lysimeter; 15N tracer","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084013","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Field experiments"]
["Soil Properties Control Glyphosate Sorption in Soils Amended with Birch Wood Biochar","Despite a contemporary interest in biochar application to agricultural fields to improve soil quality and long-term carbon sequestration, a number of potential side effects of biochar incorporation in field soils remain poorly understood, e.g., in relation to interactions with agrochemicals such as pesticides. In a field based study at two experimental sites in Denmark (sandy loam soils at Risoe and Kalundborg), we investigated the influence of birch wood biochar with respect to application rate, aging (7-19 months), and physicochemical soil properties on the sorption coefficient, K-d (L kg(-1)), of the herbicide glyphosate. We measured K-d in equilibrium batch sorption experiments with triplicate soil samples from 20 field plots that received biochar at different application rates (0 to 100 Mg ha(-1)). The results showed that pure biochar had a lower glyphosate K-d value as compared to soils. Yet, at the Kalundborg soils, the application of biochar enhanced the sorption of glyphosate when tested after 7-19 months of soil-biochar interaction. The relative enhancement effect on glyphosate sorption diminished with increasing biochar application rate, presumably due to increased mineral-biochar interactions. In the Risoe soils, potential biochar effects on glyphosate sorption were affected by a distinct gradient in soil pH (7.4 to 8.3) and electrical conductivity (0.40-0.90 mS cm(-1)) resulting from a natural CaCO3 gradient. Thus, glyphosate K-d showed strong linear correlation with pH and EC. In conclusion, the results show that biochar, despite initially being a poor sorbent for glyphosate, can increase glyphosate sorption in soil. However, the effect of biochar on glyphosate sorption is depends on prevailing soil physicochemical properties.",2016,"Kumari, KGID; <br>Moldrup, P; <br>Paradelo, M; <br>Paradelo, M; <br>Elsgaard, L; <br>de Jonge, LW","Biochar; Glyphosate; Sorption; Soil properties","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-2867-2","Article","WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION","Field experiments"]
["News research &amp; development: Carbon capture: New method for extracting CO2 from atmosphere","Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation (LCCCM), a new research center at UK's Sheffield University, is developing processes to safely remove large amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere to cool the planet, while also mitigating ocean acidification. The researchers at LCCCM are embarking on a 10-yr project that involves Earth system modeling and controlled environment experimental investigations. The method involves accelerating natural rock weathering processes by using plants to break down silicate rocks into minerals that will absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. The research team hopes their method could reduce atmospheric CO2 by ‚â• 300 ppm by 2100 if they can achieve a silicate rock application rate target of 5 kg/m2/yr.",2016,"None",null,null,"JOUR","Chem. Eng.","Field experiments"]
["Evaluation of legume-cereal seed mixtures for enhancement of soil fertility, carbon storage and biodiversity in a low-intensity olive orchard",null,2016,"Fakher, O.A.; <br>Doupis, G.; <br>Psarras, G.; <br>Papafilippaki, A.; <br>Koubouris, G.",null,null,"Article",null,"Field experiments"]
["Potential of carbon sequestration of Hammada salicornica vegetation type in desert areas (Case Study: South Khorasan, Iran)","Climate change due to increasing the level of greenhouse gases including CO2 is the main environmental issue of the world in the new century. One of the effective way for reducing atmospheric CO2 is carbon sequestration by plants and soils. A vast area of Iran has desert condition with special adapted plant species in which can be devoted for carbon sequestration. Hammada salicornica as a shrub plant of chenopodiaceae grows as dominant or key species of vegetation types in many parts of desert areas in south of country. So, potentials of carbon sequestration of H. salicornica vegetation types were estimated in seven sites in South Khorasan provice, Iran. For this purpose, 113 individual plants were measured for height, and long and short diameters of plant crown area and then were cut from ground level. To estimate underground biomass, roots of 10 individual plants were pulled from soil by digging the root zone. Dry matter production of shoots and roots were weighted and some samples were burned for determination of organic carbon. Organic carbon of soil of three sites were measured by soil sampling. Results showed that carbon has been sequestered between 133 to 3293 kg/ha in different sites in which James and Sefarsakh had the highest and the lowest amount of organic carbon in plant vegetation parts. Soil organic carbon obtained about 6313 kg/ha on average. The best linear regression equation (R2=0.90) for estimating aerial biomass of H. salicornica obtained by using crown area in the equation. It seems that conservation of natural vegetation of H. salicornica and or restoration of degraded lands by this plant, have good potentials for carbon sequestration for globally action commitment and providing benefits such as forage and fuel for local people.",2016,"Tavakoli, H.",null,null,"Article","J. Rangel. Sci.","Field experiments"]
["Stand development and aboveground biomass carbon accumulation with cropland afforestation in Taiwan","Afforestation in low-carbon-density areas has been proposed for mitigating climate change, because it leads to a reduction in the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. However, afforestation can be conducted for numerous purposes, and the complexity of tree species may render accurate estimation of the carbon (C) sequestration potential difficult. In this study, 22 cropland afforested plantations among 12 tree species and 4 study sites were investigated. We investigated stand development and aboveground biomass C accumulation of cropland afforestation in Taiwan, and examined how tree species and site conditions affected stand growth and yields. Results showed that average values of the mean diameter at breast height, tree height, stand density, and aboveground biomass C stocks for all studied plantation at 8-10 yr after planting were 12.1 cm, 8.5 m, 1272 trees ha-1, and 32.1 Mg C ha-1, respectively. The results also revealed that fast-growing tree species such as Swietenia macrophylla and Melia azedarach attained the highest growth rates and accumulated the most biomass C stocks, whereas slow-growing tree species such as Zelkova serrata exhibited the lowest growth rate and C accumulation potential. Trees grown at sites with deep soils outperformed those grown at sites with shallow and rocky soils. Overall, current cropland afforestation in Taiwan can enhance C sequestration, and also generate economic and ecological benefits. ¬© 2016, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute. All rights reserved.",2016,"Cheng, C.-H.; <br>Huang, Y.-H.; <br>Menyailo, O.V.; <br>Chen, C.-T.",null,null,"Article","Taiwan J. For. Sci.","Field experiments"]
["Biochar and rice straw have different effects on soil productivity, greenhouse gas emission and carbon sequestration in Northeast Thailand paddy soil","This study aimed to clarify the effects of biochar (BC made from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.), and rice (Orysa sativa L.) straw (RS) amendments on the soil productivity, carbon sequestration (Cseq) and the possibility for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A field trial was conducted with 10 treatments: the control, chemical fertilizer (CF) and BC or RS each at four rates of L (6.25 t/ha), ML (12.50 t/ha), MH (18.75 t/ha) and H (25.00 t/ha) using a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The results showed that BC and RS not only increased the soil quality but also increased the rice yield (RY). During the growing season, BC and RS applications did not differ in the total CO2 emission. However, the total CH4 emission and total global warming potential significantly decreased in the BC application and significantly increased in the RS application, relative to the control. Soil Cseq increased under the BC application by 1.87‚Äì13.37 t C/ha, while the RS application reduced Cseq by 0.92‚Äì2.56 t C/ha. The high amount of recalcitrant C molecules in BC probably explained the decreases in the GHG-C loss and increases in Cseq. In contrast, RS had high amounts of labile components that enhanced the GHG-C emission and reduced Cseq. Finally, the GHG intensity of rice production was reduced for both BC and RS meaning that these two amendments can be considered as good options for the mitigation of climate change. ¬© 2016 Kasetsart University",2016,"Thammasom, N.; <br>Vityakon, P.; <br>Lawongsa, P.; <br>Saenjan, P.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anres.2016.01.003","Article","Agric. Nat. Resour.","Field experiments"]
["Economic and ecological views on climate change mitigation with bioenergy and negative emissions","Climate stabilization scenarios emphasize the importance of land-based mitigation to achieve ambitious mitigation goals. The stabilization scenarios informing the recent IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report suggest that bioenergy could contribute anywhere between 10 and 245 EJ to climate change mitigation in 2100. High deployment of bioenergy with low life cycle GHG emissions would enable ambitious climate stabilization futures and reduce demands on other sectors and options. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) would even enable so-called negative emissions, possibly in the order of magnitude of 50% of today's annual gross emissions. Here, I discuss key assumptions that differ between economic and ecological perspectives. I find that high future yield assumptions, plausible in stabilization scenarios, look less realistic when evaluated in biophysical metrics. Yield assumptions also determine the magnitude of counterfactual land carbon stock development and partially determine the potential of BECCS. High fertilizer input required for high yields would likely hasten ecosystem degradation. I conclude that land-based mitigation strategies remain highly speculative; a constant iteration between synoptic integrated assessment models and more particularistic and fine-grained approaches is a crucial precondition for capturing complex dynamics and biophysical constraints that are essential for comprehensive assessments.",2016,"Creutzig, F; <br>Creutzig, F; <br>Creutzig, F","BECCS; bioenergy; biophysical limits; climate change; life cycle emissions; risks; yields","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12235","Editorial Material","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["How might adaptation to climate change by smallholder farming communities contribute to climate change mitigation outcomes? A case study from Timor-Leste, Southeast Asia","The agriculture industry is significantly exposed to the impacts of climate change, and is also responsible for contributing extensive greenhouse gas emissions. As a way of responding to both adaptation and mitigation challenges within the industry, this article examines how community-based climate change adaptation initiatives might provide mitigation outcomes in the agriculture sector in Timor-Leste. Beginning with an exploration of nation-wide institutional responses to climate change, the study utilises interviews, field observations and document analysis to examine an extensive community-based adaptation program in two districts in Timor-Leste focused on increasing the resilience of the agriculture sector and the livelihoods of poor rural farmers. Analysis of this program reveals a largely synergistic relationship between adaptation measures focused on land and water management and agriculture and their corresponding greenhouse gas mitigation potential, including co-benefits such as soil/atmospheric carbon sequestration, reduced emissions, soil nitrification and reduced use of inorganic fertilisers. Community-based adaptation programs in the agriculture sector have a significant influence on mitigation outcomes, which is often overlooked in community-based programs. The adaptation program in Timor-Leste has provided useful insights into the inter-relationships between adaptation and mitigation at the community level, which could be further supported and scaled-up in other Southeast Asia countries and elsewhere.",2016,"Chandra, A; <br>Dargusch, P; <br>McNamara, KE","Agriculture; Community-based adaptation; Integrated; Mitigation; Timor-Leste; Smallholder; Synergies","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0361-9","Article","SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Marine Microalgae CLIMATE, ENERGY, AND FOOD SECURITY FROM THE SEA","Climate, energy, and food security are three of the greatest challenges society faces this century. Solutions for mitigating the effects of climate change often conflict with solutions for ensuring society's future energy and food requirements. For example, BioEnergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) has been proposed as an important method for achieving negative CO2 emissions later this century while simultaneously producing renewable energy on a global scale. However, BECCS has many negative environmental consequences for land, nutrient, and water use as well as biodiversity and food production. In contrast, large-scale industrial cultivation of marine microalgae can provide society with a more environmentally favorable approach for meeting the climate goals agreed to at the 2015 Paris Climate Conference, producing the liquid hydrocarbon fuels required by the global transportation sector, and supplying much of the protein necessary to feed a global population approaching 10 billion people.",2016,"Greene, CH; <br>Greene, CH; <br>Greene, CH; <br>Huntley, ME; <br>Huntley, ME; <br>Archibald, I; <br>Gerber, LN; <br>Gerber, LN; <br>Sills, DL; <br>Granados, J; <br>Tester, JW; <br>Tester, JW; <br>Beal, CM; <br>Walsh, MJ; <br>Bidigare, RR; <br>Brown, SL; <br>Cochlan, WP; <br>Johnson, ZI; <br>Johnson, ZI; <br>Lei, XG; <br>Machesky, SC; <br>Redalje, DG; <br>Richardson, RE; <br>Kiron, V; <br>Corless, V",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2016.91","Editorial Material","OCEANOGRAPHY","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Development of geopolitically relevant ranking criteria for geoengineering methods","A decade has passed since Paul Crutzen published his editorial essay on the potential for stratospheric geoengineering to cool the climate in the Anthropocene. He synthesized the effects of the 1991 Pinatubo eruption on the planet's radiative budget and used this large-scale event to broaden and deepen the debate on the challenges and opportunities of large-scale geoengineering. Pinatubo had pronounced effects, both in the short and longer term (months to years), on the ocean, land, and the atmosphere. This rich set of data on how a large-scale natural event influences many regional and global facets of the Earth System provides a comprehensive viewpoint to assess the wider ramifications of geoengineering. Here, I use the Pinatubo archives to develop a range of geopolitically relevant ranking criteria for a suite of different geoengineering approaches. The criteria focus on the spatial scales needed for geoengineering and whether large-scale dispersal is a necessary requirement for a technique to deliver significant cooling or carbon dioxide reductions. These categories in turn inform whether geoengineering approaches are amenable to participation (the \"democracy of geoengineering\") and whether they will lead to transboundary issues that could precipitate geopolitical conflicts. The criteria provide the requisite detail to demarcate different geoengineering approaches in the context of geopolitics. Hence, they offer another tool that can be used in the development of a more holistic approach to the debate on geoengineering.",2016,"Boyd, PW",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000447","Article","Earths Future","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Soil carbon sequestration: An alternative option for climate change mitigation","The gaseous composition of our earth's atmosphere has changed drastically in recent years. This has resulted in unprecedented global warming, hydrological variation, and various climate change impacts in different places of the world. Mitigation and adaptive strategies of climate change through soil carbon sequestration technique is emerged as an alternative option. Among the different types of soil, forest soil has the highest potential to sequester atmospheric carbon because of its rich ecology. However, humaninduced deforestation activities and traditional methods of cultivation perturb the soil of organic carbon. Therefore, it is essential to understand the various influencing factors and subsequently the improvement of existing ecosystem for the mitigation of global climate change to some extent. Studies and innovative research on agroforestry, including soil carbon sequestration at regional level, will be a better choice for improvement of environment, food security, and climate change. ¬© 2017 by IGI Global. All rights reserved.",2016,"Goyal, M.K.; <br>Royal, I.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0803-8.ch010","Book Chapter","Nat. Resour. Manag.: Concepts, Methodol., Tools, and Appl.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Biochar Application: Essential Soil Microbial Ecology","Biochar Application: Essential Soil Microbial Ecology outlines the cutting-edge research on the interactions of complex microbial populations and their functional, structural, and compositional dynamics, as well as the microbial ecology of biochar application to soil, the use of different phyto-chemical analyses, possibilities for future research, and recommendations for climate change policy. Biochar, or charcoal produced from plant matter and applied to soil, has become increasingly recognized as having the potential to address multiple contemporary concerns, such as agricultural productivity and contaminated ecosystem amelioration, primarily by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and improving soil functions. Biochar Application is the first reference to offer a complete assessment of the various impacts of biochar on soil and ecosystems, and includes chapters analyzing all aspects of biochar technology and application to soil, from ecogenomic analyses and application ratios to nutrient cycling and next generation sequencing. Written by a team of international authors with interdisciplinary knowledge of biochar, this reference will provide a platform where collaborating teams can find a common resource to establish outcomes and identify future research needs throughout the world. Includes multiple tables and figures per chapter to aid in analysis and understanding Includes a comprehensive table of the methods used within the contents, ecosystems, contaminants, future research, and application opportunities explored in the book Includes knowledge gaps and directions of future research to stimulate further discussion in the field and in climate change policy Outlines the latest research on the interactions of complex microbial populations and their functional, structural, and compositional dynamics Offers an assessment of the impacts of biochar on soil and ecosystems. ¬© 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",2016,"Ralebitso-Senior, T.K.; <br>Orr, C.H.",null,null,"Book","Biochar Appl.: Essent. Soil Microb. Ecol.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Geoengineering for climate stabilization","Engineering the climate by means of carbon dioxide removal (CDR), Earth radiation management (ERM), and/or solar radiation management (SRM) approaches has recaptured the attention of scientists, policy makers, and the public. Climate engineering is being assessed as a set of tools to deliberately, and on a large scale, moderate or retard global warming. There are several concepts available, like injecting aerosol-forming SO2 into the stratosphere or placing huge objects in orbit to partly shade Earth from incoming radiation or fertilizing the ocean with iron for increased algae growth and creation of carbon sinks. Such concepts are highly speculative, and irrespective of whether they would work, they bear huge risks, from adversely affecting the complex climate system on a regional or global scale to potentially triggering droughts, famine, or wars. More research is needed to better understand promising concepts and to work them out in depth, so that options are made available in case they should become necessary in the future, when climate change mitigation and adaptation measures do not suffice and fast action becomes imperative. Apart from the technological hurdles, which are anyhow mostly far beyond today‚Äôs engineering capabilities, huge social, moral, and political issues would have to be overcome. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight a few common concepts of CDR, ERM, and SRM for climate engineering to mitigate climate change. ¬© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 and Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017.",2016,"Lackner, M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14409-2_72","Book Chapter","Handb. of Climate Change Mitig. and Adaptation, Second Edition","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Agroforestry for ecological restoration of salt-affected lands","Nearly, 1 billion hectares of arid and semiarid areas of the world are salt-affected and remain barren due to salinity or water scarcity. In India, about 6.75 Mha lands are either sodic or saline; 6.41 Mha land is degraded due to waterlogging. Secondary salinization and waterlogging are on the increase in the canal-irrigated as well as nonirrigated areas. The critical ecosystem services such as the maintenance of soil fertility, carbon sequestration, biomass production, and the regulation of soil water flows are essential for restoration of salt lands. Studies have shown that salt-affected lands can be restored satisfactorily by using appropriate planting techniques and integrating trees with crops, forage grasses, oil-yielding crops, aromatic and medicinal crops, and flower-yielding crops. Biodrainage has been found to be effective in controlling waterlogging and salinity in irrigated canal command areas. The salt-tolerant tree species reclaim salt lands, along with the increase in the size of carbon sink in the plant-soil system and improving soil microbial activity. The integration of salt-tolerant trees with naturally growing grasses is a viable land use option for improving the biological productivity and fertility of highly sodic soils. The soil microbial biomass has been found to be a useful indicator of soil degradation and improvement under salt stress. Biosaline agroforestry has the potential to address climate change mitigation and adaptation needs on salt-affected soils. Agroforestry practices increase soil carbon storage, potentially reduce nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions, and help maintain production at landscape level. Implementing practices to build up soil carbon stocks could lead to considerable mitigation, adaptation, and development benefits. This paper gives an overview of agroforestry systems of salt-affected and waterlogged areas, carbon sequestration, and the role of agroforestry in climate change mitigation. ¬© Springer India 2016.",2016,"Gupta, S.R.; <br>Dagar, J.C.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2770-0_8","Book Chapter","Innovative Saline Agriculture","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Contribution of microbial inoculants to soil carbon sequestration and sustainable agriculture","Soil is the incoherent matter on the earth's surface having organic and mineral content. It is subjected to environmental changes and hence shows effects of climate change as well as organisms over a period of time. Hence, it is the high time to find ways to increase the crop productivity in soil as green revolution cannot withstand this need. An alternative to this problem is the use of soil microorganism to increase the fertility of soil. Soil enzymes originate from soil microbes and regulate the nutrient cycle. Potential soil isolates can be used to increase nutrients in soil. In addition, these isolates can help in reducing the increase of carbon dioxide by sequestering carbon in soil. It is known that CO2 is one of the major greenhouse gases that contributes to global warming and CO2 fluxes are controlled by soil biota. Thus, soil act as buffer compartment to sequester carbon in relation to climate change. The sequestered soil carbon may further be utilized in agriculture and forestry and as a powerful option for global change mitigation. With this background, the present chapter aims to provide an insight into the contribution of microbial communities to soil carbon sequestration and its benefits to sustainable agriculture. ¬© Springer India 2016.",2016,"Vishwakarma, K.; <br>Sharma, S.; <br>Kumar, N.; <br>Upadhyay, N.; <br>Devi, S.; <br>Tiwari, A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2644-4_7","Book Chapter","Microb. Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity: Vol. 2: Functional Applications","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Europe's forest management did not mitigate climate warming","Afforestation and forest management are considered to be key instruments in mitigating climate change. Here we show that since 1750, in spite of considerable afforestation, wood extraction has led to Europe's forests accumulating a carbon debt of 3.1 petagrams of carbon. We found that afforestation is responsible for an increase of 0.12 watts per square meter in the radiative imbalance at the top of the atmosphere, whereas an increase of 0.12 kelvin in summertime atmospheric boundary layer temperature was mainly caused by species conversion. Thus, two and a half centuries of forest management in Europe have not cooled the climate. The political imperative to mitigate climate change through afforestation and forest management therefore risks failure, unless it is recognized that not all forestry contributes to climate change mitigation.",2016,"Naudts, K; <br>Naudts, K; <br>McGrath, MJ; <br>Chen, YY; <br>Chen, YY; <br>Ryder, J; <br>McGrath, MJ; <br>Ryder, J; <br>Valade, A; <br>Otto, J; <br>Otto, J; <br>Luyssaert, S; <br>Luyssaert, S",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aad7270","Article","SCIENCE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Optimal bioenergy power generation for climate change mitigation with or without carbon sequestration","Restricting global warming below 2 degrees C to avoid catastrophic climate change will require atmospheric carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Current integrated assessment models (IAMs) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scenarios assume that CDR within the energy sector would be delivered using bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). Although bioenergy-biochar systems (BEBCS) can also deliver CDR, they are not included in any IPCC scenario. Here we show that despite BECCS offering twice the carbon sequestration and bioenergy per unit biomass, BEBCS may allow earlier deployment of CDR at lower carbon prices when long-term improvements in soil fertility offset biochar production costs. At carbon prices above $1,000Mg(-1) C, BECCS is most frequently (P>0.45, calculated as the fraction of Monte Carlo simulations in which BECCS is the most cost effective) the most economic biomass technology for climate-change mitigation. At carbon prices below $1,000Mg(-1) C, BEBCS is the most cost-effective technology only where biochar significantly improves agricultural yields, with pure bioenergy systems being otherwise preferred.",2016,"Woolf, D; <br>Lehmann, J; <br>Lehmann, J; <br>Lee, DR; <br>Lee, DR",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13160","Article","NATURE COMMUNICATIONS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Management of agricultural soils for greenhouse gas mitigation: Learning from a case study in NE Spain","A portfolio of agricultural practices is now available that can contribute to reaching European mitigation targets. Among them, the management of agricultural soils has a large potential for reducing GHG emissions or sequestering carbon. Many of the practices are based on well tested agronomic and technical know-how, with proven benefits for farmers and the environment. A suite of practices has to be used since none of the practices can provide a unique solution. However, there are limitations in the process of policy development: (a) agricultural activities are based on biological processes and thus, these practices are location specific and climate, soils and crops determine their agronomic potential; (b) since agriculture sustains rural communities, the costs and potential for implementation have also to be regionally evaluated and (c) the aggregated regional potential of the combination of practices has to be defined in order to inform abatement targets. We believe that, when implementing mitigation practices, three questions are important: Are they cost-effective for farmers? Do they reduce GHG emissions? What policies favour their implementation? This study addressed these questions in three sequential steps. First, mapping the use of representative soil management practices in the European regions to provide a spatial context to upscale the local results. Second, using a Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) in a Mediterranean case study (NE Spain) for ranking soil management practices in terms of their cost-effectiveness. Finally, using a wedge approach of the practices as a complementary tool to link science to mitigation policy. A set of soil management practices was found to be financially attractive for Mediterranean farmers, which in turn could achieve significant abatements (e.g., 1.34 MtCO(2)e in the case study region). The quantitative analysis was completed by a discussion of potential farming and policy choices to shape realistic mitigation policy at European regional level. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2016,"Sanchez, B; <br>Iglesias, A; <br>McVittie, A; <br>Alvaro-Fuentes, J; <br>Ingram, J; <br>Mills, J; <br>Lesschen, JP; <br>Kuikman, PJ","Cost-effectiveness; Marginal abatement costs curves; Mitigation strategies; Stabilisation wedges; Soil organic carbon management","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.01.003","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Cap and trade policy for managing water competition from potential future carbon plantations","Carbon sequestration from reforestation can play a large role in mitigating global climate change. However, resulting interception of rainfall runoff may impose high irrigation, water supply and/or environmental flow costs. This article presents an assessment of water trade policy to manage fresh water supply, carbon sequestration trade-offs for the Murray-Darling Basin. A linked Australian high spatial resolution land use and global integrated assessment framework evaluated plausible and internally consistent global scenarios to 2050 involving significant carbon planting incentive. Substantial flow loss from increased interception was estimated absent policy to balance carbon water trade-offs. Absent policy to address the trade-off, irrigation opportunity costs was estimated to substantially exceed carbon sequestration economic value in futures with significant carbon sequestration incentive. The value of integrating interception from new carbon plantings into the existing water trade system was estimated at $3.3 billion and $2.0 billion (2050 annual value) for our strong and moderately strong global climate action outlooks with our reference case assumptions. The conclusion that trade provision in policy to cap interception impacts can produce significant benefits in scenarios with significant carbon sequestration incentive remained robust over a very broad set of sensitivities tested with benefit estimated at over $1 billion annually at 2050 even for very conservative assumptions. Crown Copyright (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2016,"Connor, JD; <br>Bryan, BA; <br>Nolan, M","Water trade; Carbon sequestration; Integrated assessment; Forest water interception; Land use economics; Reforestation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.07.005","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Is extensive terrestrial carbon dioxide removal a 'green' form of geoengineering? A global modelling study","Biological carbon sequestration tftrough implementation of biomass plantations is currently being discussed as an option for climate engineering (CE) should mitigation efforts fail to substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions. As it is a plant-based CE option that extracts CO2 from the atmosphere, it might be considered a 'green' CE method that moves the biosphere closer to its natural, i.e. pre-Neolithic, state. Here, we test this hypothesis by comparing the biogeochemical (water-and carbon-related) changes induced by biomass plantations compared to those induced by historical human land cover and land use change. Results indicate that large-scale biomass plantations would produce a biogeochemical shift in the terrestrial biosphere which is, in absolute terms, even larger than that already produced by historical land use change. However, the nature of change would differ between a world dominated by biomass plantations and the current world inheriting the effects of historical land use, highlighting that large-scale tCDR would represent an additional distinct and massive human intervention into the biosphere. Contrasting the limited possibilities of tCDR to reduce the pressure on the planetary boundary for climate change with the potential negative implications on the status of other planetary boundaries highlights that tCDR via biomass plantations should not be considered a 'green' CE method but a full scale engineering intervention. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2016,"Heck, V; <br>Heck, V; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Boysen, LR; <br>Boysen, LR; <br>Boysen, LR","Terrestrial carbon dioxide removal; Land use change; Bioenergy; Biosphere; Climate engineering","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.12.008","Article","GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Impacts devalue the potential of large-scale terrestrial CO2 removal through biomass plantations","Large-scale biomass plantations (BPs) are often considered a feasible and safe climate engineering proposal for extracting carbon from the atmosphere and, thereby, reducing global mean temperatures. However, the capacity of such terrestrial carbon dioxide removal (tCDR) strategies and their larger Earth system impacts remain to be comprehensively studied-even more so under higher carbon emissions and progressing climate change. Here, we use a spatially explicit process-based biosphere model to systematically quantify the potentials and trade-offs of a range of BP scenarios dedicated to tCDR, representing different assumptions about which areas are convertible. Based on a moderate CO2 concentration pathway resulting in a global mean warming of 2.5 degrees C above preindustrial level by the end of this century-similar to the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5-we assume tCDR to be implemented when a warming of 1.5 degrees C is reached in year 2038. Our results show that BPs can slow down the progression of increasing cumulative carbon in the atmosphere only sufficiently if emissions are reduced simultaneously like in the underlying RCP4.5 trajectory. The potential of tCDR to balance additional, unabated emissions leading towards a business-as-usual pathway alike RCP8.5 is therefore very limited. Furthermore, in the required large-scale applications, these plantations would induce significant trade-offs with food production and biodiversity and exert impacts on forest extent, biogeochemical cycles and biogeophysical properties.",2016,"Boysen, LR; <br>Boysen, LR; <br>Boysen, LR; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Gerten, D; <br>Heck, V; <br>Heck, V","carbon sequestration; climate engineering; climate change; bioenergy; vegetation modeling","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/095010","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Soil carbon sequestration and biochar as negative emission technologies","Despite 20years of effort to curb emissions, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions grew faster during the 2000s than in the 1990s, which presents a major challenge for meeting the international goal of limiting warming to <2 degrees C relative to the preindustrial era. Most recent scenarios from integrated assessment models require large-scale deployment of negative emissions technologies (NETs) to reach the 2 degrees C target. A recent analysis of NETs, including direct air capture, enhanced weathering, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage and afforestation/deforestation, showed that all NETs have significant limits to implementation, including economic cost, energy requirements, land use, and water use. In this paper, I assess the potential for negative emissions from soil carbon sequestration and biochar addition to land, and also the potential global impacts on land use, water, nutrients, albedo, energy and cost. Results indicate that soil carbon sequestration and biochar have useful negative emission potential (each 0.7 GtCeq. yr(-1)) and that they potentially have lower impact on land, water use, nutrients, albedo, energy requirement and cost, so have fewer disadvantages than many NETs. Limitations of soil carbon sequestration as a NET centre around issues of sink saturation and reversibility. Biochar could be implemented in combination with bioenergy with carbon capture and storage. Current integrated assessment models do not represent soil carbon sequestration or biochar. Given the negative emission potential of SCS and biochar and their potential advantages compared to other NETs, efforts should be made to include these options within IAMs, so that their potential can be explored further in comparison with other NETs for climate stabilization.",2016,"Smith, P; <br>Smith, P","biochar; carbon; negative emission technology; sequestration; soil","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13178","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Designer policy for carbon and biodiversity co-benefits under global change","Carbon payments can help mitigate both climate change and biodiversity decline through the reforestation of agricultural land(1). However, to achieve biodiversity co-benefits, carbon payments often require support from other policy mechanisms(2) such as regulation(3,4), targeting(5,6), and complementary incentives(7,8). We evaluated 14 policy mechanisms for supplying carbon and biodiversity co-benefits through reforestation of carbon plantings (CP) and environmental plantings (EP) in Australia's 85.3 Mha agricultural land under global change. The reference policy-uniform payments (bidders are paid the same price) with land-use competition (both CP and EP eligible for payments), targeting carbon-achieved significant carbon sequestration but negligible biodiversity co-benefits. Land-use regulation (only EP eligible) and two additional incentives complementing the reference policy (biodiversity premium, carbon levy) increased biodiversity co-benefits, but mostly inefficiently. Discriminatory payments (bidders are paid their bid price) with land-use competition were efficient, and with multifunctional targeting of both carbon and biodiversity co-benefits increased the biodiversity co-benefits almost 100-fold. Our findings were robust to uncertainty in global outlook, and to key agricultural productivity and land-use adoption assumptions. The results suggest clear policy directions, but careful mechanism design will be key to realising these efficiencies in practice. Choices remain for society about the amount of carbon and biodiversity co-benefits desired, and the price it is prepared to pay for them.",2016,"Bryan, BA; <br>Runting, RK; <br>Capon, T; <br>Perring, MP; <br>Perring, MP; <br>Cunningham, SC; <br>Kragt, ME; <br>Kragt, ME; <br>Nolan, M; <br>Law, EA; <br>Renwick, AR; <br>Eber, S; <br>Christian, R; <br>Wilson, KA",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE2874","Article","NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Co-benefits of biodiversity and carbon sequestration from regenerating secondary forests in the Philippine uplands: implications for forest landscape restoration","Shifting cultivation is a widespread practice in tropical forested areas that policy makers often regard as the major cause of forest degradation. Secondary fallow forests regrowing after shifting cultivation are generally not viewed as suitable for biodiversity conservation and carbon retention. Drawing upon our research in the Philippines and other relevant case studies, we compared the biodiversity and carbon sequestration in recovering secondary forests after shifting cultivation to other land uses that commonly follow shifting cultivation. Regenerating secondary forests had higher biodiversity than fast growing timber plantations and other restoration options available in the area. Some old plantations, however, provided carbon benefits comparable the old growth forest, although their biodiversity was less than that of the regenerating forests. Our study demonstrates that secondary forests regrowing after shifting cultivation have a high potential for biodiversity and carbon sequestration co-benefits, representing an effective strategy for forest management and restoration in countries where they are common and where the forest is an integral part of rural people's livelihoods. We discuss the issues and potential mechanisms through which such dynamic land use can be incorporated into development projects that are currently financing the sustainable management, conservation, and restoration of tropical forests.",2016,"Mukul, SA; <br>Mukul, SA; <br>Herbohn, J; <br>Herbohn, J; <br>Firn, J","community forestry; forest degradation; reforestation; shifting cultivation; trade-off","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12389","Article","BIOTROPICA","Field experiments"]
["Preliminary assessment of the potential for, and limitations to, terrestrial negative emission technologies in the UK","The aggregate technical potential for land-based negative emissions technologies (NETs) in the UK is estimated to be 12-49 Mt C eq. per year, representing around 8-32% of current emissions. The proportion of this potential that could be realized is limited by a number of cost, energy and environmental constraints which vary greatly between NETs.",2016,"Smith, P; <br>Haszeldine, RS; <br>Smith, SM",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6em00386a","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-PROCESSES & IMPACTS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Collateral transgression of planetary boundaries due to climate engineering by terrestrial carbon dioxide removal","The planetary boundaries framework provides guidelines for defining thresholds in environmental variables. Their transgression is likely to result in a shift in Earth system functioning away from the relatively stable Holocene state. As the climate system is approaching critical thresholds of atmospheric carbon, several climate engineering methods are discussed, aiming at a reduction of atmospheric carbon concentrations to control the Earth's energy balance. Terrestrial carbon dioxide removal (tCDR) via afforestation or bioenergy production with carbon capture and storage are part of most climate change mitigation scenarios that limit global warming to less than 2 degrees C. We analyse the co-evolutionary interaction of societal interventions via tCDR and the natural dynamics of the Earth's carbon cycle. Applying a conceptual modelling framework, we analyse how the degree of anticipation of the climate problem and the intensity of tCDR efforts with the aim of staying within a \"safe\" level of global warming might influence the state of the Earth system with respect to other carbon-related planetary boundaries. Within the scope of our approach, we show that societal management of atmospheric carbon via tCDR can lead to a collateral transgression of the planetary boundary of land system change. Our analysis indicates that the opportunities to remain in a desirable region within carbon-related planetary boundaries only exist for a small range of anticipation levels and depend critically on the underlying emission pathway. While tCDR has the potential to ensure the Earth system's persistence within a carbon-safe operating space under low-emission pathways, it is unlikely to succeed in a business-as-usual scenario.",2016,"Heck, V; <br>Heck, V; <br>Donges, JF; <br>Donges, JF; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Lucht, W; <br>Lucht, W",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-783-2016","Article","EARTH SYSTEM DYNAMICS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Global economic consequences of deploying bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)","Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is considered a potential source of net negative carbon emissions and, if deployed at sufficient scale, could help reduce carbon dioxide emissions and concentrations. However, the viability and economic consequences of large-scale BECCS deployment are not fully understood. We use the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) integrated assessment model to explore the potential global and regional economic impacts of BECCS. As a negative-emissions technology, BECCS would entail a net subsidy in a policy environment in which carbon emissions are taxed. We show that by mid-century, in a world committed to limiting climate change to 2 degrees C, carbon tax revenues have peaked and are rapidly approaching the point where climate mitigation is a net burden on general tax revenues. Assuming that the required policy instruments are available to support BECCS deployment, we consider its effects on global trade patterns of fossil fuels, biomass, and agricultural products. We find that in a world committed to limiting climate change to 2 degrees C, the absence of CCS harms fossil-fuel exporting regions, while the presence of CCS, and BECCS in particular, allows greater continued use and export of fossil fuels. We also explore the relationship between carbon prices, food-crop prices and use of BECCS. We show that the carbon price and biomass and food crop prices are directly related. We also show that BECCS reduces the upward pressure on food crop prices by lowering carbon prices and lowering the total biomass demand in climate change mitigation scenarios. All of this notwithstanding, many challenges, both technical and institutional, remain to be addressed before BECCS can be deployed at scale.",2016,"Muratori, M; <br>Calvin, K; <br>Wise, M; <br>Kyle, P; <br>Edmonds, J","bioenergy; carbon capture and storage (CCS); BECCS; integrated assessment; GCAM; energy trade; food price","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/095004","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Afforestation to mitigate climate change: impacts on food prices under consideration of albedo effects","Ambitious climate targets, such as the 2 degrees C target, are likely to require the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Afforestation is one such mitigation option but could, through the competition for land, also lead to food prices hikes. In addition, afforestation often decreases land-surface albedo and the amount of short-wave radiation reflected back to space, which results in a warming effect. In particular in the boreal zone, such biophysical warming effects following from afforestation are estimated to offset the cooling effect from carbon sequestration. We assessed the food price response of afforestation, and considered the albedo effect with scenarios in which afforestation was restricted to certain latitudinal zones. In our study, afforestation was incentivized by a globally uniform reward for carbon uptake in the terrestrial biosphere. This resulted in large-scale afforestation (2580 Mha globally) and substantial carbon sequestration (860 GtCO(2)) up to the end of the century. However, it was also associated with an increase in food prices of about 80% by 2050 and a more than fourfold increase by 2100. When afforestation was restricted to the tropics the food price response was substantially reduced, while still almost 60% cumulative carbon sequestration was achieved. In the medium term, the increase in prices was then lower than the increase in income underlying our scenario projections. Moreover, our results indicate that more liberalised trade in agricultural commodities could buffer the food price increases following from afforestation in tropical regions.",2016,"Kreidenweis, U; <br>Kreidenweis, U; <br>Humpenoder, F; <br>Stevanovic, M; <br>Bodirsky, BL; <br>Bodirsky, BL; <br>Kriegler, E; <br>Lotze-Campen, H; <br>Lotze-Campen, H; <br>Popp, A","climate engineering; carbon dioxide removal; afforestation; food prices; albedo","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/085001","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Enhanced weathering strategies for stabilizing climate and averting ocean acidification","Chemical breakdown of rocks, weathering, is an important but very slow part of the carbon cycle that ultimately leads to CO2 being locked up in carbonates on the ocean floor. Artificial acceleration of this carbon sink via distribution of pulverized silicate rocks across terrestrial landscapesmay help offset anthropogenic CO2 emissions(1-5). We show that idealized enhanced weathering scenarios over less than a third of tropical land could cause significant drawdown of atmospheric CO2 and ameliorate ocean acidification by 2100. Global carbon cycle modelling(6-8) driven by ensemble Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) projections of twenty-first-century climate change (RCP8.5, business-as-usual; RCP4.5, medium-level mitigation)(9,10) indicates that enhanced weathering could lower atmospheric CO2 by 30-300 ppm by 2100, depending mainly on silicate rock application rate (1 kg or 5 kg m(-2) yr(-1)) and composition. At the higher application rate, end-of-century ocean acidification is reversed under RCP4.5 and reduced by about two-thirds under RCP8.5. Additionally, surface ocean aragonite saturation state, a key control on coral calcification rates, is maintained above 3.5 throughout the low latitudes, thereby helping maintain the viability of tropical coral reef ecosystems(11-14). However, we highlight major issues of cost, social acceptability, and potential unanticipated consequences that will limit utilization and emphasize the need for urgent efforts to phase down fossil fuel emissions(15).",2016,"Taylor, LL; <br>Quirk, J; <br>Thorley, RMS; <br>Kharecha, PA; <br>Kharecha, PA; <br>Hansen, J; <br>Ridgwell, A; <br>Ridgwell, A; <br>Lomas, MR; <br>Banwart, SA; <br>Beerling, DJ",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE2882","Article","NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Simulating the Earth system response to negative emissions","Natural carbon sinks currently absorb approximately half of the anthropogenic CO2 emitted by fossil fuel burning, cement production and land-use change. However, this airborne fractionmay change in the future depending on the emissions scenario. An important issue in developing carbon budgets to achieve climate stabilisation targets is the behaviour of natural carbon sinks, particularly under low emissions mitigation scenarios as required to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. A key requirement for low carbon pathways is to quantify the effectiveness of negative emissions technologies which will be strongly affected by carbon cycle feedbacks. Here we find that Earth system models suggest significant weakening, even potential reversal, of the ocean and land sinks under future low emission scenarios. For the RCP 2.6 concentration pathway, models project land and ocean sinks to weaken to 0.8 +/- 0.9 and 1.1 +/- 0.3 GtC yr(-1) respectively for the second half of the 21st century and to -0.4 +/- 0.4 and 0.1 +/- 0.2 GtC yr(-1) respectively for the second half of the 23rd century. Weakening of natural carbon sinks will hinder the effectiveness of negative emissions technologies and therefore increase their required deployment to achieve a given climate stabilisation target. We introduce a new metric, the perturbation airborne fraction, to measure and assess the effectiveness of negative emissions.",2016,"Jones, CD; <br>Ciais, P; <br>Davis, SJ; <br>Friedlingstein, P; <br>Gasser, T; <br>Gasser, T; <br>Peters, GP; <br>Rogelj, J; <br>Rogelj, J; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>Canadell, JG; <br>Cowie, A; <br>Jackson, RB; <br>Jackson, RB; <br>Jonas, M; <br>Kriegler, E; <br>Littleton, E; <br>Lowe, JA; <br>Lowe, JA; <br>Milne, J; <br>Shrestha, G; <br>Smith, P; <br>Torvanger, A; <br>Wiltshire, A","climate; carbon cycle; earth system; negative emissions; carbon dioxide removal; mitigation scenarios","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/095012","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Modeling multifunctional agroforestry systems with environmental values: Dehesa in Spain and woodland ranches in California","The high environmental and amenity values of Mediterranean oak woodlands influence the response of the public and landowners to market forces and to public policies for the management of oak woodland areas. In California and in Spain, woodlands with a Quercus overstory open enough to allow the development of a significant grassy or shrubby understory harbor exceptional levels of biodiversity, provide watershed and habitat, sequester carbon, offer historically meaningful landscapes, and are pleasing to the eye. For historic reasons, and because of the social and environmental values of the woodlands for their owners, large private holdings based on sylvopastoral enterprises have and will have a crucial role in the future of the woodlands. Simple financial models for predicting landowner behavior based on response to market forces do not explain landowner retention of oaks without incorpo- ration of landowner consumption of environmental and amenity values from the property, because landowner utility for oaks is not fully accounted for. By the same token, predicting the best afforestation approach considering carbon sequestration alone without consideration of the biodiversity and amenity values of native oaks risks an overvaluation of planting alien species that could have negative environmental and social consequences. Reforestation models for carbon sequestration that do not incorporate biodiversity and public amenity values might favor plantings of alien species such as euca- lyptus; however, this does not take into account the high public and private consumption values of native oaks. ¬© 2016, Springer New York LLC. All rights Reserved.",2016,"Campos, P.; <br>Caparr√≥s, A.; <br>Cerd√°, E.; <br>Huntsinger, L.; <br>Standiford, R.B.",null,null,"Book Chapter","Int. Ser. Oper. Res.Manag. Sci.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Does conservation agriculture deliver climate change mitigation through soil carbon sequestration in tropical agro-ecosystems?","Conservation agriculture (CA), comprising minimum soil disturbance, retention of crop residues and crop diversification, is widely promoted for reducing soil degradation and improving agricultural sustainability. It is also claimed to mitigate climate change through soil carbon sequestration: we conducted a meta-analysis of soil organic carbon (SOC) stock changes under CA practices in two tropical regions, the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), to quantify this. In IGP annual increases in SOC stock compared to conventional practice were between 0.16 and 0.49 Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1). In SSA increases were between 0.28 and 0.96 Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1), but with much greater variation and a significant number of cases with no measurable increase. Most reported SOC stock increases under CA are overestimates because of errors introduced by inappropriate soil sampling methodology. SOC increases require careful interpretation to assess whether or not they represent genuine climate change mitigation as opposed to redistribution of organic C within the landscape or soil profile. In smallholder farming in tropical regions social and economic barriers can greatly limit adoption of CA, further decreasing realistic mitigation potential. Comparison with the decreases in greenhouse gas emissions possible through improved management of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in regions such as IGP where N use is already high, suggests that this is a more effective and sustainable means of mitigating climate change. However the mitigation potential, and other benefits, from crop diversification are frequently overlooked when considering CA and warrant greater attention. Increases in SOC concentration (as opposed to stock) in near-surface soil from CA cause improvements in soil physical conditions; these are expected to contribute to increased sustainability and climate change adaptation, though not necessarily leading to consistently increased crop yields. CA should be promoted on the basis of these factors and any climate change mitigation regarded as an additional benefit, not a major policy driver for its adoption. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2016,"Powlson, DS; <br>Stirling, CM; <br>Thierfelder, C; <br>White, RP; <br>Jat, ML","Conservation agriculture; Tropical; Soil organic carbon; Climate change mitigation; Carbon sequestration; Zero-tillage; Crop residues; Crop diversification; Nitrogen","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.01.005","Article","AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Climate Engineering Economics","This article reviews and evaluates the nascent literature on the economics of climate engineering. The literature distinguishes between two broad types of climate engineering: solar radiation management and carbon dioxide removal. We review the science and engineering characteristics of these technologies and analyze the implications of those characteristics for economic policy design. We discuss optimal policy and carbon price, interregional and intergenerational equity issues, strategic interaction in the design of international environmental agreements, and the sources of risk and uncertainty surrounding these technologies. We conclude that climate engineering technologies, similar to mitigation and adaptation, should be a fundamental part of future domestic and global climate policy design. We propose several avenues in need of additional research.",2016,"Heutel, G; <br>Moreno-Cruz, J; <br>Ricke, K","climate change; geoengineering; solar radiation management; carbon dioxide removal; climate policy","http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100815-095440","Article; Book Chapter","ANNUAL REVIEW OF RESOURCE ECONOMICS, VOL 8","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biophysical and economic limits to negative CO2 emissions","To have a >50% chance of limiting warming below 2 degrees C, most recent scenarios from integrated assessment models (IAMs) require large-scale deployment of negative emissions technologies (NETs). These are technologies that result in the net removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. We quantify potential global impacts of the different NETs on various factors (such as land, greenhouse gas emissions, water, albedo, nutrients and energy) to determine the biophysical limits to, and economic costs of, their widespread application. Resource implications vary between technologies and need to be satisfactorily addressed if NETs are to have a significant role in achieving climate goals.",2016,"Smith, P; <br>Davis, SJ; <br>Creutzig, F; <br>Creutzig, F; <br>Fuss, S; <br>Minx, J; <br>Minx, J; <br>Minx, J; <br>Gabrielle, B; <br>Gabrielle, B; <br>Kato, E; <br>Jackson, RB; <br>Jackson, RB; <br>Cowie, A; <br>Kriegler, E; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>Rogelj, J; <br>Rogelj, J; <br>Ciais, P; <br>Milne, J; <br>Canadell, JG; <br>McCollum, D; <br>Peters, G; <br>Andrew, R; <br>Krey, V; <br>Shrestha, G; <br>Friedlingstein, P; <br>Gasser, T; <br>Gasser, T; <br>Grubler, A; <br>Heidug, WK; <br>Jonas, M; <br>Jones, CD; <br>Kraxner, F; <br>Littleton, E; <br>Lowe, J; <br>Moreira, JR; <br>Nakicenovic, N; <br>Obersteiner, M; <br>Patwardhan, A; <br>Rogner, M; <br>Rubin, E; <br>Sharifi, A; <br>Torvanger, A; <br>Yamagata, Y; <br>Edmonds, J; <br>Cho, Y",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE2870","Review","NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Current European policies are unlikely to jointly foster carbon sequestration and protect biodiversity","The extension of forest area is a globally accepted tool to offset CO2 emissions from deforestation and the combustion of fossil fuels. The common assumption is that in addition to the perceived climate benefits increasing forest area will also support biodiversity, thus making afforestation a \"win-win scenario\". Based on the existing scientific evidences, we show that joined climate and biodiversity benefits are strongly context-dependent and that the outcome of afforestation is often highly questionable. In Europe, grasslands managed at low intensity contribute substantially to biodiversity conservation and carbon storage. However, many of these grasslands have been lost due to abandonment and subsequent spontaneous succession towards woody vegetation, or due to land use intensification. Moreover, grasslands are the ecosystems most often deliberately afforested in the context of EU carbon-centered policies that may thus counteract biodiversity conservation programmes. By reviewing the main EU policies targeting forests and grasslands, we found a striking ambivalence between policies and funding schemes addressing grassland conservation on the one hand (e.g. Habitats Directive, green payments within the Common Agricultural Policy) and those supporting afforestation on the other (e.g. rural development funds). We suggest three measures towards a better harmonization of the European Union policies that target forest and grassland ecosystems: (1) promoting the alignment of the decisions taken across different policy sectors; (2) focusing on the whole range of ecosystem services and biodiversity issues rather than on carbon management only; (3) valuing systems managed at low-intensity for their multifunctionality. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2016,"Burrascano, S; <br>Chytry, M; <br>Kuemmerle, T; <br>Kuemmerle, T; <br>Giarrizzo, E; <br>Luyssaert, S; <br>Luyssaert, S; <br>Sabatini, FM; <br>Blasi, C","Afforestation; Carbon management; Climate change mitigation; Common Agricultural Policy; Grassland biodiversity; Habitats Directive","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.005","Article","BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Rapid scale-up of negative emissions technologies: social barriers and social implications","Negative emissions technologies have garnered increasing attention in the wake of the Paris target to curb global warming to 1.5 A degrees C. However, much of the literature on carbon dioxide removal focuses on technical feasibility, and several significant social barriers to scale-up of these technologies have been glossed over. This paper reviews the existing literature on the social implications of rapidly ramping up carbon dioxide removal. It also explores the applicability of previous empirical social science research on intersecting topics, with examples drawn from research on first- and second-generation biofuels and forest carbon projects. Social science fieldwork and case studies of land use change, agricultural and energy system change, and technology adoption and diffusion can help in both anticipating the social implications of emerging negative emissions technologies and understanding the factors that shape trajectories of technological development. By integrating empirical research on public and producer perceptions, barriers to adoption, conditions driving new technologies, and social impacts, projections about negative emissions technologies can become more realistic and more useful to climate change policymaking.",2016,"Buck, HJ","Carbon dioxide removal; Negative emissions; Food systems; Direct air capture; BECCS","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1770-6","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Key impacts of climate engineering on biodiversity and ecosystems, with priorities for future research","Climate change has significant implications for biodiversity and ecosystems. With slow progress towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions, climate engineering (or geoengineering') is receiving increasing attention for its potential to limit anthropogenic climate change and its damaging effects. Proposed techniques, such as ocean fertilization for carbon dioxide removal or stratospheric sulfate injections to reduce incoming solar radiation, would significantly alter atmospheric, terrestrial and marine environments, yet potential side-effects of their implementation for ecosystems and biodiversity have received little attention. A literature review was carried out to identify details of the potential ecological effects of climate engineering techniques. A group of biodiversity and environmental change researchers then employed a modified Delphi expert consultation technique to evaluate this evidence and prioritize the effects based on the relative importance of, and scientific understanding about, their biodiversity and ecosystem consequences. The key issues and knowledge gaps are used to shape a discussion of the biodiversity and ecosystem implications of climate engineering, including novel climatic conditions, alterations to marine systems and substantial terrestrial habitat change. This review highlights several current research priorities in which the climate engineering context is crucial to consider, as well as identifying some novel topics for ecological investigation.",2016,"McCormack, CG; <br>Born, W; <br>Irvine, PJ; <br>Achterberg, EP; <br>Achterberg, EP; <br>Amano, T; <br>Ardron, J; <br>Foster, PN; <br>Gattuso, JP; <br>Gattuso, JP; <br>Hawkins, SJ; <br>Hendy, E; <br>Hendy, E; <br>Kissling, WD; <br>Lluch-Cota, SE; <br>Murphy, EJ; <br>Ostle, N; <br>Owens, NJP; <br>Perry, RI; <br>Portner, HO; <br>Scholes, RJ; <br>Schurr, FM; <br>Schweiger, O; <br>Settele, J; <br>Settele, J; <br>Smith, RK; <br>Smith, S; <br>Thompson, J; <br>Tittensor, DP; <br>Tittensor, DP; <br>van Kleunen, M; <br>Vivian, C; <br>Vohland, K; <br>Warren, R; <br>Watkinson, AR; <br>Widdicombe, S; <br>Williamson, P; <br>Woods, E; <br>Blackstock, JJ; <br>Sutherland, WJ","Biodiversity; carbon dioxide removal; climate engineering; ecosystems; geoengineering; solar radiation management","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1943815X.2016.1159578","Article","JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar properties: Transport, fate, and impact","Biochar is the name given to charcoal produced from pyrolyzed biomass with the purpose to add into soils to enhance soil properties and sequestrate carbon. Biochar has been a very popular research topic and a large amount of scientific literature has been produced in the last decade. Papers show biochar production from almost any type of biomass available using diverse types of thermochemical processes which have variations in technology, design, and conditions. All this variability in biomass feedstock and production has made biochar a very heterogeneous product, making it difficult to understand the biochar characteristics and qualities and what are the benefits and risks of its application in soils. This review presents a comprehensive vision of biochar properties, and their impact when biochar is applied to soils. To better understand this impact, biochar-collected data were classified in six types according to the main biomass used in its production, and divided into two thermochemical treatments: convectional pyrolysis methods and Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC). Four biochar properties were studied: (i) physical and structural characteristics, (ii) chemical properties, (iii) agronomical properties, and (iv) contaminants. Outcomes of this review suggest that biochar can be a good soil amendment with capacity to enhance physical, chemical, and agronomic soil qualities. Nevertheless, results show the current lack of appropriate methodological analytical determination of some of the biochar characteristics. This can mislead to erroneous biochar characterization which could lead to future environmental issues. The review of the data suggested that some types of biomass could be not suitable for biochar soil application due to high levels of contaminants, although the information about solubility and availability of these contaminants in many cases is not clear. A consistent methodology, protocol, or index to measure biochar carbon stability in soils was not found; data suggest that a small proportion of biochars would not be suitable for carbon sequestration in soils but they could have good agronomical propertiesthis finding suggested that biochar production can be customized based on its final use. However, before proceeding to recommend massive use of biochar in soil, more research is necessary to have enough knowledge and understanding of biochar properties to develop models to predict biochar transport, fate, and impact.",2016,"Aller, MF","Biochar; hydrochar; biochar properties; pyrolysis; biomass; thermal conversion; hydrothermal; carbonization; carbon sequestration; soil fertility; plant nutrition; biochar contaminates; production conditions; biochar physical properties; biochar chemical properties","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2016.1212368","Review","CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Agronomic and remedial benefits and risks of applying biochar to soil: Current knowledge and future research directions","'Biochar' represents an emerging technology that is increasingly being recognized for its potential role in carbon sequestration, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, waste management, renewable energy, soil improvement, crop productivity enhancement and environmental remediation. Published reviews have so far focused mainly on the above listed agronomic and environmental benefits of applying biochar, yet paid little or no attention to its harmful effects on the ecological system. This review highlights a balanced overview of the advantages and disadvantages of the pyrolysis process of biochar production, end-product quality and the benefits versus drawbacks of biochar on: (a) soil geochemistry and albedo, (b) microflora and fauna, (c) agrochemicals, (d) greenhouse gas efflux, (e) nutrients, (f) crop yield, and (g) contaminants (organic and inorganic). Future research should focus more on the unintended long-term consequences of biochar on biological organisms and their processes in the soil. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2016,"Kuppusamy, S; <br>Kuppusamy, S; <br>Thavamani, P; <br>Thavamani, P; <br>Megharaj, M; <br>Megharaj, M; <br>Venkateswarlu, K; <br>Naidu, R; <br>Naidu, R","Biochar; Pyrolysis; Soil amendment; Agronomic benefits; Pollutants; Environmental impacts","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.10.018","Review","ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Combining bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) - A review","Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) has recently gained global attention as a carbon reduction technology involving permanent net removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. BECCS has the potential to realize a significant capture and storage of CO2 absorbed from the atmosphere by bioenergy feedstocks, and in turn, delivers power and heat production with net \"negative carbon emissions\". This is a considerably advantageous over other mitigation alternatives, which only decrease the amount of atmospheric emissions. BECCS finds applicability in a wide range of biomass-related technologies, while being attractive from a relative cost perspective. However, its true potential has yet not been fully realised. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the technologies and issues associated with BECCS and highlight the implicated challenges related with the incentive policies based on an assessment of the net impact on emissions achievable. Further, the need for internationally compatible accounting policy incorporating all emissions generated by BECCS over its lifecycle is discussed. Finally, recommendations to minimise the risks of disincentivizing inherently low carbon energy systems via lock-in of fossil CCS are provided. Also, the linking of bio-processing infrastructure with CO2 storage sites, along with contentious scenarios of global bioenergy potential, is included.",2016,"Mohan, V.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201602034","Conference Paper","Euro. Meet. Environ. Eng. Geophys., Near Surf. Geosci.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Photosynthetic bioenergy utilizing CO2 from plant flue gas: An approach on microalgae based third generation biofuels production","The interest in microalgae based CO2 removal and biofuels production has increased over the past few years. The conversion of CO2 into chemical and biofuels products without pollution via photosynthetic CO2 bio-fixation approach is a promising way to not only reduce CO2 emissions but also generate more economic value. It has great potential as renewable fuel sources because of rapid growth rate and the ability to store high-quality lipids and carbohydrates inside their cells for biofuels production. This article reviews the literature on microalgae that were cultivated using captured CO2, technologies related to the production of biofuels from microalgae and the possible commercialization of microalgae-based biofuels to demonstrate the potential of microalgae. In this respect, a number of relevant topics are addressed: the nature of microalgae, CO2 capture via microalgae; the techniques for microalgae cultivation, harvesting and pretreatment; and the techniques for lipid extraction and biofuel production. In this work, flue gas emissions coupled to microalgae cultures are described. In addition, since microalgae can produce energy, the biorefinery concept is also reviewed. ¬© IEOM Society International. ¬© IEOM Society International.",2016,"Ahmed, S.; <br>Quader, M.A.",null,null,"Conference Paper","Proc. Int. Conf. Ind. Eng. Oper. Manage.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Soil management strategies to enhance carbon sequestration potential of degraded lands","Reclamation of degraded lands has huge potential for carbon(C) sequestration to counteract the climate change. It was estimated that about 1,947 Mha of land is degraded worldwide and in Asia (excluding west Asia), the degraded soils occupied an area of 747 Mha. In India 59.3 Mha of land is degraded. The major land-degradation processes in the World and in Asia are water erosion, wind erosion, salinity and alkalinity, nutrient depletion and metal pollution. Various management strategies like conservation agriculture, integrated nutrient management, afforestation, alternate land use, plantations and amendments and use of biochar hold promise for long-term C sequestration. It has been projected that in India the largest potential lies in erosion prevention (33.6‚Äì50.4 Tg/year), secondary carbonates and bicarbonates (21.8‚Äì25.6 Tg/ha), agricultural intensification (12.7‚Äì16.5 Tg/ year) and restoration of degraded soils (9.8‚Äì13.9 Tg/ha). Thus, total potential of soil organic C (SOC) sequestration in India is 77.9 to 106.4 Tg/year. Conservation agriculture has tremendous potential on soil C sequestration to the tune of 1.8 t/ha/year during the first decade of adoption. In dryland agriculture, conjunctive use of crop residues and Leucaena clippings had greater effect on C build up. The C sequestration potential of integrated nutrient management (100% NPK + FYM) was at the tune of 0.95 Mg/ha/year under rainfed agriculture. Overall the C sequestration potential of soils under arid and semi-arid climate is lesser than the soils under humid, per-humid climate. Afforestation could have remarkable increase in C sequestration in tropical climate than in either temperate of boreal climate. Alternate land use by adoption of agroforestry system is a promising strategy for enhancing the C sequestration by vegetation as well soil. Agroforestry plant species, e.g. Prosopis juliflora (SW.) DC.,) Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurer & Mabb.; syn. Acacia nilotica, Casuarina equisetifolia L., Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst.; syn), Tamarix articulate Vahl, Diplachne fusca (L.) P. Beauv. Ex Roem & Schult.; syn. Leptochola fusca which are well adapted to saline and alkali soils are reported to increase in SOC contents. Certain plantations like Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw., Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex. Benth. and Dalbergia sissoo DC. hold promise to reclaim acid soils and enhancing SOC content. From long-term fertilizer experiment, it has been proved that balanced fertilization alone (NPK or NPK + FYM) or with lime (NPK + lime) not only reclaim the Alfisols but also enhance SOC content. Biochar, a pyrolysed product of biomass being resistant to microbial decomposition has huge potential for carbon sequestration in soil. The reclamation of degraded land by various means can be promising for C sequestration and it has greater implications on enhancing yield of crops. ¬© 2017, Indian Society of Agronomy. All rights reserved.",2016,"Purakayastha, T.J.; <br>Bhaduri, D.; <br>Aishwath, O.P.; <br>Shivay, Y.S.","Agroforestry; Biochar; Carbon sequestration; Conservation agriculture; Degraded land",null,"Review","Indian J. Agron.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Using decision pathway surveys to inform climate engineering policy choices","Over the coming decades citizens living in North America and Europe will be asked about a variety of new technological and behavioral initiatives intended to mitigate the worst impacts of climate change. A common approach to public input has been surveys whereby respondents' attitudes about climate change are explained by individuals' demographic background, values, and beliefs. In parallel, recent deliberative research seeks to more fully address the complex value tradeoffs linked to novel technologies and difficult ethical questions that characterize leading climate mitigation alternatives. New methods such as decision pathway surveys may offer important insights for policy makers by capturing much of the depth and reasoning of small-group deliberations while meeting standard survey goals including large-sample stake-holder engagement. Pathway surveys also can help participants to deepen their factual knowledge base and arrive at a more complete understanding of their own values as they apply to proposed policy alternatives. The pathway results indicate more fully the conditional and context-specific nature of support for several \"upstream\" climate interventions, including solar radiation management techniques and carbon dioxide removal technologies.",2016,"Gregory, R; <br>Satterfield, T; <br>Hasell, A","climate change; geoengineering; pathway surveys; deliberation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508896113","Article","PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA","Surveys & interviews"]
["What carbon farming activities are farmers likely to adopt? A best-worst scaling survey","Transferring carbon from the atmosphere into terrestrial sinks through carbon sequestration practices (so-called 'carbon farming') has been proposed as an important component in Australia's efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. We use a Best worst scaling survey to determine which carbon sequestration practices farmers would be most and least likely to adopt, and what factors were most important in any potential adoption decision. The survey was distributed to dryland cropping and mixed crop-livestock farmers in Western Australia. Farmers ranked improved soil quality and reduced soil erosion as the most important potential co-benefits of carbon farming. Factors discouraging farmers from participating in carbon farming contracts were policy and carbon price uncertainty and the uncertain impact of carbon farming practices on productivity and profitability. Farmers had strong preferences for stubble retention and no-till cropping practices as carbon farming strategies. The practices that farmers preferred least were applying biochar and planting trees. Farm and farmer characteristics, including (lack of) awareness of carbon farming policies and opinions about climate change, influence the potential willingness to adopt different carbon farming practices. Given recent policy uncertainty and farmer preferences revealed in this study, it is important to communicate potential co-benefits (rather than opportunities to earn compensation or carbon credits) to increase farmers' engagement in carbon sequestration activities. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2016,"Dumbrell, NP; <br>Kragt, ME; <br>Kragt, ME; <br>Kragt, ME; <br>Gibson, FL; <br>Gibson, FL","Climate change mitigation; Best worst ranking; Stated preferences; Broadacre farming systems; Australia","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.02.002","Article","LAND USE POLICY","Surveys & interviews"]
["Expert assessment concludes negative emissions scenarios may not deliver","Many integrated assessment models (IAMs) rely on the availability and extensive use of biomass energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) to deliver emissions scenarios consistent with limiting climate change to below 2 degrees C average temperature rise. BECCS has the potential to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, delivering 'negative emissions'. The deployment of BECCS at the scale assumed in IAM scenarios is highly uncertain: biomass energy is commonly used but not at such a scale, and CCS technologies have been demonstrated but not commercially established. Here we present the results of an expert elicitation process that explores the explicit and implicit assumptions underpinning the feasibility of BECCS in IAM scenarios. Our results show that the assumptions are considered realistic regarding technical aspects of CCS but unrealistic regarding the extent of bioenergy deployment, and development of adequate societal support and governance structures for BECCS. The results highlight concerns about the assumed magnitude of carbon dioxide removal achieved across a full BECCS supply chain, with the greatest uncertainty in bioenergy production. Unrealistically optimistic assumptions regarding the future availability of BECCS in IAM scenarios could lead to the overshoot of critical warming limits and have significant impacts on near-term mitigation options.",2016,"Vaughan, NE; <br>Gough, C","climate change; carbon dioxide removal; BECCS; expert elicitation; scenarios; negative emission technologies","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/095003","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Surveys & interviews"]
["Impacts of zero tillage on soil enzyme activities, microbial characteristics and organic matter functional chemistry in temperate soils","Zero tillage management of agricultural soils has potential for enhancing soil carbon (C) storage and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, the mechanisms which control carbon (C) sequestration in soil in response to zero tillage are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the links between zero tillage practices and the functioning of the soil microbial community with regards to C cycling, testing the hypothesis that zero tillage enhances biological functioning in soil with positive implications for C sequestration. Specifically, we determined microbial respiration rates, enzyme activities, carbon source utilization and the functional chemistry of the soil organic matter in temperate well drained soils that had been zero tilled for seven years against annually tilled soils. Zero tilled soils contained 9% more soil C, 30% higher microbial biomass C than tilled soil and an increased presence of aromatic functional groups indicating greater preservation of recalcitrant C. Greater CO2 emission and higher respirational quotients were observed from tilled soils compared to zero tilled soils while microbial biomass was 30% greater in zero tilled soils indicating a more efficient functioning of the microbial community under zero tillage practice. Furthermore, microbial enzyme activities of dehydrogenase, cellulase, xylanase, beta-glucosidase, phenol oxidase and peroxidase were higher in zero tilled soils. Considering zero tillage enhanced both microbial functioning and C storage in soil, we suggest that it offers significant promise to improve soil health and support mitigation measures against climate change. (C) 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.",2015,"Mangalassery, S; <br>Mangalassery, S; <br>Mooney, SJ; <br>Sparkes, DL; <br>Fraser, WT; <br>Sjogersten, S","Carbon sequestration; Microbial biomass carbon; Greenhouse gases; Soil enzymes; Soil organic matter; Soil microbial functional diversity","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2015.03.001","Article","EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL BIOLOGY","Field experiments"]
["Impact of a woody biochar on properties of a sandy loam soil and spring barley during a two-year field experiment","Biochar is often proposed to increase soil quality and crop yield, while sequestering carbon. Despite the growing number of studies in temperate regions, the claimed positive effects are still unsure for northwestern European soils. Moreover, there is a need to upscale results from lab and pot studies in these soil types to field experiments. The objectives of this study were therefore to investigate the effect of biochar application to a temperate agricultural soil on soil chemical, physical and biological properties, and on crop growth and nutrient uptake under field circumstances. A field trial, located in Merelbeke (Belgium), was established in October 2011 and monitored until August 2013. The biochar applied was produced from a mixture of hard- and softwood at 480 degrees C. The biochar dose was 0 (control) or 20 t ha(-1) (on dry weight basis). Over two years, biochar addition to soil did not affect soil chemical properties, except for organic carbon content and C:N ratios. Effects on bulk density, porosity and soil water retention curves were non-consistent over time, possibly due to interaction with tillage operations. Biochar increased soil water content in 2012, although mostly not significantly. However, in 2013, when soil water content was overall lower compared to 2012, it was not affected by biochar addition. Soil temperature, as measured at a soil depth interval of 8-20 cm, was not changed by biochar addition. Furthermore, biochar addition to soil did only slightly influence soil microbiological community structure during the first year after biochar application, as only certain bacterial biomarker PLFAs were significantly affected by biochar addition, but no fungal biomarker PLFAs. Hence, it was not surprising that biochar addition did not affect crop yield, N or P uptake during the first two years after biochar application. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2015,"Nelissen, V; <br>Nelissen, V; <br>Ruysschaert, G; <br>Manka'Abusi, D; <br>D'Hose, T; <br>De Beuf, K; <br>Al-Barri, B; <br>Cornelis, W; <br>Boeckx, P","Biochar; Field experiment; Soil chemical property; Soil physical property; PLFA; Crop yield","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2014.09.006","Article","EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY","Field experiments"]
["Eucalyptus reforestation induces soil water repellency","There is an increasing interest in eucalypt reforestation for a range of purposes in Australia, including pulp-wood production, carbon mitigation and catchment water management. The impacts of this reforestation on soil water repellency have not been examined despite eucalypts often being associated with water repellency and water repellency having impacts on water movement across and within soils. To investigate the role of eucalypt reforestation on water repellency, and interactions with soil properties, we examined 31 sites across the south-west of Western Australia with paired plots differing only in present land use (pasture v. plantation). The incidence and severity of water repellency increased in the 5-8 years following reforestation with Eucalyptus globulus. Despite this difference in water repellency, there were no differences in soil characteristics, including soil organic carbon content or composition, between pasture and plantation soils, suggesting induction by small amounts of hydrophobic compounds from the trees. The incidence of soil water repellency was generally greater on sandy-surfaced (<10% clay content) soils; however, for these soils 72% of the pasture sites and 31% of the plantation were not water repellent, and this was independent of measured soil properties. Computer modelling revealed marked differences in the layering and packing of waxes on kaolinite and quartz surfaces, indicating the importance of interfacial interactions in the development of soil water repellency. The implications of increased water repellency for the management of eucalyptus plantations are considered.",2015,"Walden, LL; <br>Harper, RJ; <br>Mendham, DS; <br>Henry, DJ; <br>Fontaine, JB",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/SR13339","Article","SOIL RESEARCH","Field experiments"]
["Shifts in microbial community and water-extractable organic matter composition with biochar amendment in a temperate forest soil","Biochar amendment in soil has been proposed as a carbon sequestration strategy which may also enhance soil physical and chemical properties such as nutrient and water holding capacity as well as soil fertility and plant productivity. However, biochar may also stimulate microbial activity which may lead to increased soil CO2 respiration and accelerated soil organic matter (OM) degradation which could partially negate these intended benefits. To investigate short-term soil microbial responses to biochar addition, we conducted a 24 week laboratory incubation study. Biochar produced from the pyrolysis of sugar maple wood at 500 degrees C was amended at concentrations of 5,10 and 20 t/ha in a phosphorus-limited forest soil which is under investigation as a site for biochar amendment. The cumulative soil CO2 respired was higher for biochar-amended samples relative to controls. At 10 and 20 t/ha biochar application rates, the concentration of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) specific to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as actinomycetes were lower than controls for the first 16 weeks, then increased between weeks 16-24, suggesting a gradual microbial adaptation to altered soil conditions. Increases in the ratio of bacteria/fungi and lower ratios of Gram-negative/Gram-positive bacteria suggest a microbial community shift in favour of Gram-positive bacteria. In addition, decreasing ratios of cy17:0/16:1 omega 7 PLFAs, a proxy used to examine bacterial substrate limitation, suggest that bacteria adapted to the new conditions in biochar-amended soil over time. Concentrations of water-extractable organic matter (WEOM) increased in all samples after 24 weeks and were higher than controls for two of the biochar application rates. Solution-state H-1 NMR analysis of WEOM revealed an increase in microbial-derived short-chain carboxylic acids, lower concentrations of labile carbohydrate and peptide components of soil OM and potential accumulation of more recalcitrant polymethylene carbon during the incubation. Our results collectively suggest that biochar amendment increases the activity of specific microorganisms in soil, leading to increased CO2 fluxes and degradation of labile soil OM constituents. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2015,"Mitchell, PJ; <br>Mitchell, PJ; <br>Simpson, AJ; <br>Simpson, AJ; <br>Soong, R; <br>Soong, R; <br>Simpson, MJ","Soil organic matter; Phospholipid fatty acids; Soil respiration; Carbon dioxide; Nuclear magnetic resonance","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.11.017","Article","SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY","Field experiments"]
["Stability of co-composted hydrochar and biochar under field conditions in a temperate soil","Hydrothermally converted biomass (hydrochar) is evaluated as a carbon-rich soil amendment in addition to pyrogenic biochar. After assessing the suitability of hydrochar for use in agriculture, its environmental safety and comparing its chemistry with that of biochar, we describe a field trial established at Halle (Germany) under natural conditions for a temperate climate and without further external management practices. The main objective of our study was to analyse the stability and hence the C sequestration potential of composted chars over a period of 2years. Four treatments (no amendment control, compost, co-composted hydrochar and co-composted biochar) in fourfold field replication were chosen to make a direct comparison of biochar and hydrochar under field conditions. The total organic carbon and total N increased in all treatments in comparison with the control but only in biochar-amended treatments were N concentrations more stable. Composted biochar showed significantly more black carbon content in topsoil, sampled some months after application, compared with all other treatments. We show that hydrochar is less suitable for long-term C sequestration in comparison with biochar but has potential for soil amelioration because it delivers essential nutrients. On the other hand, biochar is richer in polyaromatic C than hydrochar and therefore is more stable in the long term. We assessed biochar stability using the black carbon analysis of the different soil samples.",2015,"Busch, D; <br>Glaser, B","Carbon sequestration; black carbon; TOC; co-composting; N contents","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sum.12180","Article","SOIL USE AND MANAGEMENT","Field experiments"]
["Effects of biochar application on greenhouse gas emissions, carbon sequestration and crop growth in coastal saline soil","To evaluate the benefits of application of biochar to coastal saline soil for climate change mitigation, the effects on soil organic carbon (SOC), greenhouse gases (GHGs) and crop yields were investigated. Biochar was applied at 16tha(-1) to study its effects on crop growth (Experiment I). The effects of biochar (0, 3.2, 16 and 32tha(-1)) and corn stalk (7.8tha(-1)) on SOC and GHGs were studied using C-13 stable isotope technology and a static chamber method, respectively (Experiment II). Biochar increased grain mass per plant of the wheat by 27.7% and increased SOC without influencing non-biochar SOC. On average, 92.3% of the biochar carbon and 16.8% of corn-stalk carbon were sequestered into the soil within 1year. The cumulative emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O were not affected significantly by biochar but cornstalk application increased N2O emissions by 17.5%. The global warming mitigation potential of the biochar treatments (-3.84 to -3.17t CO2-eq. ha(-1)t(-1) C) was greater than that of the corn stalk treatment (-0.11t CO2-eqha(-1)t(-1) C). These results suggest that biochar application improves saline soil productivity and soil carbon sequestration without increasing GHG emissions.",2015,"Lin, XW; <br>Lin, XW; <br>Xie, ZB; <br>Zheng, JY; <br>Liu, Q; <br>Bei, QC; <br>Zhu, JG",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12225","Article","EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE","Field experiments"]
["Leaching of soil-derived major and trace elements in an arable topsoil after the addition of biochar","The addition of biochar to soils appears to be attractive for sequestering carbon and improving soil fertility. Biochar has been shown to alter carbon, nutrient and element cycling, but there is little information on the cycling of trace elements, which will be introduced increasingly into soils because of their use in modern technologies (e.g. rare earth elements) and significant concentrations in phosphate fertilizers. This study investigated, using column experiments, the effect of biochar addition on the leaching of soil-derived trace metals from a soil contaminated with heavy metals. The biochar used in this study showed a clear potential to reduce soil-derived trace metals, including transition metals, rare earth elements and heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), while increasing the amounts of essential nutrients such as potassium (K) and molybdenum (Mo). Uranium was mobilized in the presence of biochar, indicating a risk of increased leaching in biochar-amended soils. During elution under anoxic conditions manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) oxides were reduced and a release of metals typically bound to these oxides such as Pb, cobalt (Co), zirconium (Zr) and niobium (Nb) was observed. The retention of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the amended soil led to a retention of DOM-associated elements such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni). Analysis by liquid chromatography followed by ICP-MS indicated an association with UV-active DOM. In previous studies conducted with inorganic metal species added to soil, an increased retention of metals has often been interpreted as being caused by cation exchange with the biochar. Our results indicate that the decreased mobility of trace elements is at least partly caused by an enhanced retention of metal-binding DOM after biochar application.",2015,"Riedel, T; <br>Hennessy, P; <br>Iden, SC; <br>Koschinsky, A",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12256","Article","EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE","Field experiments"]
["GHG impacts of biochar: Predictability for the same biochar","One potential strategy to abate increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels is to sequester CO2 as biochar, a structural form of carbon created through the pyrolysis of various biomass materials. Biochar may be applied to soils, but has resulted in variable impacts on net soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with results spanning from suppression to stimulation. This laboratory incubation study examined the impacts of the same hardwood biochar (fast pyrolysis at 550 degrees C) to elucidate driving variables affecting previously observed carbon dioxide (CO2) fluctuations as well as nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) production impacts across ten different US soils with and without biochar (10% w/w). Biochar application significantly impacted CO2 (P = 0.04) and N2O (P = 0.03) production following amendment across all soils, but there were no differences observed in CH4 production/oxidation rates (P = 0.90). Interestingly, the induced biochar GHG alterations were significantly correlated to the original GHG production activity in the control soil, suggesting a more universal response across various soils to the same biochar than has been previously hypothesized. After correcting for the amount of CO2 released from the biochar itself [24 mu g CgBc(-1) d(-1)], there was no statistically significant alteration in the actual soil CO2 mineralization rate for any soil. This suggests that the observed increase in CO2 production was solely attributed to the abiotic CO2 releases from the biochar. On the other hand, there was an average suppression of 63% in the N2O production across all soils following biochar addition, which was again correlated to initial N2O production activity. For this particular biochar, there are predictable impacts on the GHG production potential across various soils despite differences in soil chemistry, texture, and microbial communities. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2015,"Thomazini, A; <br>Spokas, K; <br>Spokas, K; <br>Hall, K; <br>Ippolito, J; <br>Lentz, R; <br>Novak, J","Charcoal; Nitrate; Biochar additions; Black carbon; Greenhouse gases","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.04.012","Article","AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["Soil stoichiometry and carbon storage in long-term afforestation soil affected by understory vegetation diversity","The afforestation of abandoned land could offer opportunities to sequester soil organic carbon (SOC), promote nutriment elements cycling, improve plant diversity in the plantation understory and provide ecosystem services. The objectives of this study were to identify plant diversity in the plantation understory, quantify the changes in SOC and total nitrogen (TN) storage in deep soil, assess the SOC, TN, and total phosphorus (TP) stoichiometries, and investigate their relationships in the Loess Plateau Region (LPR) undergoing long-term afforestation. Soil samples were collected at a soil depth of 0-200 cm under 30-yr old Robinia pseudoacacia L. and adjacent abandoned sites, and SOC, TN and TP were determined in different soil depth. Additionally, plant composition and diversity in the plantation understory were evaluated. The results showed that land subjected to long-term afforestation had greater plant coverage, plant density, richness index (R) and Shannon-Wiener diversity (H) compared to abandoned land communities (P < 0.05). SOC, TN and TP contents in afforested sites were significantly increased in surface soil (0-30 cm) as well as in the underlying soil (100 cm) compared to the corresponding abandoned land sites (P < 0.05) in most cases. Meanwhile, SOC, TN, and TP stoichiometry in afforested areas were higher than those of abandoned lands and significantly related to understory vegetation diversity (P< 0.05). In addition, lands subjected to long-term afforestation effectively increased SOC and TN storages compared to abandoned land at soil depths of 0-30 cm and 100-200 cm and were also significantly related to understory vegetation diversity (P< 0.05). These findings demonstrating that afforestation not only affects SOC and TN stocks in surface soil, but also strongly influences that in deep soil. And it is also indicating that long-term afforestation could greatly affect soil R-CN, R-CP, and R-NP ratios. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2015,"Zhao, FZ; <br>Zhao, FZ; <br>Kang, D; <br>Kang, D; <br>Han, XH; <br>Han, XH; <br>Yang, GH; <br>Yang, GH; <br>Yang, GH; <br>Yang, GH; <br>Feng, YZ; <br>Feng, YZ; <br>Ren, GX; <br>Ren, GX","Long-term afforestation; C:N:P stoichiometry; Carbon storage; Deep soil; Loess Plateau","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.11.010","Article","ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING","Field experiments"]
["Effects of biochar on nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from paddy field during the wheat growth season","Agricultural activities are an important source of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O). Excess nitrogen (N) fertilization in the Taihu Lake region, southeast China, has resulted in a series of environmental issues such as N2O emissions and water body eutrophication. Optimal fertilization can reduce the loss of surplus N with a penalty of no or low yield. The conversion of plant residues to biochar is an attractive strategy for mitigating atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions and for enhancing carbon storage in soil. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of biochar on N2O emissions, crop yield, and global warming potential (GWP). Five treatments were conducted with four replicates: no nitrogen fertilizer (Control), locally conventional N fertilizer (RN), optimal N fertilizer (ON), optimal N fertilizer plus low amount of biochar [3.75 t ha(-1); (ONC1)], and optimal N fertilizer plus high amount of biochar [7.50 t ha(-1); (ONC2)]. Results showed that both N2O and NO emissions increased exponentially with the N fertilizer application rate during the wheat growth season, and cumulative N2O emissions were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in the ON treatment Biochar amendment at 3.75 and 7.50 t ha(-1) did not notably reduce N2O emissions. A significant negative correlation was observed between N2O flux and the soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) in biochar amendment, and the NO/N2O ratio was almost lower than 1, except for tillering fertilization when the soil WFPS was lower, indicating that N2O was primarily produced by denitrification. The GWP was significantly mitigated in the ON treatment compared with the RN treatment, which was significantly lower in the biochar treatment (P < 0.05). The greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) also decreased from 0.039 to 0.031 kg CO2-eq kg(-1) yield after biochar addition. GWP and GHGI results indicated that the application of biochar could significantly mitigate GWP compared with the ON treatment. Our results suggest that the application of biochar slightly reduced N2O emission, which might contribute to promote the reduction N2O to N-2. Optimal N fertilization, especially, combined with biochar will exercise a greater effect for mitigating global warming. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2015,"Xiang, J; <br>Xiang, J; <br>Liu, DY; <br>Ding, WX; <br>Yuan, JJ; <br>Yuan, JJ; <br>Lin, YX; <br>Lin, YX","Optimal fertilization; Biochar; N2O; NO; GWP","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.038","Article","JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION","Field experiments"]
["The Impact of Afforestation on Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration on the Qinghai Plateau, China","Afforestation, the conversion of non-forested land into forest, is widespread in China. However, the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) after afforestation are not well understood, especially in plateau climate zones. For a total of 48 shrub- and/or tree-dominated afforestation sites on the Qinghai Plateau, Northwestern China, post-afforestation changes in SOC, total nitrogen (TN), the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) and soil bulk density (BD) were investigated to a soil depth of 60 cm using the paired-plots method. SOC and TN accumulated at rates of 138.2 g C m(-2) yr(-1) and 4.6 g N m(-2) yr(-1), respectively, in shrub-dominated afforestation sites and at rates of 113.3 g C m(-2) yr(-1) and 6.7 g N m(-2)yr(-1), respectively, in tree-dominated afforestation sites. Soil BD was slightly reduced in all layers in the shrub-dominated afforestation plots, and significantly reduced in soil layers from 0-40cm in the tree-dominated afforestation plots. The C/N ratio was higher in afforested sites relative to the reference sites. SOC accumulation was closely related to TN accumulation following afforestation, and the inclusion of N-fixing species in tree-dominated afforestation sites additionally increased the soil accumulation capacity for SOC (p < 0.05). Multiple regression models including the age of an afforestation plot and total number of plant species explained 75% of the variation in relative SOC content change at depth of 0-20 cm, in tree-dominated afforestation sites. We conclude that afforestation on the Qinghai Plateau is associated with great capability of SOC and TN sequestration. This study improves our understanding of the mechanisms underlying SOC and TN accumulation in a plateau climate, and provides evidence on the C sequestration potentials associated with forestry projects in China.",2015,"Shi, SW; <br>Shi, SW; <br>Shi, SW; <br>Han, PF; <br>Han, PF; <br>Zhang, P; <br>Ding, F; <br>Ding, F; <br>Ma, CL; <br>Ma, CL",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116591","Article","PLOS ONE","Field experiments"]
["Emerging land use practices rapidly increase soil organic matter","The loss of organic matter from agricultural lands constrains our ability to sustainably feed a growing population and mitigate the impacts of climate change. Addressing these challenges requires land use activities that accumulate soil carbon (C) while contributing to food production. In a region of extensive soil degradation in the southeastern United States, we evaluated soil C accumulation for 3 years across a 7-year chronosequence of three farms converted to management-intensive grazing. Here we show that these farms accumulated C at 8.0 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1), increasing cation exchange and water holding capacity by 95% and 34%, respectively. Thus, within a decade of management-intensive grazing practices soil C levels returned to those of native forest soils, and likely decreased fertilizer and irrigation demands. Emerging land uses, such as management-intensive grazing, may offer a rare win-win strategy combining profitable food production with rapid improvement of soil quality and short-term climate mitigation through soil C-accumulation.",2015,"Machmuller, MB; <br>Kramer, MG; <br>Cyle, TK; <br>Hill, N; <br>Hancock, D; <br>Thompson, A; <br>Thompson, A",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7995","Article","NATURE COMMUNICATIONS","Field experiments"]
["Biochar-macrofauna interplay: Searching for new bioindicators","Biochar incorporation in agricultural soils has been proposed as a climate change mitigation strategy and has proved to substantially increase crop productivity via physical, chemical and biological mechanisms. The changes induced in soil properties are known to have a direct impact on soil ecosystem with consequences for soil biota community that, in turn, can influence biochar aging in soil. Despite several studies investigated in the interplay between biochar and soil microbiology, there is a clear lack of information on groups that live in the most superficial ground layers: soil meso and macro fauna. These groups are of great importance if we consider that biochar application should ideally be located in the soil's surface layer (0-30 cm). Our study is the first attempt to investigate the interactions between biochar soil amendments and aboveground soil macro-meso fauna in a field crop. This was made setting-up a randomized-block experiment on a processing tomato crop in northern Italy, using three different biochar types and periodically monitoring soil parameters and fauna abundances along the crop growing cycle in summer 2013. Results show that the impact of biochar application on soil fauna as a whole is small when compared to that of agricultural management, suggesting that this amendment does not have short-term ecological interferences. Nevertheless, ants exhibited variations in abundances and distribution connected to properties of amended soils such as temperature, pH and humidity, proving that they can be effectively used as a target group in the study of interactions between biochar and soil biota. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2015,"Castracani, C; <br>Maienza, A; <br>Grasso, DA; <br>Genesio, L; <br>Malcevschi, A; <br>Miglietta, F; <br>Vaccari, FP; <br>Mori, A","Biochar; Carbon sequestration; Field experiment; Soil fauna; Arthropods; Ants","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.019","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["Carbon mineralization and nutrient availability in calcareous sandy soils amended with woody waste biochar","Many studies have reported the positive effect of biochar on soil carbon sequestration and soil fertility improvement in acidic soils. However, biochar may have different impacts on calcareous sandy soils. A 90-day incubation experiment was conducted to quantify the effects of woody waste biochar (10 g kg(-1)) on CO2-C emissions, K2SO4-extractable C and macro-(N, P and K) and micro-(Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) nutrient availability in the presence or absence of poultry manure (5 g kg(-1) soil). The following six treatments were applied: (1) conocarpus (Conocarpus erectus L.) waste (CW), (2) conocarpus biochar (BC), (3) poultry manure (PM), (4) PM + CW, (5) PM + BC and (6) untreated soil (CK). Poultry manure increased CO2-C emissions and K2SO4-extractable C, and the highest increases in CO2-C emission rate and cumulative CO2-C and K2SO4-extractable C were observed for the PM + CW treatment. On the contrary, treatments with BC halted the CO2-C emission rate, indicating that the contribution of BC to CO2-C emissions is negligible compared with the soils amended with CW and PM. Furthermore, the combined addition of PM + BC increased available N, P and K compared with the PM or BC treatments. Overall, the incorporation of biochar into calcareous soils might have benefits in carbon sequestration and soil fertility improvement. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2015,"El-Naggar, AH; <br>El-Naggar, AH; <br>Usman, ARA; <br>Usman, ARA; <br>Al-Omran, A; <br>Ok, YS; <br>Ahmad, M; <br>Al-Wabel, MI","Conocarpus waste; Biochar; CO2-C emission rate; Nutrient availability; Labile carbon","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.052","Article","CHEMOSPHERE","Field experiments"]
["Biochar as a global change adaptation: predicting biochar impacts on crop productivity and soil quality for a tropical soil with the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model","The Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model with newly-developed biochar algorithms was used to determine the impacts of biochar amendments on corn (Zea mays L.) yields, soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, bulk density (D-b) and soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. The objectives were (1) to determine biochar impacts on crop yields and soil properties of a tropical soil and (2) to evaluate biochar's potential as a climate change adaptation tool. EPIC was validated using results of a 4-yr experiment performed on an Amazonian Oxisol amended with biochar at rates of 0, 8, and 20 Mg ha(-1). Simulated yields of corn on biochar amended soil were significantly greater than control yields (p < 0.05). Simulated soil pH increased from original 3.9 to 4.19, CEC increased from 9.76 to 11.5 cmol(c) kg(-1), and SOC also increased. After validation, EPIC was used to simulate the impacts of the same biochar rates applied at 4 year intervals on corn yields and soil properties over the next 20 years. Soil CEC increased from 11.1 cmol(c) kg(-1) to 20.2 cmol(c) kg(-1) for the highest biochar application rate. Soil pH increased from 3.9 to 5.64. SOC increased up to 2.59 % for the highest biochar application rate with decreased topsoil D-b from 1.11 Mg m(-3) to 0.97 Mg m(-3). Long-term corn yields were slightly decreased. Although the results are biochar-, dose-, and soil-specific, biochar additions to tropical soils hold promise as a climate change adaptation tool resulting in increased soil carbon sequestration and improved soil properties.",2015,"Lychuk, TE; <br>Lychuk, TE; <br>Izaurralde, RC; <br>Izaurralde, RC; <br>Hill, RL; <br>McGill, WB; <br>Williams, JR","Biochar; Bulk density; Cation exchange capacity; Crop productivity; Environmental Policy Integrated Climate Model (EPIC); Modeling; pH; Soil carbon dynamics; Soil quality","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-014-9554-7","Article","MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR GLOBAL CHANGE","Field experiments"]
["Biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stocks in hybrid poplar buffers, herbaceous buffers and natural woodlots in the riparian zone on agricultural land","In many temperate agricultural areas, riparian forests have been converted to cultivated land, and only narrow strips of herbaceous vegetation now buffer many farm streams. The afforestation of these riparian zones has the potential to increase carbon (C) storage in agricultural landscapes by creating a new biomass sink for atmospheric CO2. Occurring at the same time, the storage of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in plant biomass, is an important water quality function that may greatly vary with types of riparian vegetation. The objectives of this study were (1) to compare C, N and P storage in aboveground, belowground and detrital biomass for three types of riparian vegetation cover (9-year-old hybrid poplar buffers, herbaceous buffers and natural woodlots) across four agricultural sites and (2) to determine potential vegetation cover effects on soil nutrient supply rate in the riparian zone. Site level comparisons suggest that 9-year-old poplar buffers have stored 9-31 times more biomass C, 4-10 times more biomass N, and 3-7 times more biomass P than adjacent non managed herbaceous buffers, with the largest differences observed on the more fertile sites. The conversion of these herbaceous buffers topoplar buffers could respectively increase C, N and P storage in biomass by 3.2-11.9 t/ha/yr, 32-124 kg/ha/yr and 3.2-15.6 kg/ha/yr, over 9 years. Soil NO3 and P supply rates during the summer were respectively 57% and 66% lower in poplar buffers than in adjacent herbaceous buffers, potentially reflecting differences in nutrient storage and cycling between the two buffer types. Biomass C ranged 49 -160 t/ha in woodlots, 33-110 t/ha in poplar buffers and 3-4 t/ha in herbaceous buffers. Similar biomass C stocks were found in the most productive poplar buffer and three of the four woodlots studied. Given their large and varied biomass C stocks, conservation of older riparian woodlots is equally important for C balance management in farmland. In addition, the establishment of poplar buffers, in replacement of non managed herbaceous buffers, could rapidly increase biomass C, N and P storage along farm streams, which would be beneficial for water quality protection and global change mitigation. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.",2015,"Fortier, J; <br>Fortier, J; <br>Truax, B; <br>Gagnon, D; <br>Gagnon, D; <br>Lambert, F","Agroforestry; Aboveground biomass; Belowground biomass; Detrital biomass; C, N and P concentrations; Soil nutrient availability (supply rates)","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.02.039","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT","Field experiments"]
["Enhanced rice production but greatly reduced carbon emission following biochar amendment in a metal-polluted rice paddy","Soil amendment of biochar (BSA) had been shown effective for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and alleviating metal stress to plants and microbes in soil. It has not yet been addressed if biochar exerts synergy effects on crop production, GHG emission, and microbial activity in metal-polluted soils. In a field experiment, biochar was amended at sequential rates at 0, 10, 20, and 40 t ha(-1), respectively, in a cadmium- and lead-contaminated rice paddy from the Tai lake Plain, China, before rice cropping in 2010. Fluxes of soil carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) were monitored using a static chamber method during the whole rice growing season (WRGS) of 2011. BSA significantly reduced soil CaCl2 extractable pool of Cd, and DTPA extractable pool of Cd and Pb. As compared to control, soil CO2 emission under BSA was observed to have no change at 10 t ha(-1) but decreased by 16-24 % at 20 and 40 t ha(-1). In a similar trend, BSA at 20 and 40 t ha(-1) increased rice yield by 25-26 % and thus enhanced ecosystem CO2 sequestration by 47-55 % over the control. Seasonal total N2O emission was reduced by 7.1, 30.7, and 48.6 % under BSA at 10, 20, and 40 t ha(-1), respectively. Overall, a net reduction in greenhouse gas balance (NGHGB) by 53.9-62.8 % and in greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) by 14.3-28.6 % was observed following BSA at 20 and 40 t ha(-1). The present study suggested a great potential of biochar to enhancing grain yield while reducing carbon emission in metal-polluted rice paddies.",2015,"Zhang, AF; <br>Zhang, AF; <br>Zhang, AF; <br>Bian, RJ; <br>Li, LQ; <br>Wang, XD; <br>Wang, XD; <br>Zhao, Y; <br>Zhao, Y; <br>Hussain, Q; <br>Pan, GX","Wheat-straw-derived biochar; Metal contamination; Rice paddy; Greenhouse gas emissions; Net greenhouse gas balance","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4967-8","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH","Field experiments"]
["Reforestation with native mixed-species plantings in a temperate continental climate effectively sequesters and stabilizes carbon within decades","Reforestation has large potential for mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration. Native mixed-species plantings have a higher potential to reverse biodiversity loss than do plantations of production species, but there are few data on their capacity to store carbon. A chronosequence (5-45years) of 36 native mixed-species plantings, paired with adjacent pastures, was measured to investigate changes to stocks among C pools following reforestation of agricultural land in the medium rainfall zone (400-800mmyr(-1)) of temperate Australia. These mixed-species plantings accumulated 3.09 +/- 0.85 t Cha(-1)yr(-1) in aboveground biomass and 0.18 +/- 0.05 t Cha(-1)yr(-1) in plant litter, reaching amounts comparable to those measured in remnant woodlands by 20years and 36years after reforestation respectively. Soil C was slower to increase, with increases seen only after 45years, at which time stocks had not reached the amounts found in remnant woodlands. The amount of trees (tree density and basal area) was positively associated with the accumulation of carbon in aboveground biomass and litter. In contrast, changes to soil C were most strongly related to the productivity of the location (a forest productivity index and soil N content in the adjacent pasture). At 30years, native mixed-species plantings had increased the stability of soil C stocks, with higher amounts of recalcitrant C and higher C:N ratios than their adjacent pastures. Reforestation with native mixed-species plantings did not significantly change the availability of macronutrients (N, K, Ca, Mg, P, and S) or micronutrients (Fe, B, Mn, Zn, and Cu), content of plant toxins (Al, Si), acidity, or salinity (Na, electrical conductivity) in the soil. In this medium rainfall area, native mixed-species plantings provided comparable rates of C sequestration to local production species, with the probable additional benefit of providing better quality habitat for native biota. These results demonstrate that reforestation using native mixed-species plantings is an effective alternative for carbon sequestration to standard monocultures of production species in medium rainfall areas of temperate continental climates, where they can effectively store C, convert C into stable pools and provide greater benefits for biodiversity.",2015,"Cunningham, SC; <br>Cunningham, SC; <br>Cavagnaro, TR; <br>Mac Nally, R; <br>Paul, KI; <br>Baker, PJ; <br>Beringer, J; <br>Beringer, J; <br>Thomson, JR; <br>Thompson, RM","biomass C; carbon sequestration; chronosequence; litter; mixed-species plantings; recalcitrant C; revegetation; soil C","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12746","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Field experiments"]
["Temporal evolution of biochar's impact on soil nitrogen processes - a 15N tracing study","Biochar addition to soils has been proposed as a means to increase soil fertility and carbon sequestration. However, its effect on soil nitrogen (N) cycling and N availability is poorly understood. To gain better insight into the temporal variability of the impact of biochar on gross soil N dynamics, two 15N tracing experiments, in combination with numerical data analysis, were conducted with soil from a biochar field trial, 1 day and 1 year after application of a woody biochar type. The results showed accelerated soil N cycling immediately following biochar addition, with increased gross N mineralization (+34%), nitrification (+13%) and ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) immobilization rates (+4500% and +511%, respectively). One year after biochar application, the biochar acted as an inert substance with respect to N cycling. In the short term, biochar's labile C fraction and a pH increase can explain stimulated microbial activity, while in the longer term, when the labile C fraction has been mineralized and the pH effect has faded, the accelerating effect of biochar on N cycling ceases. In conclusion, biochar accelerates soil N transformations in the short-term through stimulating soil microbial activity, thereby increasing N bio-availability. This effect is, however, temporary. ¬© 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.",2015,"Nelissen, V.; <br>R√ºtting, T.; <br>Huygens, D.; <br>Ruysschaert, G.; <br>Boeckx, P.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12156","Article","GCB Bioenergy","Field experiments"]
["Application of Biochars for Soil Constraints: Challenges and Solutions","Biochar addition to soil is currently being considered as a means to sequester carbon while simultaneously improving soil health, soil fertility and agronomic benefits. The focus of this special issue is on current research on the effects of biochar application to soil for overcoming diverse soil constraints and recommending further research relating to biochar application to soil. The biochar research has progressed considerably with important key findings on agronomic benefits, carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas emissions, soil acidity, soil fertility, soil health, soil salinity, etc., but more research is required before definitive recommendations can be made to end-users regarding the effects of biochar application across a range of soils, climates and land management practices.",2015,"Solaiman, ZM; <br>Solaiman, ZM; <br>Anawar, HM; <br>Anawar, HM","agronomic benefits; carbon sequestration; greenhouse gas emissions; pH; soil fertility; soil health; soil salinity","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(15)30044-8","Editorial Material","PEDOSPHERE","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Tropical reforestation and climate change: beyond carbon","Tropical reforestation (TR) has been highlighted as an important intervention for climate change mitigation because of its carbon storage potential. TR can also play other frequently overlooked, but significant, roles in helping society and ecosystems adapt to climate variability and change. For example, reforestation can ameliorate climate-associated impacts of altered hydrological cycles in watersheds, protect coastal areas from increased storms, and provide habitat to reduce the probability of species' extinctions under a changing climate. Consequently, reforestation should be managed with both adaptation and mitigation objectives in mind, so as to maximize synergies among these diverse roles, and to avoid trade-offs in which the achievement of one goal is detrimental to another. Management of increased forest cover must also incorporate measures for reducing the direct and indirect impacts of changing climate on reforestation itself. Here we advocate a focus on climate-smart reforestation, defined as reforesting for climate change mitigation and adaptation, while ensuring that the direct and indirect impacts of climate change on reforestation are anticipated and minimized.",2015,"Locatelli, B; <br>Locatelli, B; <br>Catterall, CP; <br>Imbach, P; <br>Kumar, C; <br>Lasco, R; <br>Marin-Spiotta, E; <br>Mercer, B; <br>Powers, JS; <br>Powers, JS; <br>Schwartz, N; <br>Uriarte, M","climate-smart; ecosystem service; forest; impact; livelihood; resilience; vulnerability; water","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec.12209","Article","RESTORATION ECOLOGY","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Biochar composts and composites","Research has shown that the carbon content of wastes decreases during composting with an increase in the nitrogen content. This indicates that the increased microbial activity in the process results in an increased mineralisation rate of organic nitrogen. A formula containing biochar in the form of terra preta, biochar bokashi, biochar glomalin, biochar hydrogel and biochar mokusaku-eki could further enhance the stability of the system and its effectiveness as a soil ameliorant. It could increase the cation exchange capacity, reuse crop residue, reduce runoff, reduce watering, reduce the quantity of fertiliser, increase crop yield, build and multiply soil biodiversity, strengthen and rebuild our soil food web, sequester atmospheric carbon in a carbon negative process, increase soil pH, restructure poor soils, and reduce carbon dioxide/methane/nitrous oxide/ammonia emissions from gardens and fields. This paper considers these claims and also the wider environmental implications of the adoption of these processes. The intention of this overview is not just to summarise current knowledge of the subject, but also to identify gaps in knowledge that require further research.",2015,"Ekebafe, MO; <br>Ekebafe, LO; <br>Ugbesia, SO",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/003685015X14301544319061","Article","SCIENCE PROGRESS","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The hidden risks and unfulfilled expectations of biochar","Biochar is a charcoal-like carbonized organic material, but unlike charcoal, it is added to soils to improve their properties and to store carbon. It has received worldwide attention since the discovery of the fertile Terra Preta, which is an anthropogenic type of soil enriched in organic matter derived from charred residues. On these soils biomass production is 400% higher compared to the non-Terra Preta soils of the region. This discovery sparked the imagination of many farmers and scientists that biochar could improve the fertility of the soils worldwide and thus also food production. Furthermore, biochar application is expected to increase soil carbon content, reduce soil methane emissions and subsequently offer a solution to the issue of climate change. Owing to its properties, its amendment to agricultural soils has been considered for the reduction of nutrient runoff as well as for the immobilization of organic and inorganic contaminants in contaminated soils. The application of biochar in soil can however also have undesired effects, such as a) reduction of the efficacy of pesticides and the reduction of the degradation rate of organic contaminants, b) introduction of contaminants such as trace elements, PAH, PCB and dioxins, c) reduction of soil organic matter due to a positive priming effect, d) increase in soil greenhouse gases emission, and e) adverse or no positive effect on crop production. This indicates a trade-off between the beneficial effects of biochar as a soil amendment and the introduction of new risks. Therefore, the main motivation of this chapter is to point out several environmental issues that have to be addressed in order to make biochar practice sustainable. ¬© 2015 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",2015,"Evangelou, M.W.H.; <br>Deram, A.; <br>Schulin, R.",null,null,"Book Chapter","Adv. in Environ. Res.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The accumulation of heavy metals by Sorghum plants cultivated in biochar present","Heavy metal pollution of soil is usually related to human activities. Sites near mining activities or heavy industry are often highly contaminated with toxic metals. Such polluted soil is hardly usable for agricultural purposes because the pollution can be transferred to a food chain. To avoid the spread of contaminants it is possible to use phytoremediation techniques which can immobilize or decrease the pollution. For phytoremediation purposes, it is essential to select an appropriate plant species which should be metal tolerant with high biomass production and known agronomic techniques. The above mentioned conditions include woody plants, grasses, and crop plants. Now the primarily interest concerning biomass crops is focused on energy crop (i.e. Miscanthus giganteus, Salix sp., Populus sp., Zea mays, and Sorghum sp.). Sorghum bicolor is C4 grass widely used as a forage crop. It is the fifth most important cereal in the world. The use of charcoal to improve soil properties is increasingly studied. The work focused primarily on the potential benefit of carbon sequestration in soil, soil improvement, increased crop yield, reduction of nutrient leaching, and removal of organic contaminants. ¬© 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",2015,"Song, J.; <br>Soudek, P.; <br>Rodriguez Valseca, I.M.; <br>Petrov√°, ≈†.; <br>Vanƒõk, T.; <br>Song, J.",null,null,"CONF","Legis. Technol. Pract. Mine Land Reclam. - Proc. Beijing Int. Symp. Land Reclam. Ecol.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Climate engineering","Climate engineering, or geoengineering, is receiving growing attention from both scientists and policymakers concerned with the slow progress of international negotiations to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. However, scientists and climate activists seem sharply divided over the wisdom and practicality of climate engineering. The concept of climate engineering includes a wide range of different proposals for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, or to reflect the sun‚Äôs light and heat back into space. These proposals differ widely with regards to technical feasibility and effectiveness, environmental risks, cost estimates, moral implications and governance challenges. However, all of the options face major challenges, not only concerning lack of understanding or inability to control the negative side-effects but also most ethical and governance issues are still unresolved. This chapter outlines and discusses governance challenges for climate engineering, and proposes some high-level principles for the governance of the field of climate engineering. Further, the chapter outlines recurrent ways in which climate engineering has been framed in public and scientific discourse and discusses how such framings may influence on the future of climate engineering. The chapter ends in a discussion about in which direction climate engineering would take future climate politics and governance. ¬© Karin B√§ckstrand and Eva L√∂vbrand 2015. All rights reserved.",2015,"Hansson, A.; <br>Rayner, S.; <br>Wibeck, V.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781783470600.00048","Book Chapter","Research Handb. on Climate Gov.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Climate intervention: Carbon dioxide removal and reliable sequestration","The signals are everywhere that our planet is experiencing significant climate change. It is clear that we need to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from our atmosphere if we want to avoid greatly increased risk of damage from climate change. Aggressively pursuing a program of emissions abatement or mitigation will show results over a timescale of many decades. How do we actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to make a bigger difference more quickly? As one of a two-book report, this volume of Climate Intervention discusses CDR, the carbon dioxide removal of greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere and sequestration of it in perpetuity. Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration introduces possible CDR approaches and then discusses them in depth. Land management practices, such as low-till agriculture, reforestation and afforestation, ocean iron fertilization, and land-and-ocean-based accelerated weathering, could amplify the rates of processes that are already occurring as part of the natural carbon cycle. Other CDR approaches, such as bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration, direct air capture and sequestration, and traditional carbon capture and sequestration, seek to capture CO2 from the atmosphere and dispose of it by pumping it underground at high pressure. This book looks at the pros and cons of these options and estimates possible rates of removal and total amounts that might be removed via these methods. With whatever portfolio of technologies the transition is achieved, eliminating the carbon dioxide emissions from the global energy and transportation systems will pose an enormous technical, economic, and social challenge that will likely take decades of concerted effort to achieve. Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration will help to better understand the potential cost and performance of CDR strategies to inform debate and decision making as we work to stabilize and reduce atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide. ¬© 2015 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.",2015,"Committee on Geoengineering Climate: Technical Evaluation and Discussion of Impacts; <br>Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate; <br>Ocean Studies Board; <br>Division on Earth and Life Studies; <br>National Research Council","Carbon capture; Carbon dioxide; Clock and data recovery circuits (CDR circuits); Decision making; Gas emissions; Global warming; Greenhouse gases; Reforestation; Weathering; Accelerated weathering; Atmospheric concentration; Carbon capture and sequestrations; Carbon dioxide emissions; Carbon dioxide removal; Emissions abatements; Iron fertilization; Land management practices; Climate change","http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/18805","Book","Clim. Interv.: Carbon Dioxide Remov. and Reliab. Sequestration","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Aligning climate change mitigation and agricultural policies in eastern Europe and central Asia","Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are largely determined by howenergy is created and used, and policies designed to encourage mitigation efforts reflect this reality. An unintended consequence of an energy-focused strategy is that the set of policy instruments needed to tap mitigation opportunities in agriculture is incomplete. In particular, market-linked incentives to achieve mitigation targets are disconnected from efforts to better manage carbon sequestered in agricultural land. This is especially important for many countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ECA) where once-productive land has been degraded through poor agricultural practices. Often good agricultural policies and prudent natural resource management can compensate for missing links to mitigation incentives, but only partially.At the same time, two international project-based programs, Joint Implementation (JI) and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), have been used to finance other types of agricultural mitigation effortsworldwide. However, a reviewof projects suggests that fewECAcountries take full advantage of these financing paths. This chapter discusses mitigation opportunities in the region, the reach of current mitigation incentives, and missed mitigation opportunities in agriculture. The chapter concludes with a discussion of alternative policies designed to jointly promote mitigation and co-benefits for agriculture and the environment. ¬© 2015 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved.",2015,"Larson, D.F.; <br>Dinar, A.; <br>Blankespoor, B.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814578622_0026","Book Chapter","World Scientific Reference on Asia and the World Economy","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Conservation agriculture and soil carbon sequestration","Changes to agricultural practices in response to climate change and widespread soil degradation are being investigated to improve food security, enhance environmental conservation, and achieve sustainability. Since soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration is a strong determinant of soil physicochemical and biological activities, carbon (C) sequestration in agricultural soils requires changes to management practices. Conservation agriculture (CA)‚Äîbased on minimum soil disturbance, adequate surface cover, and complex crop rotations‚Äîhas been proposed as an alternative system to conventional agriculture. This chapter reviews potential impacts of CA mainly on C sequestration, collates information on the influence of tillage, integrated nutrient management (INM), fertilizers, residue management and cover crops on SOC stocks, and deliberates on the mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, economics, etc. by CA from existing case studies. Whether conversion to a CA system can increase C sequestration is not yet clear. More research is needed, particularly long-term research, to delineate ecological conditions suitable for adaptation in a CA system. Harshness of arid and semiarid climate exacerbates the risk of soil degradation by depleting SOC stock and increasing risks of erosion and salinization. Widespread adoption of CA can reduce the cost of farm operations including fuel consumption, while conserving soil water, improving soil functions, controlling erosion, and sustaining productivity. ¬© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.",2015,"Srinivasarao, C.; <br>Lal, R.; <br>Kundu, S.; <br>Thakur, P.B.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11620-4_19","Book Chapter","Conservation Agriculture","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Beyond the 2¬∞C limit: Facing the economic and institutional challenges","With very high risk of severe, widespread and irreversible impacts globally due to unabated anthropogenic climate change, we argue in this chapter that the 2¬∞C limit can be justified by the synthesis of available scientific evidence as an application of the precautionary principle. In principle, the risks of mitigation differ fundamentally from the risks of climate change in terms of their nature, timescale, magnitude and persistence. Humankind has the technological means to solve the problem. However, the challenges of stringent mitigation action are enormous and have been increasing over the last decade because of the ongoing renaissance of coal, which does not allow for a decoupling of economic and population growth from emissions. Keeping a greater than 66% probability of staying below the 2¬∞C limit, for example, would require current emission levels to be reduced by 40-70% by 2050, and emission levels of zero and below by the end of the 21st century. This requires a large-scale transformation in the way we produce and use energy, as well as how we use land. The most fundamental challenges are the oversupply of fossil fuels and the risks associated with negative emissions technologies, or high bioenergy deployment. A further delay in mitigation action substantially increases the difficulty of, and narrows the options for, this transformation. Delays are associated with a growing dependence on negative emissions technologies as well as higher mitigation costs in the long run. In the near term, a fundamental departure from the business-as-usual development is required. Therefore, triggering short-term climate policy action is instrumental for any reasonable long-term climate goal. While the institutional challenges are tantamount, there are multiple rationales for pricing carbon and introducing complementary policies. ¬© 2015, Centre for Economic Policy Research. All rights reserved.",2015,"Edenhofer, O.; <br>Kadner, S.; <br>von Stechow, C.; <br>Minx, J.C.",null,null,"Article","Geneva Rep. World Econ.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Phytoremediation and Biochar Application as an Amendment","Biochar is a charcoal-like carbonized organic material, but unlike charcoal, it is added to soils to improve their properties and to store carbon. It has received worldwide attention since the discovery of the fertile terra preta, which is an anthropogenic type of soil enriched in organic matter derived from charred residues. Biochar is characterized by a large surface area, a high porosity, and a high cation exchange capacity, determined to a large extent by source materials and pyrolysis temperatures. Owing to its properties, its amendment to contaminated soils has been considered for the immobilization of organic and inorganic contaminants. The application of biochar in soil can however also have an undesired effect, e.g., by decreasing the efficacy of pesticides, slowing the degradation of organic contaminants, and introducing contaminants such as PAH, PCB, and dioxins. This indicates a trade-off between the beneficial effects of biochar as a soil amendment and the introduction of new risks. Furthermore, the mechanisms of contaminant retention by biochar need to be investigated in more detail before biochar can be applied on a broad scale to manage soil pollution in a safe and sustainable way. ¬© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.",2015,"Evangelou, M.W.H.; <br>Fellet, G.; <br>Ji, R.; <br>Schulin, R.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10395-2_17","Book Chapter","Phytoremediation: Management of Environmental Contaminants, Volume 1","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Soil carbon sequestration and the greenhouse effect, Volume 57, Second edition","It‚Äôs hard to believe that the Greenhouse Effect is a concept that is now more than a century old, but today the observed and predicted climate changes attributed to the anthropogenic increases in atmospheric CO2 more urgently repeat the question, what can be done? The strategy of soil carbon sequestration is gaining importance because of the growing need to offset the rapidly increasing atmospheric concentration of CO2. The term soil carbon sequestration implies that the total C pool in the soil profile can be increased through managerial interventions aimed at transferring atmospheric CO2 to the soil C pool by moderating organic and/or inorganic transformations, either through humification of photosynthetic biomass or formation of secondary carbonates. The transfer of soil C to the atmospheric pool has created a C deficit in world soils, the so-called ‚ÄúC sink.‚Äù This C sink capacity can be filled by conversion to a restorative land use (e.g., reforestation, perennial vegetation cover) and adoption of recommended management practices that create positive C and nutrient budgets, as well as favorable soil temperate and moisture regimes. Over and above its potential to offset anthropogenic emissions, soil C sequestration has numerous benefits related to ecosystem services. Important among these are food security, water quality, and biodiversity. This volume is the second edition of SSSA Special Publication 57, first published in 2001. The present edition is an update of the concepts, processes, properties, practices and the supporting data. All chapters are new contributions by both authors of the first edition and new invited authors. The expanded second edition includes 23 chapters, with a substantial new introduction and concluding chapter. New themes addressed are urban soils, minesoils, biochemically recalcitrant compounds, carbonaceous materials, belowground C storage by woody plants, and peat soils. The geographic focus of the book is North America. While a majority of contributions are from the United States, there are important chapters from Canada and Mexico. Thematically, the second edition encompasses data from modeling, lab analyses, plot studies, landscape assessment, and regional evaluation of soil C pools and fluxes. The second edition of Soil Carbon Sequestration and the Greenhouse Effect is essential reading for those interested in advancing our efforts to address global warming by understanding the processes, properties, and practices affecting the soil C pool and its dynamics. ¬© 2009 by Soil Science Society of America, Inc.",2015,"Lal, R.; <br>Follett, R.F.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub57.2ed","Book","Soil Carbon Sequestration and the Greenh. Effect","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["PV water pumping for carbon sequestration in dry land agriculture","This paper suggests a novel model for analysing carbon sequestration activities in dry land agriculture considering the water-food-energy-climate nexus. The paper is based on our on-going studies on photovoltaic water pumping (PVWP) systems for irrigation of grasslands in China. Two carbon sequestration projects are analysed in terms of their water productivity and carbon sequestration potential. It is concluded that the economic water productivity, i.e. how much water that is needed to produce an amount of grass, of grassland restoration is low and that there is a need to include several of the other co-benefits to justify the use of water for climate change mitigation. The co-benefits are illustrated in a nexus model including (1) climate change mitigation, (2) water availability, (3) downstream water impact, (4) energy security, (5) food security and (6) moisture recycling. We argue for a broad approach when analysing water for carbon sequestration. The model includes energy security and food security together with local and global water concerns. This makes analyses of dry land carbon sequestration activities more relevant and accurate. Without the nexus approach, the co-benefits of grassland restoration tend to be diminished. (c) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2015,"Olsson, A; <br>Campana, PE; <br>Lind, M; <br>Yan, JY; <br>Yan, JY","Emission reduction; Nexus approach; Photovoltaic water pumping; Soil carbon sequestration; Supplementary irrigation; Water productivity","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.12.056","Article","ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Biomass Pyrolysis for Biochar or Energy Applications? A Life Cycle Assessment","The application of biochar as a soil amendment is a potential strategy for carbon sequestration. In this paper, a slow pyrolysis system for generating heat and biochar from lignocellulosic energy crops is simulated and its life-cycle performance compared with that of direct biomass combustion. The use of the char as biochar is also contrasted with alternative use option's: cofiring in coal power plants, use as charcoal, and use as a fuel for heat generation. Additionally, the influence on the results of the longterm stability of the biochar in the soil, as well as of biochar effects on biomass yield, is evaluated. Negative greenhouse gas emissions are obtained for the biochar system, indicating a significant carbon abatement potential. However, this is achieved at the expense of lower energy efficiency and higher impacts in the other assessed categories when compared to direct biomass combustion. When comparing the different use options of the pyrolysis char, the most favorable result is obtained for char cofiring substituting fossil coal, even assuming high long-term stability of the char. Nevertheless, a high sensitivity to biomass yield increase is found for biochar systems, In this sense, biochar application to low-quality soils where high yield increases are expected would show a more favorable performance in terms of global warming.",2015,"Peters, JF; <br>Iribarren, D; <br>Dufour, J; <br>Dufour, J",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5060786","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Carbon storage versus albedo change: radiative forcing of forest expansion in temperate mountainous regions of Switzerland","In this study, we assess the climate mitigation potential from afforestation in a mountainous snow-rich region (Switzerland) with strongly varying environmental conditions. Using radiative forcing calculations, we quantify both the carbon sequestration potential and the effect of albedo change at high resolution. We calculate the albedo radiative forcing based on remotely sensed data sets of albedo, global radiation and snow cover. Carbon sequestration is estimated from changes in carbon stocks based on national inventories. We first estimate the spatial pattern of radiative forcing (RF) across Switzerland assuming homogeneous transitions from open land to forest. This highlights where forest expansion still exhibits climatic benefits when including the radiative forcing of albedo change. Second, given that forest expansion is currently the dominant land-use change process in the Swiss Alps, we calculate the radiative forcing that occurred between 1985 and 1997. Our results show that the net RF of forest expansion ranges from -24Wm(-2) at low elevations of the northern Prealps to 2Wm(-2) at high elevations of the Central Alps. The albedo RF increases with increasing altitude, which offsets the CO2 RF at high elevations with long snow-covered periods, high global radiation and low carbon sequestration. Albedo RF is particularly relevant during transitions from open land to open forest but not in later stages of forest development. Between 1985 and 1997, when overall forest expansion in Switzerland was approximately 4 %, the albedo RF offset the CO2 RF by an average of 40 %. We conclude that the albedo RF should be considered at an appropriately high resolution when estimating the climatic effect of forestation in temperate mountainous regions.",2015,"Schwaab, J; <br>Schwaab, J; <br>Bavay, M; <br>Davin, E; <br>Hagedorn, F; <br>Husler, F; <br>Husler, F; <br>Lehning, M; <br>Lehning, M; <br>Schneebeli, M; <br>Thurig, E; <br>Bebi, P",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-467-2015","Article","BIOGEOSCIENCES","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Effects of regional afforestation on global climate","Carbon (C) sequestration following afforestation is regarded as economically, politically, and technically feasible for fighting global warming, whereas the afforested area which will contribute more efficiently as sinks for CO2 is still uncertain. To compare the benefits for C sequestration combined with its biogeochemical effects, an earth system model of intermediate complexity, the McGill Paleoclimate Model-2 (MPM-2) is used to identify the biogeophysical effects of regional afforestation on shaping global climate. An increase in forest in China has led to a prominent global warming during summer around 45 degrees N. Conversely, the forest expansion in the USA causes a noticeable increase in global mean annual temperature during winter. Afforestation in the USA and China brings about a decrease in annual mean meridional oceanic heat transport, while the afforestation in low latitudes of the southern hemisphere causes an increase. These local and global impacts suggest that regional tree plantations may produce a differential effect on the Earth's climate, and even exert an opposite effect on the annual mean meridional oceanic heat transport; they imply that its spatial variation of biogeophysical feedbacks needs to be considered when evaluating the benefits of afforestation.",2015,"Wang, Y; <br>Yan, XD; <br>Wang, ZM","climate change; land cover change; modeling; regional afforestation","http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2014.136","Article","JOURNAL OF WATER AND CLIMATE CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The dynamic soil organic carbon mitigation potential of European cropland","Changes in soil organic carbon stocks depend on the management regime and a variety of environmental factors including climatic conditions and soil properties. So far, the dynamics of soil organic carbon have not been explicitly represented in global economic land use optimization models. Here, we apply an approach to represent soil organic carbon dynamics explicitly in a global bottom-up recursive dynamic partial equilibrium model using carbon response functions simulated with a biophysical process-based model. We project soil organic carbon emissions from European cropland to decrease by 40% from 64 MtCO(2) in 2010 to about 39 MtCO(2) in 2050 mainly due to saturation effect when soils converge toward their equilibrium after management, crop rotation, or land use change. Moreover, we estimate a soil organic carbon mitigation potential for European cropland between 9 and 38 MtCO(2) per year until 2050 for carbon prices between 10 and 100 USD/tCO(2). The total European mitigation potential including co-benefits from the crop and livestock sector due to the carbon price is even higher with 60 MtCO(2) equivalents (eq) per year. Thus carbon sequestration in soils could compensate 7% of total emissions from agriculture within the EU, 10% when including co-benefits from the crop and livestock sector. However, as production is reallocated outside Europe with increasing carbon prices, emissions decrease in Europe but increase in the rest of the world (20 MtCO(2) eq). Preventing GHG emission leakage to the rest of the world would decrease the European soil organic carbon mitigation potential by around 9% and the total European mitigation potential including co-benefits by 16%. Nevertheless, the net global mitigation potential would still increase. We conclude that no significant contributions to emission reduction targets should be expected from the European cropland carbon sequestration options considered in this study. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2015,"Frank, S; <br>Schmid, E; <br>Havlik, P; <br>Schneider, UA; <br>Bottcher, H; <br>Balkovic, J; <br>Balkovic, J; <br>Obersteiner, M","Partial equilibrium; GHG emissions; Land use modeling; Conservation tillage; Soil carbon; Dynamics","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.08.004","Article","GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Carbon farming via assisted natural regeneration as a cost-effective mechanism for restoring biodiversity in agricultural landscapes","Carbon farming in agricultural landscapes may provide a Cost-effective mechanism for offsetting carbon emissions while delivering co-benefits for biodiversity through ecosystem restoration. Reforestation of landscapes using native tree and shrub species, termed environmental plantings, has been recognized as a carbon offset methodology which can contribute to biodiversity conservation as well as climate mitigation. However, far less attention has been paid to the potential for assisted natural regeneration in areas of low to intermediate levels of degradation, where regenerative capacity still remains and little intervention would be required to restore native vegetation. In this study, we considered the economics of carbon farming in the state of Queensland, Australia, where 30.6 million hectares of relatively recently deforested agricultural landscapes may be suitable for carbon farming. Using spatially explicit estimates of the rate of carbon sequestration and the opportunity cost of agricultural production, we used a discounted cash flow analysis to examine the economic viability of assisted natural regeneration relative to environmental plantings. We found that the average minimum carbon price required to make assisted natural regeneration viable was 60% lower than what was required to make environmental plantings viable ($65.8 t CO(2)e(-1) compared to $108.8 t CO(2)e(-1)). Assisted natural regeneration could sequester 1.6 to 2.2 times the amount of carbon possible compared to environmental plantings alone over a range of hypothetical carbon prices and assuming a moderate 5% discount rate. Using a combination of methodologies, carbon farming was a viable land use in over 2.3% of our study extent with a low $5 t CO(2)e(-1) carbon price, and up to 10.5 million hectares (34%) with a carbon price of $50 t CO(2)e(-1). Carbon sequestration supply and economic returns generated by assisted natural regeneration were relatively robust to variation in establishment costs and discount rates due to the utilization of low-cost techniques to reestablish native vegetation. Our study highlights the potential utility of assisted natural regeneration as a reforestation approach which can cost-effectively deliver both carbon and biodiversity benefits. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2015,"Evans, MC; <br>Carwardine, J; <br>Carwardine, J; <br>Fensham, RJ; <br>Fensham, RJ; <br>Butler, DW; <br>Wilson, KA; <br>Possingham, HP; <br>Possingham, HP; <br>Martin, TG; <br>Martin, TG","Carbon farming; Assisted natural regeneration; Managed regrowth; Environmental plantings; Agricultural landscapes; Biodiversity conservation; Co-benefits","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.02.003","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Restricting new forests to conservation lands severely constrains carbon and biodiversity gains in New Zealand","Increased afforestation of non-productive land could deliver win-win solutions for greenhouse gas mitigation through carbon sequestration and biodiversity gains, referred to here as increased 'ecological integrity'. We examined the potential trade-offs when selecting non-forested lands in New Zealand for natural forest regeneration to maximise gains in either, or both, carbon and biodiversity. We also examine the effect on potential gains and trade-offs of excluding non-conservation lands from spatial planning for conservation. The most significant per-hectare gains, for both carbon and biodiversity, were those occurring on non-conservation lands because conservation lands are mainly restricted to low-productivity environments where indigenous vegetation is already well represented. By contrast, productive environments, such as alluvial plains, where almost no indigenous vegetation remains, are primarily on non-conservation lands. These lands will need to be included in any reforestation strategy or else the most degraded ecosystems will not be restored. We found that biodiversity suffers a greater trade-off when carbon gain is prioritised than carbon does when biodiversity is prioritised. Trade-offs between carbon and biodiversity were higher on non-conservation lands but decreased with increasing area regenerated. Our study shows that natural regeneration will provide substantial increases in carbon and biodiversity on non-conservation lands compared with conservation lands. This emphasised the need for improved incentives to private land owners if carbon and biodiversity gain from afforestation is to be maximised. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2015,"Carswell, FE; <br>Mason, NWH; <br>Overton, JM; <br>Price, R; <br>Burrows, LE; <br>Allen, RB","Afforestation; Conservation planning; Ecosystem services; Trade-offs; Forest regeneration; UN-REDD","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.11.002","Article","BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Carbon benefits of wolfberry plantation on secondary saline land in Jingtai oasis, Gansu - A case study on application of the CBP model","The largest global source of anthropogenic CO2 emissions comes from the burning of fossil fuel and approximately 30% of total net emissions come from land use and land use change. Forestation and reforestation are regarded worldwide as effective options of sequestering carbon to mitigate climate change with relatively low costs compared with industrial greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction efforts. Cash trees with a steady augmentation in size are recognized as a multiple-beneficial solution to climate change in China. The reporting of C changes and GHG emissions for sustainable land management (SLM) practices such as afforestation is required for a variety of reasons, such as devising land management options and making policy. The Carbon Benefit Project (CBP) Simple Assessment Tool was employed to estimate changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and GHG emissions for wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L) planting on secondary salinized land over a 10 year period (2004-2014) in the Jingtai oasis in Gansu with salinized barren land as baseline scenario. Results show that wolfberry plantation, an intensively managed ecosystem, served as a carbon sink with a large potential for climate change mitigation, a restorative practice for saline land and income stream generator for farmers in soil salinized regions in Gansu province. However, an increase in wolfberry production, driven by economic demands, would bring environmental pressures associated with the use of N fertilizer and irrigation. With an understanding of all of the components of an ecosystem and their interconnections using the Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework there comes a need for strategies to respond to them such as capacity building, judicious irrigation and institutional strengthening. Cost benefit analysis (CBA) suggests that wolfberry cultivation was economically profitable and socially beneficial and thus well-accepted locally in the context of carbon sequestration. This study has important implications for Gansu as it helps to understand the role cash trees can play in carbon emission reductions. Such information is necessary in devising management options for sustainable land management (SLM). (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2015,"Wang, YL; <br>Wang, YL; <br>Wang, YL; <br>Zhao, CY; <br>Ma, QL; <br>Li, YK; <br>Jing, HJ; <br>Sun, T; <br>Milne, E; <br>Easter, M; <br>Paustian, K; <br>Yong, HWA; <br>McDonagh, J","Carbon benefits; Wolfberry planting; Saline land; DPSIR; CBA","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.04.020","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Biomass enables the transition to a carbon-negative power system across western North America","Sustainable biomass can play a transformative role in the transition to a decarbonized economy, with potential applications in electricity, heat, chemicals and transportation fuels(1-3). Deploying bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration (BECCS) results in a net reduction in atmospheric carbon. BECCS may be one of the few cost-effective carbon-negative opportunities available should anthropogenic climate change be worse than anticipated or emissions reductions in other sectors prove particularly difficult(4,5). Previous work, primarily using integrated assessment models, has identified the critical role of BECCS in long-term (pre- or post-2100 time frames) climate change mitigation, but has not investigated the role of BECCS in power systems in detail, or in aggressive time frames(6,7), even though commercial-scale facilities are starting to be deployed in the transportation sector(8). Here, we explore the economic and deployment implications for BECCS in the electricity system of western North America under aggressive (pre-2050) time frames and carbon emissions limitations, with rich technology representation and physical constraints. We show that BECCS, combined with aggressive renewable deployment and fossil-fuel emission reductions, can enable a carbon-negative power system in western North America by 2050 with up to 145% emissions reduction from 1990 levels. In most scenarios, the offsets produced by BECCS are found to be more valuable to the power system than the electricity it provides. Advanced biomass power generation employs similar system design to advanced coal technology, enabling a transition strategy to low-carbon energy.",2015,"Sanchez, DL; <br>Nelson, JH; <br>Johnston, J; <br>Mileva, A; <br>Kammen, DM; <br>Kammen, DM",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE2488","Article","NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Life cycle environmental impact assessment of biochar-based bioenergy production and utilization in Northwestern Ontario, Canada","Biochar-based bioenergy production and subsequent land application of biochar can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by fixing atmospheric carbon into the soil for a long period of time. A thorough life cycle assessment of biochar-based bioenergy production and biochar land application in Northwestern Ontario is conducted using SimaPro(A (R)) Ver. 8.1. The results of energy consumption and potential environmental impact of biochar-based bioenergy production system are compared with those of conventional coal-based system. Results show that biochar land application consumes 4847.61 MJ per tonne dry feedstock more energy than conventional system, but reduces the GHG emissions by 68.19 kg CO(2)e per tonne of dry feedstock in its life cycle. Biochar land application improves ecosystem quality by 18 %, reduces climate change by 15 %, and resource use by 13 % but may adversely impact on human health by increasing disability adjusted life years by 1.7 % if biomass availability is low to medium. Replacing fossil fuel with woody biomass has a positive impact on the environment, as one tonne of dry biomass feedstock when converted to biochar reduces up to 38 kg CO(2)e with biochar land application despite using more energy. These results will help understand a comprehensive picture of the new interventions in forestry businesses, which are promoting biochar-based bioenergy production.",2015,"Homagain, K; <br>Shahi, C; <br>Luckai, N; <br>Sharma, M","Woody biomass; Carbon sequestration; Environmental impact assessment; Greenhouse gas emissions; Life cycle analysis; Soil amendment","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-015-0132-y","Article","JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Soil carbon management in large-scale Earth system modelling: implications for crop yields and nitrogen leaching","Croplands are vital ecosystems for human well-being and provide important ecosystem services such as crop yields, retention of nitrogen and carbon storage. On large (regional to global)-scale levels, assessment of how these different services will vary in space and time, especially in response to cropland management, are scarce. We explore cropland management alternatives and the effect these can have on future C and N pools and fluxes using the land-use-enabled dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS (Lund-Potsdam-Jena General Ecosystem Simulator). Simulated crop production, cropland carbon storage, carbon sequestration and nitrogen leaching from croplands are evaluated and discussed. Compared to the version of LPJ-GUESS that does not include land-use dynamics, estimates of soil carbon stocks and nitrogen leaching from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems were improved. Our model experiments allow us to investigate trade-offs between these ecosystem services that can be provided from agricultural fields. These trade-offs are evaluated for current land use and climate and further explored for future conditions within the two future climate change scenarios, RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) 2.6 and 8.5. Our results show that the potential for carbon sequestration due to typical cropland management practices such as no-till management and cover crops proposed in previous studies is not realised, globally or over larger climatic regions. Our results highlight important considerations to be made when modelling C-N interactions in agricultural ecosystems under future environmental change and the effects these have on terrestrial biogeochemical cycles.",2015,"Olin, S; <br>Lindeskog, M; <br>Pugh, TAM; <br>Schurgers, G; <br>Warlind, D; <br>Mishurov, M; <br>Zaehle, S; <br>Stocker, BD; <br>Smith, B; <br>Arneth, A",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-745-2015","Article","EARTH SYSTEM DYNAMICS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The effectiveness of net negative carbon dioxide emissions in reversing anthropogenic climate change","Artificial removal of CO2 from the atmosphere (also referred to as negative emissions) has been proposed as a means to restore the climate system to a desirable state, should the impacts of climate change become 'dangerous'. Here we explore whether negative emissions are indeed effective in reversing climate change on human timescales, given the potentially counteracting effect of natural carbon sinks and the inertia of the climate system. We designed a range of CO2 emission scenarios, which follow a gradual transition to a zero-carbon energy system and entail implementation of various amounts of net-negative emissions at technologically plausible rates. These scenarios are used to force an Earth System Model of intermediate complexity. Results suggest that while it is possible to revert to a desired level of warming (e.g. 2 degrees C above pre-industrial) after different levels of overshoot, thermosteric sea level rise is not reversible for at least several centuries, even under assumption of large amounts of negative CO2 emissions. During the net-negative emission phase, artificial CO2 removal is opposed by CO2 outgassing from natural carbon sinks, with the efficiency of CO2 removal-here defined as the drop in atmospheric CO2 per unit negative emission-decreasing with the total amount of negative emissions.",2015,"Tokarska, KB; <br>Zickfeld, K","negative emissions; artificial carbon dioxide removal; Earth System modeling; carbon cycle; cumulative emissions; climate change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094013","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Managing soil carbon stocks to enhance the resilience of urban ecosystems","Land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) by urbanization will likely replace agricultural expansion as the dominant source of transformation of the terrestrial biosphere. Properly managed urban soils can offset some of the associated carbon (C) losses from urban soils and vegetation by retaining stabilized soil organic carbon (SOC) or soil inorganic carbon (SIC) such as mineral-associated C, black carbon (BC), and stable carbonate minerals. For example, SOC stocks of up to 810 Mg C ha(-1) to 1.5 m depth (Serebryanye Prudy, Russia) and SIC stocks of up to 300 Mg C ha(-1) to 2.5 m depth (Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) have been reported, but data on urban soil C storage are scanty. Aside from contributing to climate change mitigation, protecting and increasing SOC stocks support critically important soil-derived ecosystem services. Thus, C-friendly soil and land-use management practices must be developed and implemented to enhance soil-derived ecosystem services in urban areas, and the resilience of urban ecosystems to climate change. A collective management approach for urban soil C is needed. The principal actors involved should be urban land users (e.g., urban dwellers, property owners, developers) as the immediate users and managers of soil C, local professionals, local government and NGOs.",2015,"Lorenz, K; <br>Lal, R","soil inorganic carbon; soil organic carbon; soil-derived ecosystem services; climate change adaptation and mitigation; urban environmental quality","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2015.1071182","Article","CARBON MANAGEMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Possible energy futures for Brazil and Latin America in conservative and stringent mitigation pathways up to 2050","Latin America has a unique position to address climate change impacts due to its many mitigation opportunities and its growing economy. This paper applied two global and one regional integrated assessment models to assess the energy and emissions trends in Brazil and the rest of the Latin American region up to 2050 based on a set of scenarios consistent with current trends and with the 2 degrees C global mitigation target. The models show that to achieve this target, deep CO2 emission reductions are needed. The power sector offers the greatest mitigation opportunities. The implementation of CCS, in combination with fossil fuels and bioenergy, and hydro, biomass and wind energy are identified in this study as the most promising low-carbon options for the region. The realistic implementation of these options will depend, however, on their capability to overcome the present technical, economic, environmental and social challenges. Besides, an appropriate policy framework to stimulate the transformation of the energy system is also important. Brazil is the first country in Latin America to adopt a national voluntary mitigation goal by law. However, the assessment of the effectiveness of this goal up to now becomes difficult due to the vague targets established. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",2015,"Martinez, SH; <br>Martinez, SH; <br>Koberle, A; <br>Koberle, A; <br>Rochedo, P; <br>Schaeffer, R; <br>Lucena, A; <br>Szklo, A; <br>Ashina, S; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>van Vuuren, DP","Latin America; Brazil; Climate change; Emissions; Integrated assessment models; Climate policies","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.05.006","Article","TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Soil carbon sequestration in agroecosystems of india","Soils of agroecosystems of India are degraded, depleted and severely devoid of the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool which is often &lt;1 g kg-1 or barely 10 to 15 Mg C ha-1 to 40 cm depth. Thus, crop yields are low, water and air resources are polluted, and the overall environment is degraded. Indeed, environmental sustainability in India remains a major issue to be addressed. Concentration of SOC is a strong determinant of soil quality. Furthermore, quality of soil also impacts those of plants and animals, and thus, health of human population. Restoration of SOC pool to above the threshold level of 10 to 15 g kg-1 in the root zone is essential to advancing food and nutritional security, achieving climate change adaptation and mitigation, improving water quality and renewability, increasing biodiversity, and alleviating poverty by increasing productivity. Among causes of the severe depletion of SOC pool are extractive farming practices of residue removal, indiscriminate plowing, excessive irrigation by flooding, none or unbalanced application of fertilizers, and use of dung as a household fuel rather than manure. Uncontrolled grazing and shifting cultivation also contribute to soil degradation. The extent and severity of degradation are exacerbated by accelerated erosion by water and wind, salinization, acidification, elemental imbalance, and anerobiosis. Thus, soil degradation trends must be reversed by improving SOC concentration through creation of a positive soil/ecosystem C budget. Among best management practices (BMPs) are afforestation and reforestation of hill slopes and agriculturally marginal lands. Establishment of plantations and agroforestry systems is another option. Some BMPs for cropland, essential to improving SOC pool and advancing food security, are conservation agriculture, integrated nutrient management, and crop diversification especially of the rice-wheat system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Policy interventions are needed to promote the adoption of BMPs through payments for ecosystems services. Improved governance and strong political will power are essential to revolutionizing the stagnating Indian agriculture. ¬© 2018, IndianJournals.com. All rights reserved.",2015,"Lal, R.","Food security; Forestry and agroforestry systems; Shifting cultivation; Soil degradation; Soil quality; Sustainable intensification","http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0228.2015.00018.3","Article","J. Ind. Soc. Soil. Sci.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Conversion of cropland to grassland and forest mitigates global warming potential in northeast China","In converting cropland to grassland and forest, more carbon is sequestered in grassland soil and forest biomass, but the mitigation of global warming potential (GWP) is not clear. In this study, we use the longterm conversion from cropland to grassland (28 y) and forest (14 y) to comprehensively assess the impact on GWP of soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), CO2, and N2O emissions. The results showed that compared to the original cropland, conversion to grassland increased soil C content by 51.1%, soil N content by 28.4%, soil C stock (SCS) by four times, CO2 emission by 17%, and N2O emission by 40%; soil N stock (SNS) decreased by half. The corresponding values after afforestation were 7.2%, 5.2%, three times, 3%, -80%, and half, respectively. Overall GWP in the cropland system was calculated using the fuel used for farming production, the change in soil C, and N2O emissions. Due to large C sequestration, the GWP of conversion to grassland (-1667 kg CO2-C equivalent ha-1„Éªy-1) and forest (-324 kg CO2-C equivalent ha-1„Éªy-1) were significantly lower than the cropland system (755 kg CO2-C equivalent ha-1„Éªy-1). The relationship between GWP and greenhouse gas, between GWP and the change of total C and N, suggest that in rain-fed agricultural systems in northeast China, the conversion from cropland to grassland and forest can mitigate GWP through changing CO2 and N2O emissions. ¬© 2015, Pol. J. Environ. Stud. All Rights Reserved.",2015,"Miao, S.; <br>Qiao, Y.; <br>Zhang, F.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/33928","Article","Pol. J. Environ. Stud.","Field experiments"]
["Sustainable use of organic resources for bioenergy, food and water provision in rural Sub-Saharan Africa","This paper reviews use of organic resources in rural Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), impacts on household energy, and interactions with provision of food and water. Wood, charcoal and dung supply over 70% of household energy in SSA, but with improvements in energy technologies, crop-residues and human excreta could also contribute. Improving cookstoves is not enough to make woodfuel use sustainable, reducing deforestation due to woodfuel demand by only 41-50%. Further reductions of 21% are achieved by using crop-residues and 23% by anaerobic digestion of cattle manure. Taken together, these measures could reduce deforestation due to woodfuel demand by 70-100%. Burning crop-residues loses a large proportion of nitrogen needed for crop production, which could be partially counteracted by applying biochar from pyrolysis cookstoves to improve retention of soil nitrogen. Better nutrient recycling would be achieved by composting, but this precludes energy provision. Both energy and efficient nutrient recycling are provided by anaerobic digestion, but carbon sequestration is reduced compared to composting or pyrolysis. Nevertheless, a wider range of waste materials may be recycled in the closed digester system, so pyrolysis of dry crop-residues together with anaerobic digestion of wet wastes is likely to provide the best solution for both food and energy. However, anaerobic digestion may demand more water than pyrolysis and, if soil carbon is reduced, may also increase the need for irrigation. Therefore, in water limited areas, biogas digesters should only be installed if integrated with water harvesting systems. Governments can encourage adoption of sustainable technologies by providing subsidies to cover fixed costs, facilitating credit and complementary infrastructure investments, and improving standardisation and quality control in cookstove and digester markets. Implementation work should involve communities and households, giving women a role in decision-making to ensure community investment in water access. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2015,"Smith, JU; <br>Fischer, A; <br>Hallett, PD; <br>Homans, HY; <br>Smith, P; <br>Abdul-Salam, Y; <br>Emmerling, HH; <br>Phimister, E","Biogas; Pyrolysis; Composting; People-centered discourse approaches; Local and national governance; Sustainable organic waste practices","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.071","Review","RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biomass and carbon dioxide capture and storage: A review","This paper provides an overview of biomass with carbon capture and storage (Bio-CCS or BECCS) at the systems level. It summarises the relevant information from the recent 5th Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), describes the progress made since earlier reports and considers additional results recently published in literature. The focus is hereby not on the technical challenges but rather on the surrounding sustainability issues. Bio-CCS shows significant potential to achieve net CO2 removal from the atmosphere at a cost that is comparable to conventional CCS technologies. However, uncertainties remain due to the little experience with large-scale Bio-CCS demonstration plants, gaps in climate policies and accounting frameworks, missing financial instruments, unclear public acceptance and complex sustainability issues. A major conclusion is that the deployment of Bio-CCS cannot take place in isolation, thus will require an approach addressing the inextricable links within the food-water-energy-climate nexus. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2015,"Kemper, J; <br>Kemper, J; <br>Kemper, J","Biomass; bioenergy; Bio-CCS; BECCS; negative emissions; land use change; nexus","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.06.012","Review","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS CONTROL","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["The way forward in biochar research: targeting trade-offs between the potential wins","Biochar application to soil is currently widely advocated for a variety of reasons related to sustainability. Typically, soil amelioration with biochar is presented as a multiple-win' strategy, although it is also associated with potential risks such as environmental contamination. The most often claimed benefits of biochar (i.e. the wins') include (i) carbon sequestration; (ii) soil fertility enhancement; (iii) biofuel/bioenergy production; (iv) pollutant immobilization; and (v) waste disposal. However, the vast majority of studies ignore possible trade-offs between them. For example, there is an obvious trade-off between maximizing biofuel production and maximizing biochar production. Also, relatively little attention has been paid to mechanisms, as opposed to systems impacts, behind observed biochar effects, often leaving open the question as to whether they reflect truly unique properties of biochar as opposed to being simply the short-term consequences of a fertilization or liming effect. Here, we provide an outline for the future of soil biochar research. We first identify possible trade-offs between the potential benefits. Second, to be able to better understand and quantify these trade-offs, we propose guidelines for robust experimental design and selection of appropriate controls that allow both mechanistic and systems assessment of biochar effects and trade-offs between the wins. Third, we offer a conceptual framework to guide future experiments and suggest guidelines for the standardized reporting of biochar experiments to allow effective between-site comparisons to quantify trade-offs. Such a mechanistic and systems framework is required to allow effective comparisons between experiments, across scales and locations, to guide policy and recommendations concerning biochar application to soil.",2015,"Jeffery, S; <br>Bezemer, TM; <br>Cornelissen, G; <br>Cornelissen, G; <br>Kuyper, TW; <br>Lehmann, J; <br>Mommer, L; <br>Sohi, SP; <br>van de Voorde, TFJ; <br>Wardle, DA; <br>van Groenigen, JW","biochar; controls; soil; standardization; trade-offs","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12132","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Bioenergy and climate change mitigation: an assessment","Bioenergy deployment offers significant potential for climate change mitigation, but also carries considerable risks. In this review, we bring together perspectives of various communities involved in the research and regulation of bioenergy deployment in the context of climate change mitigation: Land-use and energy experts, land-use and integrated assessment modelers, human geographers, ecosystem researchers, climate scientists and two different strands of life-cycle assessment experts. We summarize technological options, outline the state-of-the-art knowledge on various climate effects, provide an update on estimates of technical resource potential and comprehensively identify sustainability effects. Cellulosic feedstocks, increased end-use efficiency, improved land carbon-stock management and residue use, and, when fully developed, BECCS appear as the most promising options, depending on development costs, implementation, learning, and risk management. Combined heat and power, efficient biomass cookstoves and small-scale power generation for rural areas can help to promote energy access and sustainable development, along with reduced emissions. We estimate the sustainable technical potential as up to 100EJ: high agreement; 100-300EJ: medium agreement; above 300EJ: low agreement. Stabilization scenarios indicate that bioenergy may supply from 10 to 245EJyr(-1) to global primary energy supply by 2050. Models indicate that, if technological and governance preconditions are met, large-scale deployment (>200EJ), together with BECCS, could help to keep global warming below 2 degrees degrees of preindustrial levels; but such high deployment of land-intensive bioenergy feedstocks could also lead to detrimental climate effects, negatively impact ecosystems, biodiversity and livelihoods. The integration of bioenergy systems into agriculture and forest landscapes can improve land and water use efficiency and help address concerns about environmental impacts. We conclude that the high variability in pathways, uncertainties in technological development and ambiguity in political decision render forecasts on deployment levels and climate effects very difficult. However, uncertainty about projections should not preclude pursuing beneficial bioenergy options.",2015,"Creutzig, F; <br>Ravindranath, NH; <br>Berndes, G; <br>Berndes, G; <br>Bolwig, S; <br>Bright, R; <br>Cherubini, F; <br>Chum, H; <br>Corbera, E; <br>Corbera, E; <br>Delucchi, M; <br>Faaij, A; <br>Fargione, J; <br>Haberl, H; <br>Haberl, H; <br>Haberl, H; <br>Haberl, H; <br>Heath, G; <br>Lucon, O; <br>Plevin, R; <br>Popp, A; <br>Robledo-Abad, C; <br>Robledo-Abad, C; <br>Rose, S; <br>Smith, P; <br>Stromman, A; <br>Suh, S; <br>Masera, O","climate change mitigation; land use; life-cycle analysis; sustainability; technical potential; technologies","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12205","Review","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Carbon sequestration in soil","Soil carbon (C ) sequestration implies transferring of atmospheric CO2 into soil of a land unit through its plants. Cobenefits of soil C sequestration include: advancing food and nutritional security, increasing renewability and quality of water, improving biodiversity, and strengthening elemental recycling. Threshold level of soil organic C (SOC) in the root zone is 1.5-2.0%. SOC is influenced by land use, soil management and farming systems. To 1-m depth, more than 50% total C pool is contained between 0.3 and 1 m depth. Soils of agroecosystems are strongly depleted of their SOC stock and are degraded. Restoring soil quality necessitates increasing SOC concentration by adopting best management practices (i.e., conservation agriculture) which create a positive C budget. French Government is proposing to COP-21 of UNFCCC in December 2015 that SOC concentration be increased globally at 4 per 1000 per year to mitigate climate change and advance food security.",2015,"Lal, R; <br>Negassa, W; <br>Lorenz, K",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.09.002","Article","CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Reframing the policy approach to greenhouse gas removal technologies","Greenhouse gas removal (GGR) methods such as direct air capture, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, biochar and enhanced weathering have recently attracted attention as \"geoengineering\" options to reverse the build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Contrary to this framing, however, we argue that GGR technologies can in fact form a valuable complement to emissions control within on-going mitigation efforts. Through decoupling abatement from emissions sources, they add much-needed flexibility to the mitigation toolbox, increasing feasibility and reducing costs of meeting climate targets. Integrating GGR effectively into policy raises significant challenges relating to uncertain costs, side effects, life-cycle effectiveness and accounting. Delaying policy action until these uncertainties are resolved, however, risks missing early opportunities, suffocating innovation and locking out the long-term potential of GGR. Based on an analysis of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, we develop four policy principles to begin unlocking the potential of GGR: (i) support further research, development and demonstration; (ii) support near-term opportunities through modifying existing policy mechanisms; (iii) commit to full GGR integration in carbon accreditation and broader climate policy frameworks in future; (iv) develop sector-specific steps that lay the groundwork for future opportunities and avoid lock-out (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.",2015,"Lomax, G; <br>Workman, M; <br>Lenton, T; <br>Shah, N","Greenhouse gas removal; Geoengineering; Climate change policy","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.10.002","Article","ENERGY POLICY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Review of geoengineering approaches to mitigating climate change","Geoengineering, which is the intentional large-scale manipulation of the environment, has been suggested as an effective means of mitigating global warming from anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we will review and assess technical and theoretical aspects of land-based, atmosphere-based, ocean-based and space-based geoengineering schemes as well as their potential impacts on global climate and ecosystem. Most of the proposed geoengineering schemes carried out on land or in the ocean are to use physical, chemical or biological approaches to remove atmospheric CO2. These schemes are able to only sequester an amount of atmospheric CO2 that is small compared with cumulative anthropogenic emissions. Most of geoengineering schemes carried out in the atmosphere or space are based on increasing planetary albedo. These schemes have relatively low costs and short lead times for technical implementation, and can act rapidly to reduce temperature anomalies caused by greenhouse gas emissions. The costs and benefits of geoengineering are likely to vary spatially over the planet with some countries and regions gaining considerably while others may be faced with a worse set of circumstances than would be the case without geoengineering. Since current research on geoengineering is limited and various international treaties may limit some geoengineering experiments in the real world, the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) provides a framework of coordinated experiments for all earth system modeling groups to test geoengineering schemes. However, these experiments used on a global scale have difficulty with accurate resolution of regional and local impacts, so future research on geoengineering is expect to be done by combining earth system models with regional climate models. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2015,"Zhang, ZH; <br>Moore, JC; <br>Moore, JC; <br>Moore, JC; <br>Huisingh, D; <br>Zhao, YX","Climate change; Carbon emissions reduction; Geoengineering; Cleaner production","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.076","Article","JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Carbon management in dryland agricultural systems. A review","Dryland areas cover about 41 % of the Earth's surface and sustain over 2 billion inhabitants. Soil carbon (C) in dryland areas is of crucial importance to maintain soil quality and productivity and a range of ecosystem services. Soil mismanagement has led to a significant loss of carbon in these areas, which in many of them entailed several land degradation processes such as soil erosion, reduction in crop productivity, lower soil water holding capacity, a decline in soil biodiversity, and, ultimately, desertification, hunger and poverty in developing countries. As a consequence, in dryland areas proper management practices and land use policies need to be implemented to increase the amount of C sequestered in the soil. When properly managed, dryland soils have a great potential to sequester carbon if financial incentives for implementation are provided. Dryland soils contain the largest pool of inorganic C. However, contrasting results are found in the literature on the magnitude of inorganic C sequestration under different management regimes. The rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels will greatly affect dryland soils, since the positive effect of CO2 on crop productivity will be offset by a decrease of precipitation, thus increasing the susceptibility to soil erosion and crop failure. In dryland agriculture, any removal of crop residues implies a loss of soil organic carbon (SOC). Therefore, the adoption of no-tillage practices in field crops and growing cover crops in tree crops have a great potential in dryland areas due to the associated benefits of maintaining the soil surface covered by crop residues. Up to 80 % reduction in soil erosion has been reported when using no-tillage compared with conventional tillage. However, no-tillage must be maintained over the long term to enhance soil macroporosity and offset the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) associated to the greater amount of water stored in the soil when no-tillage is used. Furthermore, the use of long fallow periods appears to be an inefficient practice for water conservation, since only 10-35 % of the rainfall received is available for the next crop when fallow is included in the rotation. Nevertheless, conservation agriculture practices are unlikely to be adopted in some developing countries where the need of crop residues for soil protection competes with other uses. Crop rotations, cover crops, crop residue retention, and conservation agriculture have a direct positive impact on biodiversity and other ecosystem services such as weed seed predation, abundance and distribution of a broad range of soil organisms, and bird nesting density and success. The objective of sequestering a significant amount of C in dryland soils is attainable and will result in social and environmental benefits.",2015,"Plaza-Bonilla, D; <br>Arrue, JL; <br>Cantero-Martinez, C; <br>Fanlo, R; <br>Iglesias, A; <br>Alvaro-Fuentes, J","Biodiversity; Climate change; Dryland agroecosystems; Ecosystem services; Livestock; Research perspectives; Socioeconomic factors; Soil carbon sequestration; Soil water","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0326-x","Review","AGRONOMY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar production and applications in sub-Saharan Africa: Opportunities, constraints, risks and uncertainties","Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) experiences soil degradation, food and livelihood insecurity, environmental pollution and lack of access to energy. Biochar has gained international research attention, but few studies have investigated the potential of biochar to address the challenges in SSA. This paper seeks to identify and evaluate generic potential opportunities and constraints associated with biochar application in sub-Saharan Africa using Zimbabwe as case study. Specific objectives were to; (1) identify and quantify feedstocks for biochar production; (2) review literature on the biochar properties, and evaluate its potential applications in agriculture, environmental remediation and energy provision, and (3) identify research gaps, risks and constraints associated with biochar technology. Biochar feedstocks in Zimbabwe were estimated to be 9.9 Mton yr-1, predominantly derived from manure (88%) and firewood (10%). This will yield 3.5, 1.7 and 3.1 Mton yr(-1) of biochar, bio-oil and synthetic gas, respectively. Land application of the 3.5 Mton yr(-1) of biochar (approximate to 63% C) would sequester approximately 2.2 Mton yr(-1) of soil carbon in Zimbabwe alone, while simultaneously minimizing the environmental and public health risks, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with solid organic wastes. Biochar potentially enhances soil and crop productivity through enhanced nutrient and soil moisture availability, amelioration of acidic soils and stimulation of microbial diversity and activity. Due to its excellent adsorption properties, biochar has potential applications in industrial and environmental applications including water and wastewater treatment, remediation and revegetation of contaminated soils and water. Biochar products have energy values comparable or higher than those of traditional biomass fuels; thereby making them ideal alternative sources of energy especially for poor households without access to electricity. Before the benefits of biochar can be realized in SSA, there is need to overcome multiple risks and constraints such as lack of finance, socio-economic constraints including negative perceptions and attitudes among both researchers and consumers, and environmental and public health risks. Therefore, there is need to conduct fundamental research to demonstrate the benefits of biochar applications, and develop policy framework and criteria for its production and subsequent adoption. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2015,"Gwenzi, W; <br>Chaukura, N; <br>Mukome, FND; <br>Machado, S; <br>Nyamasoka, B","Biochar; Carbon sequestration; Climate change; Crop productivity; Energy provision; Pyrolysis; Smallholder agroecosystems; Zimbabwe","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.11.027","Review","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Dual high-stake emerging technologies: a review of the climate engineering research literature","The literature on climate engineering, or geoengineering, covers a wide range of potential methods for solar radiation management or carbon dioxide removal that vary in technical aspects, temporal and spatial scales, potential environmental impacts, and legal, ethical, and governance challenges. This paper presents a comprehensive review of social and natural science papers on this topic since 2006 and listed in SCOPUS andWeb of Science. It adds to previous literature reviews by combining analyses of bibliometric patterns and of trends in how the technologies are framed in terms of content, motivations, stakes, and recommendations. Most peer-reviewed climate engineering literature does not weigh the risks and new, additional, benefits of the various technologies, but emphasizes either the potential dangers of climate engineering or the climate change consequences of refraining from considering the research, development, demonstration, and/ or deployment of climate engineering technologies. To analyse this polarity, not prevalent in the literature on earlier emerging technologies, we explore the concept of dual high-stake technologies. As appeals to fear have proven ineffective in spurring public engagement in climate change, we may not expect significant public support for climate engineering technologies whose rationale is not to achieve benefits in addition to avoiding the high stakes of climate change. Furthermore, in designing public engagement exercises, researchers must be careful not to steer discussions by emphasizing one type of stake framing over another. A dual high-stake, rather than risk-benefit, framing should also be considered in analysing some emerging technologies with similar characteristics, for example, nanotechnology for pollution control. (C) 2015 The Authors. WIREs Climate Change published by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd.",2015,"Linner, BO; <br>Wibeck, V",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcc.333","Review","WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-CLIMATE CHANGE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Can the use of composts and other organic amendments in horticulture help to mitigate climate change?","The anthropogenic role in the global warming phenomenon and its related harmful consequences is now well-documented. Various man-made emission sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are mainly related to transportation, energy generation, heating, waste treatment etc., but also to agricultural activities such as husbandry, rice production and others. Simultaneously, carbon sequestration by previously active sinks (oceans, forests, peat bogs) is declining due to human activities. Moreover, current agricultural management practices such as monoculture, inverting deep tillage, residues removal and chemical fertilization all lead to soil degradation and accelerated soil erosion, salinization, and gradual decrease in soil organic matter (SOM) and are leading to a decline in potential soil fertility. It is therefore clear that our civilization must make whatever possible efforts to mitigate GHG emission while strengthening carbon sinks. In this context, the following paper will review the potential contributions of the horticultural sector to carbon sequestration. In particular the potential role of soil amendment with composts, green manures, biochars and other organic amendments will be critically reviewed as to their potential to sustainably sequester carbon for the long run. It is our claim that advanced horticulture can, in addition to supplying enough food for the global population, provide various ecological services while restoring soil fertility, especially based on organic amendments. Two production systems will serve as test cases for enhanced carbon sequestration: Organic Agriculture and growing in soilless media.",2015,"Raviv, M.",null,null,"Article","Acta Hortic.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["A review on carbon sequestration in Malaysian forest soils: Opportunities and barriers","Carbon sequestration in forest soils is considered important for mitigation of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and for improving1 forest health and land productivity. The measurement of soil carbon stock is also necessary for carbon inventory and calibration of carbon simulation models. Mitigation of carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2</inf>) (the main Green-House Gas (GHG)) in the atmosphere can be accomplished by either reducing its emission or by sequestering it in biomass and in soil. Malaysia‚Äôs large forested area, estimated at 17.7 M ha, offers an opportunity for carbon sequestration in soil. The forest ecosystem of Peninsular Malaysia alone, is reported to contain 23.48 Million tonnes of Carbon (or 86.17M to CO<inf>2</inf> equivalent) and a carbon sequestration potential of 4 tonnes of carbon ha-1 year-1. However, this estimate excludes soil carbon stock despite the fact that the soil carbon component accounts for 36-46% of the total carbon in the forest ecosystem. This study reviews the opportunities and challenges facing carbon sequestration in Malaysian forest soils. ¬© 2015 Academic Journals Inc.",2015,"Chinade, A.A.; <br>Siwar, C.; <br>Ismail, S.M.; <br>Isahak, A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijss.2015.17.27","Article","Int. J. Soil Sci.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Laypeople‚Äôs Risky Decisions in the Climate Change Context: Climate Engineering as a Risk-Defusing Strategy?","ABSTRACT: This study explores the development of laypeople's preferences for newly emerging climate engineering technology (CE). It examines whether laypeople perceive CE to be an acceptable back-up strategy (plan B) if current efforts to mitigate CO2 emissions were to fail. This idea is a common justification for CE research in the scientific debate and may significantly influence future public debates. Ninety-eight German participants chose their preferred climate policy strategy in a quasi-realistic scenario. Participants could chose between mitigation and three CE techniques as alternative options. We employed a think-aloud interview technique, which allowed us to trace participants‚Äô informational needs and thought processes. Drawing on Huber's risk management decision theory, the study addressed whether specific CE options are more likely to be accepted if they are mentally represented as a back-up strategy. Results support this assumption, especially for cloud whitening. This result is especially relevant considering the high prevalence of the plan B framing in CE appraisal studies and its implications for public opinion-formation processes. ¬© 2015, Copyright ¬© Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",2015,"Amelung, D.; <br>Funke, J.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2014.932203","Article","Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess.","Surveys & interviews"]
["Effects of biochar, earthworms, and litter addition on soil microbial activity and abundance in a temperate agricultural soil","Biochar application to arable soils could be effective for soil C sequestration and mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Soil microorganisms and fauna are the major contributors to GHG emissions from soil, but their interactions with biochar are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of biochar and its interaction with earthworms on soil microbial activity, abundance, and community composition in an incubation experiment with an arable soil with and without N-rich litter addition. After 37 days of incubation, biochar significantly reduced CO2 (up to 43 %) and N2O (up to 42 %), as well as NH4 (+)-N and NO3 (-)-N concentrations, compared to the control soils. Concurrently, in the treatments with litter, biochar increased microbial biomass and the soil microbial community composition shifted to higher fungal-to-bacterial ratios. Without litter, all microbial groups were positively affected by biochar x earthworm interactions suggesting better living conditions for soil microorganisms in biochar-containing cast aggregates after the earthworm gut passage. However, assimilation of biochar-C by earthworms was negligible, indicating no direct benefit for the earthworms from biochar uptake. Biochar strongly reduced the metabolic quotient qCO(2) and suppressed the degradation of native SOC, resulting in large negative priming effects (up to 68 %). We conclude that the biochar amendment altered microbial activity, abundance, and community composition, inducing a more efficient microbial community with reduced emissions of CO2 and N2O. Earthworms affected soil microorganisms only in the presence of biochar, highlighting the need for further research on the interactions of biochar with soil fauna.",2014,"Bamminger, C; <br>Zaiser, N; <br>Zinsser, P; <br>Lamers, M; <br>Kammann, C; <br>Marhan, S","Biochar; Respiratory efficiency; Soil microbial community composition; Aporrectodea caliginosa","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00374-014-0968-x","Article","BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS","Field experiments"]
["Biochar, hydrochar and uncarbonized feedstock application to permanent grassland-Effects on greenhouse gas emissions and plant growth","Both reductions of greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration have the potential to reduce global climate warming and avoid dangerous climate change. We assessed the sequestration potential as well as possible risks and benefits of carbon amendments (16 +/- 4% of soil organic C) from Miscanthus x giganteus in different carbonization stages of a temperate grassland soil together with pig slurry: (1) untreated dried biomass (feedstock), (2) hydrothermally carbonized biomass (hydrochar) and (3) pyrolyzed biomass (biochar) in comparison to a control (only pig slurry application). The field study was complemented by a laboratory incubation study, followed by a growth experiment with Lolium perenne. In the field, greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, N2O, and CH4) were monitored weekly over 1.5 years and over three months in the lab. Initial nitrogen losses via ammonia emissions after substrate-slurry application were assessed in an additional greenhouse study. We found that biochar reduced soil and ecosystem respiration in incubation and in the field, respectively. Additionally, biochar improved methane oxidation, though restricted by emissions outbursts due to slurry amendment. It also reduced N2O emissions significantly in the lab study but not in the field. Hydrochar and feedstock proved to be easily degradable in incubation, but had no effect on ecosystem respiration in the field. Feedstock amendment significantly increased N2O emissions in incubation and one year after application likewise in the field. In a growth experiment subsequent to the incubation, only biochar amendment increased L. perenne biomass (+29%) significantly, likely due to N retention. In the field, biochar caused a significant shift in the plant species composition from grasses to forbs, whereas hydrochar significantly reduced yields within two growth periods (2011 and 2012). Ammonia emissions were significantly higher with feedstock and biochar compared to the control or acidic hydrochar. The overall results indicate that biochar is better suited for C sequestration and GHG mitigation in grasslands than hydrochar or the uncarbonized feedstock. However, NH3 emission reductions may only occur when the biochar is neutral or slightly acidic. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2014,"Schimmelpfennig, S; <br>Muller, C; <br>Muller, C; <br>Grunhage, L; <br>Koch, C; <br>Kammann, C","Biochar; Hydrochar; Miscanthus x giganteus; Grassland; NH3 emissions; GHG emissions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.03.027","Article","AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["Biochar-Induced Changes in Soil Hydraulic Conductivity and Dissolved Nutrient Fluxes Constrained by Laboratory Experiments","The addition of charcoal (or biochar) to soil has significant carbon sequestration and agronomic potential, making it important to determine how this potentially large anthropogenic carbon influx will alter ecosystem functions. We used column experiments to quantify how hydrologic and nutrient-retention characteristics of three soil materials differed with biochar amendment. We compared three homogeneous soil materials (sand, organic-rich topsoil, and clay-rich Hapludert) to provide a basic understanding of biochar-soil-water interactions. On average, biochar amendment decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity (K) by 92% in sand and 67% in organic soil, but increased K by 328% in clay-rich soil. The change in K for sand was not predicted by the accompanying physical changes to the soil mixture; the sand-biochar mixture was less dense and more porous than sand without biochar. We propose two hydrologic pathways that are potential drivers for this behavior: one through the interstitial biochar-sand space and a second through pores within the biochar grains themselves. This second pathway adds to the porosity of the soil mixture; however, it likely does not add to the effective soil K due to its tortuosity and smaller pore size. Therefore, the addition of biochar can increase or decrease soil drainage, and suggests that any potential improvement of water delivery to plants is dependent on soil type, biochar amendment rate, and biochar properties. Changes in dissolved carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes also differed; with biochar increasing the C flux from organic-poor sand, decreasing it from organic-rich soils, and retaining small amounts of soil-derived N. The aromaticity of C lost from sand and clay increased, suggesting lost C was biochar-derived; though the loss accounts for only 0.05% of added biochar-C. Thus, the direction and magnitude of hydraulic, C, and N changes associated with biochar amendments are soil type (composition and particle size) dependent.",2014,"Barnes, RT; <br>Gallagher, ME; <br>Masiello, CA; <br>Liu, ZL; <br>Dugan, B",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108340","Article","PLOS ONE","Field experiments"]
["Carbon dynamics and stability between native Masson pine and exotic slash pine plantations in subtropical China","Afforestation and ecological restoration have often been carried out with fast-growing exotic tree species because of their high apparent growth and yield. Moreover, fast-growing forest plantations have become an important component of mitigation measures to offset greenhouse gas emissions. However, information on the long-term performance of exotic and fast-growing species is often lacking especially with respect to their vulnerability to disturbance compared to native species. We compared carbon (C) storage and C accumulation rates in vegetation (above- and belowground) and soil in 21-year-old exotic slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and native Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) plantations, as well as their responses to a severe ice storm in 2008. Our results showed that mean C storage was 116.77 +/- A 7.49 t C ha(-1) in slash pine plantation and 117.89 +/- A 8.27 t C ha(-1) in Masson pine plantation. The aboveground C increased at a rate of 2.18 t C ha(-1) year(-1) in Masson pine and 2.23 t C ha(-1) year(-1) in slash pine plantation, and there was no significant difference in C storage accumulation between the two plantation types. However, we observed significant differences in ice storm damage with nearly 7.5 % of aboveground biomass loss in slash pine plantation compared with only 0.3 % loss in Masson pine plantation. Our findings indicated that the native pine species was more resistant to ice storm because of their adaptive biological traits (tree shape, crown structure, and leaf surface area). Overall, the native pine species might be a safer choice for both afforestation and ecological restoration in our study region.",2014,"Ma, ZQ; <br>Ma, ZQ; <br>Ma, ZQ; <br>Hartmann, H; <br>Wang, HM; <br>Li, QK; <br>Wang, YD; <br>Wang, YD; <br>Li, SG","Carbon sequestration; Carbon concentration; Crown structure; Ice storm; Pinus massoniana; Pinus elliottii","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-013-0763-5","Article","EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH","Field experiments"]
["Transport of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Microspheres in Biochar-Amended Soils with Different Textures","The incorporation of biochar into soils has been proposed as a means to sequester carbon from the atmosphere. An added environmental benefit is that biochar has been shown to increase soil retention of agrochemicals, and recent research has indicated that biochar may be effective in increasing soil retention of bacteria. In this study we investigate the transport behavior of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and carboxylated polystyrene microspheres in water-saturated column experiments for two soils (fine sand and sandy loam) amended with 2% poultry litter or pine chip biochars pyrolyzed at 350 and 700 degrees C. Adding poultry litter biochar pyrolyzed at 350 degrees C did not improve soil retention of either bacteria in fine sand and even facilitated their transport in sandy loam. Addition of either biochar pyrolyzed at 700 degrees C generally improved retention of bacteria in fine sand, with the pine chip biochars being more effective in limiting their transport. Results from the column studies and auxiliary batch studies suggest that changes in cell retention after biochar amendments were likely due to changes in bacterial attachment in the column and not to physical straining or changes in survivability. We also found that changes in bacterial hydrophobicity after biochar amendments were generally correlated with changes in bacterial retention. The influence of biochar amendment in increasing retention of both bacteria was generally more pronounced in fine sand and indicates that soil texture affects the transport behavior of bacteria through biochar-amended soils.",2014,"Abit, SM; <br>Bolster, CH; <br>Cantrell, KB; <br>Flores, JQ; <br>Walker, SL",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2013.06.0236","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY","Field experiments"]
["Soil biochar amendment in a nature restoration area: effects on plant productivity and community composition","Biochar (pyrolyzed biomass) amendment to soils has been shown to have a multitude of positive effects, e.g., on crop yield, soil quality, nutrient cycling, and carbon sequestration. So far the majority of studies have focused on agricultural systems, typically with relatively low species diversity and annual cropping schemes. How biochar amendment affects plant communities in more complex and diverse ecosystems that can evolve over time is largely unknown. We investigated such effects in a field experiment at a Dutch nature restoration area. In April 2011, we set up an experiment using biochar produced from cuttings collected from a local natural grassland. The material was pyrolyzed at 400 degrees C or at 600 degrees C. After biochar or residue (non-pyrolyzed cuttings) application (10 Mg/ha), all plots, including control (0 Mg/ha) plots, were sown with an 18-species grassland mixture. In August 2011, we determined characteristics of the developed plant community, as well as soil nutrient status. Biochar amendment did not alter total plant productivity, but it had a strong and significant effect on plant community composition. Legumes were three times as abundant and individual legume plants increased four times in biomass in plots that received biochar as compared to the control treatment. Biomass of the most abundant forb (Plantago lanceolata) was not affected by biochar addition. Available phosphorous, potassium, and pH were significantly higher in soils that received biochar than in Control soils. The rate of biological nitrogen fixation and seed germination were not altered by biochar amendment, but the total amount of biological N fixed per Trifolium pratense (red clover) plant was more than four times greater in biochar-amended soil. This study demonstrates that biochar amendment has a strong and rapid effect on plant communities and soil nutrients. Over time these changes may cascade up to other trophic groups, including above-and belowground organisms. Our results emphasize the need for long-term studies that examine not only the short-term effects of biochar amendment, but also follow how these effects evolve over time and affect ecosystem functioning.",2014,"van de Voorde, TFJ; <br>Bezemer, TM; <br>Van Groenigen, JW; <br>Jeffery, S; <br>Mommer, L; <br>Mommer, L","biochar; biological nitrogen fixation; black carbon; carbon sequestration; charcoal; climate change mitigation; compensatory dynamics; ecosystem functioning; nature restoration; plant nutrients; soil nutrients","http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-0578.1","Article","ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS","Field experiments"]
["Impacts of Frequent Burning on Live Tree Carbon Biomass and Demography in Post-Harvest Regrowth Forest","The management of forest ecosystems to increase carbon storage is a global concern. Fire frequency has the potential to shift considerably in the future. These shifts may alter demographic processes and growth of tree species, and consequently carbon storage in forests. Examination of the sensitivity of forest carbon to the potential upper and lower extremes of fire frequency will provide crucial insight into the magnitude of possible change in carbon stocks associated with shifts in fire frequency. This study examines how tree biomass and demography of a eucalypt forest regenerating after harvest is affected by two experimentally manipulated extremes in fire frequency (i.e., similar to 3 year fire intervals vs. unburnt) sustained over a 23 year period. The rate of post-harvest biomass recovery of overstorey tree species, which constituted similar to 90% of total living tree biomass, was lower within frequently burnt plots than unburnt plots, resulting in approximately 20% lower biomass in frequently burnt plots by the end of the study. Significant differences in carbon biomass between the two extremes in frequency were only evident after >15-20 years of sustained treatment. Reduced growth rates and survivorship of smaller trees on the frequently burnt plots compared to unburnt plots appeared to be driving these patterns. The biomass of understorey trees, which constituted similar to 10% of total living tree biomass, was not affected by frequent burning. These findings suggest that future shifts toward more frequent fire will potentially result in considerable reductions in carbon sequestration across temperate forest ecosystems in Australia.",2014,"Collins, L; <br>Penman, T; <br>Ximenes, FD; <br>Binns, D; <br>York, A; <br>Bradstock, R","carbon; tree demography; fuel reduction burning; fire frequency; eucalypt forest","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f5040802","Article","FORESTS","Field experiments"]
["Biochar augmentation of forest soils as a plant growth enhancer and long term carbon sink","Biochar is a byproduct of pyrolytic biofuel production. Due to its recalcitrant properties it has been suggested to be used for a long term carbon sink, and several studies show its positive effect on a plant growth. The objective of this research was to use plant phytometres to test whether biochar amendment improves soil properties and could therefore be applied to forest soils as a part of long term climate change mitigation strategies. The phytometric method has the asset of measuring the actual effect of biochar treatment on changes in plant productivity instead of investigating biochar properties and its effect on soils. To investigate the potential use of biochar for soil carbon sink, the dynamics of soil-plant interactions must be further understood in order to best predict the possible potential for biochar to provide an option soil carbon sink, two plant species with contrasting life-histories (Betula pendula and Phacelia tanacetifolia) were selected to conduct the investigations. Soil was collected in fairly homogenous ecosystems from five different biogeographic regions (i.e.. alpine, arctic, boreal, mediterranean, and temperate). The biochar amendment was prepared primarily from Pinus sylvestris (90 %), under 450 - 500¬∞C charring temperatures. Plant productivity differed significantly among the soils as expected. However, only the temperate soil was highly responsive to the biochar treatment. Although there were various significant results of the biochar treatment, there was no clear and consistent difference between the pots augmented with biochar and the control pots without biochar. In some cases plant productivity decreased as a result of biochar addition, which may suggest a toxic impact of biochar on the plants. In conclusion, this research clearly shows the inconsistency of biochar use in different soils, and the results suggest an urgent need for further systematic research and development of a minimum standard characterisation criteria of biochar currently used as a soil amendment in order to use it safely as a long term carbon sink and to improve the crop yield on diverse sites. ¬© 2014 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",2014,"Miƒçekov√°, Z.",null,null,"CHAP","Clim. Chang. and For. Ecosyst.","Field experiments"]
["Emergency carbon management: Geoengineering","Geoengineering is a set of radical contingency actions to deliberately modify the Earth‚Äôs energy balance in order to counteract the adverse impact of human activities on the global ecosystem and climate. The Greenhouse Gas Management (GGM) is one of the main geoengineering strategies aiming at reducing the atmospheric CO2 levels within a reasonable time frame by enhancing an uptake and storage of carbon through a variety of biological (e.g., ocean fertilization) and chemical (e.g., enhanced weathering) engineered systems. Today, geoengineering remains a highly controversial issue; among major concerns are possible unintended planetary-scale adverse ecological impacts of the projects, and the disputable benefits of the geoengineering approach compared to other carbon mitigation strategies. Geoengineering poses acute and novel challenges that would require international cooperation, transparency, and the proactive and effective managing of research. The current status of major GGM geoengineering projects, their technical feasibility and economics, the challenges and risks associated with their global deployment are analyzed in this chapter. ¬© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014.",2014,"None",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0545-4_11","SER","Lecture Notes in Energy","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Soil management of smallholder agriculture","Nearly two billion people depend on hundreds of millions of smallholder farmers for food security. Yet, these farmers‚Äô lives also hang in the balance due to their extreme vulnerability to the risks of soil degradation and depletion, soil exhaustion, climate change, and numerous biotic and abiotic stresses. Soil Management of Smallholder Agriculture explores the potential smallholder agriculture hold for advancing global food security and outlines the challenges to achieving this goal. The book addresses the challenges and opportunities that resource-poor and small landholders face and provides recommended management practices to alleviate soil-related constraints, and increase and sustain crop yield and production. It discusses the cultural, economic, social, and technological aspects of sustainable soil management for smallholder farmers. It then examines soil-related and institutional constraints, principles of sustainable agriculture, soil quality improvement, nutrient and soil fertility management, soil carbon sequestration, soil security, efficient use of resources, and agronomic production. Edited by experts, the book makes the case for the adoption of proven technologies of sustainable intensification, producing more from less, both for advancing agronomic production and adapting to changing climate. It outlines a strategy that will usher in a soil-based Green Revolution by increasing the use efficiency of energy-based inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation to restore soil quality, and sequestering carbon in the terrestrial ecosystems. This strategy helps small farms narrow the gap between the actual and attainable crop yield. ¬© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",2014,"Lal, R.; <br>Stewart, B.A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17747","Book","Soil Management of Smallhold. Agriculture","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Battling Promethean dreams and Trojan horses: Revealing the critical discourses of geoengineering","Geoengineering could counteract climate change by either altering the earth's global energy balance by reflecting sunlight or removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Geoengineering evokes various ethical and political challenges that are increasingly reflected in public debate and deliberation. Via a qualitative textual analysis of 1500 articles, we investigate discursive claims critical of geoengineering, considering what subjects are the most controversial, and what worldviews, values, and problematizations are shared by the actors subscribing to this discourse. We argue that the controversy about geoengineering differs, discursively, from other techno-political conflicts. Geoengineering proponents are described as reluctantly favouring research and deployment and displaying an unusual self-reflexivity, as they are well aware of and seriously consider all the technology's risks. Our analysis demonstrates that the discourse critical of geoengineering differs from and questions the dominant pro-geoengineering discourse in several profound ways with lasting implications for energy scholarship and analysis. ¬© 2014 Elsevier Ltd.",2014,"Anshelm, J.; <br>Hansson, A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2014.04.001","JOUR","Energy Res. Soc. Sci.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Voluntary carbon market and its contributions to sustainable development: Analysis of the Monte Pascoal-Pau Brazil Ecological Corridor","This paper aims to analyse the co-benefits of reforestation projects developed in the voluntary carbon market based on the analysis of a single case study: the Ecological Corridor Project Monte Pascoal-Pau Brazil, the first forest restoration project in Latin America to receive the seal climate community and biodiversity (CCB). To achieve this purpose, the research combined: i) primary sources, obtained from visits and interviews with key actors and script for semi-structured, with; ii) secondary sources, including reports of institutions on this theme and references. The results presented showed that forestry projects have positive co-benefits beyond those achieved in reducing deforestation and carbon sequestration, whether in environmental and social benefits. The case study had interesting picture of forest governance, growing in transparent structures of popular participation, but has exposed deficiencies in the sector, as the absence of a strong institutional framework-which leads to legal uncertainty and policy. Copyright ¬© 2014 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.",2014,"Paiva, D.S.; <br>De Melo Gomes, G.A.M.; <br>Fern√°ndez, L.; <br>Andrade, J.C.S.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJISD.2014.059219","Article","Int. J. Innov. Sustainable Develop.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Soil: Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Systems","Soil carbon sequestration can contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation by removing CO2 from the atmosphere and at the same time improving soil health and sustainability. This article outlines the basic principles and controlling mechanisms involved in soil carbon sequestration and reviews how improved agricultural practices impact soil carbon stocks, based on data from long-term field experiments and other sources. It concludes with a section outlining challenges and opportunities for implementation of GHG mitigation strategies involving soil carbon sequestration, summarizing key science and policy-related issues. ¬© 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",2014,"Paustian, K.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52512-3.00093-0","Book Chapter","Encycl. of Agric. and Food Syst.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Why do we need solutions to global warming?","The atmosphere is the most valuable resource on the planet and as such every effort needs to be made to protect and manage it. Unfortunately the rise in greenhouse gases since the industrial revolution, and the intimately linked change in climate, is proving to be a most difficult environmental problem. Even though the strongest scientific evidence tells us that the anthropogenic release of greenhouse gases is responsible for climate change, there has been little success in emissions reduction. The reasons behind this failure are complex but the outcome is not; the regions of the Earth inhabited by humans are on average getting hotter and extreme weather is becoming more frequent. Since mitigation efforts against climate change are failing, the arguments for the possibility of geoengineering become louder. Geoengineering is a contentious issue which evokes strong reactions within all levels of society. Solar Radiation Management (SRM) technologies are more controversial than Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) technologies, since they do not solve the root cause of the problem, they do, however, potentially offer a more rapidly deployed solution. At present no geoengineering technology is fit for purpose or ready for deployment. However, geoengineering research is rapidly increasing with hundreds if not thousands of scientists and engineers working on the topic worldwide. As such, geoengineering research has now likely passed through its infancy, and conclusions are being reached about the efficacy, benefits and disadvantages of the different proposals. It seems increasingly likely that geoengineering technologies could be developed that will reduce climate change. These benefits need to be carefully weighed against the negative aspects. A true assessment of geoengineering cannot be achieved until we better understand the environmental, technological, economic and governance issues associated through its use. ¬© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014.",2014,"Pope, F.D.; <br>Thornes, J.E.; <br>Pope, F.D.",null,null,"SER","Issues Environm. Sci. Technol.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Prospects of biochar technology in China based on SWOT analysis","Application of biochars to soils is suggested as an effective way for improving soil quality and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, which has generated great interest for scientists and policy makers. However, studies of biochar mainly focused on the basic mechanisms of interactions between biochars and soils. The evaluation of macro development prospect of biochar technology in China is much limited. The method of SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat) analysis was used to evaluate the prospect of biochar technology in China. The results indicate that biochar technology has great advantages and potentials in carbon emission reduction, agricultural production improvement, environmental protection and the energy structure optimization. Still, some weaknesses and environmental risk also need to be carefully considered. Finally, some suggestions for the application and promotion of biochar technology in China were provided for development of biochar industry in China. ¬© (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.",2014,"Chen, L.; <br>She, Y.L.; <br>Chen, L.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.955-959.1718","SER","Adv. Mater. Res.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The strategic value of geoengineering research","Deployment of geoengineering technology should engender serious caution, but geoengineering research would engender a strategic effect on the climate change problem in general. First, the thought that scientists should research geongineering because the world might need it could help society develop an appreciation of the seriousness of the climate change problem. Second, conceptualizing geoengineering through research promotes conceptualizing a sorely needed technical strategy for climate change. Finally, geoengineering research will have a strategic benefit for climate science because the scientific issues that arise for geoengineering bring into focus the very issues that plague climate science in general. ¬© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014.",2014,"Long, J.C.S.; <br>Shepherd, J.G.","Carbon dioxide removal; Climate change; Climate engineering; Climate science; Climate strategy; Geoengineering; Solar radiation management","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5784-4_24",null,null,"Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Potential for carbon sequestration and mitigation of climate change by irrigation of grasslands","The climate change mitigation potential of irrigation powered by a photovoltaic water pumping system (PVWPS) to restore degraded grasslands has been investigated using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories for Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. The purpose of this study is to develop a generic and simple method to estimate the climate change mitigation benefit of a PVWPS. The possibility to develop carbon credits for the carbon offset markets has also been studied comparing carbon sequestration in grasslands to other carbon sequestration projects. The soil carbon sequestration following irrigation of the grassland is calculated as an annual increase in the soil organic carbon pool. The PVWPS can also generate an excess of electricity when irrigation is not needed and the emissions reductions due to substitution of grid electricity give additional climate change mitigation potential. The results from this study show that the carbon sequestration and emissions reductions benefits per land area using a PVWPS for irrigating grasslands are comparable to other carbon sequestration options such as switching to no-till practice. Soil carbon in irrigated grasslands is increased with over 60% relative to severely degraded grasslands and if nitrogen fixing species are introduced the increase in soil organic carbon can be almost 80%. Renewable electricity generation by the PVWPS will further increase the mitigation benefit of the system with 70-90%. When applying the methodology developed in this paper to a case in Qinghai, China, we conclude that using a PVWPS to restore degraded grasslands for increased grass production and desertification control has a climate change mitigation benefit of 148 Mg (1 Mg = 1 metric ton) CO2-equivalents (CO2-eq) per hectare in a cold temperate, dry climate during a 20 year process of soil organic carbon sequestration and emissions reductions. Leakage due to an increase in N2O emissions from the additional biomass production and introduction of nitrogen fixing species is included in this result. The most important conclusion from our case is that if soil carbon sequestration is lower than 24 Mg CO2-eq per hectare including leakage, then the climate change mitigation benefit is larger if PV is used to produce electricity for the grid. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2014,"Olsson, A; <br>Campana, PE; <br>Lind, M; <br>Yan, JY; <br>Yan, JY","Grassland conservation; Irrigation; Soil organic carbon; CO2 emission reduction; Carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.025","Article","APPLIED ENERGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Producing energy while sequestering carbon? The relationship between biochar and agricultural productivity","A partial solution to problems associated with anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could be the development and deployment of carbon-negative technologies, i.e., producing energy while reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Biofuels have been considered a possibility but have faced limitations due to competition with food production and GHG emissions through indirect land-use change (ILUC). In this article, we show how emissions from ILUC can potentially be reduced by producing food and bioenergy from biochar amended soils. The possibility of yield improvements from biochar would reduce the land requirement for crop production and thus, lead to a reduction in emissions from ILUC. In our application, biochar and bio-oil are produced via fast pyrolysis of corn stover. ho-oil is subsequently upgraded into a fuel suitable for use in internal combustion engines. Applying the U.S. regulatory method used to determine biofuel life cycle emissions, our results show that a biochar-induced yield improvement in the U.S. Midwest ranging from 1% to 8% above trend can lead to an ILUC credit between 1.65 and 14.79 t CO2- equivalent ha(-1) year(-1) when future emissions are assessed over the next 30 years. The model is generalizable to other feedstocks and locations and illustrates the relationship between biochar and crop production. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2014,"Kauffman, N; <br>Dumortier, J; <br>Hayes, DJ; <br>Brown, RC; <br>Laird, DA","Biochar; Life cycle analysis; Biofuel; Yield improvement; Land-use change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.01.049","Article","BIOMASS & BIOENERGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Water use efficiency threshold for terrestrial ecosystem carbon sequestration in China under afforestation","Forests play a vital role in global carbon (C) cycling. Accordingly, afforestation engineering programs that promote increased terrestrial C stocks are an important means to help gradually decrease atmospheric CO2 emissions. China, however, had increased its afforested area bordering hydroclimatic zones to 275.71 million hm(2) between 1949 and 2010. Ecosystem water use efficiency (EWUE) and plant water use efficiency (PVVUE) provide data on ecosystem sensitivity to water availability across rainfall regimes. The water consumption cost of C sequestration (WCCC) is also an important parameter that gauges the cost of C sequestration under afforestation. However, abrupt changes in EWUE and PWUE (threshold values of 1.5 and 3.6 gC kg(-1) H2O, respectively) have been measured within the 400-500 mm precipitation climatic isoline boundary situated between semi-humid and arid zones. The threshold value of the corresponding WCCC was 1.0 kg H2O gC(-1). Forest ecosystems in China typically generate high EVVUE and PWUE values (2.80 +/- 0.77 and 4.25 +/- 1.02 gC kg(-1) H2O, respectively) but low WCCC values (0.52 +/- 0.42 kg H2O g(-1) C), providing proof that afforestation is the best choice in increasing terrestrial C stocks. However, China's major afforestation engineering programs have concentrated efforts toward low EWUE and PWUE and high WCCC in the western region of the 400-500 mm precipitation isoline boundary, belonging to the arid and semiarid zones, which introduced potential environmental risks. Therefore, policies related to large-scale C sequestration initiatives under afforestation must first fully consider the statuses of WCCC and WUE. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2014,"Gao, Y; <br>Gao, Y; <br>Zhu, XJ; <br>Yu, GR; <br>He, NP; <br>Wang, QF; <br>Tian, J","Water use efficiency; C sequestration; Afforestation; Precipitation isoline; Threshold value; Climatic zone","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.04.010","Article","AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Potential climate engineering effectiveness and side effects during a high carbon dioxide-emission scenario","The realization that mitigation efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions have, until now, been relatively ineffective has led to an increasing interest in climate engineering as a possible means of preventing the potentially catastrophic consequences of climate change. While many studies have addressed the potential effectiveness of individual methods there have been few attempts to compare them. Here we use an Earth system model to compare the effectiveness and side effects of afforestation, artificial ocean upwelling, ocean iron fertilization, ocean alkalinization and solar radiation management during a high carbon dioxide-emission scenario. We find that even when applied continuously and at scales as large as currently deemed possible, all methods are, individually, either relatively ineffective with limited (<8%) warming reductions, or they have potentially severe side effects and cannot be stopped without causing rapid climate change. Our simulations suggest that the potential for these types of climate engineering to make up for failed mitigation may be very limited.",2014,"Keller, DP; <br>Feng, EY; <br>Oschlies, A",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4304","Article","NATURE COMMUNICATIONS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Preferential cooling of hot extremes from cropland albedo management","Changes in agricultural practices are considered a possible option to mitigate climate change. In particular, reducing or suppressing tillage (no-till) may have the potential to sequester carbon in soils, which could help slow global warming. On the other hand, such practices also have a direct effect on regional climate by altering the physical properties of the land surface. These biogeophysical effects, however, are still poorly known. Here we show that no-till management increases the surface albedo of croplands in summer and that the resulting cooling effect is amplified during hot extremes, thus attenuating peak temperatures reached during heat waves. Using a regional climate model accounting for the observed effects of no-till farming on surface albedo, as well as possible reductions in soil evaporation, we investigate the potential consequences of a full conversion to no-till agriculture in Europe. We find that the summer cooling from cropland albedo increase is strongly amplified during hot summer days, when surface albedo has more impact on the Earth's radiative balance due to clear-sky conditions. The reduced evaporation associated with the crop residue cover tends to counteract the albedo-induced cooling, but during hot days the albedo effect is the dominating factor. For heatwave summer days the local cooling effect gained from no-till practice is of the order of 2 degrees C. The identified asymmetric impact of surface albedo change on summer temperature opens new avenues for climate-engineering measures targeting high-impact events rather than mean climate properties.",2014,"Davin, EL; <br>Seneviratne, SI; <br>Ciais, P; <br>Olioso, A; <br>Wang, T",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1317323111","Article","PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Afforestation in China cools local land surface temperature","China has the largest afforested area in the world (similar to 62 million hectares in 2008), and these forests are carbon sinks. The climatic effect of these new forests depends on how radiant and turbulent energy fluxes over these plantations modify surface temperature. For instance, a lower albedo may cause warming, which negates the climatic benefits of carbon sequestration. Here, we used satellite measurements of land surface temperature (LST) from planted forests and adjacent grasslands or croplands in China to understand how afforestation affects LST. Afforestation is found to decrease daytime LST by about 1.1 +/- 0.5 degrees C (mean +/- 1 SD) and to increase nighttime LST by about 0.2 +/- 0.5 degrees C, on average. The observed daytime cooling is a result of increased evapotranspiration. The nighttime warming is found to increase with latitude and decrease with average rainfall. Afforestation in dry regions therefore leads to net warming, as daytime cooling is offset by nighttime warming. Thus, it is necessary to carefully consider where to plant trees to realize potential climatic benefits in future afforestation projects.",2014,"Peng, SS; <br>Piao, SL; <br>Piao, SL; <br>Zeng, ZZ; <br>Ciais, P; <br>Zhou, LM; <br>Li, LZX; <br>Myneni, RB; <br>Yin, Y; <br>Zeng, H","vegetation feedback; climate change mitigation; plantation effects; surface cooling","http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1315126111","Article","PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts of Utilizing Waste for Biochar in Rural Areas in Indonesia-A Systems Perspective","Biochar is the product of incomplete combustion (pyrolysis) of organic material. In rural areas, it can be used as a soil amendment to increase soil fertility. Fuel-constrained villagers may however prefer to use biochar briquettes as a higher-value fuel for cooking over applying it to soils. A systems-oriented analysis using life cycle assessment (LCA) and cost benefit analysis (CBA) was conducted to analyze these two alternative uses of biochar, applying the study to a rural village system in Indonesia. The results showed soil amendment for enhanced agricultural production to be the preferential choice with a positive benefit to the baseline scenario of -26 ecopoints (LCA) and -173 USD (CBA) annually pr. household. In this case, the positive effects of carbon sequestration to the soil and the economic value of the increased agricultural production outweighed the negative environmental impacts from biochar production and the related production costs. Use of biochar in briquettes for cooking fuel yielded negative net effects in both the LCA and CBA (85 ecopoints and 176 USD), even when positive health effects from reduced indoor air pollution were included. The main reasons for this are that emissions during biochar production are not compensated by carbon sequestration and that briquette making is labor-intensive. The results emphasize the importance of investigating and documenting the carbon storage effect and the agricultural benefit in biochar production-utilization systems for a sustainable use. Further research focus on efficient production is necessary due to the large environmental impact of biochar production. In addition, biochar should continue to be used in those soils where the agricultural effect is most beneficial.",2014,"Sparrevik, M; <br>Lindhjem, H; <br>Lindhjem, H; <br>Andria, V; <br>Fet, AM; <br>Cornelissen, G; <br>Cornelissen, G; <br>Cornelissen, G",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es405190q","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Climate warming feedback from mountain birch forest expansion: reduced albedo dominates carbon uptake","Expanding high-elevation and high-latitude forest has contrasting climate feedbacks through carbon sequestration (cooling) and reduced surface reflectance (warming), which are yet poorly quantified. Here, we present an empirically based projection of mountain birch forest expansion in south-central Norway under climate change and absence of land use. Climate effects of carbon sequestration and albedo change are compared using four emission metrics. Forest expansion was modeled for a projected 2.6 degrees C increase in summer temperature in 2100, with associated reduced snow cover. We find that the current (year 2000) forest line of the region is circa 100 m lower than its climatic potential due to land-use history. In the future scenarios, forest cover increased from 12% to 27% between 2000 and 2100, resulting in a 59% increase in biomass carbon storage and an albedo change from 0.46 to 0.30. Forest expansion in 2100 was behind its climatic potential, forest migration rates being the primary limiting factor. In 2100, the warming caused by lower albedo from expanding forest was 10 to 17 times stronger than the cooling effect from carbon sequestration for all emission metrics considered. Reduced snow cover further exacerbated the net warming feedback. The warming effect is considerably stronger than previously reported for boreal forest cover, because of the typically low biomass density in mountain forests and the large changes in albedo of snow-covered tundra areas. The positive climate feedback of high-latitude and high-elevation expanding forests with seasonal snow cover exceeds those of afforestation at lower elevation, and calls for further attention of both modelers and empiricists. The inclusion and upscaling of these climate feedbacks from mountain forests into global models is warranted to assess the potential global impacts.",2014,"de Wit, HA; <br>Bryn, A; <br>Hofgaard, A; <br>Karstensen, J; <br>Kvalevag, MM; <br>Peters, GP","albedo; carbon sequestration; climate feedback; climate warming; forest expansion; mountain birch; snow cover; tundra","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12483","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Bioenergy in energy transformation and climate management","This study explores the importance of bioenergy to potential future energy transformation and climate change management. Using a large inter-model comparison of 15 models, we comprehensively characterize and analyze future dependence on, and the value of, bioenergy in achieving potential long-run climate objectives. Model scenarios project, by 2050, bioenergy growth of 1 to 10 % per annum reaching 1 to 35 % of global primary energy, and by 2100, bioenergy becoming 10 to 50 % of global primary energy. Non-OECD regions are projected to be the dominant suppliers of biomass, as well as consumers, with up to 35 % of regional electricity from biopower by 2050, and up to 70 % of regional liquid fuels from biofuels by 2050. Bioenergy is found to be valuable to many models with significant implications for mitigation and macroeconomic costs of climate policies. The availability of bioenergy, in particular biomass with carbon dioxide capture and storage (BECCS), notably affects the cost-effective global emissions trajectory for climate management by accommodating prolonged near-term use of fossil fuels, but with potential implications for climate outcomes. Finally, we find that models cost-effectively trade-off land carbon and nitrous oxide emissions for the long-run climate change management benefits of bioenergy. The results suggest opportunities, but also imply challenges. Overall, further evaluation of the viability of large-scale global bioenergy is merited.",2014,"Rose, SK; <br>Kriegler, E; <br>Bibas, R; <br>Calvin, K; <br>Popp, A; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>Weyant, J",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0965-3","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Biochar-based bioenergy and its environmental impact in Northwestern Ontario Canada: A review","Biochar is normally produced as a by-product of bioenergy. However, if biochar is produced as a co-product with bioenergy from sustainably managed forests and used for soil amendment, it could provide a carbon neutral or even carbon negative solution for current environmental degradation problems. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of biochar production as a co-product of bioenergy and its implications. We focus on biochar production with reference to biomass availability and sustainability and on biochar utilization for its soil amendment and greenhouse gas emissions reduction properties. Past studies confirm that northwestern Ontario has a sustainable and sufficient supply of biomass feedstock that can be used to produce bioenergy, with biochar as a co-product that can replace fossil fuel consumption, increase soil productivity and sequester carbon in the long run. For the next step, we recommend that comprehensive life cycle assessment of biochar-based bioenergy production, from raw material collection to biochar application, with an extensive economic assessment is necessary for making this technology commercially viable in northwestern Ontario.",2014,"Homagain, K; <br>Shahi, C; <br>Luckai, N; <br>Sharma, M","biomass; life cycle assessment; LCA; CO2; carbon sequestration; greenhouse gas emissions; soil amendment","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-014-0522-6","Article","JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The biogeophysical effects of extreme afforestation in modeling future climate","Afforestation has been deployed as a mitigation strategy for global warming due to its substantial carbon sequestration, which is partly counterbalanced with its biogeophysical effects through modifying the fluxes of energy, water, and momentum at the land surface. To assess the potential biophysical effects of afforestation, a set of extreme experiments in an Earth system model of intermediate complexity, the McGill Paleoclimate Model-2 (MPM-2), is designed. Model results show that latitudinal afforestation not only has a local warming effect but also induces global and remote warming over regions beyond the forcing originating areas. Precipitation increases in the northern hemisphere and decreases in southern hemisphere in response to afforestation. The local surface warming over the forcing originating areas in northern hemisphere is driven by decreases in surface albedo and increases in precipitation. The remote surface warming in southern hemisphere is induced by decreases in surface albedo and precipitation. The results suggest that the potential impact of afforestation on regional and global climate depended critically on the location of the forest expansion. That is, afforestation in 0 degrees-15 degrees N leaves a relatively minor impact on global and regional temperature; afforestation in 45 degrees-60 degrees N results in a significant global warming, while afforestation in 30 degrees-45 degrees N results in a prominent regional warming. In addition, the afforestation leads to a decrease in annual mean meridional oceanic heat transport with a maximum decrease in forest expansion of 30 degrees-45 degrees N. These results can help to compare afforestation effects and find areas where afforestation mitigates climate change most effectively combined with its carbon drawdown effects.",2014,"Wang, Y; <br>Wang, Y; <br>Yan, XD; <br>Yan, XD; <br>Wang, ZM",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-013-1085-8","Article","THEORETICAL AND APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Investigating afforestation and bioenergy CCS as climate change mitigation strategies","The land-use sector can contribute to climate change mitigation not only by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but also by increasing carbon uptake from the atmosphere and thereby creating negative CO2 emissions. In this paper, we investigate two land-based climate change mitigation strategies for carbon removal: (1) afforestation and (2) bioenergy in combination with carbon capture and storage technology (bioenergy CCS). In our approach, a global tax on GHG emissions aimed at ambitious climate change mitigation incentivizes land-based mitigation by penalizing positive and rewarding negative CO2 emissions from the land-use system. We analyze afforestation and bioenergy CCS as standalone and combined mitigation strategies. We find that afforestation is a cost-efficient strategy for carbon removal at relatively low carbon prices, while bioenergy CCS becomes competitive only at higher prices. According to our results, cumulative carbon removal due to afforestation and bioenergy CCS is similar at the end of 21st century (600-700 GtCO(2)), while land-demand for afforestation is much higher compared to bioenergy CCS. In the combined setting, we identify competition for land, but the impact on the mitigation potential (1000 GtCO(2)) is partially alleviated by productivity increases in the agricultural sector. Moreover, our results indicate that early-century afforestation presumably will not negatively impact carbon removal due to bioenergy CCS in the second half of the 21st century. A sensitivity analysis shows that land-based mitigation is very sensitive to different levels of GHG taxes. Besides that, the mitigation potential of bioenergy CCS highly depends on the development of future bioenergy yields and the availability of geological carbon storage, while for afforestation projects the length of the crediting period is crucial.",2014,"Humpenoder, F; <br>Humpenoder, F; <br>Popp, A; <br>Dietrich, JP; <br>Klein, D; <br>Klein, D; <br>Lotze-Campen, H; <br>Bonsch, M; <br>Bonsch, M; <br>Bodirsky, BL; <br>Bodirsky, BL; <br>Weindl, I; <br>Weindl, I; <br>Stevanovic, M; <br>Stevanovic, M; <br>Muller, C","climate change mitigation; afforestation; bioenergy; carbon capture and storage; land-use modeling; land-based mitigation; carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/6/064029","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Reforestation - climate change and water resource implications","In a forested catchment, river discharge in any season can be either decreased or augmented by forest management practices such as appropriate species selection, density management, and length of rotation. The efficacy of any such strategy in either new plantations or existing forests can be maximized by considering the distribution of the key hydrological functions in the catchment. With the growing awareness of climate change and its impacts, the adequacy of our water supply is becoming an issue of increasing societal importance. At the same time there is greater discussion about using our forests for carbon sequestration and biofuels. Policy-makers should be careful when introducing new programs that incentivize widespread reforestation. The implications of such planting programs on annual and seasonal river flows (under both current and future climatic conditions) need to be considered. Informed choices need to be made as to the objectives for which we manage our forests. In turn, this means that there is an urgent need for water managers and forest managers to work more closely together than in the past to optimally plan and develop forest and water management strategies.",2014,"Egginton, P; <br>Beall, F; <br>Buttle, J","managing river flows by managing forests; modifying seasonal river flows; managing forests for energy or water yield; problems with incenting new planting programs; forests, water, and climate change","http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2014-102","Article","FORESTRY CHRONICLE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The Impact of Plantations on Weather and Climate in Coastal Desert Regions","Recent advances in technology permit the irrigation of dry, coastal areas, avoiding the use of fossil water and conflicts with other land use (e.g., for food production). Consequently, it becomes reasonable to consider large-scale plantations for mitigating increases in atmospheric concentrations by carbon sequestration and to study local modifications of weather and climate. This work investigates the impact of plantations in Oman and the Sonora Desert in Mexico assuming an area of about 100 km x 100 km. For this purpose, an advanced land surface-atmosphere model was adapted to the local changes of land cover and operated on the convection-permitting scale. Explicit simulations of the impact of the plantation on soil-vegetation-atmosphere feedback were performed for a duration of 1 yr. A strong modification of diurnal cycles of variables such as surface fluxes, temperature, and boundary layer depth was found. Over the plantations, the mean temperature decreased as a result of nonlinear changes of the diurnal cycle caused by less warming during the day than cooling during the night. Moreover, the plantations caused an increase in vertical instability and a modification of the horizontal flow leading to the development of convergence zones. During several isolated cases in summer, this process led to convection initiation and precipitation with an enhancement of about 30 mm in both areas, respectively. These convection-permitting simulations lend confidence that an increase in precipitation could be induced at the mesoscale by the introduction of vegetation in desert regions. Furthermore, this effect should be included in a quantitative assessment of climate engineering by afforestation.",2014,"Wulfmeyer, V; <br>Branch, O; <br>Warrach-Sagi, K; <br>Bauer, HS; <br>Schwitalla, T; <br>Becker, K","Vegetation-atmosphere interactions; Atmosphere-land interaction; Convective-scale processes; Feedback; Cloud resolving models","http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0208.1","Article","JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Biophysical forcings of land-use changes from potential forestry activities in North America","Land-use changes through forestry and other activities alter not just carbon storage, but biophysical properties, including albedo, surface roughness, and canopy conductance, all of which affect temperature. This study assessed the biophysical forcings and climatic impact of vegetation replacement across North America by comparing satellite-derived albedo, land surface temperature (LST), and evapotranspiration (ET) between adjacent vegetation types. We calculated radiative forcings (RF) for potential local conversions from croplands (CRO) or grasslands (GRA) to evergreen needleleaf (ENF) or deciduous broadleaf (DBF) forests. Forests generally had lower albedo than adjacent grasslands or croplands, particularly in locations with snow. They also had warmer nighttime LST, cooler daily and daytime LST in warm seasons, and smaller daily LST ranges. Darker forest surfaces induced positive RFs, dampening the cooling effect of carbon sequestration. The mean (+/- SD) albedo-induced RFs for each land conversion were equivalent to carbon emissions of 2.2 +/- 0.7 kg C/m(2) (GRA-ENF), 2.0 +/- 0.6 kg C/m(2) (CRO-ENF), 0.90 +/- 0.50 kg C/m(2) (CRO-DBF), and 0.73 +/- 0.22 kg C/m(2) (GRA-DBF), suggesting that, given the same carbon sequestration potential, a larger net cooling (integrated globally) is expected for planting DBF than ENF. Both changes in LST and ET induce longwave RFs that sometimes had values comparable to or even larger than albedo-induced shortwave RFs. Sensible heat flux, on average, increased when replacing CRO with ENF, but decreased for conversions to DBF, suggesting that DBF tends to cool near-surface air locally while ENF tends to warm it. This local temperature effect showed some seasonal variation and spatial dependence, but did not differ strongly by latitude. Overall, our results show that a carbon-centric accounting is, in many cases, insufficient for climate mitigation policies. Where afforestation or reforestation occurs, however, deciduous broadleaf trees are likely to produce stronger cooling benefits than evergreen needleleaf trees provide.",2014,"Zhao, KG; <br>Zhao, KG; <br>Zhao, KG; <br>Jackson, RB; <br>Jackson, RB; <br>Jackson, RB; <br>Jackson, RB","albedo effect; biophysical forcing; carbon accounting; carbon sequestration; climate regulation; ecosystem services; forestry; land-use change; radiative forcing","http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/12-1705.1","Article","ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Opportunities and constraints for biochar technology in Australian agriculture: looking beyond carbon sequestration","The application of biochar technology for soil amendment is largely based on evidence about soil fertility and crop productivity gains made in the Amazonian Black Earth ( terra preta). However, the uncertainty of production gains at realistic application rates of biochars and lack of knowledge about other benefits and other concerns may have resulted in poor uptake of biochar technology in Australia so far. In this review, we identify important opportunities as well as challenges in the adoption of biochar technology for broadacre farming and other sectors in Australia. The paper highlights that for biochar technology to be cost-effective and successful, we need to look beyond carbon sequestration and explore other opportunities to value-add to biochar. Therefore, some emerging and novel applications of biochar are identified. We also suggest some priority research areas that need immediate attention in order to realise the full potential of biochar technology in agriculture and other sectors in Australia.",2014,"Singh, B; <br>Macdonald, LM; <br>Kookana, RS; <br>van Zwieten, L; <br>Butler, G; <br>Joseph, S; <br>Joseph, S; <br>Weatherley, A; <br>Kaudal, BB; <br>Regan, A; <br>Cattle, J; <br>Dijkstra, F; <br>Boersma, M; <br>Kimber, S; <br>Keith, A; <br>Esfandbod, M; <br>Esfandbod, M","biochar characterisation; contaminants; herbicide efficacy; heavy metals; nitrous oxide; plant growth media; regulations","http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/SR14112","Review","SOIL RESEARCH","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar application to soil for climate change mitigation by soil organic carbon sequestration","Pyrogenic carbon (C) is produced by incomplete combustion of fuels including organic matter (OM). Certain ranges in the combustion continuum are termed 'black carbon' (BC). Because of its assumed persistence, surface soils in large parts of the world contain BC with up to 80% of surface soil organic C (SOC) stocks and up to 32% of subsoil SOC in agricultural soils consisting of BC. High SOC stocks and high levels of soil fertility in some ancient soils containing charcoal (e. g., terra preta de Indio) have recently been used as strategies for soil applications of biochar, an engineered BC material similar to charcoal but with the purposeful use as a soil conditioner (1) to mitigate increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) by SOC sequestration and (2) to enhance soil fertility. However, effects of biochar on soils and crop productivity cannot be generalized as they are biochar-, plant-and site-specific. For example, the largest potential increases in crop yields were reported in areas with highly weathered soils, such as those characterizing much of the humid tropics. Soils of high inherent fertility, characterizing much of the world's important agricultural areas, appear to be less likely to benefit from biochar. It has been hypothesized that both liming and aggregating/moistening effects of biochar improved crop productivity. Meta-analyses of biochar effects on SOC sequestration have not yet been reported. To effectively mitigate climate change by SOC sequestration, a net removal of C and storage in soil relative to atmospheric CO 2 must occur and persist for several hundred years to a few millennia. At deeper soil depths, SOC is characterized by long turnover times, enhanced stabilization, and less vulnerability to loss by decomposition and erosion. In fact, some studies have reported preferential long-term accumulation of BC at deeper depths. Thus, it is hypothesized that surface applied biochar-C (1) must be translocated to subsoil layers and (2) result in deepening of SOC distribution for a notable contribution to climate change mitigation. Detailed studies are needed to understand how surface-applied biochar can move to deeper soil depths, and how its application affects organic C input to deeper soil depths. Based on this knowledge, biochar systems for climate change mitigation through SOC sequestration can be designed. It is critically important to identify mechanisms underlying the sometimes observed negative effects of biochar application on biomass, yield and SOC as biochar may persist in soils for long periods of time as well as the impacts on downstream environments and the net climate impact when biochar particles become airborne.",2014,"Lorenz, K; <br>Lorenz, K; <br>Lal, R","biochar; black carbon; crop productivity; soil organic carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201400058","Review","JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar from oil palm biomass: A review of its potential and challenges","Climate change, food crisis, energy generation and environmental pollution are among the greatest threats and challenges faced by mankind today. Biochar production from various biomass sources has gained a lot of interests since its addition to degraded agricultural soils not only improve soil fertility and biomass yield, but also mitigate climate change through soil carbon sequestration and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. There are enormous amounts of oil palm biomass generated along with the main palm oil production streams. A lot of research has been carried out to convert oil palm biomass into value-added products, but none except biochar has come close to be labeled as carbon negative products. In this paper, a review about production and application potential of biochar from oil palm biomass in Malaysia is given. Besides, some of the challenges in promoting biochar production and application, such as nature of the feedstocks, economic and logistical factors and market acceptance are highlighted as well. Producing biochar from oil palm biomass can potentially lead to a healthier environmental, societal and economic growth for the oil palm industry specifically, and enhances sustainability in worldwide context. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2014,"Kong, SH; <br>Kong, SH; <br>Loh, SK; <br>Bachmann, RT; <br>Rahim, SA; <br>Salimon, J","Biochar; Oil palm biomass; Pyrolysis; Carbon sequestration; Soil amendment","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.107","Review","RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Conservation agriculture and ecosystem services: An overview","Conservation agriculture (CA) changes soil properties and processes compared to conventional agriculture. These changes can, in turn, affect the delivery of ecosystem services, including climate regulation through carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions, and regulation and provision of water through soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Conservation agriculture can also affect the underlying biodiversity that supports many ecosystem services. In this overview, we summarize the current status of the science, the gaps in understanding, and highlight some research priorities for ecosystem services in conservational agriculture. The review is based on global literature but also addresses the potential and limitations of conservation agriculture for low productivity, smallholder farming systems, particularly in Sub Saharan Africa and South Asia. There is clear evidence that topsoil organic matter increases with conservation agriculture and with it other soil properties and processes that reduce erosion and runoff and increase water quality. The impacts on other ecosystem services are less clear. Only about half the 100+ studies comparing soil carbon sequestration with no-till and conventional tillage indicated increased sequestration with no till; this is despite continued claims that conservation agriculture sequesters soil carbon. The same can be said for other ecosystem services. Some studies report higher greenhouse gas emissions (nitrous oxide and methane) with conservation agriculture compared to conventional, while others find lower emissions. Soil moisture retention can be higher with conservation agriculture, resulting in higher and more stable yields during dry seasons but the amounts of residues and soil organic matter levels required to attain higher soil moisture content is not known. Biodiversity is higher in CA compared to conventional practices. In general, this higher diversity can be related to increased ecosystem services such as pest control or pollination but strong evidence of cause and effect or good estimates of magnitude of impact are few and these effects are not consistent. The delivery of ecosystem services with conservation agriculture will vary with the climate, soils and crop rotations but there is insufficient information to support a predictive understanding of where conservation agriculture results in better delivery of ecosystem services compared to conventional practices. Establishing a set of strategically located experimental sites that compare CA with conventional agriculture on a range of soil-climate types would facilitate establishing a predictive understanding of the relative controls of different factors (soil, climate, and management) on ES outcomes, and ultimately in assessing the feasibility of CA or CA practices in different sites and socioeconomic situations. The feasibility of conservation agriculture for recuperating degraded soils and increasing crop yields on low productivity, smallholder farming systems in the tropics and subtropics is discussed. It is clear that the biggest obstacle to improving soils and other ES through conservation agriculture in these situations is the lack of residues produced and the competition for alternate, higher value use of residues. This limitation, as well as others, point to a phased approach to promoting conservation agriculture in these regions and careful consideration of the feasibility of conservation agriculture based on evidence in different agroecological and socioeconomic conditions. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2014,"Palm, C; <br>Blanco-Canqui, H; <br>DeClerck, F; <br>Gatere, L; <br>Grace, P","Carbon sequestration; Greenhouse gas emissions; Soil quality; Soil biodiversity; Tillage; Residue management","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.010","Article","AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Soil organic carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems. A review","The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations due to emissions from fossil fuel combustion is contributing to recent climate change which is among the major challenges facing the world. Agroforestry systems can contribute to slowing down those increases and, thus, contribute to climate change mitigation. Agroforestry refers to the production of crop, livestock, and tree biomass on the same area of land. The soil organic carbon (SOC) pool, in particular, is the only terrestrial pool storing some carbon (C) for millennia which can be deliberately enhanced by agroforestry practices. Up to 2.2 Pg C (1 Pg = 10(15) g) may be sequestered above- and belowground over 50 years in agroforestry systems, but estimations on global land area occupied by agroforestry systems are particularly uncertain. Global areas under tree intercropping, multistrata systems, protective systems, silvopasture, and tree woodlots are estimated at 700, 100, 300, 450, and 50 Mha, respectively. The SOC storage in agroforestry systems is also uncertain and may amount up to 300 Mg C ha(-1) to 1 m depth. Here, we review and synthesize the current knowledge about SOC sequestration processes and their management in agroforestry systems. The main points are that (1) useful C sequestration in agroforestry systems for climate change mitigation must slow or even reverse the increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 by storing some SOC for millennia, (2) soil disturbance must be minimized and tree species with a high root biomass-to-aboveground biomass ratio and/or nitrogen-fixing trees planted when SOC sequestration is among the objectives for establishing the agroforestry system, (3) sequestration rates and the processes contributing to the stabilization of SOC in agroforestry soils need additional data and research, (4) retrospective studies are often missing for rigorous determination of SOC and accurate evaluation of effects of different agroforestry practices on SOC sequestration in soil profiles, and (5) the long-term SOC storage is finite as it depends on the availability of binding sites, i.e., the soil's mineral composition and depth. Based on this improved knowledge, site-specific SOC sequestering agroforestry practices can then be developed.",2014,"Lorenz, K; <br>Lal, R","Agroforestry systems; Carbon sequestration; Soil organic carbon; Climate change mitigation; Root-derived carbon","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0212-y","Review","AGRONOMY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Barriers and Prospects of Carbon Sequestration in India.","Carbon sequestration is considered a leading technology for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil-fuel based electricity generating power plants and could permit the continued use of coal and gas whilst meeting greenhouse gas targets. India will become the world's third largest emitter of CO2 by 2015. Considering the dependence of health of the Indian global economy, there is an imperative need to develop a global approach which could address the capturing and securely storing carbon dioxide emitted from an array of energy. Therefore technology such as carbon sequestration will deliver significant CO2 reductions in a timely fashion. Considerable energy is required for the capture, compression, transport and storage steps. With the availability of potential technical storage methods for carbon sequestration like forest, mineral and geological storage options with India, it would facilitate achieving stabilization goal in the near future. This paper examines the potential carbon sequestration options available in India and evaluates them with respect to their strengths, weakness, threats and future prospects.",2014,"Gupta, Anjali; <br>Nema, Arvind K",null,null,"Comparative Study; Journal Article","Journal of environmental science & engineering","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The role of ancillary benefits on the value of agricultural soils carbon sequestration programmes: Evidence from a latent class approach to Andalusian olive groves","Agriculture is a key sector for climate change mitigation strategies due to its CO2 sequestration potential. However, in order to increase mitigation changes in current crop and land management are required, which in many cases imply additional costs to farmers. Thus, this research assesses society's willingness to pay using a discrete choice analysis for a soil management programme in Andalusian olive groves identifying different groups based on preference heterogeneity. We identify three groups and characterise them on the basis of socio-demographics. Willingness to pay is higher in areas and for individuals who would directly benefit from the programme. Additionally, the ancillary benefits associated to carbon sequestration capture an important share of the overall benefits. Our results show that soil carbon sequestration in olive groves provides net social value and can be a cheap and cost-effective way of combating climate change. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2014,"Rodriguez-Entrena, M; <br>Espinosa-Goded, M; <br>Barreiro-Hurle, J","Environmental valuation; Latent class modelling; Carbon sequestration; Ancillary benefits","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.01.006","Article","ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS","Surveys & interviews"]
["The interconnectedness between landowner knowledge, value, belief, attitude, and willingness to act: Policy implications for carbon sequestration on private rangelands","Rangelands can be managed to increase soil carbon and help mitigate emissions of carbon dioxide. This study assessed Utah rangeland owner's environmental values, beliefs about climate change, and awareness of and attitudes towards carbon sequestration, as well as their perceptions of potential policy strategies for promoting carbon sequestration on private rangelands. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews and a statewide survey of Utah rangeland owners, and were analyzed using descriptive and bivariate statistics. Over two-thirds of respondents reported some level of awareness of carbon sequestration and a generally positive attitude towards it, contrasting to their lack of interest in participating in a relevant program in the future. Having a positive attitude was statistically significantly associated with having more \"biocentric\" environmental values, believing the climate had been changing over the past 30 years, and having a stronger belief of human activities influencing the climate. Respondents valued the potential ecological benefits of carbon sequestration more than the potential financial or climate change benefits. Additionally, respondents indicated a preference for educational approaches over financial incentives. They also preferred to work with a private agricultural entity over a non-profit or government entity on improving land management practices to sequester carbon. These results suggest potential challenges for developing technically sound and socially acceptable policies and programs for promoting carbon sequestration on private rangelands. Potential strategies for overcoming these challenges include emphasizing the ecological benefits associated with sequestering carbon to appeal to landowners with ecologically oriented management objectives, enhancing the cooperation between private agricultural organizations and government agencies, and funneling resources for promoting carbon sequestration into existing land management and conservation programs that may produce carbon benefits. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2014,"Cook, SL; <br>Ma, Z","Climate change; Carbon storage; Perception; Climate communication; Private landownership; Decision making","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.033","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT","Surveys & interviews"]
["Assessing the likelihood of widespread landholder adoption of afforestation and reforestation projects","Tree planting for carbon sequestration is a commonly proposed climate change mitigation strategy, with afforestation projects forming part of voluntary and mandatory carbon offset trading schemes. Afforestation is often promoted as a new economic opportunity for private landholders. While multiple studies have identified physical and economic opportunities for afforestation, few have examined the willingness of private landholders to adopt afforestation, and the factors that influence this willingness. We examine this using data from a survey of Australian landholders. The willingness of landholders to adopt afforestation for carbon sequestration varies substantially depending on how this afforestation is designed and implemented: landholders prefer small plantings on less productive land, which minimise the disturbance afforestation presents to land management, and to landholder values about appropriate uses of agricultural land. Landholders are less willing to consider afforestation if it involves planting the large areas required by many current carbon afforestation schemes. Willingness to adopt afforestation is influenced in particular by landholder's perceptions of its potential to provide a diversified income stream, and its impacts on flexibility of land management. More broadly, it is influenced by their views about the social acceptability of afforestation, particularly whether the landholder believes trees should be planted on agricultural land, and how they believe others in the community view afforestation. Our results suggest that widespread adoption requires designing afforestation so it (i) provides a range of socio-economic benefits that go beyond provision of income; (ii) minimises disruption to land management flexibility; and (iii) is compatible with landholder beliefs about appropriate use of agricultural land. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2014,"Schirmer, J; <br>Schirmer, J; <br>Schirmer, J; <br>Bull, L; <br>Bull, L","Adoption; Afforestation; Reforestation; Carbon sequestration; Mitigation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.009","Article","GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS","Surveys & interviews"]
["Biochar addition indirectly affects N2O emissions via soil moisture and plant N uptake","Studies in tropical and temperate regions and in the laboratory have shown that the addition of biochar into agricultural soils has potential to mitigate climate change by increasing crop yield per area, decreasing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and increasing soil carbon (C) storage. The impacts of biochar on plant productivity and soil processes are, however, highly variable depending on the properties of the biochar and the soil, plant species and environmental conditions. We studied the effects of biochar addition on soil moisture, yield of Phleum pratense (timothy), respiration and N2O emissions in mesocosms with a bare mineral soil or P. pratense stand. Biochar was made from spruce chips under rather low temperatures (400-450 degrees C) and was mixed into the whole soil layer of 45 cm during the preparation of the mesocosms. The mesocosms were fertilized with ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3;100 kg N ha(-1)) at the beginning of the experiment and after each harvest. Air temperature was maintained at 20 degrees C during the daytime and at 15 degrees C at night. Soil temperature was kept at a constant 15 degrees C. Biochar increased soil moisture increasing soil respiration and N2O emissions in the bare soil mesocosms, and yield, nitrogen (N) content and N uptake in P. pratense decreasing N2O efflux in the vegetated mesocosms under dry conditions (surface soil moisture 20-30%). Under wet conditions (surface soil moisture 40-50%), N2O emissions increased in the vegetated mesocosms simultaneously with the decreased N uptake in P. pratense harvest. Biochar could thus benefit agriculture, especially during the dry periods of the growing season, but might also increase N2O emissions. Biochar affected N2O efflux indirectly via soil moisture and plant N uptake. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2013,"Saarnio, S; <br>Saarnio, S; <br>Heimonen, K; <br>Kettunen, R","Biochar; Timothy (Phleum pratense); N2O; Respiration; Moisture; Biomass","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.10.035","Article","SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY","Field experiments"]
["Carbon sequestration and soil fertility of tropical tree plantations and secondary forest established on degraded land","Much tropical land requires rehabilitation but the capacity of reforestation with plantations or naturally regenerating secondary forests for overcoming soil degradation remains unclear. We hypothesised that desirable effects, including improved soil fertility and carbon sequestration, are achieved to a greater extent in Acacia mangium plantations and secondary forests than in Eucalyptus urophylla plantations. We tested our hypothesis across soil and climate gradients in Vietnam with linear mixed-effect models and other, comparing A. mangium and E. urophylla plantations, secondary forests and pasture. A. mangium plantations and secondary forests showed a positive correlation between biomass production and desirable soils properties including increased soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, and reduced bulk density. All plantations, but not secondary forests, caused increases in soil acidity. Eight-year old A. mangium plantations contained most carbon in biomass+soil, and secondary forests and pastures had similar or higher soil carbon. E. urophylla plantations had the lowest soil carbon status, raising doubt about their sequestration capacity in current 6-8 year rotations. The study demonstrates that appropriate reforestation enhances soil fertility and promotes carbon sequestration on degraded tropical lands and that unmanaged secondary forests are effective at improving soil fertility and sequestering carbon at low cost.",2013,"Sang, PM; <br>Lamb, D; <br>Bonner, M; <br>Schmidt, S","Acacia mangium; Eucalyptus urophylla; Land rehabilitation; Soil restoration; Aboveground biomass; Land use","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1281-9","Article","PLANT AND SOIL","Field experiments"]
["Enhanced wheat yield by biochar addition under different mineral fertilization levels","Climate change and global warming have worldwide adverse consequences. Biochar production and its use in agriculture can play a key role in climate change mitigation and help improve the quality and management of waste materials coming from agriculture and forestry. Biochar is a carbonaceous material obtained from thermal decomposition of residual biomass at relatively low temperature and under oxygen limited conditions (pyrolysis). Biochar is currently a subject of active research worldwide because it can constitute a viable option for sustainable agriculture due to its potential as a long-term sink for carbon in soil and benefits for crops. However, to date, the results of research studies on biochar effects on crop production show great variability, depending on the biochar type and experimental conditions. Therefore, it is important to identify the beneficial aspects of biochar addition to soil on crop yield in order to promote the adoption of this practice in agriculture. In this study, the effects of two types of biochar from agricultural wastes typical of Southern Spain: wheat straw and olive tree pruning, combined with different mineral fertilization levels on the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum durum L. cv. Vitron) were evaluated. Durum wheat was pot-grown for 2 months in a growth chamber on a soil collected from an agricultural field near Crdoba, Southern Spain. Soil properties and plant growth variables were studied in order to assess the agronomic efficiency of biochar. Our results show that biochar addition to a nutrient-poor, slightly acidic loamy sand soil had little effect on wheat yield in the absence of mineral fertilization. However, at the highest mineral fertilizer rate, addition of biochar led to about 20-30 % increase in grain yield compared with the use of the mineral fertilizer alone. Both biochars acted as a source of available P, which led to beneficial effects on crop production. In contrast, the addition of biochar resulted in decreases in available N and Mn. A maximum reduction in plant nutrient concentration of 25 and 80 % compared to nonbiochar-treated soils for N and Mn, respectively, was detected. This fact was related to the own nature of biochar: low available nitrogen content, high adsorption capacity, and low mineralization rate for N; and alkaline pH and high carbonate content for Mn. Our results indicate that biochar-based soil management strategies can enhance wheat production with the environmental benefits of global warming mitigation. This can contribute positively to the viability and benefits of agricultural production systems. However, the nutrient-biochar interactions should receive special attention due to the great variability in the properties of biochar-type materials.",2013,"Alburquerque, JA; <br>Salazar, P; <br>Barron, V; <br>Torrent, J; <br>del Campillo, MD; <br>Gallardo, A; <br>Villar, R","Agricultural wastes; Biochar; Grain yield; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Plant growth; Wheat","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13593-012-0128-3","Article","AGRONOMY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT","Field experiments"]
["Potential Impact of Biochar Water-Extractable Substances on Environmental Sustainability","Application of biochar as a soil amendment could be a significant approach for carbon sequestration to possibly control climate change for energy and environmental sustainability. However, more studies are needed in a number of research areas, including the development of clean biochar materials free of any harmful substances, before this approach could be implemented at a global scale. In this study, biochar water-extractable substances were tested for their potential harmful effects on the growth of aquatic photosynthetic microorganisms including both blue-green alga (cyanobacteria Synechococcus) and eukaryotic green alga (Desmodesmus) that represent the primary photosynthetic producers of the aquatic environment. The water extracts from three different biomass-derived biochar materials varied widely in their dissolved organic and inorganic contents, as well as in their characteristics including their pH values. Bioassays with pinewood-derived biochar water extract showed a significant inhibitory effect on aquatic photosynthetic microorganism growth in a dose-dependent manner, while chicken litter and peanut shell-derived biochar water extracts showed no signs of growth inhibition. The pinewood-derived biochar water-extracted substances were further separated into three fractions based on their molecular sizes and electric charges through an electrodialysis separation process using a cellulose acetate membrane with a 500-delta cutoff pore size. Our analysis showed that the active component of pinewood-derived biochar water-extracted substances that are toxic to both blue green alga (cyanobacteria Synechococcus) and eukaryotic green alga (Desmodesmus) is likely a 500-delta (or smaller) organic chemical species that carries at least one carboxyl group. This finding is important to engineering a high-tech biochar that can be free of any undesirable substances for its soil applications toward agricultural and environmental sustainability.",2013,"Smith, CR; <br>Buzan, EM; <br>Lee, JW","Water-extractable biochar toxin; Biochar inhibitory factor; Biochar harmful substance; Biochar side effects on algae; Biochar environmental sustainability; Biochar and aquatic photosynthetic microorganisms; High-tech biochar; Biochar soil amendment and carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/sc300063f","Article","ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING","Field experiments"]
["Biochar and Microbial Signaling: Production Conditions Determine Effects on Microbial Communication","Charcoal has a long soil residence time, which has resulted in its production and use as a carbon sequestration technique (biochar). A range of biological effects can be triggered by soil biochar that can positively and negatively influence carbon storage, such as changing the decomposition rate of organic matter and altering plant biomass production. Sorption of cellular signals has been hypothesized to underlie some of these effects, but it remains unknown whether the binding of biochemical signals occurs, and if so, on time scales relevant to microbial growth and communication. We examined biochar sorption of N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone, an acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) intercellular signaling molecule used by many gram-negative soil microbes to regulate gene expression. We show that wood biochars disrupt communication within a growing multicellular system that is made up of sender cells that synthesize AHL and receiver cells that express green fluorescent protein in response to an AHL signal. However, biochar inhibition of AHL-mediated cell-cell communication varied, with the biochar prepared at 700 degrees C (surface area of 301 m(2)/g) inhibiting cellular communication 10-fold more than an equivalent mass of biochar prepared at 300 degrees C (surface area of 3 m(2)/g). These findings provide the first direct evidence that biochars elicit a range of effects on gene expression dependent on intercellular signaling, implicating the method of biochar preparation as a parameter that could be tuned to regulate microbial-dependent soil processes, like nitrogen fixation and pest attack of root crops.",2013,"Masiello, CA; <br>Chen, Y; <br>Gao, XD; <br>Liu, S; <br>Cheng, HY; <br>Bennett, MR; <br>Rudgers, JA; <br>Wagner, DS; <br>Zygourakis, K; <br>Silberg, JJ; <br>Silberg, JJ",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es401458s","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY","Field experiments"]
["Long-term effects of silviculture on soil carbon storage: does vegetation control make a difference?","Forests and the soils beneath them are Earths largest terrestrial sinks for atmospheric carbon (C) and healthy forests provide a partial check against atmospheric rises in CO2. Consequently, there is global interest in crediting forest managers who enhance C retention. Interest centres on C acquisition and storage in trees. Less is directed to understorey management practices that affect early forest development. Even less is paid to the largest ecosystem reservoir of all the mineral soil. Understorey vegetation control is a common management practice to boost stand growth, but the consequence of this on ecosystem C storage is poorly understood. We addressed this by pooling data from five independent groups of long-term studies in the western US. Understorey control increased overstorey biomass universally, but C contents of the forest floor and top 30 cm of mineral soil largely were unaffected. Net soil C increment averaged 1.3 Mg C ha(1) year(1) in the first decade. We conclude that soil C storage is not affected adversely by vegetation management in forests under a Mediterranean climate. However, understorey shrubs can profoundly affect stand susceptibility to wildfire. We propose that C accounting systems be strengthened by assessing understorey management practices relative to wildfire risk.",2013,"Powers, RF; <br>Busse, MD; <br>McFarlane, KJ; <br>Young, DH; <br>Zhang, JW; <br>Young, DH",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cps067","Article","FORESTRY","Field experiments"]
["Intensive Agriculture and the Soil Carbon Pool","There is a strong link between food security and the carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems, notably the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. Quantity and quality of the SOC pool are essential to soil quality, agronomic production, and use efficiency of inputs. Furthermore, limiting global warming to a 2¬∞C increase in Earth's mean temperature requires the identification of appropriate sinks for atmospheric CO2. Sequestration of C in soils is almost an obvious climate solution, which ironically has been overlooked by policy makers. Yet, it is a proverbial \"low-hanging\" fruit with numerous co-benefits. Most soils of the agroecosystems are depleted of their antecedent SOC pool by 25%-75%, equivalent to 10-30 Mg/ha, which is also the technical sink capacity of C sequestration. The rate of SOC sequestration in soils of the tropics and subtropics is 100-500 kg/ha/year. The potential global soil C sink capacity is 1.2-3.1 Pg C/year, 25-50 years. While mitigating climate change, an increase in SOC pool also enhances crop yield because of improvements in soil physical (i.e., aggregation, available water capacity), chemical (i.e., cation and anion exchange capacity [CEC/AEC], soil reaction, nutrient transformation), and biological properties (i.e., microbial biomass C earthworm activity). The adoption of conservation-effective measures can avoid erosion-induced emissions by minimizing decomposition of SOC transported by erosional processes. The mean residence time of SOC depends on a range of exogenous and endogenous factors. Recommended management practices (RMPs) for SOC concentration include conservation agriculture based on no-till and mulch farming, use of cover crops and green manure, application of manure and biochar, and use of perennial culture, including agroforestry. Balanced application of fertilizers is crucial. Water conservation, water harvesting and recycling, use of drip subirrigation, and growing aerobic rice are some important practices for enhancing water-use efficiency. There is a strong need for research in understanding processes of SOC sequestration, identifying and validating soil-/site-specific agronomic practices, and making policy interventions that reward farmers through payments for ecosystem services. Farming C and trading C credits are needed to create another income stream for farmers and to promote the adoption of RMPs. Cropland soils of south Asia in general and those of the Indo-Gangetic Plain in particular are severely depleted of their SOC pool. Despite high inputs of fertilizers and water, crop yields are either stagnating or declining because of the ever-declining use efficiency of inputs (i.e., fertilizers, irrigation, high-yielding varieties) and degrading soils and water resources. A low SOC concentration of cropland soils (0.1%-0.5% in the plow layer of 0-20-cm depth) is the principal cause of decline in soil quality (e.g., low aggregation and plant available water capacity). Thus, RMPs that create a positive soil C budget and enhance the SOC pool must be identified. The balanced use of fertilizers and the application of farm yard manure and other biosolids (i.e., crop residues, green manure) are essential to SOC sequestration, improving the input-use efficiency, and increasing crop yields. There is a strong and positive correlation between the SOC pool in the root zone and the grain yield of wheat, maize, soybean, and other crops. The adoption of RMPs, which enhance SOC pools and sustain high agronomic yield, necessitates payments to farmers for providing ecosystem services through the trading of C credits and so on. Farming C is an important strategy to mitigate climate change, advance food security, and improve the environment. ¬© 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.",2013,"Lal, R.","Adaptation; carbon budget; carbon credits; carbon sequestration; climate change; ecosystem services; food security; managed ecosystem; management practices; mitigation; soil organic carbon; soil quality","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2013.845053","Article","J. Crop Improv.","Field experiments"]
["Briefing: Geoengineering - serious options to address climate change?","Geoengineering is the term used to describe environmental manipulation at a planetary scale. It is generally described as having two main categories: solar radiation management and carbon dioxide removal, with an aim to reduce or neutralise the effects of climate change and global warming. Techniques include carbon capture and storage, fertilising the oceans and sunshields in space. The deployment of such technologies would present ethical challenges and potential environmental and social problems. As a species we have already manipulated and impacted on the environment and a key issue remains: it is not possible to predict all of the consequences of interventions in natural systems. If such technologies were to be deployed we would be 'locked-in' to cycles; we would be committed to trying to innovate and engineer solutions to new problems.",2013,"Campen, R; <br>Campen, R","climate; environment; sustainability","http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ensu.12.00021","Article","PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-ENGINEERING SUSTAINABILITY","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The Science of Geoengineering","Carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of coal, oil, and gas are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. These increased concentrations cause additional energy to be retained in Earth's climate system, thus increasing Earth's temperature. Various methods have been proposed to prevent this temperature increase either by reflecting to space sunlight that would otherwise warm Earth or by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Such intentional alteration of planetary-scale processes has been termed geoengineering. The first category of geoengineering method, solar geoengineering (also known as solar radiation management, or SRM), raises novel global-scale governance and environmental issues. Some SRM approaches are thought to be low in cost, so the scale of SRM deployment will likely depend primarily on considerations of risk. The second category of geoengineering method, carbon dioxide removal (CDR), raises issues related primarily to scale, cost, effectiveness, and local environmental consequences. The scale of CDR deployment will likely depend primarily on cost.",2013,"Caldeira, K; <br>Bala, G; <br>Cao, L","carbon dioxide removal; solar radiation management; climate; environment; energy","http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105548","Review; Book Chapter","ANNUAL REVIEW OF EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES, VOL 41","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Some whats, whys and worries of geoengineering","In this paper I discuss the nature of geoengineering, some of its attractions, and some reasons for concern. I claim that there is confusion in the use of the term 'geoengineering' that is related to larger concerns about the language in which responses to climate change are discussed. I conclude that despite some reasonable grounds for suspicion, research in areas that involve carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management should go on as part of the general portfolio of climate-related research, competing with the full panoply of other possible responses to climate change.",2013,"Jamieson, D; <br>Jamieson, D",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0862-9","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Climate Change Mitigation in Agroforestry Systems: Linking smallholders to forest carbon markets","Smallholder agricultural producers manage vast areas of land that could store or sequester important carbon stocks when managed under agroforestry systems. However, the potential for smallholder production systems to contribute to climate change abatement has not been adequately incorporated into the design of international or national policies addressing climate change (Montagnini and Nair 2004). Agroforestry systems intentionally integrate tree cultivation with agricultural crops, pastures or livestock production (Harvey et al. 2008). Smallholders with less than two hectares of land under production account for an estimated 85% of farms globally (Nagayets 2005). Zomer et al. (2009) estimated that between 17% and 46% of all agricultural land contains some degree of tree cover and more than 1 billion hectares of land have at least 10% tree cover. The majority of these lands are located in South America, sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia and are managed by smallholder producers (Zomer et al. 2009). These systems, managed appropriately, have the potential to maintain important stocks of carbon and may present opportunities for additional carbon sequestration (Trexler and Haugen 1994; Brown et al. 1996; Bloomfield and Pearson 2000; Cacho et al. 2003), which could deliver important climate benefits while simultaneously contributing to poverty reduction. Forest carbon projects tend to fit into two categories: afforestation/reforestation (A/R) (the planting of trees in areas with no current forest cover); and reducing emissions from deforestation or forest degradation, commonly referred to as REDD+.1 Opportunities exist for smallholder agroforestry systems to contribute to both types of mitigation activities. Farmers may increase tree cover on their land through the introduction of agroforestry practices within productive areas, for example by introducing shade cover within sun coffee plantations and by increasing and diversifying tree cover within existing agroforestry systems (Smith and Scherr 2002). Under a REDD+ mechanism, agroforestry systems can serve as the carbon stock to be protected, or they can be promoted on existing cropland to reduce the need to deforest new lands to maintain or increase productivity, thereby reducing pressures within a broader landscape (Phelps et al. 2010). In the first case, the forested areas of the agroforestry system may be protected from conversion to competing, lower-carbon land uses if coupled with incentives commensurate to the opportunity cost of conserving them. In the second case, agroforestry could serve to enhance the productivity of existing farms and diversify livelihoods, thereby diminishing pressures for expansion of less productive practices into remaining forests. Farmers can also increase the density of shade cover within existing agroforestry systems as a means of carbon stock enhancement under REDD+ (Phelps et al. 2010; see also chapter by M√©ndez et al.). A third opportunity is avoiding the degradation of agroforestry systems (e.g., the gradual conversion of shade-grown coffee through timber extraction) and thereby reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Further opportunities for climate change mitigation through agroforestry systems include the adoption of agricultural practices that reduce GHG emissions, either by reducing the need for fertilizer application or maintaining or enhancing the amount of carbon stored in agricultural soils. Realizing the carbon mitigation potential of smallholder agroforestry systems requires a greater focus on putting into place the incentives necessary to enable smallholder participation in the developing carbon market. The projects presented in this chapter focus exclusively on the forest carbon potential of agroforestry systems, recognizing that additional GHG emission reductions could be generated through the integration of agricultural carbon initiatives. The three projects featured in this chapter apply a variety of approaches and standards. Two focus on forest restoration while the third explores the feasibility of introducing REDD+ among smallholder coffee producers (see also global review of smallholder coffee agroforestry by M√©ndez et al.). Each project is applying different carbon accounting standards and using different mechanisms for registering credits generated (Table 30.1). ¬© 2012 ICRAF and CIAT, for the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.",2013,"Semroc, B.L.; <br>Schroth, G.; <br>Harvey, C.A.; <br>Zepeda, Y.; <br>Hills, T.; <br>Lubis, S.; <br>Arief, C.W.; <br>Zerbock, O.; <br>Boltz, F.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203144510-41","Book Chapter","Climate Change Mitigation and Agriculture","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Biochar: Examination of an emerging concept to sequester carbon","Biochar is a charcoal produced under high temperatures using crop residues, animal manure, or any type of organic waste material. Depending on the feedstock, biochar may look similar to potting soil or to a charred substance. The combined production and use of biochar is considered a carbon-negative process, meaning that it removes carbon from the atmosphere. Biochar has multiple potential environmental benefits, foremost the potential to sequester carbon in the soil for hundreds to thousands of years at an estimate. Studies suggest that crop yields can increase as a result of applying biochar as a soil amendment. Some contend that biochar has value as an immediate climate change mitigation strategy. Scientific experiments suggest that greenhouse gas emissions are reduced significantly with biochar application to crop fields. Obstacles that may stall rapid adoption of biochar production systems include technology costs, system operation and maintenance, feedstock availability, and biochar handling. Biochar research anddevelopment is in its infancy. Nevertheless, interest in biochar as a multifaceted solution to agricultural and natural resource issues is growing at a rapid pace both nationally and internationally. Past Congresses have proposed numerous climate change bills, many of which do not directly address mitigation and adaptation technologies at developmental stages, such as biochar. However, biochar may equip agricultural and forestry producers with numerous revenue-generating products: carbon offsets, soil amendments, and energy. This report briefly describes biochar, some of its potential advantages and disadvantages, legislative support, and research and development activities underway in the United States. ¬© 2013 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",2013,"Bracmort, K.",null,null,"Book Chapter","Carbon Consid.: Biochar, Biomass, Biopower, and Sequestration","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["A comparison of methods to apply biochar into temperate soils","The objectives of this chapter are: i) To Evaluate methods of biochar application to assist, by understanding of existing ‚Äòbest management‚Äô practices and expertise regarding biochar, soil and crop carbon recycling; and through adoption of ‚Äòappropriate technology‚Äô for small scale gardens or larger scale field soils and crops. This involves the inclusion of biochar into ‚Äòrhizospheres‚Äô, i.e., undisturbed soil zones adjacent to plant roots, root exudates and associated populations of root-affected soil microorganisms; and the preparation of soils and seedbeds, to assist with crop establishment, and or the restoration, remediation or rehabilitation of degraded soils. ii) To compare the potential risks, benefits and effectiveness of biochar and soil carbon sequestration by ‚Äòconventional‚Äô tillage and ‚Äòconservation‚Äô tillage methods. iii) To develop and evaluate economically and ecologically viable ≈âo-tillage‚Äô methods worth further investigation to safely and accurately deliver biochar (and or soil amendments) into soils at specific soil depths and application rates. iv) To compare energy usage of biochar application methods. v) To discuss the possible practical and ecological implications of methods of application to soils, of biochar feedstock size and density, of nutrient amendments, or of the potential effects of ‚Äòdesigner biochar‚Äô materials and production methods. ¬© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",2013,"Graves, D.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b14585","Book Chapter","Biochar and Soil Biota","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Economics of Forest Carbon Sequestration as a Climate Change Mitigation Strategy",null,2013,"Murray, B.C.",null,null,"Book Chapter",null,"Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Thermochemical transformation of agro-biomass into biochar: Simultaneous carbon sequestration and soil amendment","The gradual rise in average global temperature over the last few decades is the evidence of adversities of climate change. Therefore, the research and development efforts to investigate and materialize innovative and economically viable methods to mitigate carbon emission have received unprecedented priority. One of the plausible methods to sequester carbon in a sustainable manner could be to fix carbonaceous materials on a very long-term basis by thermochemical transformation of agricultural biomass residues into biochar. It has been reported in the literature that the pyrolysis of organic materials can yield up to 50-70 % (w/w) biochar as a value-added product. Furthermore, biochar can have a carbon composition ‚â•60-80 %, which is equivalent to ‚â•2.20-2.94 ton CO<inf>2</inf> sequestered/ton biochar. Therefore, even after a conservative estimation (e.g., 20 % liberation of carbon from the biochar after land application) of kinetics of biochar-bound carbon loss, a substantial amount of CO<inf>2</inf> can be sequestered into soil for a very long term (‚â•100 s to 1,000 years or even more). On the other hand, amendment of agricultural soil with biochar has been found to enhance physicochemical as well as biological characteristics of the soil. Biochar can act as buffering agent for acidic soils; enhance water retention capacity, favorable matrix formation for beneficial microbial flora, and degradation of toxic compounds; and provide bioavailable nutrients to plants or to the beneficial microbial consortia. The present cost of commercially available biochar is 100-500 $/ton (without any carbon credit basis), which is considerably higher than other soil amendment chemicals, such as lime (50 $/ton), which is the main deterrent to its marketability. However, under one or more of the favorable conditions such as government subsidies/carbon credit gains, mass scale production (demand-supply dynamics), and data on long-term benefits correlated with techno-economics can make biochar commercially successful. This will have a substantial positive impact on mitigation of carbon emission. ¬© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014. All rights are reserved.",2013,"Misra, K.; <br>Verma, M.; <br>M'Hamdi, N.; <br>Dkhili, Z.; <br>Brar, S.K.; <br>Misra, K.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8005-1_3","CHAP","Biotransformation of Waste Biomass into High Value Biochem.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Distributed biochar and bioenergy coproduction: a regionally specific case study of environmental benefits and economic impacts","Biochar has been advocated as a method of sequestering carbon while simultaneously improving crop yields and agro-ecosystem sustainability. It can be produced from a wide variety of biomass feedstocks using different thermochemical conversion technologies with or without the recovery of energy coproducts, resulting in chars of differing quality and a range of overall system greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation outcomes. This analysis expands on previous sustainability studies by proposing a mechanistic life cycle GHG and economic operating cost assessment model for the coproduction of biochar and bioenergy from biomass residue feedstocks, with a case study for north-central Colorado presented. Production is modeled as a continuous function of temperature for slow pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis, and gasification systems. Biochar environmental benefits (C sequestration, N2O suppression, crop yield improvements) are predicted in terms of expected liming value and recalcitrance. System-level net GHG mitigation is computed, and net returns are estimated that reflect the variable economic costs of production, the agronomic value of biochar based on agricultural limestone or fertilizer displacement, and the value of GHG mitigation, with results compared to the alternate use of char for energy production. Case study results indicate that slow pyrolysis systems can mitigate up to 1.4 Mg CO2eq/Mg feedstock consumed, provided a favorable feedstock is utilized, production air pollutant emissions are mitigated, and energy coproducts are recovered. The model suggests that while financial returns are generally greater when char is consumed for energy (biocoal) than when used as a soil amendment (biochar), chars produced through high-temperature conversion processes will have greater GHG-mitigation value as biochar. The biochar scenario reaches economic parity at carbon prices as low as $50/Mg CO2eq for optimal scenarios, despite conservative modeling assumptions. This model is a step toward spatially explicit assessment and optimization of biochar system design across different feedstocks, conversion technologies, and agricultural soils.",2013,"Field, JL; <br>Field, JL; <br>Keske, CMH; <br>Birch, GL; <br>Defoort, MW; <br>Cotrufo, MF; <br>Cotrufo, MF","air pollution; biochar; biocoal; bioenergy; carbon sequestration; economic assessment; life cycle assessment; social cost of carbon","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12032","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Global and regional potential for bioelectricity with carbon capture and storage","Among technological options to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, biomass energy with carbon capture and storage technology (BECCS) is gaining increasing attention. This alternative offers a unique opportunity for a net removal of atmospheric CO2 while fulfilling energy needs. Empirical studies using bottom-up energy models show that BECCS has an important role to play in the future energy mix. Most of these studies focus on global BECCS potential, whereas it is of interest to understand where this mitigation option will be deployed. This key issue will strongly depend on regions' biomass resources and possession of storage sites. The aim of this study is to assess the global and regional potential of BECCS up to 2050 in power generation. This analysis is conducted using the multiregional TIAM-FR optimization model. The climate policy scenarios investigated lead to a considerable expansion of renewable energy and CCS and BECCS technologies in the power sector. CCS from fossil fuel is mainly deployed in fast developing countries (India and China) and BECCS is highly distributed in developing countries, even though biomass resources are widely available in all regions. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2013,"Ricci, O; <br>Selosse, S","Bioelectricity with carbon capture and storage; Long-term energy modeling; TIAM-FR model","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.10.027","Article","ENERGY POLICY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Life Cycle Assessment to Evaluate the Environmental Impact of Biochar Implementation in Conservation Agriculture in Zambia","Biochar amendment to soil is a potential technology for carbon storage and climate change mitigation. It may, in addition, be a valuable soil fertility enhancer for agricultural purposes in sandy and/or weathered soils. A life cycle assessment including ecological, health and resource impacts has been conducted for field sites in Zambia to evaluate the overall impacts of biochar for agricultural use. The life cycle impacts from conservation farming using cultivation growth basins and precision fertilization with and without biochar addition were in the present study compared to conventional agricultural methods. Three different biochar production methods were evaluated: traditional earth-mound kilns, improved retort kilns, and micro top-lit updraft (TLUD) gasifier stoves. The results confirm that the use of biochar in conservation farming is beneficial for climate change mitigation purposes. However, when including health impacts from particle emissions originating from biochar production, conservation farming plus biochar from earth-mound kilns generally results in a larger negative effect over the whole life cycle than conservation farming without biochar addition. The use of cleaner technologies such as retort kilns or TLUDs can overcome this problem, mainly because fewer particles and less volatile organic compounds, methane and carbon monoxide are emitted. These results emphasize the need for a holistic view on biochar use in agricultural systems. Of special importance is the biochar production technique which has to be evaluated from both environmental/climate, health and social perspectives.",2013,"Sparrevik, M; <br>Sparrevik, M; <br>Field, JL; <br>Martinsen, V; <br>Breedveld, GD; <br>Breedveld, GD; <br>Cornelissen, G; <br>Cornelissen, G; <br>Cornelissen, G",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es302720k","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Spatial optimization of carbon-stocking projects across Africa integrating stocking potential with co-benefits and feasibility","Carbon offset projects through forestation are employed within the emissions trading framework to store carbon. Yet, information about the potential of landscapes to stock carbon, essential to the design of offset projects, is often lacking. Here, based on data on vegetation carbon, climate and soil, we quantify the potential for carbon storage in woody vegetation across tropical Africa. The ability of offset projects to produce co-benefits for ecosystems and people is then quantified. When co-benefits such as biodiversity conservation are considered, the top-ranked sites are sometimes different to sites selected purely for their carbon-stocking potential, although they still possess up to 92% of the latter carbon-stocking potential. This work provides the first continental-scale assessment of which areas may provide the greatest direct and indirect benefits from carbon storage reforestation projects at the smallest costs and risks, providing crucial information for prioritization of investments in carbon storage projects.",2013,"Greve, M; <br>Greve, M; <br>Reyers, B; <br>Lykke, AM; <br>Svenning, JC",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3975","Article","NATURE COMMUNICATIONS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Impacts of innovative forestry land use on rural livelihood in a bimodal agricultural system in irrigated drylands","The conversion of marginal croplands to tree plantations, as an option to address climate change, land degradation, and irrigation water scarcity, as well as to improve the welfare of local population requires prior analysis. This study analyzed the impacts of afforestation of marginal croplands, including potential benefits in the form of carbon sequestration rewards via the Clean Development Mechanism, on the livelihood of commercial farms and rural households by considering their interdependencies via wage-labor relations in irrigated agricultural regions of the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River, Central Asia. A dynamic nonlinear programming model was developed that jointly maximizes profit of farm and net incomes of rural households over a 15-year horizon under conditions of decreasing irrigation water availability and forestry plantations with a single seven-year rotation period. The results showed that the introduction of short-rotation plantation forestry in degraded irrigated croplands can help mitigate the repercussions of water shortages on rural livelihood, while sustaining energy needs, income, and food security. Although income and food consumption of rural households may decline from year two to six after afforestation, the subsequent increase in farm profit following the harvest of tree plantations would be transmitted to rural households through existing wage-labor payment arrangements. The incorporation of fuelwood into labor payment schemes would substitute the use of fossil fuels by rural households and thus substantially decrease their energy expenses and CO2 emissions. Furthermore, given the low irrigation water demand of trees, afforestation would increase irrigation water availability for more productive croplands. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2013,"Djanibekov, U; <br>Djanibekov, U; <br>Djanibekov, N; <br>Djanibekov, N; <br>Djanibekov, N; <br>Khamzina, A; <br>Khamzina, A; <br>Bhaduri, A; <br>Lamers, JPA; <br>Lamers, JPA; <br>Berg, E","Sustainable rural development; Dynamic farm-household model; Agricultural contracts; Forest carbon project; Marginal croplands; Short-rotation forestry","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.05.003","Article","LAND USE POLICY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Asymmetries in tropical rainfall and circulation patterns in idealised CO2 removal experiments","Atmospheric CO2 removal is currently receiving serious consideration as a supplement or even alternative to emissions reduction. However the possible consequences of such a strategy for the climate system, and particularly for regional changes to the hydrological cycle, are not well understood. Two idealised general circulation model experiments are described, where CO2 concentrations are steadily increased, then decreased along the same path. Global mean precipitation continues to increase for several decades after CO2 begins to decrease. The mean tropical circulation shows associated changes due to the constraint on the global circulation imposed by precipitation and water vapour. The patterns of precipitation and circulation change also exhibit asymmetries with regard to changes in both CO2 and global mean temperature, but while the lag in global precipitation can be ascribed to different levels of CO2 at the same temperature state, the regional changes cannot. Instead, ocean memory and heat transfer are important here. In particular the equatorial East Pacific continues to warm relative to the West Pacific during CO2 ramp-down, producing an anomalously large equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature gradient and associated rainfall anomalies. The mechanism is likely to be a lag in response to atmospheric forcing between mixed-layer water in the east Pacific and the sub-thermocline water below, due to transport through the ocean circulation. The implication of this study is that a CO2 pathway of increasing then decreasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations may lead us to climate states during CO2 decrease that have not been experienced during the increase.",2013,"Chadwick, R; <br>Wu, PL; <br>Good, P; <br>Andrews, T","CO2 removal; Rainfall; Tropical circulation; Geoengineering","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1287-2","Article","CLIMATE DYNAMICS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Is atmospheric carbon dioxide removal a game changer for climate change mitigation?","The ability to directly remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere allows the decoupling of emissions and emissions control in space and time. We ask the question whether this unique feature of carbon dioxide removal technologies fundamentally alters the dynamics of climate mitigation pathways. The analysis is performed in the coupled energy-economy-climate model ReMIND using the bioenergy with CCS route as an application of CDR technology. BECCS is arguably the least cost CDR option if biomass availability is not a strongly limiting factor. We compare mitigation pathways with and without BECCS to explore the impact of CDR technologies on the mitigation portfolio. Effects are most pronounced for stringent climate policies where BECCS is a key technology for the effectiveness of carbon pricing policies. The decoupling of emissions and emissions control allows prolonging the use of fossil fuels in sectors that are difficult to decarbonize, particularly in the transport sector. It also balances the distribution of mitigation costs across future generations. CDR is not a silver bullet technology. The largest part of emissions reductions continues to be provided by direct mitigation measures at the emissions source. The value of CDR lies in its flexibility to alleviate the most costly constraints on mitigating emissions.",2013,"Kriegler, E; <br>Edenhofer, O; <br>Reuster, L; <br>Luderer, G; <br>Klein, D",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0681-4","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Impacts of Vegetation Change on the Regional Surface Climate: A Scenario-Based Analysis of Afforestation in Jiangxi Province, China","The afforestation is one of the most noticeable human activities that affect the climate through influencing not only the carbon sink but also the thermal properties of the land surface. This research accessed the potential effects of artificial vegetation change on the regional climate in Jiangxi Province, China. Based on simulation with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, a comparative analysis was carried out on the future temperature and precipitation under four hypothetical vegetation cover scenarios. The simulation results indicated that the vegetation change would have significant effects on the regional climate. The simulated effects of annual average temperature showed a decreasing order: evergreen broadleaf > evergreen needleleaf > deciduous needleleaf > deciduous broadleaf, and the effects of annual average precipitation of the evergreen forests would be bigger than those of the deciduous forests. The deciduous forests play a positive role in decreasing the annual average temperature, while the evergreen forests promote the annual average temperature rise. Besides, the expansion of deciduous forests may result in severe drought in the summer in Jiangxi Province. These conclusions are of important policy implication to the future afforestation in Jiangxi Province, China, and other regions of the world.",2013,"Ma, EJ; <br>Liu, AP; <br>Li, X; <br>Wu, F; <br>Zhan, JY",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/796163","Article","ADVANCES IN METEOROLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Scenarios for future biodiversity loss due to multiple drivers reveal conflict between mitigating climate change and preserving biodiversity","We assess the potential for future biodiversity loss due to three interacting factors: energy withdrawal from ecosystems due to biomass harvest, habitat loss due to land-use change, and climate change. We develop four scenarios to 2050 with different combinations of high or low agricultural efficiency and high or low meat diets, and use species-energy and species-area relationships to estimate their effects on biodiversity. In our scenarios, natural ecosystems are protected except when additional land is necessary to fulfil the increasing dietary demands of the global population. Biomass energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is used as a means of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere (and offsetting fossil fuel emissions). BECCS is based on waste biomass, with the addition of bio-energy crops only when already managed land is no longer needed for food production. Forecast biodiversity loss from natural biomes increases by more than a factor of five in going from high to low agricultural efficiency scenarios, due to destruction of productive habitats by the expansion of pasture. Biodiversity loss from energy withdrawal on managed land varies by a factor of two across the scenarios. Biodiversity loss due to climate change varies only modestly across the scenarios. Climate change is lowest in the 'low meat high efficiency' scenario, in which by 2050 around 660 million hectares of pasture are converted to biomass plantation that is used for BECCS. However, the resulting withdrawal of energy from managed ecosystems has a large negative impact on biodiversity. Although the effects of energy withdrawal and climate change on biodiversity cannot be directly compared, this suggests that using bio-energy to tackle climate change in order to limit biodiversity loss could instead have the opposite effect.",2013,"Powell, TWR; <br>Lenton, TM","biodiversity loss; climate change; biomass harvest; land use; biomass energy; carbon dioxide removal","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/025024","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Optimal mitigation strategies with negative emission technologies and carbon sinks under uncertainty","In recent years a body of literature has arisen on the topic of how to compose the optimal portfolio of mitigation options. The focus has been mainly on options involving shifts from high- to low- or even negative-carbon technologies. Natural sinks play an important role in any attempt to stabilize atmospheric CO2 and usually enter as a constant term in the overall carbon budget. In this paper, we introduce natural sinks to the carbon management problem and analyze the implications for negative emission technology deployment and the overall mitigation strategy. Amongst other sensitivity analyses, we also investigate the impact of uncertainty in the carbon sink, which we find to raise the importance of negative emissions in the mitigation portfolio significantly lowering the cost of the policy mix.",2013,"Fuss, S; <br>Reuter, WH; <br>Reuter, WH; <br>Szolgayova, J; <br>Szolgayova, J; <br>Obersteiner, M",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0676-1","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Sensitivity of climate mitigation strategies to natural disturbances","The present and future concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide depends on both anthropogenic and natural sources and sinks of carbon. Most proposed climate mitigation strategies rely on a progressive transition to carbon-efficient technologies to reduce industrial emissions, substantially supported by policies to maintain or enhance the terrestrial carbon stock in forests and other ecosystems. This strategy may be challenged if terrestrial sequestration capacity is affected by future climate feedbacks, but how and to what extent is little understood. Here, we show that climate mitigation strategies are highly sensitive to future natural disturbance rates (e.g. fires, hurricanes, droughts), because of the potential effect of disturbances on the terrestrial carbon balance. Generally, altered disturbance rates affect the pace of societal and technological transitions required to achieve the mitigation target, with substantial consequences on the energy sector and the global economy. An understanding of the future dynamics and consequences of natural disturbances on terrestrial carbon balance is thus essential for developing robust climate mitigation strategies and policies.",2013,"Le Page, Y; <br>Hurtt, G; <br>Hurtt, G; <br>Thomson, AM; <br>Bond-Lamberty, B; <br>Patel, P; <br>Wise, M; <br>Calvin, K; <br>Kyle, P; <br>Clarke, L; <br>Edmonds, J; <br>Janetos, A","natural disturbances; climate change; integrated assessment; climate mitigation; climate policies","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/015018","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Carbon farming in hot, dry coastal areas: an option for climate change mitigation","We present a comprehensive, interdisciplinary project which demonstrates that large-scale plantations of Jatropha curcas - if established in hot, dry coastal areas around the world - could capture 17-25 t of carbon dioxide per hectare per year from the atmosphere (over a 20 yr period). Based on recent farming results it is confirmed that the Jatropha curcas plant is well adapted to harsh environments and is capable of growing alone or in combination with other tree and shrub species with minimal irrigation in hot deserts where rain occurs only sporadically. Our investigations indicate that there is sufficient unused and marginal land for the widespread cultivation of Jatropha curcas to have a significant impact on atmospheric CO2 levels at least for several decades. In a system in which desalinated seawater is used for irrigation and for delivery of mineral nutrients, the sequestration costs were estimated to range from 42-63 EUR per tonne CO2. This result makes carbon farming a technology that is competitive with carbon capture and storage (CCS). In addition, high-resolution simulations using an advanced land-surface-atmosphere model indicate that a 10 000 km(2) plantation could produce a reduction in mean surface temperature and an onset or increase in rain and dew fall at a regional level. In such areas, plant growth and CO2 storage could continue until permanent woodland or forest had been established. In other areas, salinization of the soil may limit plant growth to 2-3 decades whereupon irrigation could be ceased and the captured carbon stored as woody biomass.",2013,"Becker, K; <br>Wulfmeyer, V; <br>Berger, T; <br>Gebel, J; <br>Munch, W",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-4-237-2013","Article","EARTH SYSTEM DYNAMICS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Ecological limits to terrestrial biological carbon dioxide removal","Terrestrial biological atmospheric carbon dioxide removal (BCDR) through bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECS), afforestation/reforestation, and forest and soil management is a family of proposed climate change mitigation strategies. Very high sequestration potentials for these strategies have been reported, but there has been no systematic analysis of the potential ecological limits to and environmental impacts of implementation at the scale relevant to climate change mitigation. In this analysis, we identified site-specific aspects of land, water, nutrients, and habitat that will affect local project-scale carbon sequestration and ecological impacts. Using this framework, we estimated global-scale land and resource requirements for BCDR, implemented at a rate of 1 Pg C y(-1). We estimate that removing 1 Pg C y(-1) via tropical afforestation would require at least 7 x 10(6) ha y(-1) of land, 0.09 Tg y(-1) of nitrogen, and 0.2 Tg y(-1) of phosphorous, and would increase evapotranspiration from those lands by almost 50 %. Switchgrass BECS would require at least 2 x 10(8) ha of land (20 times U.S. area currently under bioethanol production) and 20 Tg y(-1) of nitrogen (20 % of global fertilizer nitrogen production), consuming 4 x 10(12) m(3) y(-1) of water. While BCDR promises some direct (climate) and ancillary (restoration, habitat protection) benefits, Pg C-scale implementation may be constrained by ecological factors, and may compromise the ultimate goals of climate change mitigation.",2013,"Smith, LJ; <br>Smith, LJ; <br>Torn, MS; <br>Torn, MS",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0682-3","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Effect of biochar application in combination with domestic wastewater on biomass yield of bioenergy plantations","Purpose: The energy demand of growing population is on rise despite the fact that conventional energy reserves are limited and exhaustive in nature. To quench the ever-needing demand of energy, there is an urgent need to find out new energy options. In this regard, role of bioenergy plantation has gained enormous attention of scientist community all over the world. Biochar, a black pyrolysed carbonaceous product, is used as soil amendment and is reported to provide several benefits such as retention of nutrients in soil, better cation exchange capacity, soil carbon sequestration with better biomass yield. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach: The present study investigated the effect of domestic waste water (grey water) as well as biochar in combination for above-ground biomass of Eucalyptus hybrid (clone 413) and Anthocephalus cadamba plantations under flooded irrigation. Findings: Height, girth and above-ground biomass of both plantations increased significantly from control. Above-ground biomass of A. cadamba was observed to be better than Eucalyptus hybrid during initial period of establishment. After application of biochar, treatment WW+BBm was found to produce maximum above-ground biomass followed by treatment WW and WW+ BBg in both plantations system. Originality/value: The present study encompassed a real sustainable approach for environmental management by integrating the use of waste water (source of nutrients) as well as biochar (a solid waste pyrolysed material that act as soil fertilizer, an efficient adsorbent as well as a sink for carbon sequestration) for the better biomass yield of bioenergy plantations. ¬© Emerald Group Publishing Limited.",2013,"Ramola, S.; <br>Srivastava, R.K.; <br>Vasudevan, P.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-03-2013-0005","JOUR","Int. J. Energy Sect. Manage.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The formation of toxic compounds during biochar production","Biochar has caused great interest due to its sequestrating carbon and improving soil fertilities. It has been increasing attracted and applied to agriculture systems. However, many toxic compounds (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals) are likely to be formed during biochar production. These compounds may be existed in biochar matrix and even bioavailable to exposed organisms. Therefore, the formation and impact factors as well as the concentrations and bioavailability of these compounds are reviewed. ¬© (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.",2013,"Wang, Z.Y.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.361-363.867","SER","Appl. Mech. Mater.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Practicality of Biochar Additions to Enhance Soil and Crop Productivity","The benefits of biochar to soils for agricultural purposes are numerous. Biochar may be added to soils with the intention to improve the soil, displace an amount of conventional fossil fuel based fertilizers, and sequester carbon. However, the variable application rates, uncertain feedstock effects, and initial soil state provide a wide range of cost for marginally improved yield from biochar additions, which is often economically impracticable. The need for further clarity on optimizing biochar application to various crop yields is necessary if it is to gain widespread acceptance as a soil amendment.",2013,"Filiberto, DM; <br>Gaunt, JL",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture3040715","Article","AGRICULTURE-BASEL","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Interactions between biochar stability and soil organisms: review and research needs","The stability of biochar in soils is the cornerstone of the burgeoning worldwide interest in the potential of the pyrolysis/biochar platform for carbon (C) sequestration. While biochar is more recalcitrant in soil than the original organic feedstock, an increasing number of studies report greater C-mineralization in soils amended with biochar than in unamended soils. Soil organisms are believed to play a central role in this process. In this review, the variety of interactions that occur between soil micro-, meso- and macroorganisms and biochar stability are assessed. In addition, different factors reported to influence biochar stability, such as biochar physico-chemical characteristics, soil type, soil organic carbon (SOC) content and agricultural management practices are evaluated. A meta-analysis of data in the literature revealed that biochar-C mineralization rates decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature, biochar-C content and time. Enhanced release of CO2 after biochar addition to soil may result from (i) priming of native SOC pools, (ii) biodegradation of biochar components from direct or indirect stimulation of soil organisms by biochar or (iii) abiotic release of biochar-C (from carbonates or chemi-sorbed CO2). Observed biphasic mineralization rates suggest rapid mineralization of labile biochar compounds by microorganisms, with stable aromatic components decomposed at a slower rate. Comparatively little information is available on the impact of soil fauna on biochar stability in soil, although they may decrease biochar particle size and enhance its dispersion in the soil. Elucidating the impacts of soil fauna directly and indirectly on biochar stability is a top research priority.",2013,"Ameloot, N; <br>Graber, ER; <br>Verheijen, FGA; <br>De Neve, S",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12064","Review","EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar's effect on crop productivity and the dependence on experimental conditions-a meta-analysis of literature data","For the last decade, there has been an increasing global interest in using biochar to mitigate climate change by storing carbon in soil. However, there is a lack of detailed knowledge on the impact of biochar on the crop productivity in different agricultural systems. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of biochar soil amendment (BSA) on crop productivity and to analyze the dependence of responses on experimental conditions. A weighted meta-analysis was conducted based on data from 103 studies published up to April, 2013. The effect of BSA on crop productivity was quantified by characterizing experimental conditions. In the published experiments, with biochar amendment rates generally < 30 t ha(-1), BSA increased crop productivity by 11.0 % on average, while the responses varied with experimental conditions. Greater responses were found in pot experiments than in field, in acid than in neutral soils, in sandy textured than in loam and silt soils. Crop response in field experiments was greater for dry land crops (10.6 % on average) than for paddy rice (5.6 % on average). This result, associated with the higher response in acid and sandy textured soils, suggests both a liming and an aggregating/moistening effect of BSA. The analysis suggests a promising role for BSA in improving crop productivity especially for dry land crops, and in acid, poor-structured soils though there was wide variation with soil, crop and biochar properties. Long-term field studies are needed to elucidate the persistence of BSA's effect and the mechanisms for improving crop production in a wide range of agricultural conditions. At current prices and C-trading schemes, however, BSA would not be cost-effective unless persistent soil improvement and crop response can be demonstrated.",2013,"Liu, XY; <br>Zhang, AF; <br>Ji, CY; <br>Joseph, S; <br>Joseph, S; <br>Bian, RJ; <br>Li, LQ; <br>Pan, GX; <br>Paz-Ferreiro, J; <br>Paz-Ferreiro, J","C-sequestration; Soil fertility; Soil amendment; Meta-analysis; Soil carbon","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1806-x","Article","PLANT AND SOIL","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["A wide view of no-tillage practices and soil organic carbon sequestration","Many believe that conservation tillage practices could increase the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide into agricultural soils and this sequestered carbon may partially offset the greenhouse gas effect and thus reduce the impact of global warming. Recent advances in soil carbon (C) and greenhouse gas analysis have made it possible to evaluate the impacts of conservation tillage on C sequestration from various perspectives. Although conservation tillage favors soil and water conservation, there are biased estimates of C sequestration associated with conservation tillage, and it is particularly an issue for a pure no-tillage (NT) system. Accordingly, this paper presents an overview of the progress achieved in evaluating C sequestration in no-till (the extreme type of conservation tillage) and conventional tillage production systems. In addition to extended discussion of how soil sampling and calculations could influence the estimates of C gains or losses in no-till versus conventional tilled soil, this review will also focus on following aspects, including (1) the impact of NT on crop yields which governs organic C inputs to soil from crop residue, (2) the impact of NT on soil organic C mineralization which is a major pathway of soil C output, and (3) the roles of the initial levels of C stocks and soil erosion rates which are crucial for estimating soil C sequestration under different tillage systems. Many soil C studies have indicated that the impacts of NT on soil C sequestration are compounded by many factors and should not be generalized.",2013,"Yang, XM; <br>Drury, CF; <br>Wander, MM","no-tillage; carbon sequestration; carbon inputs; crop yields; carbon mineralization; soil erosion; soil deposition","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2013.816363","Article","ACTA AGRICULTURAE SCANDINAVICA SECTION B-SOIL AND PLANT SCIENCE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar in bioenergy cropping systems: impacts on soil faunal communities and linked ecosystem processes","Biochar amendment of soil and bioenergy cropping are two eco-engineering strategies at the forefront of attempts to offset anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Both utilize the ability of plants to assimilate atmospheric CO2, and are thus intrinsically linked with soil processes. Research to date has shown that biochar and bioenergy cropping change both aboveground and belowground carbon cycling and soil fertility. Little is known, however, about the form and function of soil food webs in these altered ecosystems, or of the consequences of biodiversity changes at higher trophic levels for soil carbon sequestration. Hitherto studies on this topic have been chiefly observational, and often report contrasting results, thus adding little mechanistic understanding of biochar and bioenergy cropping impacts on soil organisms and linked ecosystem processes. This means it is difficult to predict, or control for, changes in biotic carbon cycling arising from biochar and bioenergy cropping. In this study we explore the potential mechanisms by which soil communities might be affected by biochar, particularly in soils which support bioenergy cropping. We outline the abiotic (soil quality-mediated) and biotic (plant- and microbe-mediated) shifts in the soil environment, and implications for the abundance, diversity, and composition of soil faunal communities. We offer recommendations for promoting biologically diverse, fertile soil via biochar use in bioenergy crop systems, accompanied by specific future research priorities.",2013,"McCormack, SA; <br>McCormack, SA; <br>Ostle, N; <br>Bardgett, RD; <br>Hopkins, DW; <br>Vanbergen, AJ","biofuel; charcoal; Miscanthus; short-rotation coppice (SRC); soil carbon; soil invertebrates","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12046","Review","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta-analysis","Biochar is a carbon-rich coproduct resulting from pyrolyzing biomass. When applied to the soil it resists decomposition, effectively sequestering the applied carbon and mitigating anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Other promoted benefits of biochar application to soil include increased plant productivity and reduced nutrient leaching. However, the effects of biochar are variable and it remains unclear if recent enthusiasm can be justified. We evaluate ecosystem responses to biochar application with a meta-analysis of 371 independent studies culled from 114 published manuscripts. We find that despite variability introduced by soil and climate, the addition of biochar to soils resulted, on average, in increased aboveground productivity, crop yield, soil microbial biomass, rhizobia nodulation, plant K tissue concentration, soil phosphorus (P), soil potassium (K), total soil nitrogen (N), and total soil carbon (C) compared with control conditions. Soil pH also tended to increase, becoming less acidic, following the addition of biochar. Variables that showed no significant mean response to biochar included belowground productivity, the ratio of aboveground:belowground biomass, mycorrhizal colonization of roots, plant tissue N, and soil P concentration, and soil inorganic N. Additional analyses found no detectable relationship between the amount of biochar added and aboveground productivity. Our results provide the first quantitative review of the effects of biochar on multiple ecosystem functions and the central tendencies suggest that biochar holds promise in being a win-win-win solution to energy, carbon storage, and ecosystem function. However, biochar's impacts on a fourth component, the downstream nontarget environments, remain unknown and present a critical research gap.",2013,"Biederman, LA; <br>Harpole, WS","carbon sequestration; charcoal; pH; plant productivity; soil nutrients; soil organisms","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12037","Review","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Need for relevant timescales when crediting temporary carbon storage","Earth faces an urgent need for climate change mitigation, and carbon storage is discussed as an option. Approaches for assessing the benefit of temporary carbon storage in relation to carbon footprinting exist, but many are based on a 100-year accounting period, disregarding impacts after this time. The aim of this paper is to assess the consequences of using such approaches that disregard the long timescale on which complete removal of atmospheric CO2 occurs. Based on these findings, an assessment is made on what are relevant timescales to consider when including the value of temporary carbon storage in carbon footprinting. Implications of using a 100-year accounting period is evaluated via a literature review study of the global carbon cycle, as well as by analysing the crediting approaches that are exemplified by the PAS 2050 scheme for crediting temporary carbon storage. The global carbon cycle shows timescales of thousands of years for the transport of carbon from the atmosphere to pools beyond the near-surface layers of the Earth, from where it will not readily be re-emitted as a response to change in near-surface conditions. Compared to such timescales, the use of the 100-year accounting period appears hard to justify. We illustrate how the use of the 100-year accounting period can cause long-term global warming impacts to be hidden by short-term storage solutions that may not offer real long-term climate change mitigation. Obtaining long-term climatic benefits is considered to require storage of carbon for at least thousand years. However, it has been proposed that there may exist tipping points for the atmospheric CO2 concentration beyond which irreversible climate changes occur. To reduce the risk of passing such tipping points, fast mitigation of the rise in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration is required and in this perspective, shorter storage times may still provide climatic benefits. Both short- and long-term perspectives should be considered when crediting temporary carbon storage, addressing both acute effects on the climate and the long-term climate change. It is however essential to distinguish between short- and long-term mitigation potential by treating them separately and avoid that short-term mitigation is used to counterbalance long-term climate change impacts from burning of fossil fuels.",2013,"Jorgensen, SV; <br>Jorgensen, SV; <br>Hauschild, MZ","Climate change mitigation; Carbon cycle; Carbon storage crediting; Accounting period for global warming potential; Carbon footprints","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-012-0527-3","Article","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Agroforestry and biochar to offset climate change: a review","Expansion of agricultural land use has increased emission of greenhouse gases, exacerbating climatic changes. Most agricultural soils have lost a large portion of their antecedent soil organic carbon storage, becoming a source of atmospheric carbon-dioxide. In addition, agricultural soils can also be a major source of nitrous oxide and methane. Adoption of conservation agricultural practices may mitigate some of the adverse impacts of landuse intensification. However, optimal implementation of these practices is not feasible under all physical and biotic conditions. Of a wide range of conservation practices, the most promising options include agroforestry systems and soil application of biochar, which can efficiently sequester large amounts of carbon over the long-run. In addition, these practices also increase agronomic productivity and support a range of ecosystem services. Payments to farmers and land managers for sequestrating carbon and improving ecosystem services is an important strategy for promoting the adoption of such practices, aimed at mitigating climate change while decreasing environmental footprint of agriculture and sustaining food security.",2013,"Stavi, I; <br>Lal, R","Clean development mechanism; Conservation agriculture; Ecosystem services; Global warming; Greenhouse gases; Soil organic carbon","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13593-012-0081-1","Review","AGRONOMY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Food security, climate change, and sustainable land management. A review","Agriculture production in developing countries must be increased to meet food demand for a growing population. Earlier literature suggests that sustainable land management could increase food production without degrading soil and water resources. Improved agronomic practices include organic fertilization, minimum soil disturbance, and incorporation of residues, terraces, water harvesting and conservation, and agroforestry. These practices can also deliver co-benefits in the form of reduced greenhouse gas emissions and enhanced carbon storage in soils and biomass. Here, we review 160 studies reporting original field data on the yield effects of sustainable land management practices sequestering soil carbon. The major points are: (1) sustainable land management generally leads to increased yields, although the magnitude and variability of results varies by specific practice and agro-climatic conditions. For instance, yield effects are in some cases negative for improved fallows, terraces, minimum tillage, and live fences. Whereas, positive yield effects are observed consistently for cover crops, organic fertilizer, mulching, and water harvesting. Yields are also generally higher in areas of low and variable rainfall. (2) Isolating the yield effects of individual practices is complicated by the adoption of combinations or \"packages\" of sustainable land management options. (3) Sustainable land management generally increases soil carbon sequestration. Agroforestry increases aboveground C sequestration and organic fertilization reduces CO2 emissions. (4) Rainfall distribution is a key determinant of the mitigation effects of adopting specific sustainable land management practices. Mitigation effects of adopting sustainable land management are higher in higher rainfall areas, with the exception of water management.",2013,"Branca, G; <br>Lipper, L; <br>McCarthy, N; <br>Jolejole, MC","Food security; Climate change mitigation; Crop yields; Sustainable land management","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0133-1","Review","AGRONOMY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Ethics and geoengineering: reviewing the moral issues raised by solar radiation management and carbon dioxide removal","After two decades of failure by the international community to respond adequately to the threat of global climate change, discussions of the possibility of geoengineering a cooler climate have recently proliferated. Alongside the considerable optimism that these technologies have generated, there has also been wide acknowledgement of significant ethical concerns. Ethicists, social scientists, and experts in governance have begun the work of addressing these concerns. The plethora of ethical issues raised by geoengineering creates challenges for those who wish to survey them. The issues are here separated out according to the temporal spaces in which they first arise. Some crop up when merely contemplating the prospect of geoengineering. Others appear as research gets underway. Another set of issues attend the actual implementation of the technologies. A further set occurs when planning for the cessation of climate engineering. Two cautions about this organizational schema are in order. First, even if the issues first arise in the temporal spaces identified, they do not stay completely contained within them. A good reason to object to the prospect of geoengineering, for example, will likely remain a good reason to object to its implementation. Second, the ethical concerns intensify or weaken depending on the technology under consideration. The wide range of geoengineering technologies currently being discussed makes it prudent that each technique should be evaluated individually for its ethical merit. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:2337. doi: 10.1002/wcc.198 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.",2013,"Preston, CJ; <br>Preston, CJ",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcc.198","Review","WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-CLIMATE CHANGE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Enhanced chemical weathering as a geoengineering strategy to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide, supply nutrients, and mitigate ocean acidification","Chemical weathering is an integral part of both the rock and carbon cycles and is being affected by changes in land use, particularly as a result of agricultural practices such as tilling, mineral fertilization, or liming to adjust soil pH. (2) from the atmosphere. (2) to bicarbonate, increasing the alkalinity and pH of natural waters. Some products of mineral dissolution would precipitate in soils or be taken up by ecosystems, but a significant portion would be transported to the coastal zone and the open ocean, where the increase in alkalinity would partially counteract ocean acidification associated with the current marked increase in atmospheric CO2. Other elements released during this mineral dissolution, like Si, P, or K, could stimulate biological productivity, further helping to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. On land, the terrestrial carbon pool would likely increase in response to Enhanced Weathering in areas where ecosystem growth rates are currently limited by one of the nutrients that would be released during mineral dissolution. In the ocean, the biological carbon pumps (which export organic matter and CaCO3 to the deep ocean) may be altered by the resulting influx of nutrients and alkalinity to the ocean. This review merges current interdisciplinary knowledge about Enhanced Weathering, the processes involved, and the applicability as well as some of the consequences and risks of applying the method.",2013,"Hartmann, J; <br>West, AJ; <br>Renforth, P; <br>Kohler, P; <br>De La Rocha, CL; <br>Wolf-Gladrow, DA; <br>Durr, HH; <br>Scheffran, J","enhanced weathering; climate change; global biogeochemical cycles; geoengineering; carbon; silicate","http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rog.20004","Review","REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Afforestation opportunities when stand productivity is driven by a high risk of natural disturbance: a review of the open lichen woodland in the eastern boreal forest of Canada","Afforestation has the potential to offset the increased emission of atmospheric carbon dioxide and has therefore been proposed as a strategy to mitigate climate change. Here we review the opportunities for carbon (C) offsets through open lichen woodland afforestation in the boreal forest of eastern Canada as a case study, while considering the reversal risks (low productivity, fires, insect outbreaks, changes in land use and the effects of future climate on growth potential as well as on the disturbances regime). Our results suggest that : (1) relatively low growth rate may act as a limiting factor in afforestation projects in which the time available to increase C is driven by natural disturbances; (2) with ongoing climate change, a global increase in natural disturbance rates, mainly fire and spruce budworm outbreaks, may offset any increases in net primary production at the landscape level; (3) the reduction of the albedo versus increase in biomass may negatively affect the net climate forcing; (4) the impermanence of C stock linked to the reversal risks makes this scenario not necessarily cost attractive. More research, notably on the link between fire risk and site productivity, is needed before afforestation can be incorporated into forest management planning to assist climate change mitigation efforts. Therefore, we suggest that conceivable mitigation strategies in the boreal forest will likely have to be directed activities that can reduce emissions and can increase C sinks while minimizing the reversal impacts. Implementation of policies to reduce Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in the boreal forest should consider the biophysical interactions, the different spatial and temporal scales of their benefits, the costs (investment and benefits) and how all these factors are influenced by the site history.",2013,"Mansuy, N; <br>Gauthier, S; <br>Bergeron, Y","Albedo; Black spruce; C balance; Fire frequency; Insect outbreak; Land use change; Reversal risks","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-012-9362-x","Article","MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR GLOBAL CHANGE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["A Review: Carbon Dioxide Capture: Biomass-Derived-Biochar and Its Applications","The changes in global temperatures as a result of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has suggested that cumulative CO2 emissions will continue to increase over time. Many countries are looking for ways to reduce or alter the amount of CO2 harming our environment; therefore, this review is a compilation of CO2 adsorption on biomass-derived-biochar (BDB). This suggests that effective measures to mitigate the risk of dangerous climate change will need to limit cumulative emissions of CO2. Further, if cumulative CO2 emissions overshoot acceptable limits, it will become necessary to remove CO2 from the air, that is, the so-called negative emissions. In this review, we discuss the definitions and classes of technologies for capturing CO2 from the air and the application of biochar in the improvement of soil fertility. We also discuss the economic tradeoff between biochar and bio-oil, agricultural nutrient leaching, the novel magnetic property of biochar and its durability.",2013,"Mohd, A; <br>Ghani, WAWA; <br>Resitanim, NZ; <br>Sanyang, L","Biomass derived biochar; CO2 capturing; magnetic property of biochar; soil fertility","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2012.704753","Review","JOURNAL OF DISPERSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Crop Residue Removal for Bioenergy Reduces Soil Carbon Pools: How Can We Offset Carbon Losses?","Crop residue removal for bioenergy can deplete soil organic carbon (SOC) pools. Management strategies to counteract the adverse effects of residue removal on SOC pools have not been, however, widely discussed. This paper reviews potential practices that can be used to offset the SOC lost with residue removal. Literature indicates that practices including no-till cover crops, manure and compost application, and return of biofuel co-products increase SOC pools and may thus be used to offset some SOC loss. No-till rotations that include semi-perennial grasses or legumes also offer a promise to promote soil-profile C sequestration and improve soil resilience after residue removal. No-till cover crops can sequester between 0.10 and 1 Mg ha(-1) per year of SOC relative to no-till without cover crops, depending on cover crop species, soil type, and precipitation input. Animal manure and compost contain about 15 % of C and thus their addition to soil can enhance SOC pools and boost soil biological activity. Similarly, application of biofuel co-products such as biochar, which contain between 45 % and 85 % of C depending on the feedstock source and processing method, can enhance long-term C sequestration. These mitigation strategies may maintain SOC pools under partial residue removal in no-till soils but are unlikely to replace all the SOC lost if residue is removed at excessive rates. More field research and modeling efforts are needed to assess the magnitude at which the different mitigation strategies can overcome SOC loss with crop residue removal.",2013,"Blanco-Canqui, H; <br>Blanco-Canqui, H","Crop residue removal; Bioenergy; Soil carbon; Cover crops; Biochar; Manure; Compost; No-till rotations; Dedicated energy crops; Switchgrass; Perennial grasses","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-012-9221-3","Article","BIOENERGY RESEARCH","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["The role of biochar in ameliorating disturbed soils and sequestering soil carbon in tropical agricultural production systems","Agricultural soils in the tropics have undergone significant declines in their native carbon stock through the long-term use of extractive farming practices. However, these soils have significant capacity to sequester CO 2 through the implementation of improved land management practices. This paper reviews the published and grey literature related to the influence of improved land management practices on soil carbon stock in the tropics. The review suggests that the implementation of improved land management practices such as crop rotation, no-till, cover crops, mulches, compost, or manure can be effective in enhancing soil organic carbon pool and agricultural productivity in the tropics. The benefits of such amendments were, however, often short-lived, and the added organic matters were usually mineralized to CO2 within a few cropping seasons leading to large-scale leakage. We found that management of black carbon (C), increasingly referred to as biochar, may overcome some of those limitations and provide an additional soil management option. Under present circumstances, recommended crop and land management practices are inappropriate for the vast majority of resource constrained smallholder farmers and farming systems. We argue that expanding the use of biochar in agricultural lands would be important for sequestering atmospheric CO2 and mitigating climate change, while implementing the recommended crop and land management practices in selected areas where the smallholder farmers are not resource constrained. ¬© 2013 Wolde Mekuria and Andrew Noble.",2013,"Mekuria, W.; <br>Noble, A.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/354965","Review","Appl. Environ Soil Sci.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biochar-mediated changes in soil quality and plant growth in a three year field trial","While many laboratory studies have focused on the short term effects of biochar addition to soil), there have been comparatively few tracing its longer term effects in the field. This study investigated the multiyear impact of biochar on crop performance and soil quality with specific emphasis on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling over a 3 y period. Biochar was added to an agricultural field at 0, 25 and 50 t ha(-1) and planted with maize (year 1) and grass (years 2 and 3). Biochar addition affected plant performance in the grass crop with significant increases in foliar N (year 2) and above-ground biomass (year 3). Below-ground, biochar increased soil respiration, fungal and bacterial growth rate and turnover in year 2. This change coincided with a shift toward a bacterial dominated decomposer community, suggesting a decrease in the potential for microbially mediated C sequestration. Biochar did not affect dissolved organic C (DOC) and N (DON), NO3- or NH4+ pool sizes. Similarly, biochar addition had limited effects on the turnover of C-14-labelled SOC (plant litter), DOC (sugars and organic acids) and DON (amino acids) and no long term effect on N mineralization, NH3 volatilization, denitrification and NH4+ sorption. After 3 years in the field, the alkalinity associated with the biochar had been fully neutralized and biochar lost most of its cations (K, Na, Ca) but had built up an associated microbial community. We conclude that biochar addition to soil causes small and potentially transient changes in a temperate agroecosystem functioning. Importantly, many of the short-term effects of biochar on plant growth and soil behavior reported from laboratory studies were not observed in the field emphasizing the need for long term field trials to help inform agronomic management decisions involving biochar. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2012,"Jones, DL; <br>Rousk, J; <br>Rousk, J; <br>Edwards-Jones, G; <br>DeLuca, TH; <br>Murphy, DV","Black carbon; Black nitrogen; Carbon sequestration; Charcoal; Soil organic matter; Climate change mitigation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.10.012","Article","SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY","Field experiments"]
["Forest restoration to achieve both ecological and economic progress, Poyang Lake basin, China","The Mountain-River-Lake Program (MRL) was implemented since 25 years ago in the Poyang Lake basin, southern China. It consists of series of forest restoration projects that aim to address severe soil and water losses, and improve farmer's livelihoods. To assess the effectiveness of the program, systematic planning, integrated research and comprehensive monitoring were used to illustrate how forest restoration projects that consider both ecological, social and economic perspectives can improve both the environment and society, and eradicate the \"ecological-poverty trap\". We found that the overall ecological effects of the program are beneficial, and the socioeconomic effects are mostly positive. Forest plantations covering 4.92 x 10(6) ha were established, which promoted increased forest coverage from a minimum of 26.98% to 60.05% at present. The amount of carbon storage in forest increased significantly, with net carbon sequestration of plantation forests increased from 2.29 TgC/year to 10.52 TgC/year. The results also indicated that the area of land affected by heavy and severe soil erosion has decreased by 55.2% and 53.6%, respectively, while the water holding capacity was 25.2% higher in 2009 than that in 1990. The net income for farmers was almost 6 times greater than that before the program, and the number of people living below the poverty line decreased from 10 million to 0.865 million. This assessment has confirmed that if we cannot improve the livelihood of local communities and encourage them to participate in such programs, we will be unable to restore and manage degraded environments. The continuing and future impacts of the program may be even greater, and will provide important lessons and experiences for other ecological restoration programs. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2012,"Huang, L; <br>Shao, QQ; <br>Liu, JY","Forest restoration; Mountain-River-Lake Program; Ecological and socioeconomic effects; China","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.03.007","Article","ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING","Field experiments"]
["Olivine Weathering in Soil, and Its Effects on Growth and Nutrient Uptake in Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.): A Pot Experiment","Mineral carbonation of basic silicate minerals regulates atmospheric CO2 on geological time scales by locking up carbon. Mining and spreading onto the earth's surface of fast-weathering silicates, such as olivine, has been proposed to speed up this natural CO2 sequestration ('enhanced weathering'). While agriculture may offer an existing infrastructure, weathering rate and impacts on soil and plant are largely unknown. Our objectives were to assess weathering of olivine in soil, and its effects on plant growth and nutrient uptake. In a pot experiment with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), weathering during 32 weeks was inferred from bioavailability of magnesium (Mg) in soil and plant. Olivine doses were equivalent to 1630 (OLIV1), 8150, 40700 and 204000 (OLIV4) kg ha(-1). Alternatively, the soluble Mg salt kieserite was applied for reference. Olivine increased plant growth (+ 15.6%) and plant K concentration (+ 16.5%) in OLIV4. At all doses, olivine increased bioavailability of Mg and Ni in soil, as well as uptake of Mg, Si and Ni in plants. Olivine suppressed Ca uptake. Weathering estimated from a Mg balance was equivalent to 240 kg ha(-1) (14.8% of dose, OLIV1) to 2240 kg ha(-1) (1.1%, OLIV4). This corresponds to gross CO2 sequestration of 290 to 2690 kg ha(-1) (29 10(3) to 269 10(3) kg km(-2).) Alternatively, weathering estimated from similarity with kieserite treatments ranged from 13% to 58% for OLIV1. The Olsen model for olivine carbonation predicted 4.0% to 9.0% weathering for our case, independent of olivine dose. Our % values observed at high doses were smaller than this, suggesting negative feedbacks in soil. Yet, weathering appears fast enough to support the 'enhanced weathering' concept. In agriculture, olivine doses must remain within limits to avoid imbalances in plant nutrition, notably at low Ca availability; and to avoid Ni accumulation in soil and crop.",2012,"ten Berge, HFM; <br>van der Meer, HG; <br>Steenhuizen, JW; <br>Goedhart, PW; <br>Knops, P; <br>Verhagen, J",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042098","Article","PLOS ONE","Field experiments"]
["Assessing the chemical and biological accessibility of the herbicide isoproturon in soil amended with biochar","There is considerable current interest in using biochar (BC) as a soil amendment to sequester carbon to mitigate climate change. However, the implications of adding BC to agricultural soil for the environmental fate of pesticides remain unclear. In particular, the effect of biochars on desorption behavior of compounds is poorly understood. This study examined the influence of BC on pesticide chemical and biological accessibility using the herbicide isoproturon (IPU). Soils amended with 1% and 2% BC showed enhanced sorption, slower desorption, and reduced biodegradation of IPU. Addition of 0.1% BC had no effect on sorption, desorption or biodegradation of IPU. However, the mineralization of C-14-IPU was reduced by all BC concentrations, reducing by 13.6%, 40.1% and 49.8% at BC concentrations of 0.1%, 1% and 2% respectively. Further, the ratio of the toxic metabolite 4-isopropyl-aniline to intact IPU was substantially reduced by higher BC concentrations. Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD) extractions were used to estimate the IPU bioaccessibility in the BC-amended soil. Significant correlations were found between HPCD-extracted C-14-IPU and the IPU desorbed (%) (r(2) = 0.8518, p < 0.01), and also the C-14-IPU mineralized (%) (r(2) = 0.733; p < 0.01) for all BC-amended soils. This study clearly demonstrates how desorption in the presence of BC is intimately related to pesticide biodegradation by the indigenous soil microbiota. BC application to agricultural soils can affect the persistence of pesticides as well as the fate of their degradation products. This has important implications for the effectiveness of pesticides as well as the sequestration of contaminants in soils. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2012,"Sopena, F; <br>Semple, K; <br>Sohi, S; <br>Bending, G","Pesticide bioavailability/bioaccessibility; Sorption/desorption; Biochar; Isoproturon; Agricultural soil","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.066","Article","CHEMOSPHERE","Field experiments"]
["Biochar and Earthworm Effects on Soil Nitrous Oxide and Carbon Dioxide Emissions","Biochar is the product of pyrolysis produced from feedstock of biological origin. Due to its aromatic structure and long residence time, biochar may enable long-term carbon sequestration. At the same time, biochar has the potential to improve soil fertility and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soils. However, the effect of biochar application on GHG fluxes from soil must be investigated before recommendations for field-scale biochar application can be made. A laboratory experiment was designed to measure carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from two Irish soils with the addition of two different biochars, along with endogeic (soil-feeding) earthworms and ammonium sulfate, to assist in the overall evaluation of biochar as a GHG-mitigation tool. A significant reduction in N2O emissions was observed from both low and high organic matter soils when biochars were applied at rates of 4% (w/w). Earthworms significantly increased N2O fluxes in low and high organic matter soils more than 12.6-fold and 7.8-fold, respectively. The large increase in soil N2O emissions in the presence of earthworms was signifi cantly reduced by the addition of both biochars. Miscanthus biochar reduced the large earthworm emissions by 91 and 95% in the low organic matter soil and by 56 and 61% in the high organic matter soil (with and without N fertilization), respectively. With peanut hull biochar, the earthworm emissions reduction was 80 and 70% in the low organic matter soil, and only 20 and 10% in the high organic matter soil (with and without N fertilization), respectively. In high organic matter soil, both biochars reduced CO2 efflux in the absence of earthworms. However, soil CO2 efflux increased when peanut hull biochar was applied in the presence of earthworms. This study demonstrated that biochar can potentially reduce earthworm-enhanced soil N2O and CO2 emissions. Hence, biochar application combined with endogeic earthworm activity did not reveal unknown risks for GHG emissions at the pot scale, but field-scale experiments are required to confirm this.",2012,"Augustenborg, CA; <br>Hepp, S; <br>Kammann, C; <br>Kammann, C; <br>Hagan, D; <br>Schmidt, O; <br>Muller, C; <br>Muller, C",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0119","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY","Field experiments"]
["Biochar and Nitrogen Fertilizer Alters Soil Nitrogen Dynamics and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes from Two Temperate Soils","Biochar (BC) application to agricultural soils could potentially sequester recalcitrant C, increase N retention, increase water holding capacity, and decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Biochar addition to soils can alter soil N cycling and in some cases decrease extractable mineral N (NO3- and NH4+) and N2O emissions. These benefits are not uniformly observed across varying soil types, N fertilization, and BC properties. To determine the effects of BC addition on N retention and GHG flux, we added two sizes (>250 and <250 mu m) of oak-derived BC (10% w/w) to two soils (aridic Argiustoll and aquic Haplustoll) with and without N fertilizer and measured extractable NO3- and NH4+ and GHG efflux (N2O, CO2, and CH4) in a 123-d laboratory incubation. Biochar had no effect on NO3-, NH4+, or N2O in the unfertilized treatments of either soil. Biochar decreased cumulative extractable NO3- in N fertilized treatments by 8% but had mixed effects on NH4+. Greenhouse gas efflux differed substantially between the two soils, but generally with N fertilizer BC addition decreased N2O 3 to 60%, increased CO2 10 to 21%, and increased CH4 emissions 5 to 72%. Soil pH and total treatment N (soil + fertilizer + BC) predicted soil N2O flux well across these two different soils. Expressed as CO2 equivalents, BC significantly reduced GHG emissions only in the N-fertilized silt loam by decreasing N2O flux. In unfertilized soils, CO2 was the dominant GHG component, and the direction of the flux was mediated by positive or negative BC effects on soil CO2 flux. On the basis of our data, the use of BC appears to be an effective management strategy to reduce N leaching and GHG emissions, particularly in neutral to acidic soils with high N content.",2012,"Zheng, JY; <br>Stewart, CE; <br>Cotrufo, MF; <br>Cotrufo, MF",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2012.0019","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY","Field experiments"]
["Biochar Pyrolyzed at Two Temperatures Affects Escherichia coli Transport through a Sandy Soil","The incorporation of biochar into soils has been proposed as a means to sequester carbon from the atmosphere. An added environmental benefit is that biochar has also been shown to increase soil retention of nutrients, heavy metals, and pesticides. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether biochar amendments affect the transport of Escherichia coli through a water-saturated soil. We looked at the transport of three E. coli isolates through 10-cm columns packed with a fine sandy soil amended with 2 or 10% (w/w) poultry litter biochar pyrolyzed at 350 or 700 degrees C. For all three isolates, mixing the high-temperature biochar at a rate of 2% into the soil had no impact on transport behavior. When added at a rate of 10%, a reduction of five orders of magnitude in the amount of E. coli transported through the soil was observed for two of the isolates, and a 60% reduction was observed for the third isolate. Mixing the low-temperature biochar into the soil resulted in enhanced transport through the soil for two of the isolates, whereas no significant differences in transport behavior were observed between the low-temperature and high-temperature biochar amendments for one isolate. Our results show that the addition of biochar can affect the retention and transport behavior of E. coli and that biochar application rate, biochar pyrolysis temperature, and bacterial surface characteristics were important factors determining the transport of E. coli through our test soil.",2012,"Bolster, CH; <br>Abit, SM",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0207","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY","Field experiments"]
["Soil C and N changes with afforestation of grasslands across gradients of precipitation and plantation age","Afforestation, the conversion of unforested lands to forests, is a tool for sequestering anthropogenic carbon dioxide into plant biomass. However, in addition to altering biomass, afforestation can have substantial effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) pools, some of which have much longer turnover times than plant biomass. An increasing body of evidence suggests that the effect of afforestation on SOC may depend on mean annual precipitation (MAP). The goal of this study was to test how labile and bulk pools of SOC and total soil nitrogen (TN) change with afforestation across a rainfall gradient of 600-1500 mm in the Rio de la Plata grasslands of Argentina. and Uruguay. The sites were all former grasslands planted with Eucalyptus spp. Overall, we found that afforestation increased (up to 1012 kg C.ha(-1).yr(-1)) or decreased (as much as 1294 kg C.ha(-1).yr(-1)) SOC pools in this region and that these changes were significantly related to MAP. Drier sites gained, and wetter sites lost, SOC and TN (r(2)=0.59, P=0.003; and r(2)=0.57, P=0.004, respectively). Labile C and N in microbial biomass and extractable soil pools followed similar patterns to bulk SOC and TN. Interestingly, drier sites gained more SOC and TN as plantations aged, while losses reversed as plantations aged in wet sites, suggesting that plantation age in addition to precipitation is a critical driver of changes in soil organic matter with afforestation. This new evidence implies that longer intervals between harvests for plantations could improve SOC storage, ameliorating the negative trends found in humid sites. Our results suggest that the value of afforestation as a carbon sequestration tool should be considered in the context of precipitation and age of the forest stand.",2012,"Berthrong, ST; <br>Pineiro, G; <br>Jobbagy, EG; <br>Jobbagy, EG; <br>Jackson, RB; <br>Jackson, RB; <br>Jackson, RB","afforestation; Argentina; Eucalyptus plantation; precipitation; soil nitrogen; soil organic carbon; Uruguay","http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/10-2210.1","Article","ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS","Field experiments"]
["Assessment of cattle impacts on soil characteristics in integrated crop-livestock systems","As population density rapidly increases and less land becomes available, an integrated crop-livestock system represents one of the key solutions for sustainable crop and livestock production in today's agricultural systems. However, much debate remains regarding how to best manage these systems to increase the productivity and economic returns while achieving objectives of environmental protection and mitigation of climate change. For instance, it is suggested that effective use of cattle manure can likely enhance the carbon sequestration processes in soils; however, it is unclear about the impacts of grazing cattle on soil characteristics. Our hypothesis is that livestock unevenly impact crop yields and GHG balances in integrated crop-livestock systems based on uneven field utilization while grazing. We have conducted a corn residue grazing experiment on the Dudley Smith Farm (Pana, Illinois) in 2011. The movement of six groups of heifers on corn residue fields were monitored via Global Positioning System (GPS) under two different grazing management practices: strip-grazing and continuous-grazing. Additionally, soil samples were taken before and after the grazing season. The preliminary results show that the corn residue fields were not evenly utilized by cattle, and strip grazing has significantly changed the pattern of cattle foraging and bedding behaviors compared to continuously grazing. The soil analysis results show that the total carbon and nitrogen in soils have a positive correlation, and that higher cattle visit density may have prevented the soils from losing carbon and nitrogen.",2012,"Liu, T.; <br>Norris, H.D.; <br>Rodr√≠guez, L.F.; <br>Green, A.R.; <br>Shike, D.W.; <br>Segers, J.R.; <br>Del Nero Maia, G.; <br>Norris, H.D.",null,null,"CONF","Am. Soc. Agric. Biol. Eng. Annu. Int. Meet.","Field experiments"]
["REDD+ and rural livelihoods","Focusing on incentive schemes that induce participation in land-use activities to supply environmental services, this paper examines the potential impacts of REDD+ on livelihoods, in particular with respect to incomes and poverty alleviation. Two case studies, each at a different scale, are presented. First, the N'hambita Community Carbon Project in Mozambique, a REDD+ project, promoted agro-forestry and reforestation activities along with alternative livelihoods. Second, the Sloping Lands Conversion Programme (SLCP) in China is a national-level reforestation scheme to supply watershed services. Impacts on the poor are addressed through the 'lens' of a rural household allocating its labour supply to different income sources. Four aspects of REDD+ policy are discussed: the incentives necessary for ensuring the cost-effective, long-run sustainability of both carbon sinks and incomes; the implications for forest conservation, in particular biodiversity; the need for scaling up carbon sequestration activities in order to minimise carbon leakage; and, the possibilities to maximise the participation of the poor and alleviate poverty. Finally, the paper highlights the importance of using appropriate methodologies for correct evaluation of policy impacts on incomes. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2012,"Groom, B; <br>Palmer, C","Constraints; Livelihoods; PES; Poverty; REDD","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.03.002","Article","BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Principles and Methods for Assessing Climate Change Mitigation as an Ecosystem Service in Agroecosystems","The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere has increased considerably over the last four decades. This increase primarily results from the burning of fossil fuels and the conversion of tropical forests to agriculture, with concomitant negative impacts upon the global climate. Agricultural activities account for about 13.5 per cent of total anthropogenic GHG emissions (Rogner et al, 2007) and release mainly nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) (about 45 per cent of agricultural GHG emissions each), with CO2 accounting for the remaining share (Baumert et al, 2005). Agricultural N2O and CH4 emissions are expected to increase by 35 to 60 per cent in 2030 due to increased nitrogen fertilizer use, animal manure production and livestock numbers. In contrast, CO2 emissions are likely to remain at the same level due to stable or declining deforestation rates, and increased adoption of conservation tillage practices (Smith et al, 2007). Mitigating agricultural GHGs can be achieved by reducing emissions through more efficient management of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) flows and by enhancing C storage in soil and vegetation (Smith et al, 2007). Agroforestry systems (AFS) are one means by which the impacts of climate change can be mitigated. The role that AFS play can be increased through payment for ecosystem services (PES) systems that reduce agricultural emissions and increase the quantity of carbon stored. Carbon sequestration (or atmospheric CO2 removal) as an ecosystem service of AFS is generally quantified as the amount of C stored in trees. Nevertheless, increasing tree density in agroforests may also modify soil fluxes of N2O or CH4, which have a global warming potential (GWP) 298 and 25 times higher than CO2, respectively (Forster et al, 2007). Nitrogen-fixing species used as shade trees (e.g. in coffee plantations) may increase soil emissions of N2O (Hergoualc‚Äôh et al, 2008) and reduce the soil CH4 sink (Palm et al, 2002). ¬© Bruno Rapidel, Fabrice DeClerck, Jean-Fran√ßois Le Coq and John Beer 2011.",2012,"Hergoualc‚Äôh, K.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781849775656-11","Book Chapter","Ecosystem Services from Agriculture and Agroforestry: Measurement and Payment","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Carbon sequestration: Technology, measurement techniques and environmental effects","In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the technology, measurement techniques and environmental effects of carbon sequestration. Topics discussed include biomass and its role in climate change; forestry carbon sequestration projects in the agricultural sector; assessing the carbon-stock potentinal by biomass of a Mediterranean agroforestry landscape; biochar as a fertilizer substitute and method to sequester carbon in soils; and the impact of crop plant residues on carbon sequestration in soil. ¬© 2012 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",2012,"Anderson, D.E.; <br>Ryan, B.J.; <br>Anderson, D.E.",null,null,"BOOK","Carbon Sequestration: Technol., Meas. Tech. and Environ. Eff.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Recarbonization of the humid tropics","To curb the effects of anthropogenic carbon (C) emissions, it is essential to explore the capacity of natural ecosystems to store and sequester atmospheric C. Tropical humid forests store most of their carbon in their above ground biomass which can be rapidly depleted by extractive industries or rapidly replenished through natural regeneration or reforestation. This rapid exchange of carbon dioxide between the forest and the atmosphere make humid tropical forests one of the most dynamic C pools on Earth. Tropical humid forests act as a store and sink for C, but are also the source of almost all anthropogenic C emissions from the land-use and land-use change. The influence of tropical humid forests also extends far beyond the edges of their canopies, affecting global C cycles, biodiversity, hydrological cycles, and the livelihoods of millions of rural people. These interlinked factors are what make tropical humid forests one of the most compelling actors in the recarbonization of the biosphere. This report presents the current state of knowledge on C stocks and fluxes in humid tropical forests, and investigate management interventions for the recarbonization the humid tropics. The C sequestration potential of seven recarbonization options is explored as well as co- benefits, risks and costs. Finally, relevant policies that could be harnessed to encourage recarbonization in humid tropics are reviewed. ¬© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012.",2012,"Venter, M.; <br>Venter, O.; <br>Laurance, S.; <br>Bird, M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4159-1_11","Book Chapter","Recarbonization of the Biosphere: Ecosystems and the Global Carbon Cycle","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Biochar for environmental management: Science and technology","Biochar is the carbon-rich product when biomass (such as wood, manure or crop residues) is heated in a closed container with little or no available air. It can be used to improve agriculture and the environment in several ways, and its stability in soil and superior nutrient-retention properties make it an ideal soil amendment to increase crop yields. In addition to this, biochar sequestration, in combination with sustainable biomass production, can be carbon-negative and therefore used to actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, with major implications for mitigation of climate change. Biochar production can also be combined with bioenergy production through the use of the gases that are given off in the pyrolysis process. This book is the first to synthesize the expanding research literature on this topic. The book's interdisciplinary approach, which covers engineering, environmental sciences, agricultural sciences, economics and policy, is a vital tool at this stage of biochar technology development. This comprehensive overview of current knowledge will be of interest to advanced students, researchers and professionals in a wide range of disciplines. ¬© Johannes Lehmann and Stephen Joseph, 2009. All rights reserved.",2012,"Lehmann, J.; <br>Joseph, S.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781849770552","BOOK","Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Climate change mitigation by managing the terrestrial biosphere","The terrestrial C pool, 3,900 Pg comprising of C in soil and the vegetation, is the third largest after the oceanic and the geological pools. Rather than with the on-set of the Industrial Revolution around 1800 AD, the Anthropocene may have commenced 10‚Äì12 millennia ago with the dawn of settled agriculture. Given this hypothesis, the terrestrial biosphere may have lost as much as 480 Pg C, of which 70‚Äì100 Pg may have been depleted from the world‚Äôs soils. Whereas most of the C emitted from the terrestrial biosphere may have been reabsorbed by the ocean and the land-based sinks, the depleted C pool created a C sink capacity that can be refilled through conversion to judicious land use(s) and adoption of recommended management practices of soil, vegetation and domesticated animals. Principal biomes for C sequestration, those with high capacity for C sequestration/emission avoidance and with numerous co-benefits, are peatlands and wetlands, degraded soils and desertified ecosystems, soils of agroecosystems and urban lands. Effective erosion control can also avoid emissions exacerbated by mineralization of C transported in runoff and eroded sediments and redistributed over the landscape. In addition to mitigating climate change, other co-benefits of C sequestration in the terrestrial biosphere are advancing food security, improving quality and quantity of water resources, and increasing the habitat and total biodiversity. Being an engine of economic development, improvements in productivity of agricultural, forestry and other managed ecosystems can advance the Millennium Development Goals, promote political and social stability, and improve standards of living. This is a winwin option in the context of climatic, environmental, political, economic and social issues facing the Carbon Civilization of the twenty-first century. ¬© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012.",2012,"Lal, R.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4159-1_2","Book Chapter","Recarbonization of the Biosphere: Ecosystems and the Global Carbon Cycle","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Sustainable gasification-biochar systems? A case-study of rice-husk gasification in Cambodia, Part I: Context, chemical properties, environmental and health and safety issues","Biochar is a carbon- and energy-rich porous material produced through slow pyrolysis of biomass, which has been proposed as a way of storing carbon in soils for the long-term (centurial to millennial timescales) but its production incurs an energy penalty. Gasification of rice husks at paddy mills combines the benefits of reasonably efficient delivery of energy with a reasonably high carbon char and ash mixture. The ca. 35% carbon content of the rice husk char is possibly a consequence of the protective shield of silica, preventing full exposure of the biomass to oxidation in the gasifier. In this paper we undertake an evaluation of the sustainability of this 'gasification-biochar system' (GBS) in Cambodia, where a rapid deployment of gasifiers is underway. In Part I, we describe the context and analyse (some of) the physical and chemical properties of the biochar. While there are some potential health, safety and environmental issues that require further analysis, they are problems that could be readily addressed in further research and appear to be resolvable. In Part II, we present results from field trials, summarise the data on the carbon abatement of the gasification-biochar system and present some preliminary economic data. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2012,"Shackley, S; <br>Carter, S; <br>Knowles, T; <br>Middelink, E; <br>Haefele, S; <br>Sohi, S; <br>Cross, A; <br>Haszeldine, S","Biochar; Gasification; Rice husks","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.11.026","Article","ENERGY POLICY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Renewables and climate change mitigation: Irreversible energy investment under uncertainty and portfolio effects","Ongoing negotiations under the UNFCCC center around the possibilities for stabilization of greenhouse gases at a \"safe\" level. New energy technologies are assumed to make major contributions to this goal. However, in the light of scientific uncertainty (e.g. about climate sensitivity, feedback effects, etc.), market uncertainty (e.g. fuel price volatility), technological uncertainty (e.g. availability of renewable technology), socio-economic uncertainty (e.g. development of different macroeconomic factors) and policy uncertainty (e.g. about commitment to specific targets and stability of CO2 prices), it is difficult to assess the importance of different technologies in achieving robust long-term climate risk mitigation. One example currently debated in this context is biomass-based energy, which can be used to produce both carbon-neutral electricity and at the same time offer the possibility of \"negative emissions\" by capturing carbon from biomass combustion at the conversion facility and permanently storing it. In this study, we analyze the impact of uncertainty on investment decision-making at the plant level in a real options valuation framework, and then use the GCI Scenario Database (HASA, 2009) as a point of departure for deriving optimal technology portfolios across different socio-economic scenarios for a range of stabilization targets, focusing, in particular, on the new, low-emission targets using alternative risk measures. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2012,"Fuss, S; <br>Szolgayova, J; <br>Szolgayova, J; <br>Khabarov, N; <br>Obersteiner, M","Real options; Renewable energy; Portfolio theory","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.06.061","Article","ENERGY POLICY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Does seaweed offer a solution for bioenergy with biological carbon capture and storage?","The concept of combining bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) has been identified as one mechanism to achieve energy production with a net negative atmospheric carbon emission. Conventional geological carbon capture and storage involves large capital outlay and recurring expense. Therefore there is increased interest in coupling biological carbon capture and sequestration with biomass production. Systems such as low-input high-diversity native grasslands and biochar production have been heralded as carbon negative biofuels. Another potential production system for bioenergy with biological carbon capture and storage (BEBCCS) is the large-scale cultivation of seaweed (macroalgae) for biofuels. Marine biofuels offer considerable advantages over terrestrial first-generation biofuels in terms of their low land use, fresh water and fertilizer requirements. In addition, they also offer considerable potential in the field of BEBCCS. Macroalgae rapidly accumulate biomass and as part of this process, a significant proportion (estimates range up to 60%) of the carbon they fix photosynthetically is released into the water. A proportion of this released dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is highly labile and enters the bacterial loop and is rapidly remineralized back to CO2. However, a proportion is known to be resistant to biological degradation and enters the refractory DOC pool. The marine DOC pool is the largest organic carbon pool on the planet and the refractory component is known to have a turnover period of 100s-1000s years. The release of refractory DOC from macroalgae combined with biofuel production offers the potential for large scale carbon negative fuel production. (C) 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd",2012,"Hughes, AD; <br>Black, KD; <br>Black, KD; <br>Campbell, I; <br>Campbell, I; <br>Davidson, K; <br>Davidson, K; <br>Kelly, MS; <br>Kelly, MS; <br>Stanley, MS; <br>Stanley, MS","carbon; greenhouse gases; sequestration; macroalgae cultivation; dissolved organic carbon; biofuels","http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ghg.1319","Article","GREENHOUSE GASES-SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Will use of non-biodiversity objectives to select areas for ecological restoration always compromise biodiversity gains?","Ecological restoration is crucial for increasing biodiversity in highly modified landscapes, but non-biodiversity objectives, such as environmental impact reduction, are increasingly being used to set restoration priorities. While there is some evidence that a non-biodiversity focus in the spatial configuration of conservation networks could severely compromise biodiversity gains there is no work examining whether this is also true for the spatial allocation of restoration effort. We sought to identify scenarios where large trade-offs between biodiversity and non-biodiversity objectives in the spatial allocation of restoration effort are likely to occur, in an attempt to assess whether such trade-offs will be a general problem for prioritising restoration effort. To this end we examined trade-offs between biodiversity and environmental impact reduction when allocating afforestation effort in a highly modified catchment in New Zealand. We then used simulations on artificial data to derive general predictions about when large trade-offs are most likely to occur. We found significant trade-offs between gains in biodiversity and reduction of three environmental impacts - nitrogen leaching, greenhouse gas emissions and erosion - in the spatial allocation of restoration effort. The biggest trade-offs were between biodiversity gain and erosion reduction, which both had right-skewed distributions (i.e. many small and few large values) and were weakly negatively correlated. The simulations showed that trade-offs will be greatest for strongly right skewed variables that are negatively correlated with competing variables. However, simulations also demonstrated that strongly right skewed variables experience large trade-offs even in the absence of negative correlations with competing variables. Biodiversity gain through ecological restoration is likely to be strongly right skewed, with restoration in specific types of environment or habitat giving extremely high gains in representativeness. Consequently, there may be a general tendency for a non-biodiversity-focus in restoration planning to greatly compromise biodiversity gain. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2012,"Mason, NWH; <br>Ausseil, AGE; <br>Dymond, JR; <br>Overton, JM; <br>Price, R; <br>Carswell, FE","Carbon sequestration; Conservation planning; Ecosystem services; Eutrophication; Reserve design; Sedimentation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.05.019","Article","BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Evaluating the demand for carbon sequestration in olive grove soils as a strategy toward mitigating climate change","In this paper we present an estimate of the economic value of carbon sequestration in olive grove soils derived from the implementation of different agricultural management systems. Carbon sequestration is considered jointly with other environmental co-benefits, such as enhanced erosion prevention and increased biodiversity. The estimates have been obtained using choice experiments and show that there is a significant demand from society for these environmental services. From a policy perspective, an agri-environmental scheme that delivers the highest level of each environmental service would be valued by society at 121 Euros per hectare. If we focus on carbon sequestration, each ton of CO2 would be valued at 17 Euros. These results show that there is scope to include agricultural soil carbon sequestration in climate change mitigation strategies and to provide guidance for setting payments for agri-environmental schemes promoting soil management changes. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2012,"Rodriguez-Entrena, M; <br>Barreiro-Hurle, J; <br>Gomez-Limon, JA; <br>Espinosa-Goded, M; <br>Castro-Rodriguez, J","Carbon sequestration; Olive groves; Andalusia; Economic valuation; Choice experiments","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.004","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Forest cover, carbon sequestration, and wildlife habitat: policy review and modeling of tradeoffs among land-use change scenarios","Local and regional governments have developed climate action plans with significant implications for forests and wildlife. The effectiveness of climate mitigation through forest carbon sequestration depends on understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of land-cover and land-use change (LCLUC). Few studies project future LCLUC effects on forest carbon sequestration, and even fewer examine the resulting consequences for forest connectivity and wildlife habitat. First, we asked what forest-relevant climate mitigation strategies have been identified in US state climate mitigation plans, and do they consider implications for wildlife habitat and forest connectivity? Second, for Wisconsin, a partially forested state, what are the effects of three future LCLUC scenarios on afforestation, forest loss, carbon sequestration and storage, forest connectivity, and wildlife habitat? The 35 US states with climate mitigation plans recommended woody biomass for biofuels or energy production (27 states), forest loss prevention (24 states), and afforestation (17 states). Most plans (24 states) anticipated positive wildlife impacts while 7 plans indicated potential negative wildlife impacts from biomass energy; only 3 plans anticipated tradeoffs among afforestation and energy production. A LCLUC model for Wisconsin revealed substantial local variation in potential afforestation and forest loss, carbon sequestration, and wildlife habitat across LCLUC scenarios that range from no change in current conditions (Static Forest) to maximum afforestation potential (All Forest). Projected increases in forest cover under the Dynamic Forest scenario equated to 0.41 TgC sequestered per year, or 1.3% of Wisconsin's emissions of 33 TgC per year. Potential increases in core forest area and connectivity would increase habitat for 60 forest-associated species of greatest conservation need, but may decrease habitat for 48 grassland-associated species of greatest conservation need. These results indicate the importance of synergistic evaluation of multiple policy goals and LCLUC scenarios to examine tradeoffs and spatial dynamics of climate change mitigation strategies. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2012,"Rissman, AR; <br>Rittenhouse, CD; <br>Rittenhouse, CD; <br>Rissman, AR","Climate mitigation; Carbon sequestration; Land-cover change; Environmental policy","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.04.006","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Uncertainty in silicate mineral weathering rate estimates: source partitioning and policy implications","Precise and accurate estimates of silicate mineral weathering rates are crucial when setting policy targets for long-term forest sustainability, critical load calculations and assessing consequences of proposed geo-engineering solutions to climate change. In this paper, we scrutinize 394 individual silicate mineral weathering estimates from 82 sites on three continents. We show that within-site differences of several hundred per cent arise when different methods are used to estimate weathering rates, mainly as a result of uncertainties related to input data rather than conceptually different views of the weathering process. While different methods tend to rank sites congruently from high to low weathering rates, large within-site differences in estimated weathering rate suggest that policies relying on quantitative estimates based upon a single method may have undesirable outcomes. We recommend the use of at least three independent estimates when making management decisions related to silicate mineral weathering rates.",2012,"Futter, MN; <br>Klaminder, J; <br>Lucas, RW; <br>Laudon, H; <br>Kohler, SJ","silicate mineral weathering; uncertainty; sustainability; critical loads; forestry","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/2/024025","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Which cropland greenhouse gas mitigation options give the greatest benefits in different world regions? Climate and soil-specific predictions from integrated empirical models","Major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural crop production are nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions resulting from the application of mineral and organic fertilizer, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from soil carbon losses. Consequently, choice of fertilizer type, optimizing fertilizer application rates and timing, reducing microbial denitrification and improving soil carbon management are focus areas for mitigation. We have integrated separate models derived from global data on fertilizer-induced soil N2O emissions, soil nitrification inhibitors, and the effects of tillage and soil inputs of soil C stocks into a single model to determine optimal mitigation options as a function of soil type, climate, and fertilization rates. After Monte Carlo sampling of input variables, we aggregated the outputs according to climate, soil and fertilizer factors to consider the benefits of several possible emissions mitigation strategies, and identified the most beneficial option for each factor class on a per-hectare basis. The optimal mitigation for each soil-climate-region was then mapped to propose geographically specific optimal GHG mitigation strategies for crops with varying N requirements. The use of empirical models reduces the requirements for validation (as they are calibrated on globally or continentally observed phenomena). However, as they are relatively simple in structure, they may not be applicable for accurate site-specific prediction of GHG emissions. The value of this modelling approach is for initial screening and ranking of potential agricultural mitigation options and to explore the potential impact of regional agricultural GHG abatement policies. Given the clear association between management practice and crop productivity, it is essential to incorporate characterization of the yield effect on a given crop before recommending any mitigation practice.",2012,"Hillier, J; <br>Brentrup, F; <br>Wattenbach, M; <br>Walter, C; <br>Garcia-Suarez, T; <br>Mila-I-Canals, L; <br>Smith, P","agriculture; climate; fertilizer; greenhouse gas; mitigation; mitigation; modelling; nitrous oxide; soil carbon; tillage","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02671.x","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Food-Carbon Trade-offs between Agriculture and Reforestation Land Uses under Alternate Market-based Policies","Understanding the effects of payments on the adoption of reforestation in agricultural areas and the associated food-carbon trade-offs is necessary to inform climate change policy. Economic viability of reforestation under payment per hectare and payment per tonne schemes for carbon sequestration was assessed in a region in southern Australia supporting 6.1 Mha of rain-fed agriculture. The results show that under the median scenario, a carbon price of 27 A$/tCO(2)-e could make one-third of the study area (nearly 2 Mha) more profitable for reforestation than agriculture, and at 58 A$/tCO(2)-e all of the study area could become more profitable. The results were sensitive to variation in carbon risk factor, establishment costs, and discount rates. Pareto-optimal land allocation could realize one-third of the potential carbon sequestration from reforestation (16.35 MtCO(2)-e/yr at a carbon risk factor of 0.8) with a loss of less than one-tenth (107.89 A$M/yr) of the agricultural production. Both payment schemes resulted in efficiencies within 1% of the Pareto-optimum. Understanding food-carbon trade-offs and policy efficiencies can inform carbon policy design.",2012,"Paterson, S; <br>Paterson, S; <br>Bryan, BA","agriculture; agroecosystem; carbon sequestration; ecosystem services; food security; land use; payment; policy; reforestation","http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-04959-170321","Article","ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Simulated Local and Remote Biophysical Effects of Afforestation over the Southeast United States in Boreal Summer","Afforestation has been proposed as a climate change mitigation strategy by sequestrating atmospheric carbon dioxide. With the goal of increasing carbon sequestration, a Congressional project has been planned to afforest about 18 million acres by 2020 in the Southeast United States (SEUS), the Great Lake states, and the Corn Belt states. However, biophysical feedbacks of afforestation have the potential to counter the beneficial climatic consequences of carbon sequestration. To assess the potential biophysical effects of afforestation over the SEUS, the authors designed a set of initial value ensemble experiments and long-term quasi-equilibrium experiments in a fully coupled Community Climate System Model, version 3.5 (CCSM3.5). Model results show that afforestation over the SEUS not only has a local cooling effect in boreal summer [June-August (JJA)] at short and long time scales but also induces remote warming over adjacent regions of the SEUS at long time scales. Precipitation, in response to afforestation, increases over the SEUS (local effect) and decreases over adjacent regions (remote effect) in JJA. The local surface cooling and increase in precipitation over SEUS in JJA are hydrologically driven by the changes in evapotranspiration and latent heat flux. The remote surface warming and decrease in precipitation over adjacent regions are adiabatically induced by anomalous subsidence. Our results suggest that the planned afforestation efforts should be developed carefully by taking account of short-term (local) and long-term (remote) biophysical effects of afforestation.",2012,"Chen, GS; <br>Notaro, M; <br>Liu, ZY; <br>Liu, YQ",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00317.1","Article","JOURNAL OF CLIMATE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Ecological assessment of developing carbon sequestration in Shenyang, China","Carbon sequestration in urban ecosystems is becoming an international climate change initiative for sustainable development. Drawing upon field work undertaken in the author's native Shenyang, China, this research reports upon the natural process of carbon sequestration from the atmosphere into urban ecosystems. The risks associated within carbon sequestration in urban ecosystems are investigated and utilised the analysis of ecological carbon cycle status and integrated climate policy with reference to the sustainable development of urban planning. The primary method of this paper is the ecologically-based life assessment of urban ecosystems relevant to tackling barriers for developing carbon sequestration. A geographical information system (GIS) tool is used in the analysis of risk appraisal from the field of ecological distribution in urban areas. The collected data from a series of calculations related to urban ecological footprint and industrial metabolism analysis prove that the risks to develop carbon sequestration are caused by human activities and urban carbon cycle imbalance. Consequently, the current urban terrestrial ecosystems are inadequate for reducing air pollution and achieving environmental sustainability in the urban area of Shenyang, China. Climate policy and reforestation plans are proposed for ultimately reducing carbon emissions to city planners. Copyright ¬© 2012 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.",2012,"Zhang, T.; <br>Kuitunen, M.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/PIE.2012.054399","Article","Prog. Ind. Ecol.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Sensitive variables for applying biochar as a fertiliser substitute and a method to sequester carbon in soils: A wheat crop scenario","This research reviews the displacement of phosphorus fertilisers in wheat cropping regions using biochar (biologically derived charcoal). The research aim was to assist agriculturalists to navigate soil carbon mitigation incentives using iterative planning processes, enabling a balanced approach between soil biochar sequestration, conventional productivity co-benefits, and attitudes to risk. This research quantifies conventional productivity benefits from the adoption of carbon soil sequestration, and the value of carbon sequestered, with scenarios for various prices for biochar, single superphosphate, and carbon. The biochar sequestration modelling results indicate that a reduction of phosphorus fertiliser use in cropping regions was possible when applying large quantities of biochar to the soil. The cost-effectiveness of using biochar in cropping systems was found to be insensitive to phosphorus fertiliser price or carbon market values. In contrast, the commercial viability of using biochar in cropping systems was highly dependent on the price of biochar. ¬© 2012 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",2012,"McHenry, M.P.",null,null,"Book Chapter","Carbon Sequestration: Technol., Meas. Tech. and Environ. Eff.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The role of grasslands in food security and climate change","Grasslands are a major part of the global ecosystem, covering 37 of the earths terrestrial area. For a variety of reasons, mostly related to overgrazing and the resulting problems of soil erosion and weed encroachment, many of the worlds natural grasslands are in poor condition and showing signs of degradation. This review examines their contribution to global food supply and to combating climate change. Grasslands make a significant contribution to food security through providing part of the feed requirements of ruminants used for meat and milk production. Globally, this is more important in food energy terms than pig meat and poultry meat. Grasslands are considered to have the potential to play a key role in greenhouse gas mitigation, particularly in terms of global carbon storage and further carbon sequestration. It is estimated that grazing land management and pasture improvement (e.g. through managing grazing intensity, improved productivity, etc) have a global technical mitigation potential of almost 15 Gt CO2 equivalent in 2030, with additional mitigation possible from restoration of degraded lands. Milk and meat production from grassland systems in temperate regions has similar emissions of carbon dioxide per kilogram of product as mixed farming systems in temperate regions, and, if carbon sinks in grasslands are taken into account, grassland-based production systems can be as efficient as high-input systems from a greenhouse gas perspective. Grasslands are important for global food supply, contributing to ruminant milk and meat production. Extra food will need to come from the worlds existing agricultural land base (including grasslands) as the total area of agricultural land has remained static since 1991. Ruminants are efficient converters of grass into humanly edible energy and protein and grassland-based food production can produce food with a comparable carbon footprint as mixed systems. Grasslands are a very important store of carbon, and they are continuing to sequester carbon with considerable potential to increase this further. Grassland adaptation to climate change will be variable, with possible increases or decreases in productivity and increases or decreases in soil carbon stores.",2012,"O'Mara, FP; <br>O'Mara, FP","Grasslands; climate change; food security; carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs209","Review","ANNALS OF BOTANY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION WITH AGRICULTURAL LAND MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES IN THE UNITED STATES-A SIDE-BY-SIDE COMPARISON OF BIOPHYSICAL POTENTIAL","Responsible for 6% of U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) production, agricultural land use has significant potential to reduce these emissions and capture additional carbon in the soil. Many different activities have been proposed for such mitigation, but assessments of the biophysical potential have been limited and have not provided direct comparison among the many options. We present an in-depth review of the scientific literature, with a side-by-side comparison of net biophysical GHG mitigation potential for 42 different agricultural land management activities in the United States, many of which are likely applicable in other regions. Twenty of these activities are likely to be beneficial for GHG mitigation and have sufficient research to support this conclusion. Limited research leads to uncertainty for 15 other activities that may have positive mitigation potential, and the remaining activities have small or negative GHG mitigation potential or life-cycle GHG concerns. While we have sufficient information to move forward in implementing a number of activities, there are some high-priority research needs that will help clarify problematic uncertainties.",2012,"Eagle, AJ; <br>Eagle, AJ; <br>Olander, LP",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394276-0.00003-2","Review; Book Chapter","ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 115","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Utilization of Biochar in Sugarcane and Sugar-Industry Management","The sugarcane industry in many parts of the world produces food and energy (stationary and fuel). The industry is well positioned to offer greenhouse gas abatement and climate change mitigation. The thermal conversion, via a slow pyrolysis process, of cane residues such as green harvest trash and bagasse can produce thermal or electrical energy as well as biochar. Studies have shown that a commercial slow pyrolysis unit could generate over 1 MWhr of electricity from every two tonnes of trash (dry basis), with a biochar recover of between 31.3-33.6 %. Due to its highly stable nature, biochar has recently been suggested as a sequestration pathway to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. One tonne of bagasse derived biochar would sequester in the order of 2.3 tonnes of CO2 equivalents. In addition to C sequestration, biochar has other significant benefits (when used as a soil amendment) such as offering improved soil quality, higher CEC and nutrient availability, and improved soil physical characteristics. This work demonstrates that biochar application can reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from cane soils, such as nitrous oxide. Biochars derived from cane trash and bagasse were applied in incubation studies to soils from the Burdekin region in Australia. We found declines in emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O), from urea-fertilised soil when bagasse biochar was applied at a rate of 10 t/ha. The agronomic performance of biochar is being assessed in a 15 plot trial conducted on a sugar cane property in the Tweed Valley, NSW. Biochars (from non-sugarcane sources) were tested using relevant controls. Each plot consists of 3 rows of cane and was 30 m in length to enable commercial-scale harvesting. Although no significant effects in yield have been recorded this trial is expected to continue for several more seasons allowing additional data on yield effects to be evaluated. Our work has demonstrated that implementing slow pyrolysis and biochar utilisation in the sugarcane industry has potential to provide (1) renewable energy (2) income from waste (3) climate mitigation through stabilisation of carbon and (4) climate mitigation through reduced emission of N2O from soil. Further research is required to demonstrate agronomic benefits of sugarcane biochars and to develop an understanding of how they may address soil constraints in these systems.",2012,"Quirk, RG; <br>Quirk, RG; <br>Van Zwieten, L; <br>Kimber, S; <br>Downie, A; <br>Morris, S; <br>Rust, J","Biochar; Pyrolysis; Energy; Soil fertility; Greenhouse gas (GHG)","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12355-012-0158-9","Review","SUGAR TECH","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["A comparative global assessment of potential negative emissions technologies","The paper summarises a global assessment of around 30 prospective negative emissions techniques (NETs) found in the literature. Fourteen techniques including direct air capture, BECCS, biochar, and ocean alkalinity enhancement are considered in more detail. The novel functional categorisation of NETs developed in the course of the assessment is set out and a comparative quantitative summary of the results is presented, focusing on the relative readiness, global capacity, costs and side-effects of the prospective NETs. Both technology specific and more generic potential limitations are discussed, notably those arising from energy requirements, from availability of geological storage capacity and from sustainable supply of biomass. Conclusions are drawn regarding the overall scope of NETs to contribute to safe carbon budgets, and challenges arising in the future governance of NETs, with particular reference to the potential role of carbon markets. (C) 2012 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2012,"McLaren, D; <br>McLaren, D","Negative emissions; Direct air capture; Bioenergy with CCS; Carbon storage","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2012.10.005","Article","PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Geoengineering the climate: an overview and update","The climate change that we are experiencing now is caused by an increase in greenhouse gases due to human activities, including burning fossil fuels, agriculture and deforestation. There is now widespread belief that a global warming of greater than 2 degrees C above pre-industrial levels would be dangerous and should therefore be avoided. However, despite growing concerns over climate change and numerous international attempts to agree on reductions of global CO2 emissions, these have continued to climb. This has led some commentators to suggest more radical 'geoengineering' alternatives to conventional mitigation by reductions in CO2 emissions. Geoengineering is deliberate intervention in the climate system to counteract man-made global warming. There are two main classes of geoengineering: direct carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management that aims to cool the planet by reflecting more sunlight back to space. The findings of the review of geoengineering carried out by the UK Royal Society in 2009 are summarized here, including the climate effects, costs, risks and research and governance needs for various approaches. The possible role of geoengineering in a portfolio of responses to climate change is discussed, and various recent initiatives to establish good governance of research activity are reviewed. Key findings include the following. - Geoengineering is not a magic bullet and not an alternative to emissions reductions. - Cutting global greenhouse gas emissions must remain our highest priority. (i) But this is proving to be difficult, and geoengineering may be useful to support it. - Geoengineering is very likely to be technically possible. (i) However, there are major uncertainties and potential risks concerning effectiveness, costs and social and environmental impacts. - Much more research is needed, as well as public engagement and a system of regulation (for both deployment and for possible large-scale field tests). - The acceptability of geoengineering will be determined as much by social, legal and political issues as by scientific and technical factors. Some methods of both types would involve release of materials to the environment, either to the atmosphere or to the oceans, in areas beyond national jurisdiction. The intended impacts on climate would in any case affect many or all countries, possibly to a variable extent. There are therefore inherent international implications for deployment of such geoengineering methods (and possibly also for some forms of research), which need early and collaborative consideration, before any deployment or large-scale experiments could be undertaken responsibly.",2012,"Shepherd, JG; <br>Shepherd, JG","geoengineering; climate change; governance; uncertainty","http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0186","Review","PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Ecosystem Impacts of Geoengineering: A Review for Developing a Science Plan","Geoengineering methods are intended to reduce climate change, which is already having demonstrable effects on ecosystem structure and functioning in some regions. Two types of geoengineering activities that have been proposed are: carbon dioxide (CO2) removal (CDR), which removes CO2 from the atmosphere, and solar radiation management (SRM, or sunlight reflection methods), which reflects a small percentage of sunlight back into space to offset warming from greenhouse gases (GHGs). Current research suggests that SRM or CDR might diminish the impacts of climate change on ecosystems by reducing changes in temperature and precipitation. However, sudden cessation of SRM would exacerbate the climate effects on ecosystems, and some CDR might interfere with oceanic and terrestrial ecosystem processes. The many risks and uncertainties associated with these new kinds of purposeful perturbations to the Earth system are not well understood and require cautious and comprehensive research.",2012,"Russell, LM; <br>Rasch, PJ; <br>Mace, GM; <br>Jackson, RB; <br>Liss, P; <br>Shepherd, J; <br>Liss, P; <br>Leinen, M; <br>Schimel, D; <br>Vaughan, NE; <br>Janetos, AC; <br>Boyd, PW; <br>Norby, RJ; <br>Caldeira, K; <br>Merikanto, J; <br>Artaxo, P; <br>Melillo, J; <br>Morgan, MG","Geoengineering; Ecosystems; Climate change; Carbon dioxide removal; Solar radiation management","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0258-5","Review","AMBIO","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Exploring early public responses to geoengineering","Proposals for geoengineering the Earth's climate are prime examples of emerging or 'upstream' technologies, because many aspects of their effectiveness, cost and risks are yet to be researched, and in many cases are highly uncertain. This paper contributes to the emerging debate about the social acceptability of geoengineering technologies by presenting preliminary evidence on public responses to geoengineering from two of the very first UK studies of public perceptions and responses. The discussion draws upon two datasets: qualitative data (from an interview study conducted in 42 households in 2009), and quantitative data (from a subsequent nationwide survey (n = 1822) of British public opinion). Unsurprisingly, baseline awareness of geoengineering was extremely low in both cases. The data from the survey indicate that, when briefly explained to people, carbon dioxide removal approaches were preferred to solar radiation management, while significant positive correlations were also found between concern about climate change and support for different geoengineering approaches. We discuss some of the wider considerations that are likely to shape public perceptions of geoengineering as it enters the media and public sphere, and conclude that, aside from technical considerations, public perceptions are likely to prove a key element influencing the debate over questions of the acceptability of geoengineering proposals.",2012,"Pidgeon, N; <br>Corner, A; <br>Parkhill, K; <br>Spence, A; <br>Butler, C; <br>Poortinga, W; <br>Poortinga, W","geoengineering; public attitudes; risk perceptions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0099","Review","PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Carbon Storage with Benefits",null,2012,"Sohi, SP; <br>Sohi, SP",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1225987","Review","SCIENCE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Ocean acidification in a geoengineering context","Fundamental changes to marine chemistry are occurring because of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. Ocean acidity (H+ concentration) and bicarbonate ion concentrations are increasing, whereas carbonate ion concentrations are decreasing. There has already been an average pH decrease of 0.1 in the upper ocean, and continued unconstrained carbon emissions would further reduce average upper ocean pH by approximately 0.3 by 2100. Laboratory experiments, observations and projections indicate that such ocean acidification may have ecological and biogeochemical impacts that last for many thousands of years. The future magnitude of such effects will be very closely linked to atmospheric CO2; they will, therefore, depend on the success of emission reduction, and could also be constrained by geoengineering based on most carbon dioxide removal (CDR) techniques. However, some ocean-based CDR approaches would (if deployed on a climatically significant scale) re-locate acidification from the upper ocean to the seafloor or elsewhere in the ocean interior. If solar radiation management were to be the main policy response to counteract global warming, ocean acidification would continue to be driven by increases in atmospheric CO2, although with additional temperature-related effects on CO2 and CaCO3 solubility and terrestrial carbon sequestration.",2012,"Williamson, P; <br>Williamson, P; <br>Turley, C","geoengineering; ocean acidification; carbonate chemistry system; pH impacts; carbon dioxide removal; solar radiation management","http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0167","Review","PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Recent Advances in Biochar Applications in Agricultural Soils: Benefits and Environmental Implications","Biochar, a by-product of biomass pyrolysis, has been suggested as a mean to combat climate change, and at the same time to achieve agricultural and environmental benefits. As one possible source of the components with high aromatic structure in soil humus, biochar is of great importance in increasing soil carbon storage and improving soil nutrient retention and nutrient availability, and in maintaining the balance of soil ecosystem. This paper briefly reviewed and synthesized recent findings and discussions regarding the production and characteristics of biochar, its effects on global climate change and particularly in relation to the environmental effects of biochar in soils. Agronomic benefits of biochar application are critically highlighted because researches show that biochar had varied effects on crop productivity thorough the different bio-physical interactions between the biochar and the soils, which are deserved for further investigations. Potential pitfalls and knowledge gaps were briefly discussed on the environmental behavior and the effects of biochar in agricultural ecosystem.",2012,"Xu, G; <br>Lv, YC; <br>Xu, G; <br>Lv, YC; <br>Sun, JN; <br>Sun, JN; <br>Shao, HB; <br>Shao, HB; <br>Wei, LL; <br>Wei, LL","Biochar; Heavy metals; Pyrolysis; Soil fertility; Wetlands","http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.201100738","Review","CLEAN-SOIL AIR WATER","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Impacts of biochar on agriculture soils and environmental implications","Biochar, a by-product of biomass pyrolysis, has been suggested as a mean to combat climate change by sequestering carbon, and at the same time to provide energy and increase crop yields. As one possible source of the components with high aromatic structure in soil humus, biochar is of great importance in increasing soil carbon storage and improving soil fertility, and in maintaining the balance of soil ecosystem. This paper briefly reviewed and synthesized recent findings and discussions regarding the production and characteristics of biochar, its effects on global climate change and particularly in relation to the environmental effect of biochar in soil. Research prospects were briefly discussed on the environmental behavior and effect of biochar in soil ecosystem.",2012,"Shao, H.; <br>Xu, G.; <br>Sun, J.; <br>Chu, L.; <br>Shao, H.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.391-392.1055","SER","Adv. Mater. Res.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Climate Change and Soil Degradation Mitigation by Sustainable Management of Soils and Other Natural Resources","Soil, an important component of land, has numerous functions and ecosystem services essential to all terrestrial life. Soil degradation, decline in its capacity to support functions and provide ecosystem services, is caused by accelerated erosion, salinization, elemental imbalance, acidification, depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC), reduction in soil biodiversity, and decline in soil structure and tilth. Desertification, a sub-set of degradation, specifically refers to decline in soil quality and functions in arid climates. Climate change affects and is affected by soil degradation through a positive feed back due to increase in mineralization of SOC pool and the radiative forcing. Desertification may lead to a net increase in temperature despite change in albedo of the denuded surface. Feedbacks and threshold amplify the risks of degradation, and the projected climate change may exacerbate all four types of drought (i. e., meteorological, hydrological, pedagogical, and ecological). The mutually reinforcing positive feedbacks between soil degradation and climate change are strongly influenced by social, economic, political, and cultural factors. There exists a strong link between poverty, desperateness, and societal collapse on soil degradation and climate change. Restoration of degraded and desertified soils, converting marginal agricultural areas to rangeland and forest land, and adoption of recommended management practices have a large technical potential to sequester carbon and off-set anthropogenic emissions, improve the environment, and enhance and sustain agronomic productivity. Important among recommended management practices are using conservation agriculture and mulch farming, establishing cover crops, adopting strategies of integrated nutrient management, and those which create positive C and nutrient budgets and soil/water conservation within a watershed. Long-term research is needed which is hypothesis-driven, uses modern innovative research and modeling tools, is based on community involvement, and provides decision support systems to policy makers and land managers. ¬© 2012 NAAS (National Academy of Agricultural Sciences).",2012,"Lal, R.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40003-012-0031-9","Review","Agric. Res.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Public acceptance of CCS system elements: A conjoint measurement","The aim of the present study is to examine public preferences regarding the characteristics of the three elements of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS): capture, pipeline, and storage. A random sample of 139 Swiss citizens received basic information about CCS online and then participated in an experiment. A conjoint measurement of CCS acceptance and analysis of variance was used to examine respondents' preferences for characteristics of CCS elements. This approach allowed respondents to make trade-offs by expressing preferences for complete CCS systems instead of evaluating single elements in isolation. Our results show that people put most emphasis on pipelines near their homes and on the type of plant the CO2 originates from. A \"Not in my backyard (NIMBY) effect\" was found both for pipelines and storage. This NIMBY effect, however, disappears when CO2 from a biogas-fired plant is used for the injection. We conclude that it may be possible to avoid the NIMBY effect for geological storage field trials by using bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage (BECCS). (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2012,"Wallquist, L; <br>L'Orange Seigo, S; <br>Visschers, VHM; <br>Siegrist, M","CCS; Public acceptance; Conjoint analysis; Field trials; BECCS","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2011.11.008","Article","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS CONTROL","Surveys & interviews"]
["Long-term impact of farming practices on soil organic carbon and nitrogen pools and microbial biomass and activity","Conventional agriculture with intensive tillage and high inputs of synthetic chemicals has critically depleted the soil C pools. Alternative practices such as no-tillage and organic inputs have been shown to increase soil C content. However, the long-term impact of these practices on soil C pools was not fully understood under humid and warm climate conditions such as the southeast USA. We hypothesized that a combination of sustainable production practices will result in greater microbial biomass and activity and soil organic C than any individual practice. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a long-term experiment examining how different farming practices affect soil C and N pools and microbial biomass and activities in a fine-sandy loam (FAO: Acrisol) in the southern Appalachian mountains of North Carolina, USA. The experiment was a randomized complete design with four replications. Six management treatments, i.e., tillage with no chemical or organic inputs (Control, TN), tillage with chemical inputs (TC), tillage with organic inputs (TO), no-tillage with chemical inputs (NC), no-tillage with organic inputs (NO), and fescue grasses (FG), were designed. Organic C and N pools and microbial properties in 0-15 cm soils were markedly different after 15 years of continuous treatments. Both no tillage and organic inputs significantly promoted soil microbial biomass by 63-139% and 54-126%; also microbial activity increased by 88-158% and 52-117%, respectively. Corresponding increases of soil organic C by 83-104% and 19-32%, and soil organic N by 77-94% and 20-32% were measured. The combination of no tillage and organic management increased soil organic C by 140% over the conventional tillage control, leading to a soil C content comparable to an un-disturbed grassland control. No tillage reduced the proportion of organic C in the light fraction with d < 1.0 g cm(-3) (from 1.53-3.39% to 0.80-1.09%), and increased the very heavy fraction with d > 1.6 g cm(-3) (from 95% to 98%). Organic inputs, however, had little impact on C distribution among different density fractions of the soil except light fraction in tillage treatment. Over all, no-tillage practices exerted greater influence on microbial biomass levels and activity and soil organic C levels and fractionations than organic inputs. Our results support the hypothesis and indicate that management decisions including reducing tillage and increasing organic C inputs can enhance transformation of soil organic C from the labile into stable pools, promote soil C accumulation, improve soil fertility and while mitigate atmospheric CO(2) rise. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2011,"Wang, Y; <br>Wang, Y; <br>Tu, C; <br>Cheng, L; <br>Li, CY; <br>Gentry, LF; <br>Hoyt, GD; <br>Zhang, XC; <br>Hu, SJ","Microbial C and N; Microbial respiration; Reduced tillage; Soil C fractions; Soil C and N pools; Sustainable farming practice","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.08.002","Article","SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH","Field experiments"]
["Influence of biochar on drought tolerance of Chenopodium quinoa Willd and on soil-plant relations","The application of pyrogenic carbon, biochar, to agricultural soils is currently discussed as a win-win strategy to sequester carbon in soil, thus improving soil fertility and mitigate global warming. Our aim was to investigate if biochar may improve plant eco-physiological responses under sufficient water supply as well as moderate drought stress. A fully randomized greenhouse study was conducted with the pseudo-cereal Chenopodium quinoa Willd, using three levels of biochar addition (0, 100 and 200 t ha(-1)) to a sandy soil and two water treatments (60% and 20% of the water holding capacity of the control), investigating growth, water use efficiency, eco-physiological parameters and greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. Biochar application increased growth, drought tolerance and leaf-N- and water-use efficiency of quinoa despite larger plant-leaf areas. The plants growing in biochar-amended soil accumulated exactly the same amount of nitrogen in their larger leaf biomass than the control plants, causing significantly decreased leaf N-, proline- and chlorophyll-concentrations. In this regard, plant responses to biochar closely resembled those to elevated CO2. However, neither soil- nor plant-soil-respiration was higher in the larger plants, indicating less respiratory C losses per unit of biomass produced. Soil-N2O emissions were significantly reduced with biochar. The large application rate of 200 t ha(-1) biochar did not improve plant growth compared to 100 t ha(-1); hence an upper beneficial level exists. For quinoa grown in a sandy soil, biochar application might hence provide a win-win strategy for increased crop production, GHG emission mitigation and soil C sequestration.",2011,"Kammann, CI; <br>Kammann, CI; <br>Linsel, S; <br>Gossling, JW; <br>Koyro, HW","CO2 gas exchange; Halophyte crop; Biochar; Water use efficiency; Nitrogen use efficiency; N2O emission; Quinoa","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0771-5","Article","PLANT AND SOIL","Field experiments"]
["Long-term effects on the nitrogen budget of a short-rotation grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) forest on abandoned agricultural land","Short-rotation energy forestry is one of the potential ways for management of abandoned agricultural areas. It helps sequestrate carbon and mitigate human-induced climate changes. Owing to symbiotic dinitrogen (N-2) fixation by actinomycetes and the soil fertilizing capacity and fast biomass growth of grey alders, the latter can be suitable species for short-rotation forestry. In our study of a young grey alder stand (Alnus incana (L) Moench) on abandoned arable land in Estonia we tested the following hypotheses: (1) afforestation of abandoned agricultural land by grey alder significantly affects the soil nitrogen (N) status already during the first rotation period: (2) input of symbiotic fixation covers an essential part of the plant annual N demand of the stand; (3) despite a considerable N input into the ecosystem of a young alder stand, there will occur no significant environmental hazards (N leaching or N2O emissions). The first two hypotheses can be accepted: there was a significant increase in N and C content in the topsoil (from 0.11 to 0.14%, and from 1.4 to 1.7%, respectively), and N fixation (151.5 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) covered about 74% of the annual N demand of the stand. The third hypothesis met support as well: N2O emissions (0.5 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) were low, while most of the annual gaseous N losses were in the form of N2 (73.8 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)). Annual average NO3-N leaching was 15 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) but the N that leached from topsoil accumulated in deeper soil layers. The soil acidifying effect of alders was clearly evident: during the 14-year period soil acidity increased 1.3 units in the upper 0-10 cm topsoil layer. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2011,"Uri, V; <br>Lohmus, K; <br>Mander, U; <br>Ostonen, I; <br>Aosaar, J; <br>Maddison, M; <br>Helmisaari, HS; <br>Augustin, J","Alnus incana; Grey alder; Nitrogen fixation; Short-rotation forestry; Nitrogen leaching; Carbon sequestration; Land use changes","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.01.016","Article","ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING","Field experiments"]
["Intensive tree planting facilitates tropical forest biodiversity and biomass accumulation in Kibale National Park, Uganda","The extensive area of degraded tropical land and the calls to conserve forest biodiversity and sequester carbon to offset climate change demonstrate the need to restore forest in the tropics. Deforested land is sometimes replanted with fast-growing trees; however, the consequences of intensive replanting on biomass accumulation or plant and animal diversity are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine how intensive replanting affected tropical forest regeneration and biomass accumulation over ten years. We studied reforested sites in Kibale National Park, Uganda, that were degraded in the 1970s and replanted with five native tree species in 1995. We identified and measured the size of planted versus naturally regenerating trees, and felled and weighed matched trees outside the park to calculate region-specific allometric equations for above-ground tree biomass. The role of shrubs and grasses in facilitating or hindering the establishment of trees was evaluated by correlating observed estimates of percent cover to tree biomass. We found 39 tree species naturally regenerating in the restored area in addition to the five originally planted species. Biomass was much higher for planted (15,675 kg/ha) than naturally regenerated trees (4560 kg/ha), but naturally regenerating tree regrowth was an important element of the landscape. The establishment of tree seedlings initially appeared to be facilitated by shrubs, primarily Acanthus pubescens and the invasive Lantana camara; however, both are expected to hinder tree recruitment in the long-term. Large and small-seeded tree species were found in the replanted area, indicating that bird and mammal dispersers contributed to natural forest restoration. These results demonstrate that intensive replanting can accelerate the natural accumulation of biomass and biodiversity and facilitate the restoration of tropical forest communities. However, the long-term financial costs and ecological benefits of planting and maintaining reforested areas need to be weighed against other potential restoration strategies. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2011,"Omeja, PA; <br>Omeja, PA; <br>Chapman, CA; <br>Chapman, CA; <br>Chapman, CA; <br>Obua, J; <br>Lwanga, JS; <br>Jacob, AL; <br>Wanyama, F; <br>Mugenyi, R","Anthropogenic disturbance; Biomass accumulation; Carbon offset; Tree planting; Restoration; Regeneration; Lantana camara; Acanthus pubescens","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.11.029","Article","FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT","Field experiments"]
["Charcoal addition to soils in NE England: A carbon sink with environmental co-benefits?","Interest in the application of biochar (charcoal produced during the pyrolysis of biomass) to agricultural land is increasing across the world, recognised as a potential way to capture and store atmospheric carbon. Its interest is heightened by its potential co-benefits for soil quality and fertility. The majority of research has however been undertaken in tropical rather than temperate regions. This study assessed the potential for lump-wood charcoal addition (as a substitute for biochar) to soil types which are typically under arable and forest land-use in North East England. The study was undertaken over a 28 week period and found: i) No significant difference in net ecosystem respiration (NER) between soils containing charcoal and those without, other than in week 1 of the trial. ii) A significantly higher dissolved organic carbon (DOC) flux from soils containing large amounts of charcoal than from those untreated, when planted with ryegrass. iii) That when increased respiration or DOC loss did occur, neither was sufficiently large to alter the carbon sink benefits of charcoal application. iv) That charcoal incorporation resulted in a significantly lower nitrate flux in soil leachate from mineral soils. v) That charcoal incorporation caused significant increases in soil pH, from 6.98 to 7.22 on bare arable soils when 87,500 kg charcoal/ha was applied. Consideration of both the carbon sink and environmental benefits observed here suggests that charcoal application to temperate soils typical of North East England should be considered as a method of carbon sequestration. Before large scale land application is encouraged, further large scale trials should be undertaken to confirm the positive results of this research. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2011,"Bell, MJ; <br>Worrall, F","Charcoal; Carbon sequestration; Nitrate leaching; Primary productivity; Soil respiration; Temperate soils","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.031","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT","Field experiments"]
["BIOCHAR APPLICATION TO SOIL: AGRONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS AND UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES","Biochar is increasingly being recognized by scientists and policy makers for its potential role in carbon sequestration, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy, waste mitigation, and as a soil amendment. The published reviews on biochar application to soil have so far focused mainly on the agronomic benefits, and have paid little attention to the potential unintended effects. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a balanced perspective on the agronomic and environmental impacts of biochar amendment to soil. The chapter highlights the physical and chemical characteristics of biochar, which can impact on the sorption, hence efficacy and biodegradation, of pesticides. As a consequence, weed control in biochar-amended soils may prove more difficult as preemergent herbicides may be less effective. Since biochars are often prepared from a variety of feedstocks (including waste materials), the potential introduction of contaminants needs to be considered before land application. Metal contaminants, in particular, have been shown to impact on plant growth, and soil microbial and faunal communities. Biochar has also been shown to influence a range of soil chemical properties, and rapid changes to nutrient availability, pH, and electrical conductivity need to be carefully considered to avoid unintended consequences for productivity. This chapter highlights some key areas of research which need to be completed to ensure a safe and sustainable use of biochar. In particular, understanding characteristics of biochars to avoid ecotoxicological impacts, understanding the effects of biochar on nutrient and contaminant behavior and transport, the effects of aging and the influence of feedstock and pyrolysis conditions on key properties are some of the areas that require attention.",2011,"Kookana, RS; <br>Sarmah, AK; <br>Van Zwieten, L; <br>Krull, E; <br>Singh, B",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385538-1.00003-2","Review; Book Chapter","ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 112","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Some Early Ethics of Geoengineering the Climate: A Commentary on the Values of the Royal Society Report","The Royal Society's landmark report on geoengineering is predicated on a particular account of the context and rationale for intentional manipulation of the climate system, and this ethical framework probably explains many of the Society's conclusions. Critical reflection on the report's values is useful for understanding disagreements within and about geoengineering policy, and also for identifying questions for early ethical analysis. Topics discussed include the moral hazard argument, governance, the ethical status of geoengineering under different rationales, the implications of understanding geoengineering as a consequence of wider moral failure, and ethical resistance to invasive interventions in environmental systems.",2011,"Gardiner, SM; <br>Gardiner, SM; <br>Gardiner, SM","Intentional climate change; political legitimacy; justice; solar radiation management; carbon dioxide removal","http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096327111X12997574391689","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Smoke and Mirrors: Some Reflections on the Science and Politics of Geoengineering","This article identifies and explores some of the political issues that will need to be addressed in the governance of geoengineering. It is argued that the diversity of different possible geoengineering techniques-encompassing solar radiation management (SRM) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR), and further divided into territorial techniques and commons-based techniques-rules out a single mode of geoengineering governance. Whereas some geoengineering techniques may be effective when implemented by a small number of countries, others would need to be implemented around the globe and involve most countries of the world, with different countries having different comparative advantages in the various geoengineering techniques. Such an enterprise would generate collective action problems related to implementation and disagreements over who should pay for the financial and nonfinancial costs of geoengineering. Nonetheless, a more coherent system of geoengineering governance is possible and is necessary if international conflict is to be avoided and the risks of unintended consequences are to be minimized. Any new international institutional design on geoengineering will need to address some pressing political and scientific questions, including the desired mean temperature of the world's climate, the possible role of CDR technologies in carbon offsets and emissions-trading schemes, and whether there should be differentiated obligations between different groups of states.",2011,"Humphreys, D; <br>Humphreys, D","carbon dioxide removal; geoengineering; global commons; governance; risk; solar radiation management","http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496511405302","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT & DEVELOPMENT","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Poverty Alleviation and Environmental Restoration Using the Clean Development Mechanism: A Case Study from Humbo, Ethiopia","Poverty, hunger and demand for agricultural land have driven local communities to overexploit forest resources throughout Ethiopia. Forests surrounding the township of Humbo were largely destroyed by the late 1960s. In 2004, World Vision Australia and World Vision Ethiopia identified forestry-based carbon sequestration as a potential means to stimulate community development while engaging in environmental restoration. After two years of consultation, planning and negotiations, the Humbo Community-based Natural Regeneration Project began implementation-the Ethiopian organization's first carbon sequestration initiative. The Humbo Project assists communities affected by environmental degradation including loss of biodiversity, soil erosion and flooding with an opportunity to benefit from carbon markets while reducing poverty and restoring the local agroecosystem. Involving the regeneration of 2,728 ha of degraded native forests, it brings social, economic and ecological benefits-facilitating adaptation to a changing climate and generating temporary certified emissions reductions (tCERs) under the Clean Development Mechanism. A key feature of the project has been facilitating communities to embrace new techniques and take responsibility for large-scale environmental change, most importantly involving Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR). This technique is low-cost, replicable, and provides direct benefits within a short time. Communities were able to harvest fodder and firewood within a year of project initiation and wild fruits and other non-timber forest products within three years. Farmers are using agroforestry for both environmental restoration and income generation. Establishment of user rights and local cooperatives has generated community ownership and enthusiasm for this project-empowering the community to more sustainably manage their communal lands.",2011,"Brown, DR; <br>Dettmann, P; <br>Rinaudo, T; <br>Tefera, H; <br>Tofu, A","Agroforestry; Climate change; Carbon markets; Community participation; Farmer managed natural regeneration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-010-9590-3","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Designing policies to mitigate the agricultural contribution to climate change: an assessment of soil based carbon sequestration and its ancillary effects","Soil carbon sequestration has been regarded as a cheap and cost-effective way to sequester carbon until other technologies to tackle climate change become available or more cost-effective. An assessment of the social desirability of a soil carbon sequestration policy requires the consideration of all associated social costs and benefits. Measures to re-accumulate carbon in soils have ancillary or co-effects on the environment that can be beneficial or detrimental to social welfare and few of which are traded in markets. This paper discusses issues related to the development of soil carbon sequestration policies into agri-environmental schemes and reports findings from an application of a choice experiment to elicit preferences and estimate benefits of a soil carbon programme in Scotland under consideration of co-effects on biodiversity and rural viability. Preferences for soil carbon based mitigation are found to be heterogeneous and related to beliefs about climate change and attitudes towards its mitigation. Benefit estimates suggest that including co-effects can significantly change the outcome of cost-benefit tests. Implications for the development of climate change policies are discussed.",2011,"Glenk, K; <br>Colombo, S",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9885-7","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Biochar: Examination of an emerging concept to mitigate climate change","Biochar is a charcoal produced under high temperatures using crop residues, animal manure, or any type of organic waste material. Depending on the feedstock, biochar may look similar to potting soil or to a charred substance. The combined production and use of biochar is considered a carbon-negative process, meaning that it removes carbon from the atmosphere. Biochar has multiple potential environmental benefits, foremost the potential to sequester carbon in the soil for hundreds to thousands of years at an estimate. Studies suggest that crop yields can increase as a result of applying biochar as a soil amendment. Some contend that biochar has value as an immediate climate change mitigation strategy. Scientific experiments suggest that greenhouse gas emissions are reduced significantly with biochar application to crop fields. Obstacles that may stall rapid adoption of biochar production systems include technology costs, system operation and maintenance, feedstock availability, and biochar handling. Biochar research and development is in its infancy. Nevertheless, interest in biochar as a multifaceted solution toagricultural and natural resource issues is growing at a rapid pace both nationally and internationally. Past Congresses have proposed numerous climate change bills, many of which do not directly address mitigation and adaptation technologies at developmental stages, such as biochar. However, biochar may equip agricultural and forestry producers with numerous revenue-generating products: carbon offsets, soil amendments, and energy. The American Power Act (discussion draft) contains three provisions relevant to biochar. This chapter briefly describes biochar, its potential advantages and disadvantages, legislative support, and research and development activities underway in the United States. ¬© 2011 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",2011,"Bracmort, K.S.",null,null,"Book Chapter","Energy Policies and Issues","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Forest carbon markets: Potential and drawbacks","Forests are major carbon sinks (storehouses), and activities that alter forests can release or sequester carbon dioxide (CO2), the most common greenhouse gas (GHG). Some carbon markets have been formed under mandatory GHG reduction regimes, such as the Kyoto Protocol and various regional and state initiatives in the United States. Other markets have formed for voluntary efforts to reduce GHG emissions. Offsets, or credits for sequestering carbon or reducing emissions in unregulated sectors, are typically allowed in both mandatory and voluntary markets. Forestry activities are among the largest-volume and lowest-cost opportunities for generating offsets. Various forestry activities may be feasible for carbon offsets. Afforestation (planting trees on open sites) and reforestation (planting trees on recently cleared sites) are the activities most commonly included for offsets. Some propose that the carbon stored in long-term wood products, such as lumber and plywood, could be credited as carbon offsets, and mill wastes often substitute for fossil fuels to produce energy; however, short-term products (e.g., paper) and the biomass left in the woods after timber harvesting release carbon, making the net carbon effects uncertain. Some forest management practices also might qualify for carbon offsets; certified sustainable forest practices provide a system of assured, long-term forests, while activities to increase tree growth face many of the same concerns as long-term wood products. Finally, deforestation is a major source of GHG emissions, accounting for as much as 17% of anthropogenic emissions. Thus, avoided deforestation, especially in the tropics, potentially provides an enormous opportunity to reduce GHG emissions. However, avoided deforestation is particularly prone to leakage (see below), as well as many of the concerns about forest carbon offsets generally. Forestry projects may offer considerable market opportunities for carbon offsets, but several issues have generated concerns and controversy. One concern, especially for compliance markets, is whether projects are additional to business as usual. An activity that is common practice or industry standard, or a project that is required under current federal, state, or local laws, cannot be used as an offset. Functional carbon markets also require cost-effective practices to verify carbon sequestration. Current measurement and monitoring practices are costly and have several implementation challenges. Another concern is that, compared to other types of offsets, forestry projects present substantial risk of leakage. Emission leakage can occur if carbon sequestered in one location (e.g., by avoided deforestation) leads to carbon release (e.g., from increased harvesting) in another location. Product leakage could occur if forest carbon sequestration induces use of more carbon-intensive substitutes (e.g., cement or steel). Forest carbon projects are expected to generate offsets for decades. Some are concerned that the sequestration will be negated subsequently by human activity (e.g., change in land use) or a natural occurrence (e.g., forest fire or disease). Although there are legal and accounting mechanisms that can address this concern, implementing these options may present challenges, particularly for projects in developing nations. Finally, forward crediting to allow early credits for expected sequestration faces many of the same concerns about not fulfilling expectations. Forests are major carbon sinks-repositories of vast amounts of carbon. Activities that alter Fforests-create, enhance, modify, or eliminate them-significantly affect the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. Forests store about 45% of terrestrial carbon, and were estimated to sequester 2.6 billion metric tons (tonnes) of CO2 per year in the 1990s, about a third of annual anthropogenic carbon emissions from fossil fuel and land use changes.1 Concerns about global climate change and its impacts on the environment and the economy are encouraging policy-makers and stakeholders to explore a range of opportunities that would reduce emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs).2 Reducing deforestation and increasing the amount of carbon stored in forests are approaches that have generated considerable interest for their ability to support climate change mitigation. Congress is considering legislation that would, among other things, provide financial incentives for parties to reduce GHGs or sequester (store) CO2.3 The possible use of forests to sequester CO2 is part of this larger debate over GHGs and climate change. This chapter describes current markets for forest carbon sequestration, the potential for using forests to offset other sources of GHG emissions, and the concerns and drawbacks related to forest carbon sequestration efforts. ¬© 2011 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",2011,"Gorte, R.; <br>Ramseur, J.L.",null,null,"Book Chapter","Energy Policies and Issues","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Getting rid of atmospheric carbon: Sequestration and air capture","Unlike alternative energy sources, or energy efficiency measures, carbon sequestration can only act to reduce CO2 atmospheric concentrations; it does not help solve our energy problems, and may even add to them. Several sequestration approaches are possible. Carbon capture and storage can only be applied to present emissions from large CO2 emitting sources such as power stations. Another possible approach is to capture CO2 directly from the air. Carbon sequestration in forests, soils, or in ocean plankton, are of this type, as is mechanical air capture. Mechanical air capture can in principle also draw down past CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, and even compensate for emissions of other greenhouse gases. However, the energy costs for capture are very high, so that energy availability becomes a problem. The sequestration phase is the same as for CO2 from fossil fuel combustion. Sequestering CO2 in the deep ocean would lead to both ocean acidification and adverse consequences for marine life. Estimates for the quantity of CO2 that can be ultimately sequestered in geological formations such as disused oil and gas fields, and saline aquifers, both on land and in the seabed, vary by orders of magnitude. But such estimates may be beside the point, since sequestration requires not only that adequate safe geological storage capacity be available, but that CO2 can be safely introduced at the rate desired, which could amount worldwide to tens of Gigatonne of CO2 per year. Furthermore, there is a small risk of catastrophic blowout from injection wells, which means that local citizen opposition could be intense.",2011,"None",null,null,"SER","Green Energy and Technology","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Great and desperate measures: Geo-engineering","Geoengineering has been defined as purposeful action intended to manipulate the environment on a very large-especially global-scale. Some researchers point out that our present manipulation of atmospheric CO2 content could be considered geoengineering, so that we are really discussing what type of geoengineering is appropriate. Geoengineering has been promoted as our fall-back option for combating global warming. However, like carbon capture and sequestration, geoengineering schemes are single-purpose technical fixes for climate change mitigation, which would leave the questions of energy availability and other global environmental problems untouched. Crucially, it does nothing to address the 'other' CO2 problem-ocean acidification. In this chapter we will restrict our discussion to large-scale schemes directed at counteracting the effects of rising GHGs by altering the Earth's albedo-the proportion of insolation that is reflected back to space. A large number of schemes have been proposed, some of which would alter the planetary albedo as a whole, while others would act on a more regional scale, with correspondingly more regional effects. Geoengineering can be implemented rapidly, and at projected costs much lower than the alternatives. Research shows, however, that it is not possible to simultaneously bring about present temperature and precipitation conditions. Because costs and benefits would be unevenly distributed across countries, it would also be very difficult, politically, to implement.",2011,"None",null,null,"SER","Green Energy and Technology","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["On sustainability of bioenergy production: Integrating co-emissions from agricultural intensification","Biomass from cellulosic bioenergy crops is seen as a substantial part of future energy systems, especially if climate policy aims at stabilizing CO2 concentration at low levels. However, among other concerns of sustainability, the large-scale use of bioenergy is controversial because it is hypothesized to increase the competition for land and therefore raise N2O emissions from agricultural soils due to intensification. We apply a global land-use model that is suited to assess agricultural non-CO2 GHG emissions. First, we describe how fertilization of cellulosic bioenergy crops and associated N2O emissions are implemented in the land-use model and how future bioenergy demand is derived by an energy-economy-climate model. We then assess regional N2O emissions from the soil due to large-scale bioenergy application, the expansion of cropland and the importance of technological change for dedicated bioenergy crops. Finally, we compare simulated N2O emissions from the agricultural sector with CO2 emissions from the energy sector to investigate the real contribution of bioenergy for low stabilization scenarios. As a result, we find that N2O emissions due to energy crop production are a minor factor. Nevertheless, these co-emissions can be significant for the option of removing CO2 from the atmosphere (by combining bioenergy use with carbon capture and storage (CCS) options) possibly needed at the end of the century for climate mitigation. Furthermore, our assessment shows that bioenergy crops will occupy large shares of available cropland and will require high rates of technological change at additional costs. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2011,"Popp, A; <br>Lotze-Campen, H; <br>Leimbach, M; <br>Knopf, B; <br>Beringer, T; <br>Bauer, N; <br>Bodirsky, B","Bioenergy; Nitrous oxide; Greenhouse gas emissions; Land use; Climate change mitigation; Carbon capture and storage","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.06.014","Article; Proceedings Paper","BIOMASS & BIOENERGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Sequestering carbon in soils of agro-ecosystems","Soils of the world's agroecosystems (croplands, grazing lands, rangelands) are depleted of their soil organic carbon (SOC) pool by 25-75% depending on climate, soil type, and historic management. The magnitude of loss may be 10 to 50 tons C/ha. Soils with severe depletion of their SOC pool have low agronomic yield and low use efficiency of added input. Conversion to a restorative land use and adoption of recommended management practices, can enhance the SOC pool, improve soil quality, increase agronomic productivity, advance global food security, enhance soil resilience to adapt to extreme climatic events, and mitigate climate change by off-setting fossil fuel emissions. The technical potential of carbon (C) sequestration in soils of the agroecosystems is 1.2-3.1 billion tons C/yr. Improvement in soil quality, by increase in the SOC pool of 1 ton C/ha/yr in the root zone, can increase annual food production in developing countries by 24-32 million tons of food grains and 6-10 million tons of roots and tubers. The strategy is to create positive soil C and nutrient budgets through adoption of no-till farming with mulch, use of cover crops, integrated nutrient management including biofertilizers, water conservation, and harvesting, and improving soil structure and tilth. (C) 2010 Queen's Printer and Controller of HMSO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2011,"Lal, R; <br>Lal, R","Soil quality; Adaptation and mitigation of climate change; Food security; Soil restoration; Carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.12.001","Article","FOOD POLICY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Implications of albedo changes following afforestation on the benefits of forests as carbon sinks","Increased carbon storage with afforestation leads to a decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and thus decreases radiative forcing and cools the Earth. However, afforestation also changes the reflective properties of the surface vegetation from more reflective pasture to relatively less reflective forest cover. This increase in radiation absorption by the forest constitutes an increase in radiative forcing, with a warming effect. The net effect of decreased albedo and carbon storage on radiative forcing depends on the relative magnitude of these two opposing processes. We used data from an intensively studied site in New Zealand's Central North Island that has long-term, ground-based measurements of albedo over the full short-wave spectrum from a developing Pinus radiata forest. Data from this site were supplemented with satellite-derived albedo estimates from New Zealand pastures. The albedo of a well-established forest was measured as 13% and pasture albedo as 20 %. We used these data to calculate the direct radiative forcing effect of changing albedo as the forest grew. We calculated the radiative forcing resulting from the removal of carbon from the atmosphere as a decrease in radiative forcing of -104 GJ tC(-1) yr(-1). We also showed that the observed change in albedo constituted a direct radiative forcing of 2759 GJ ha(-1) yr(-1). Thus, following afforestation, 26.5 tC ha(-1) needs to be stored in a growing forest to balance the increase in radiative forcing resulting from the observed albedo change. Measurements of tree biomass and albedo were used to estimate the net change in radiative forcing as the newly planted forest grew. Albedo and carbon-storage effects were of similar magnitude for the first four to five years after tree planting, but as the stand grew older, the carbon storage effect increasingly dominated. Averaged over the whole length of the rotation, the changes in albedo negated the benefits from increased carbon storage by 17-24 %.",2011,"Kirschbaum, MUF; <br>Whitehead, D; <br>Dean, SM; <br>Beets, PN; <br>Shepherd, JD; <br>Ausseil, AGE",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3687-2011","Article","BIOGEOSCIENCES","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Developments in greenhouse gas emissions and net energy use in Danish agriculture - How to achieve substantial CO2 reductions?","Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture are a significant contributor to total Danish emissions. Consequently, much effort is currently given to the exploration of potential strategies to reduce agricultural emissions. This paper presents results from a study estimating agricultural GHG emissions in the form of methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide (including carbon sources and sinks, and the impact of energy consumption/bioenergy production) from Danish agriculture in the years 1990-2010. An analysis of possible measures to reduce the GHG emissions indicated that a 50-70% reduction of agricultural emissions by 2050 relative to 1990 is achievable, including mitigation measures in relation to the handling of manure and fertilisers, optimization of animal feeding, cropping practices, and land use changes with more organic farming, afforestation and energy crops. In addition, the bioenergy production may be increased significantly without reducing the food production, whereby Danish agriculture could achieve a positive energy balance. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2011,"Dalgaard, T; <br>Olesen, JE; <br>Petersen, SO; <br>Petersen, BM; <br>Jorgensen, U; <br>Kristensen, T; <br>Hutchings, NJ; <br>Gyldenkaerne, S; <br>Hermansen, JE","Greenhouse gases; Carbon sequestration; Mitigation measures; Fossil energy; Bioenergy; Scenarios","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.024","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION","Quant. analyses & models"]
["RCP2.6: exploring the possibility to keep global mean temperature increase below 2 degrees C","The RCP2.6 emission and concentration pathway is representative of the literature on mitigation scenarios aiming to limit the increase of global mean temperature to 2 degrees C. These scenarios form the low end of the scenario literature in terms of emissions and radiative forcing. They often show negative emissions from energy use in the second half of the 21st century. The RCP2.6 scenario is shown to be technically feasible in the IMAGE integrated assessment modeling framework from a medium emission baseline scenario, assuming full participation of all countries. Cumulative emissions of greenhouse gases from 2010 to 2100 need to be reduced by 70% compared to a baseline scenario, requiring substantial changes in energy use and emissions of non-CO2 gases. These measures (specifically the use of bio-energy and reforestation measures) also have clear consequences for global land use. Based on the RCP2.6 scenario, recommendations for further research on low emission scenarios have been formulated. These include the response of the climate system to a radiative forcing peak, the ability of society to achieve the required emission reduction rates given political and social inertia and the possibilities to further reduce emissions of non-CO2 gases.",2011,"van Vuuren, DP; <br>van Vuuren, DP; <br>Stehfest, E; <br>den Elzen, MGJ; <br>Kram, T; <br>van Vliet, J; <br>Deetman, S; <br>Isaac, M; <br>Goldewijk, KK; <br>Hof, A; <br>Beltran, AM; <br>Oostenrijk, R; <br>van Ruijven, B",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0152-3","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["A synthesis of current knowledge on forests and carbon storage in the United States","Using forests to mitigate climate change has gained much interest in science and policy discussions. We examine the evidence for carbon benefits, environmental and monetary costs, risks and trade-offs for a variety of activities in three general strategies: (1) land use change to increase forest area (afforestation) and avoid deforestation; (2) carbon management in existing forests; and (3) the use of wood as biomass energy, in place of other building materials, or in wood products for carbon storage. We found that many strategies can increase forest sector carbon mitigation above the current 162-256 Tg C/yr, and that many strategies have co-benefits such as biodiversity, water, and economic opportunities. Each strategy also has trade-offs, risks, and uncertainties including possible leakage, permanence, disturbances, and climate change effects. Because; similar to 60% of the carbon lost through deforestation and harvesting from 1700 to 1935 has not yet been recovered and because some strategies store carbon in forest products or use biomass energy, the biological potential for forest sector carbon mitigation is large. Several studies suggest that using these strategies could offset as much as 10-20% of current U. S. fossil fuel emissions. To obtain such large offsets in the United States would require a combination of afforesting up to one-third of cropland or pastureland, using the equivalent of about one-half of the gross annual forest growth for biomass energy, or implementing more intensive management to increase forest growth on one-third of forestland. Such large offsets would require substantial trade-offs, such as lower agricultural production and non-carbon ecosystem services from forests. The effectiveness of activities could be diluted by negative leakage effects and increasing disturbance regimes. Because forest carbon loss contributes to increasing climate risk and because climate change may impede regeneration following disturbance, avoiding deforestation and promoting regeneration after disturbance should receive high priority as policy considerations. Policies to encourage programs or projects that influence forest carbon sequestration and offset fossil fuel emissions should also consider major items such as leakage, the cyclical nature of forest growth and regrowth, and the extensive demand for and movement of forest products globally, and other greenhouse gas effects, such as methane and nitrous oxide emissions, and recognize other environmental benefits of forests, such as biodiversity, nutrient management, and watershed protection. Activities that contribute to helping forests adapt to the effects of climate change, and which also complement forest carbon storage strategies, would be prudent.",2011,"McKinley, DC; <br>McKinley, DC; <br>Ryan, MG; <br>Ryan, MG; <br>Birdsey, RA; <br>Giardina, CP; <br>Harmon, ME; <br>Heath, LS; <br>Houghton, RA; <br>Jackson, RB; <br>Jackson, RB; <br>Morrison, JF; <br>Murray, BC; <br>Murray, BC; <br>Pataki, DE; <br>Pataki, DE; <br>Skog, KE","afforestation; avoided deforestation; carbon emission offsets; carbon storage and sequestration; disturbance risk; greenhouse gas mitigation; intensive silviculture; substitution; urban forestry; wood biomass energy; wood products","http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/10-0697.1","Article","ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Carbon sequestration potential of tropical pasture compared with afforestation in Panama","Tropical forest ecosystems play an important role in regulating the global climate, yet deforestation and land-use change mean that the tropical carbon sink is increasingly influenced by agroecosystems and pastures. Despite this, it is not yet fully understood how carbon cycling in the tropics responds to land-use change, particularly for pasture and afforestation. Thus, the objectives of our study were: (1) to elucidate the environmental controls and the impact of management on gross primary production (GPP), total ecosystem respiration (TER) and net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE); (2) to estimate the carbon sequestration potential of tropical pasture compared with afforestation; and (3) to compare eddy covariance-derived carbon budgets with biomass and soil inventory data. We performed comparative measurements of NEE in a tropical C-4 pasture and an adjacent afforestation with native tree species in Sardinilla (Panama) from 2007 to 2009. Pronounced seasonal variation in GPP, TER and NEE were closely related to radiation, soil moisture, and C-3 vs. C-4 plant physiology. The shallow rooting depth of grasses compared with trees resulted in a higher sensitivity of the pasture ecosystem to water limitation and seasonal drought. During 2008, substantial amounts of carbon were sequestered by the afforestation (-442 gCm(-2), negative values denote ecosystem carbon uptake), which was in agreement with biometric observations (-450 gCm(-2)). In contrast, the pasture ecosystem was a strong carbon source in 2008 and 2009 (261 gCm(-2)), associated with seasonal drought and overgrazing. In addition, soil carbon isotope data indicated rapid carbon turnover after conversion from C-4 pasture to C-3 afforestation. Our results clearly show the potential for considerable carbon sequestration of tropical afforestation and highlight the risk of carbon losses from pasture ecosystems in a seasonal tropical climate.",2011,"Wolf, S; <br>Eugster, W; <br>Potvin, C; <br>Potvin, C; <br>Turner, BL; <br>Buchmann, N","carbon dioxide fluxes; eddy covariance; FLUXNET; grazing; land-use change; managed ecosystems; soil carbon","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02460.x","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Field experiments"]
["Feasibility of air capture","Capturing CO2 from air, referred to as air capture, is being proposed as a viable climate change mitigation technology. Technically, air capture is not a new technology; industrial applications can be traced back to the 1930s. This paper explores the feasibility of this technology as a climate change mitigation option. Two different pathways of air capture are assessed: direct air capture, which uses a chemical process to capture CO2, and biomass coupled with CO2 capture and storage (CCS), which utilizes the biological process of photosynthesis to remove CO2 from the air. We find that direct air capture has prohibitively high mitigation costs compared to the costs of climate change mitigation options being considered today. The pathway of biomass coupled with CCS has much more reasonable costs and could be used to offset certain emissions. However, the large land requirement may limit the amount of offsets available. We conclude that relying on air capture technology to play a major role in mitigating carbon emissions is a very risky policy decision. ¬© 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. ¬© 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.",2011,"Ranjan, M.; <br>Herzog, H.J.","Air capture; Biomass; Carbon dioxide capture; Climate change; Sequestration; Switchgrass; Biomass; Carbon capture; Carbon dioxide; Costs; Greenhouse gases; Air captures; Biological process; Carbon dioxide capture; Carbon emissions; Chemical process; Climate change mitigation; Sequestration; Switchgrass; Climate change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.193","Conference Paper","Energy Procedia","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Soil Organic Carbon, Biochar, and Applicable Research Results for Increasing Farm Productivity under Australian Agricultural Conditions","The conversion of vegetative biomass waste to biochar (biologically derived charcoal) is a source of carbon (C) that can be used to increase the level of soil organic C (SOC) in agricultural soils. This review collates available research into the effects of biologically derived C species with respect to the direct and indirect effects on agricultural productivity and their potential for use in Western Australian agricultural systems. There is a growing requirement to quantify the effect of specific biochar applications for agroecological purposes and to verify biosequestered C for climate-change-mitigation activities. This work provides a review and assessment of safe biochar application rates and examines the present levels of scientific uncertainty surrounding the efficacy and reliability of applying biochar to soils in relation to crop productivity.",2011,"McHenry, MP; <br>McHenry, MP; <br>McHenry, MP","Agriculture; biochar; biosequestration; carbon; soil","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2011.566963","Article","COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Management to mitigate and adapt to climate change","Management decisions both at the field and off-site have the potential to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Climate change threatens to increase the potential for soil erosion, reduce soil quality, lower agricultural productivity and negatively impact food security and global sustainability, making it one of the most severe challenges we will face in the 21st century This paper looks at the potential of management to help us, not only mitigate climate change, but also to help us adapt to a changing climate. Different aspects of carbon management, nitrogen management, manure management, management in low-input systems (sustainable agriculture), and grazing land management are discussed as examples. Management decisions regarding conservation practices, such as no-till, conservation agriculture, and returning crop residue to the field to increase nutrient cycling, can contribute to carbon sequestration and help us mitigate and adapt to climate change. Additionally, management of grasslands, restoration of degraded/desertified lands, nitrogen management to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, precision conservation management at a field and/or watershed level, and other management alternatives can also help us mitigate and/or adapt to climate change. Management for climate change mitigation and adaptation is key for environmental conservation, sustainability of cropping systems, soil and water quality and food security This paper suggests, based on a review of the literature, that management decisions that reduce soil erosion, increase carbon sequestration to improve soil functions, soil quality, and soil health, and contribute to the resilience of soils and cropping systems will be needed to respond to climate change and related challenges such as food security. Our review suggests that without management decisions that increase soil and water conservation, food security for the world's growing population will be harder to achieve.",2011,"Lal, R; <br>Delgado, JA; <br>Groffman, PM; <br>Millar, N; <br>Dell, C; <br>Rotz, A","adaptation; carbon sequestration; climate change; management; mitigation; soil management","http://dx.doi.org/10.2489/jswc.66.4.276","Article","JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change: a critical re-examination to identify the true and the false","The term 'carbon sequestration' is commonly used to describe any increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) content caused by a change in land management, with the implication that increased soil carbon (C) storage mitigates climate change. However, this is only true if the management practice causes an additional net transfer of C from the atmosphere to land. Limitations of C sequestration for climate change mitigation include the following constraints: (i) the quantity of C stored in soil is finite, (ii) the process is reversible and (iii) even if SOC is increased there may be changes in the fluxes of other greenhouse gases, especially nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane. Removing land from annual cropping and converting to forest, grassland or perennial crops will remove C from atmospheric CO2 and genuinely contribute to climate change mitigation. However, indirect effects such as conversion of land elsewhere under native vegetation to agriculture could negate the benefit through increased CO2 emission. Re-vegetating degraded land, of limited value for food production, avoids this problem. Adding organic materials such as crop residues or animal manure to soil, whilst increasing SOC, generally does not constitute an additional transfer of C from the atmosphere to land, depending on the alternative fate of the residue. Increases in SOC from reduced tillage now appear to be much smaller than previously claimed, at least in temperate regions, and in some situations increased N2O emission may negate any increase in stored C. The climate change benefit of increased SOC from enhanced crop growth (for example from the use of fertilizers) must be balanced against greenhouse gas emissions associated with manufacture and use of fertilizer. An over-emphasis on the benefits of soil C sequestration may detract from other measures that are at least as effective in combating climate change, including slowing deforestation and increasing efficiency of N use in order to decrease N2O emissions.",2011,"Powlson, DS; <br>Whitmore, AP; <br>Goulding, KWT",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01342.x","Review","EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Soil management in relation to sustainable agriculture and ecosystem services","Requirements for research, practices and policies affecting soil management in relation to global food security are reviewed. Managing soil organic carbon (C) is central because soil organic matter influences numerous soil properties relevant to ecosystem functioning and crop growth. Even small changes in total C content can have disproportionately large impacts on key soil physical properties. Practices to encourage maintenance of soil C are important for ensuring sustainability of all soil functions. Soil is a major store of C within the biosphere - increases or decreases in this large stock can either mitigate or worsen climate change. Deforestation, conversion of grasslands to arable cropping and drainage of wetlands all cause emission of C; policies and international action to minimise these changes are urgently required. Sequestration of C in soil can contribute to climate change mitigation but the real impact of different options is often misunderstood. Some changes in management that are beneficial for soil C. increase emissions of nitrous oxide (a powerful greenhouse gas) thus cancelling the benefit. Research on soil physical processes and their interactions with roots can lead to improved and novel practices to improve crop access to water and nutrients. Increased understanding of root function has implications for selection and breeding of crops to maximise capture of water and nutrients. Roots are also a means of delivering natural plant-produced chemicals into soil with potentially beneficial impacts. These include biocontrol of soil-borne pests and diseases and inhibition of the nitrification process in soil (conversion of ammonium to nitrate) with possible benefits for improved nitrogen use efficiency and decreased nitrous oxide emission. The application of molecular methods to studies of soil organisms, and their interactions with roots, is providing new understanding of soil ecology and the basis for novel practical applications. Policy makers and those concerned with development of management approaches need to keep a watching brief on emerging possibilities from this fast-moving area of science. Nutrient management is a key challenge for global food production: there is an urgent need to increase nutrient availability to crops grown by smallholder farmers in developing countries. Many changes in practices including inter-cropping, inclusion of nitrogen-fixing crops, agroforestry and improved recycling have been clearly demonstrated to be beneficial: facilitating policies and practical strategies are needed to make these widely available, taking account of local economic and social conditions. In the longer term fertilizers will be essential for food security: policies and actions are needed to make these available and affordable to small farmers. In developed regions, and those developing rapidly such as China, strategies and policies to manage more precisely the necessarily large flows of nutrients in ways that minimise environmental damage are essential. A specific issue is to minimise emissions of nitrous oxide whilst ensuring sufficient nitrogen is available for adequate food production. Application of known strategies (through either regulation or education), technological developments, and continued research to improve understanding of basic processes will all play a part. Decreasing soil erosion is essential, both to maintain the soil resource and to minimise downstream damage such as sedimentation of rivers with adverse impacts on fisheries. Practical strategies are well known but often have financial implictions for farmers. Examples of systems for paying one group of land users for ecosystem services affecting others exist in several parts of the world and serve as a model. (C) 2010 Queen's Printer and Controller of HMSO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2011,"Powlson, DS; <br>Gregory, PJ; <br>Whalley, WR; <br>Quinton, JN; <br>Hopkins, DW; <br>Whitmore, AP; <br>Hirsch, PR; <br>Goulding, KWT","Soil; Organic matter; Carbon; Sequestration; Nutrients; Nitrogen; Nitrous oxide; Phosphorous; Minimum tillage; Biodiversity; Soil organisms; Roots; Soil structure; Aggregates; Rhizosphere; Erosion; Biochar","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.025","Article","FOOD POLICY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Soil engineering in vivo: harnessing natural biogeochemical systems for sustainable, multi-functional engineering solutions","Carbon sequestration, infrastructure rehabilitation, brownfields clean-up, hazardous waste disposal, water resources protection and global warming-these twenty-first century challenges can neither be solved by the high-energy consumptive practices that hallmark industry today, nor by minor tweaking or optimization of these processes. A more radical, holistic approach is required to develop the sustainable solutions society needs. Most of the above challenges occur within, are supported on, are enabled by or grown from soil. Soil, contrary to conventional civil engineering thought, is a living system host to multiple simultaneous processes. It is proposed herein that 'soil engineering in vivo', wherein the natural capacity of soil as a living ecosystem is used to provide multiple solutions simultaneously, may provide new, innovative, sustainable solutions to some of these great challenges of the twenty-first century. This requires a multi-disciplinary perspective that embraces the science of biology, chemistry and physics and applies this knowledge to provide multi-functional civil and environmental engineering designs for the soil environment. For example, can native soil bacterial species moderate the carbonate cycle in soils to simultaneously solidify liquefiable soil, immobilize reactive heavy metals and sequester carbon-effectively providing civil engineering functionality while clarifying the ground water and removing carbon from the atmosphere? Exploration of these ideas has begun in earnest in recent years. This paper explores the potential, challenges and opportunities of this new field, and highlights one biogeochemical function of soil that has shown promise and is developing rapidly as a new technology. The example is used to propose a generalized approach in which the potential of this new field can be fully realized.",2011,"DeJong, JT; <br>DeJong, JT; <br>Soga, K; <br>Banwart, SA; <br>Whalley, WR; <br>Ginn, TR; <br>Nelson, DC; <br>Mortensen, BM; <br>Martinez, BC; <br>Barkouki, T","bioengineering; bio-mediated soil improvement; sustainability; microbially induced calcite precipitation; biosoil; ground improvement","http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2010.0270","Review","JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY INTERFACE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["A review of climate geoengineering proposals","Climate geoengineering proposals seek to rectify the current radiative imbalance via either (1) reducing incoming solar radiation (solar radiation management) or (2) removing CO2 from the atmosphere and transferring it to long-lived reservoirs (carbon dioxide removal). For each option, we discuss its effectiveness and potential side effects, also considering lifetime of effect, development and deployment timescale, reversibility, and failure risks. We present a detailed review that builds on earlier work by including the most recent literature, and is more extensive than previous comparative frameworks. Solar radiation management propsals are most effective but short-lived, whilst carbon dioxide removal measures gain effectiveness the longer they are pursued. Solar radiation management could restore the global radiative balance, but must be maintained to avoid abrupt warming, meanwhile ocean acidification and residual regional climate changes would still occur. Carbon dioxide removal involves less risk, and offers a way to return to a pre-industrial CO2 level and climate on a millennial timescale, but is potentially limited by the CO2 storage capacity of geological reservoirs. Geoengineering could complement mitigation, but it is not an alternative to it. We expand on the possible combinations of mitigation, carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management that might be used to avoid dangerous climate change.",2011,"Vaughan, NE; <br>Vaughan, NE; <br>Lenton, TM; <br>Lenton, TM",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0027-7","Review","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biophysical considerations in forestry for climate protection","Forestry - including afforestation (the planting of trees on land where they have not recently existed), reforesta tion, avoided deforestation, and forest management - can lead to increased sequestration of atmospheric carbor dioxide and has therefore been proposed as a strategy to mitigate climate change. However, forestry also influ ences land-surface properties, including albedo (the fraction of incident sunlight reflected back to space), surface roughness, and evapotranspiration, all of which affect the amount and forms of energy transfer to the atmos phere. In some circumstances, these biophysical feedbacks can result in local climate warming, thereby counter acting the effects of carbon sequestration on global mean temperature and reducing or eliminating the net value of climate-change mitigation projects. Here, we review published and emerging research that suggests ways ir which forestry projects can counteract the consequences associated with biophysical interactions, and highligh knowledge gaps in managing forests for climate protection. We also outline several ways in which biophysica effects can be incorporated into frameworks that use the maintenance of forests as a climate protection strategy",2011,"Anderson, RG; <br>Canadell, JG; <br>Randerson, JT; <br>Jackson, RB; <br>Jackson, RB; <br>Hungate, BA; <br>Hungate, BA; <br>Baldocchi, DD; <br>Ban-Weiss, GA; <br>Bonan, GB; <br>Caldeira, K; <br>Cao, L; <br>Diffenbaugh, NS; <br>Diffenbaugh, NS; <br>Diffenbaugh, NS; <br>Gurney, KR; <br>Kueppers, LM; <br>Law, BE; <br>Luyssaert, S; <br>Luyssaert, S; <br>O'Halloran, TL",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/090179","Review","FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Consequences of More Intensive Forestry for the Sustainable Management of Forest Soils and Waters","Additions of nutrients, faster growing tree varieties, more intense harvest practices, and a changing climate all have the potential to increase forest production in Sweden, thereby mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration and fossil fuel substitution. However, the effects of management strategies for increased biomass production on soil resources and water quality at landscape scales are inadequately understood. Key knowledge gaps also remain regarding the sustainability of shorter rotation periods and more intensive biomass harvests. This includes effects of fertilization on the long-term weathering and supply of base cations and the consequences of changing mineral availability for future forest production. Furthermore, because soils and surface waters are closely connected, management efforts in the terrestrial landscape will potentially have consequences for water quality and the ecology of streams, rivers, and lakes. Here, we review and discuss some of the most pertinent questions related to how increased forest biomass production in Sweden could affect soils and surface waters, and how contemporary forestry goals can be met while minimizing the loss of other ecosystem services. We suggest that the development of management plans to promote the sustainable use of soil resources and water quality, while maximizing biomass production, will require a holistic ecosystem approach that is placed within a broader landscape perspective.",2011,"Laudon, H; <br>Sponseller, RA; <br>Lucas, RW; <br>Futter, MN; <br>Egnell, G; <br>Bishop, K; <br>Bishop, K; <br>Agren, A; <br>Ring, E; <br>Hogberg, P","soils; streams and rivers; sustainability; forestry; biomass production; nitrogen fertilization","http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f2010243","Article","FORESTS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Forests as carbon sinks-benefits and consequences","With their ratification of the Kyoto Protocol, many countries have established forests on previously non-forested land with the view of offsetting greenhouse gas emissions. While these forests indisputably result in increased carbon storage in above-ground biomass, consideration of other major implications is often neglected. Forest establishment results in changes in albedo and soil carbon storage, reduced runoff and downstream water supply, and effects on biodiversity. Such effects of forest establishment may be less desirable from environmental, economic and social perspectives. While there have been many studies of the impacts of forest establishment on individual aspects, policy makers need to be able to integrate the benefits and consequences to assist in making decisions on land management. Further, the relative magnitude of the effects of forestry needs to be considered in the context of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide partial pressure and climate change resulting in increasing temperature and changes in the amount and distribution of rainfall. This introductory review highlights the major benefits and consequences of forest establishment and demonstrates progress in integrating across the services provided by forests. New modelling approaches are being developed that allow analysis of benefits, consequences and trade-offs to assist policy makers in decisions to manage the provision of multiple resources.",2011,"Whitehead, D; <br>Whitehead, D","albedo; biodiversity; carbon storage; climate change; soil carbon; water supply","http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpr063","Article","TREE PHYSIOLOGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Carbon sequestration by Chinese bamboo forests and their ecological benefits: assessment of potential, problems, and future challenges","Bamboo is widely distributed in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America. As a major non-wood forest product and wood substitute, bamboo is of increasing interest to ecologists owing to its rapid growth and correspondingly high potential for mitigating climate change. With a long history of production and utilization of bamboo, China is one of the countries with the richest bamboo resources and largest area of bamboo forest, and has paid unprecedented attention in recent decades to management of its bamboo forests. This review summarizes the versatility of bamboo in terms of its ecological benefits including carbon sequestration, water and soil conservation, its benefits for socioeconomic development, and its potential to mitigate climate change. Current problems, and the future potential of and challenges to rapidly expanding bamboo forests under both wider use of intensive management and the effects of global warming, are also discussed.",2011,"Song, XZ; <br>Song, XZ; <br>Song, XZ; <br>Zhou, GM; <br>Zhou, GM; <br>Jiang, H; <br>Jiang, H; <br>Yu, SQ; <br>Yu, SQ; <br>Fu, JH; <br>Li, WZ; <br>Wang, WF; <br>Ma, ZH; <br>Peng, CH; <br>Peng, CH","socioeconomic benefits; bamboo management; mitigate climate change; renewable resource; bamboo","http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/A11-015","Review","ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEWS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Roles of biomass-derived black carbon in soil and environment ecosystem: A review","As the global warming intensifying, Climate change has become an important environmental problem which has caused great concern around the world. Reducing the effects of greenhouse gases to the climate and ecosystem and stocking more carbon sequestration are the solved critical problems which government and scientist around world must face. As a potential mean of solving the emission of greenhouse gases, biochar (biomass-derived black carbon) has gradually become one of the most important research issues. All the paper researches around world show that biochar plays a powerful function and important role in soil amendment and environmental system. Biochar can be used as a soil amendment to improve soil structure, soil quality and increase crop production etc. The biochar approach provides a potential powerful solution: it allows us to sequestrate more carbon as well as reducing more pollutions of greenhouse gases from the environment and it will change the way of C cycles in the ecological system. As a soil ameliorant, it could increase the carbon stock sequestrations in soil all over the world. It provides the important solution to deal with the climate change problems. This paper reviews the latest important research, and offers the further research prospects. It aims to illustrate the important function of biochar in the soil and ecosystem, and offer the references for the further scientific biochar research which benefits for the further requiring study. ¬© 2011 IEEE.",2011,"Zhang, W.; <br>Chen, W.; <br>Meng, J.; <br>Huang, Y.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICAE.2011.5943844","Conference Paper","ICAE - Proc: Int. Conf. New Technol. Agric. Eng.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["An assessment of options for CO2 removal from the atmosphere","Recent work examining likely changes in global temperatures as a result of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has suggested that cumulative CO 2 emissions (i.e. total emissions over an extended period of time) could be more significant than the differences between particular emissions pathway (e.g. with different timing of emissions or peak emissions rate) in determining how the global climate might change in response to CO2 emissions. This suggests that effective measures to mitigate the risk of dangerous climate change will need to limit cumulative emissions of CO 2. Further, if cumulative CO2 emissions overshoot acceptable limits, it will become necessary to remove CO2 from the air - so-called 'negative emissions'. Technologies that effect 'negative emissions' could also be used to offset additional anthropogenic emissions from sectors where greenhouse gas emissions are difficult or impossible to reduce beyond certain, still relatively high, limits. If the prevailing carbon price for marginal abatement options rises significantly from current levels (e.g. of order up to $200/tCO2 has been suggested by some) then a relatively wide range of options for removing CO2 from the air may become cost-effective. Additionally, some options for removing CO2 from the air are likely to have much lower abatement costs. This paper summarises results from research conducted to compare and contrast various options for capturing CO2 from the air, with a particular focus on establishing the potential of these options to have a significant impact in reducing CO2 emissions and, if so, over what timescales. ¬© 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. ¬© 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.",2011,"Workman, M.; <br>McGlashan, N.; <br>Chalmers, H.; <br>Shah, N.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.194","Conference Paper","Energy Procedia","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Bioenergy production systems and biochar application in forests: Potential for renewable energy, soil enhancement, and carbon sequestration","Bioenergy production from forest biomass offers a unique solution to reduce wildfire hazard fuel while producing a useful source of renewable energy. However, biomass removals raise concerns about reducing soil carbon and altering forest site productivity. Biochar additions have been suggested as a way to mitigate soil carbon loss and cycle nutrients back into forestry sites; yet, little is known about the effects of intentional biochar amendments to temperate forest soil in conjunction with biomass removals for bioenergy production. In this review, we evaluate the potential for mobile bioenergy systems and the environmental implications of biochar application in forests. Using forest biomass that accumulates annually during forest harvest operations, bioenergy can be produced on-site and the biochar that is generated can be redistributed to return nutrients and help improve water holding capacity of the site. Little is known about the short- and long-term impacts of biochar application in forest ecosystems. Some sites may benefit from biochar application, while others show no or negative responses. Field studies on soil and vegetation responses combined with laboratory studies will elucidate the best sites for biochar application and sustainable bioenergy production.",2011,"Coleman, M.; <br>McElligott, K.; <br>Page-Dumroese, D.; <br>Coleman, M.",null,null,"JOUR","USDA For. Serv. Res. Notes RMRS RN","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Forestry in Ireland: An examination of individuals' preferences and attitudes towards the non-market benefits of forests","In addition to their importance for timber production, Ireland's forests represent a multi-faceted resource that enhances the environment, promotes biodiversity, sequesters atmospheric carbon and facilitates recreational activity. Within this context, the overall aim of this paper is to examine some of the non-market - or rather non-timber production related - benefits of forests. Forestry investment has been identified as a means of promoting economic development in rural areas. The survey results presented here suggest that there are likely to be substantial public good benefits to the promotion of the forestry sector. More specifically, given the frequency of visits nationally, forest parks are shown to be a recreational resource which is highly valued by the general public. Results suggest, however, that individuals are not a homogeneous group with regard to their use of forest parks as there are significant differences between likely users and non-users. In terms of visual amenity, the general public rated forest landscape elements quite highly relative to a variety of other landscape elements. For the most part, those surveyed did not feel that too much of the country's land area was currently in forestry use. Finally, respondents held the biodiversity and carbon sequestration benefits of forestry to be more important than benefits in terms of timber production. ¬© 2011 Copyright Geographical Society of Ireland.",2011,"Howley, P.; <br>Ryan, M.; <br>Donoghue, C.O.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00750778.2011.643392","Article","Ir. Geogr.","Surveys & interviews"]
["Induction of Systemic Resistance in Plants by Biochar, a Soil-Applied Carbon Sequestering Agent","Biochar is the solid coproduct of biomass pyrolysis, a technique used for carbon-negative production of second-generation biofuels. The biochar can be applied as a soil amendment, where it permanently sequesters carbon from the atmosphere as well as improves soil tilth, nutrient retention, and crop productivity. In addition to its other benefits in soil, we found that soil-applied biochar induces systemic resistance to the foliar fungal pathogens Botrytis cinema (gray mold) and Level Hula taurica (powdery mildew) on pepper and tomato and to the broad mite pest (Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks) on pepper. Levels of 1 to 5% biochar in a soil and a coconut fiber-tuff potting medium were found to be significantly effective at suppressing both diseases in leaves of different ages. In lona-term tests (105 days), pepper powdery mildew was significantly less severe in the biochar-treated plants than in the plants from the unamended controls although, during the final 25 days, the rate of disease development in the treatments and controls was similar. Possible biochar-related elicitors of systemic induced resistance are discussed.",2010,"Elad, Y; <br>David, DR; <br>Harel, YM; <br>Borenshtein, M; <br>Ben Kalifa, H; <br>Silber, A; <br>Graber, ER","induced systemic resistance; systemic acquired resistance","http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-100-9-0913","Article","PHYTOPATHOLOGY","Field experiments"]
["The biochar option to improve plant yields: First results from some field and pot experiments in Italy","The pyrolysis conversion of agricultural residues into biochar and its incorporation in agricultural soil, avoids CO 2 emissions providing a safe long-term soil carbon sequestration. Furthermore, biochar application to soil seems to increase nutrient stocks in the rooting zone, to reduce nutrient leaching and to improve crop yields. This study reports some preliminary results obtained using biochar in two typical Italian agricultural crops. Two field experiments were made on durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) in Central Italy and maize (Zea mays L.) in Northern Italy. In both the field experiments, an increase in yields (+ 10% and + 6% in terms of grain production, respectively) was detected after a biochar application of 10 t ha -1. A further increase in grain production (+24%) was detected when biochar was added with maize residues. The biochar dose-effect curve was studied on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in a pot experiment. The highest increase of dry matter (+120%) was obtained at a biochar rate of 60 t ha -1 and above this threshold, a general reduction of biomass was observed. Results demonstrate the potential of biochar applications to improve in terms of dry matter production, while pointing out the needs for long-term field studies to better understand the effects of biochar on soil.",2010,"Baronti, S.; <br>Alberti, G.; <br>Vedove, G.D.; <br>di Gennaro, F.; <br>Fellet, G.; <br>Genesio, L.; <br>Miglietta, F.; <br>Peressotti, A.; <br>Vaccari, F.P.",null,null,"JOUR","Ital. J. Agron.","Field experiments"]
["A human needs approach to reducing atmospheric carbon","Recent research has shown that once CO2 has been emitted to the atmosphere, it will take centuries for natural removal. Clearly, the longer we delay deep reductions in CO2, the greater the risk that total greenhouse gas emissions will exceed prudent limits for avoiding dangerous anthropogenic change. We evaluate the three possible technical approaches for climate change mitigation: emission reduction methods, post-emission draw down of CO2 from the atmosphere, and geoengineering. We find that the first two approaches are unlikely to deliver the timely reductions in CO2 needed, while geoengineering methods either deliver too little or are too risky. Given the deep uncertainties in both future climate prediction and energy availability, it seems safest to actively plan for a much lower energy future. We propose a general 'shrink and share' approach to reductions in both fossil-fuel use and carbon emissions, with basic human needs satisfaction replacing economic growth as the focus for economic activity. Only with deep cuts in energy and carbon can we avoid burdening future generations with the high energy costs of air capture. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2010,"Moriarty, P; <br>Honnery, D","Air capture; Cumulative emissions; Social change approach","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.10.043","Article","ENERGY POLICY","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Soil Carbon Sequestration in Grazing Lands: Societal Benefits and Policy Implications","This forum manuscript examines the importance of grazing lands for sequestering soil organic carbon (SOC), providing societal benefits, and potential influences on them of emerging policies and legislation. Global estimates are that grazing lands occupy similar to 3.6 billion ha and account for about one-fourth of potential carbon (C) sequestration in world soils. They remove the equivalent of similar to 20% of the carbon dioxide (CO2) released annually into the earth's atmosphere from global deforestation and land-use changes. Atmospheric CO2 enters grazing lands soils through photosynthetic assimilation by green plants, subsequent cycling, and sequestration of some of that C as SOC to in turn contribute to the ability of grazing lands to provide societal (environmental and economic) benefits in every country where they exist. Environmental benefits provided include maintenance and well-being of immediate and surrounding soil and water resources, air quality, human and wildlife habitat, and esthetics. Grazing lands contribute to the economic well-being of those living on the land, to trade, and to exchange of goods and services derived from them at local, regional, or national levels. Rates of SOC sequestration vary with climate, soil, and management; examples and conditions selected from US literature illustrate the SOC sequestration that might be achieved. Public efforts, policy considerations, and research in the United States illustrate possible alternatives that impact grazing lands. Discussion of US policy issues related to SOC sequestration and global climate change reflect the importance attached to these topics and of pending legislative initiatives in the United States. Addressing primarily US policy does not lessen the importance of such issues in other countries, but allows an in-depth analysis of legislation, US Department of Agriculture program efforts, soil C credits in greenhouse gas markets, and research needs.",2010,"Follett, RF; <br>Reed, DA","2008 Farm Bill; economic benefits; environmental benefits; legislation; pasture; rangelands; soil carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/08-225.1","Article","RANGELAND ECOLOGY & MANAGEMENT","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["On fertilizer-induced soil carbon sequestration in China's croplands","Applications of fertilizer, often thought to enhance carbon sequestration in agricultural soils, are of no value to the mitigation of climate change if the carbon dioxide released during the production and distribution of nitrogen fertilizer exceeds the incremental carbon storage in soils from its use. Nitrogen fertilizer is also a source of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide. The recent analysis of carbon sequestration in cropland soils of China does not apply these 'discounts' to the global warming mitigation expected from greater use of fertilizer; doing so would likely eliminate all the climate benefits of the postulated enhanced carbon sequestration.",2010,"Schlesinger, WH; <br>Schlesinger, WH","agriculture; carbon sequestration; China; fertilizer; soil organic matter","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01958.x","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Carbon sequestration in forests","Widespread concern about global climate change has led to interest in reducing emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and, under certain circumstances, in counting additional carbon absorbed in soils and vegetation as part of the emissions reductions. Congress may consider options to increase the carbon stored (sequestered) in forests as it debates this and related issues. Forests are a significant part of the global carbon cycle. Plants use sunlight to convert CO2, water, and nutrients into sugars and carbohydrates, which accumulate in leaves, twigs, stems, and roots. Plants also respire, releasing CO2. Plants eventually die, releasing their stored carbon to the atmosphere quickly or to the soil where it decomposes slowly and increases soil carbon levels. However, little information exists on the processes and diverse rates of soil carbon change. How to account for changes in forest carbon has been contentious. Land use changes-especially afforestation and deforestation-can have major impacts on carbon storage. Foresters often cut some vegetation to enhance growth of desired trees. Enhanced growth stores more carbon, but the cut vegetation releases CO2; the net effect depends on many factors, such as prior and subsequent growth rates and the quantity and disposal of cut vegetation. Rising atmospheric CO2 may stimulate tree growth, but limited availability of other nutrients may constrain that growth. In this context, timber harvesting is an especially controversial forestry practice. Some argue that the carbon released by cutting exceeds the carbon stored in wood products and in tree growth by new forests. Others counter that old-growth forests store little or no additional carbon, and that new forest growth and efficient wood use can increase net carbon storage. The impacts vary widely, and depend on many factors, including soil impacts, treatment of residual forest biomass, proportion of carbon removed from the site, and duration and disposal of the products. To date, the quantitative relationships between these factors and net carbon storage have not been established. Some observers are concerned that ?leakage? will undermine any U.S. efforts to sequester carbon by protecting domestic forests. By leakage, they mean that wood supply might shift to other sites, including other countries, exacerbating global climate change and causing other environmental problems, or that wood products might be replaced by other products that use more energy to manufacture (thus releasing more CO2). Others counter that the ?leakage? arguments ignore the enormous disparity in ecological systems and product preferences, and discount possible technological solutions. Several federal government programs affect forestry practices and thus carbon sequestration. Activities in federal forests affect carbon storage and release; timber harvesting is the most controversial such activity. Federal programs also provide technical and financial help for managing and protecting private forests, and tax provisions affect private forest management. Various federal programs can also affect the extent of forested area, by supporting development (which may cause deforestation) or encouraging tree planting in open areas, such as pastures. Global climate change is a widespread and growing concern that has led to extensive international discussions and negotiations.1 Responses to this concern have focused on reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, and on measuring carbon absorbed by and stored in forests, soils, and oceans. One option for slowing the rise of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, and thus possible climate change, is to increase the amount of carbon removed by and stored in forests. As Congress debates climate change and options for addressing the issue, ideas for increasing carbon sequestration in forests are likely to be discussed. This report examines basic questions concerning carbon sequestration in forests. The first section provides a brief ackground on congressional interest in forest carbon sequestration. The second describes the basic carbon cycle in forests, with an overview of how carbon cycling and storage vary among different types of forests. The third section then addresses how forest carbon is considered in the global climate change debate. This third section begins with an overview of accounting for forest carbon, then discusses the carbon consequences of forest management practices, the effects of changes in land use, and ?leakage.? The section then concludes with a summary of existing federal programs that could affect forest carbon sequestration. 2. ¬© 2010 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.",2010,"Gorte, R.W.",null,null,"Book Chapter","Carbon Mitigation and Clim. Change through For. Manage.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["CO2 sequestration in agricultural soils: Opportunities, challenges and risks","Management of agricultural soils may determine soil carbon emission to the atmosphere (source) or soil carbon sequestration (sink). Conventional agricultural practices (based on tillage operations) are the main factor causing soil degradation and CO2 eq. emissions from agricultural activities. To accumulate carbon in soils, it would be necessary to interrupt and invert the soil degradation process and to adopt rational fertility management practices. There is evidence that in the medium term the most effective way for adaptation to climate change is represented by a rational management of the biosphere and particularly of the agricultural sector: by the adoption of specific agricultural practices, agriculture is potentially in grade to reduce its emission with the minor costs with respect to other activities, to increase carbon sequestration and reduce greenhouse gases emission. In fact, agricu play a fundamental role in carbon sequestration and eduction of emissions, mainly because the high stock capacity of this element associated with the retention time into the soil. The extent of actual SOC sequestration achieved on Italian agricultural land will depend crucially on future policies. These could be inclusion of agriculture in an emissions trading scheme, either as a covered sector, or as an offset provider. It is important to resolve outstanding research questions as a matter of urgency, to remove this barrier to inclusion of soil carbon in emissions trading. Complementary measures, such as research, development and technology transfer to improve the extension to improve adoption of existing techniques or infsidies to accelerate the adoption of conservation farming systems, should be contemplated.",2010,"Pisante, M.; <br>Santilocchi, R.","Climate change; Conservation agriculture; Kyoto protocol; Soil organic carbon; agricultural development; agricultural emission; agricultural land; agricultural management; agricultural practice; agricultural soil; biosphere; carbon dioxide; carbon emission; carbon sequestration; climate change; cost-benefit analysis; emission control; emissions trading; greenhouse gas; Kyoto Protocol; policy making; research work; risk factor; soil carbon; soil degradation; soil emission; soil management; soil organic matter; tillage; Italy",null,"Article","Ital. J. Agron.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The biochar approach: A complementary use of waste biomass for renewable energy production, carbon sequestration and soil fertility enhancement","Extraordinary demands are being placed on agricultural systems to produce food, fiber and energy. Biomass burning and the removal of crop residues reduce carbon in soil and vegetation, which has implications for soil fertility and the global carbon cycle. Pyrolysis of waste biomass generates fuels and biochar (charcoal) recalcitrant against decomposition. The process of pyrolysis or carbonization is known globally. It can be implemented on a small scale (e.g., cooking stove) as well as a large scale (e.g., biorefinery) and in most agricultural systems. Biochar offers unique options to address issues emerging from the conflicts and complementarities between cultivating crops for different purposes, such as for energy or for CO2 sequestration or for food and the impacts on food security, soil degradation, water, and biodiversity. Biochar is proposed as a soil amendment in environments with low carbon sequestration capacity and previously carbon-depleted soils (especially in the Tropics). From recent studies it is known that biochar amendments to soil increase and maintain fertility and the human-made Terra Preta soils in the Amazon prove that infertile soils can be transformed into fertile soils and long-term SOC enrichment is feasible even in environments with low carbon sequestration capacity. The prospects are to increase the sustainability of land use, establish a large carbon sink, reducing the rate of deforestation and competition between different land use purposes through waste biomass utilization. This chapter reviews the potential of waste biomass utilizations, the importance of the soil organic carbon pool for climate and explains our options to manage this carbon pool by biochar carbon sequestration. ¬© 2010 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",2010,"Steiner, C.",null,null,"CHAP","Sustainable Agric.: Technol., Planning and Manage.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Terrestrial sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2)","Carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems, comprising soils and biota, is one of several possible strategies being considered to stabilize atmospheric concentration of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. This chapter looks at basic techniques of carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems by which atmospheric CO2 is transferred into the terrestrial and aquatic C pools via the natural process of photosynthesis. The role of the terrestrial pool in the global carbon cycle, agricultural emissions, sequestration of carbon in soil and the potential benefits and challenges of terrestrial carbon sequestration are described together with the role of soil and terrestrial carbon as indicators of climate change. ¬© 2010 Woodhead Publishing Limited All rights reserved.",2010,"Lal, R.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845699581.3.271","CHAP","Dev. and Innovation in Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) Capture and Storage Technology","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Climate geoengineering: Solar radiation management and its implications for intergenerational equity","Introduction. As David Victor recently observed, climate geoengineering, broadly defined as ‚Äúthe deliberate large-scale manipulation of the planetary environment to counteract anthropogenic climate change,‚Äù was once viewed as ‚Äúa freak show in otherwise serious discussions of climate science and policy.‚Äù However, in the past few years, the feckless response of the world community to burgeoning greenhouse gas emissionshas led to increasingly serious consideration of geoengineering as a potential means to avoid a ‚Äúclimate emergency,‚Äù such as rapid melting of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets, or as a stopgap measure to buy time for effective emissions mitigation responses. Indeed, a number of recent studies indicate that geoengineering schemes could potentially mitigate the climatic impacts associated with a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels from preindustrial levels. However, many policy makers and commentators, even including some who have signaled tentative support for geoengineering options, have expressed serious reservations. Most of the focus of these concerns has been on intragenerational considerations associated with the two major categories of geoengineering, solar radiation management (SRM) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) schemes. For example, several recent studies have concluded that stratospheric sulfate aerosol injection, perhaps the most widely discussed SRM scheme, could lead to a substantial reduction in precipitation in monsoon regions in East and South-East Asia and Africa. This could result in a severe reduction in monsoonal intensity, potentially undermining the food security of 2 billion people in the region. Diebacks of tropics forests could also be triggered by substantial precipitation declines in the Amazon and Congo valleys. Additionally, sulfate aerosol loading of the atmosphere could accelerate the hydroxyl-catalyzed ozone depstructure cycles, resulting in significant depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. For example, a recent study concluded that sulfate aerosol loading could result in an annual 4.5 percent decrease in stratospheric ozone levels, more than the annual mean global total loss due to the emission of anthropogenic ozone depleting substances in recent years. Several studies have also indicated that ocean iron fertilization, a CDR approach, could undermine biological productivity in non-fertilized regions, cause widespread eutrophication and anoxia, and stimulate toxic algal blooms. ¬© Cambridge University Press 2013.",2010,"Burns, W.C.G.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139161824.012","Book Chapter","Climate Change Geoengineering: Philosophical Perspectives, Legal Issues, and Gov. Frameworks","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Beyond Copenhagen: mitigating climate change and achieving food security through soil carbon sequestration","This article explains the technical potential of C (carbon) sequestration in world soils for mitigating climate change and describes its positive impacts on agronomic productivity and global food security through the improvement of soil quality. It also supports the idea of economic development through the provision of payments to farmers in developing countries for their stewardship and enhancement of ecosystem services. These would be generated by their use of recommended management practices for improved agriculture. The technical potential of C sequestration in soils of terrestrial ecosystems and restoration of peat soils is similar to 3 Petagram (Pg) C/yr (i.e. 3 x 10(15) g=3x 109 tonnes C/yr) or 50 ppm draw down of atmospheric CO2 by the end of the 21st century by increasing the soil C pool at a rate of 1 Mg/ha/yr. Depending upon climate and other variables, this could increase cereal and food legume production in developing countries by 32 million Mg/yr and roots and tubers by 9 million Mg/yr. It is precisely this strategy which would have received broad political support at the COP-15 meeting in Copenhagen in December 2009 from developing countries, emerging economies and the industrialized world. Addressing the issue of food-insecurity and global warming through sequestration of C in soils and the biota, along with payments to resource-poor farmers for the ecosystem services rendered, would be a timely win-win strategy.",2010,"Lal, R; <br>Lal, R","Carbon trading; Climate change; Food security; Organic matter management; Soil carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-010-0060-9","Article","FOOD SECURITY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Geoengineering potential of artificially enhanced silicate weathering of olivine","Geoengineering is a proposed action to manipulate Earth's climate in order to counteract global warming from anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. We investigate the potential of a specific geoengineering technique, carbon sequestration by artificially enhanced silicate weathering via the dissolution of olivine. This approach would not only operate against rising temperatures but would also oppose ocean acidification, because it influences the global climate via the carbon cycle. If important details of the marine chemistry are taken into consideration, a new mass ratio of CO2 sequestration per olivine dissolution of about 1 is achieved, 20% smaller than previously assumed. We calculate that this approach has the potential to sequestrate up to 1 Pg of C per year directly, if olivine is distributed as fine powder over land areas of the humid tropics, but this rate is limited by the saturation concentration of silicic acid. In our calculations for the Amazon and Congo river catchments, a maximum annual dissolution of 1.8 and 0.4 Pg of olivine seems possible, corresponding to the sequestration of 0.5 and 0.1 Pg of C per year, but these upper limit sequestration rates come at the environmental cost of pH values in the rivers rising to 8.2. Open water dissolution of fine-grained olivine and an enhancement of the biological pump by the rising riverine input of silicic acid might increase our estimate of the carbon sequestration, but additional research is needed here. We finally calculate with a carbon cycle model the consequences of sequestration rates of 1-5 Pg of C per year for the 21st century by this technique.",2010,"Kohler, P; <br>Hartmann, J; <br>Wolf-Gladrow, DA","alkalinity enhancement; river alkalization; diatoms; biological production; climate engineering","http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000545107","Article","PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change","Production of biochar (the carbon (C)-rich solid formed by pyrolysis of biomass) and its storage in soils have been suggested as a means of abating climate change by sequestering carbon, while simultaneously providing energy and increasing crop yields. Substantial uncertainties exist, however, regarding the impact, capacity and sustainability of biochar at the global level. In this paper we estimate the maximum sustainable technical potential of biochar to mitigate climate change. Annual net emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and nitrous oxide could be reduced by a maximum of 1.8Pg CO2-C equivalent (CO2-C-e) per year (12% of current anthropogenic CO2-C-e emissions; 1Pg = 1Gt), and total net emissions over the course of a century by 130 Pg CO2-C-e, without endangering food security, habitat or soil conservation. Biochar has a larger climate-change mitigation potential than combustion of the same sustainably procured biomass for bioenergy, except when fertile soils are amended while coal is the fuel being offset.",2010,"Woolf, D; <br>Amonette, JE; <br>Street-Perrott, FA; <br>Lehmann, J; <br>Joseph, S",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1053","Article","NATURE COMMUNICATIONS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Carbon Sequestration with Reforestations and Biodiversity-scenic Values","This paper presents an optimal control model to analyze reforestations with two different species, including commercial values, carbon sequestration and biodiversity or scenic values. We discuss the implications of partial or total internalization of environmental values, showing that internalizing only carbon sequestration may have negative impacts on biodiversity-scenic values. To evaluate the practical relevance, we compare reforestations in the South-west of Spain with cork-oaks (a slow-growing native species) and with eucalyptus (a fast-growing alien species). We do the analysis with two different carbon crediting methods: the Carbon Flow Method and the Ton Year Accounting Method. With the first method, the forest surface increases more, but using mainly eucalyptus. With the second, additional reforestations are done mainly using cork- oaks. We value the impact on visitors of these reforestations using stated preferences methods showing that, when these values are internalized, cork- oaks are favored.",2010,"Caparros, A; <br>Cerda, E; <br>Ovando, P; <br>Campos, P","Optimal control; Forests; Carbon sequestration; Biodiversity; Scenic; Stated preferences; Carbon accounting","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-009-9305-5","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Trade-offs between ecosystem services: Water and carbon in a biodiversity hotspot","Carbon sequestration by afforestation can help mitigate global climate change but may have adverse environmental and economic impacts in some regions. For example, economic incentives for carbon sequestration may encourage the expansion of Pinus radiata timber plantations in the Fynbos biome of South Africa, with negative consequences for water supply and biodiversity. I built a dynamic ecological-economic model to investigate whether afforestation of a Fynbos catchment with Pinus radiata is economically viable when the potential benefits of carbon sequestration and timber production are balanced against the losses to water supply. I found that afforestation appears viable to the forestry industry under current water tariffs and current carbon accounting legislation, but would appear unviable if the forestry industry were to pay the true cost of water used by the plantations. I also found that under various plausible future economic scenarios. afforestation can be associated with either large future economic gains or losses, suggesting a need for future analyses based on branches of decision theory that deal with severe uncertainty. I conclude with a general recommendation that climate legislation should be explicit about the conditions under which afforestation for carbon sequestration of native vegetation is a legitimate climate mitigation strategy. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2010,"Chisholm, RA; <br>Chisholm, RA","Trade-offs between ecosystem services; Afforestation; Carbon sequestration; Water resources; Fynbos; Pinus radiata","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.05.013","Article","ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Integration of albedo effects caused by land use change into the climate balance: Should we still account in greenhouse gas units?","Due to impacts of albedo on climate change, benefits of afforestation/reforestation regimes are under debate. In this paper we investigate how to incorporate albedo changes in a carbon accounting tool to show the net effect of land use change on the climate Using a study area in southern Europe, albedo and carbon sequestration modelling results are linked to determine the combined radiative forcing balance The results show that under specific circumstances afforestation/reforestation measures may not automatically have positive impacts in a global warming context because the cooling effect of most of the carbon sequestered is neutralized by the warming effect of albedo changes However, sensitivity analyses lead to the conclusion that improved albedo data from satellite images (MODIS) could influence and enhance outputs significantly. The paper points out that accounting based exclusively on GHG units does not, in the case of land use change, reflect the entire picture. It is highly recommended that in future global warming impacts of land use systems and biogenic products (e g. solid biomass, liquid biofuels) should be studied using life cycle assessments (LCA) and should include these additional-non-GHG effects on climate change (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved",2010,"Schwaiger, HP; <br>Bird, DN","Albedo effect; Land use change; Radiative forcing; Afforestation/reforestation; LCA; Non-GHG effects","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.12.002","Article","FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Atmospheric carbon dioxide removal: long-term consequences and commitment","Carbon capture from ambient air has been proposed as a mitigation strategy to counteract anthropogenic climate change. We use an Earth system model to investigate the response of the coupled climate-carbon system to an instantaneous removal of all anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere. In our extreme and idealized simulations, anthropogenic CO2 emissions are halted and all anthropogenic CO2 is removed from the atmosphere at year 2050 under the IPCC A2 CO2 emission scenario when the model-simulated atmospheric CO2 reaches 511 ppm and surface temperature reaches 1.8 degrees C above the pre-industrial level. In our simulations a one-time removal of all anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere reduces surface air temperature by 0.8 degrees C within a few years, but 1 degrees C surface warming above pre-industrial levels lasts for several centuries. In other words, a one-time removal of 100% excess CO2 from the atmosphere offsets less than 50% of the warming experienced at the time of removal. To maintain atmospheric CO2 and temperature at low levels, not only does anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere need to be removed, but anthropogenic CO2 stored in the ocean and land needs to be removed as well when it outgasses to the atmosphere. In our simulation to maintain atmospheric CO2 concentrations at pre-industrial levels for centuries, an additional amount of CO2 equal to the original CO2 captured would need to be removed over the subsequent 80 years.",2010,"Cao, L; <br>Caldeira, K","climate change; climate geoengineering; atmospheric CO2 capture; carbon cycle","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/024011","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Potentials and impacts of short-rotation coppice plantation with aspen in Eastern Germany under conditions of climate change","Woody biomass generated in short-rotation coppice (SRC) plantations with aspen (Populus tremula L.) has good properties for bioenergy crop production: annual yields are high, labour input per year is low, and it is ecologically valuable because of the multi-year rotation periods. Eastern Germany has a special advantage in producing bioenergy crops: the former \"agricultural cooperatives\" built up quite large farms with, compared to Western Germany, comparatively large fields. Therefore, a modelling study of the potential and the impacts of aspen SRC plantations in the five eastern federal states of Germany under the recent climate and future climate projections was conducted. The ecophysiological forest growth model 4C was used to simulate the growth of aspen SRC plantations and their impacts on carbon in soils, and groundwater recharge, on selected suitable areas currently under crops but with marginal site conditions for cropping. A clear signal to enhanced growth condition over the whole area can be seen in the simulation of the mean annual woody biomass yield under conditions of climate change, which increased from 7.47 t DW ha(-1) a(-1) under the recent climate to 9.26 t DW ha(-1) a(-1) at the end of the considered future period 2034-2055 under climate change. The mean soil carbon sequestration rate was 0.81 t C ha(-1) a(-1) under the recent climate and could rise up to 0.93 t C ha(-1) a(-1) under the assumption of climate change. On the other hand, the mean annual percolation rate, used as an indicator of impacts on the regional water budget, will diminish under future climatic conditions. The results suggest that aspen SRC plantations are a suitable contribution to regional CO2 mitigation and carbon sequestration under possible change of climate, but that negative impacts on the regional water budget are possible.",2010,"Lasch, P; <br>Kollas, C; <br>Rock, J; <br>Suckow, F","SRC; Bioenergy; Carbon sequestration; Groundwater recharge; Aspen; Biomass production","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-009-0095-7","Article","REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Opportunities and Constraints for Forest Climate Mitigation","Reversing forest losses through restoration, improvement, and conservation is a critical goal for greenhouse gas mitigation. Here, we examine some ecological, demographic, and economic opportunities and constraints on forest-loss mitigation activities. Reduced deforestation and forest degradation could cut global deforestation rates in half by 2030, preserving 1.5 billion to 3 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO(2)e) emissions yearly. Our new economic modeling for the United States suggests that greenhouse gas payments of up to $50 per tCO(2)e could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by more than 700 million tCO(2)e per year through afforestation, forest management, and bioelectricity generation. However, simulated carbon payments also imply the reduction of agricultural land area in the United States by 10% or more, decreasing agricultural exports and raising commodity food prices, imports, and leakage. Using novel transgenic eucalypts as our example, we predict selective breeding and genetic engineering can improve productivity per area, but maximizing productivity and biomass could make maintaining water supply, biodiversity, and other ecosystem services a challenge in a carbon-constrained world.",2010,"Jackson, RB; <br>Jackson, RB; <br>Baker, JS; <br>Baker, JS","carbon storage and sequestration; climate change and leakage; invasions and water use; REDD; transgenic Eucalyptus hybrid","http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bio.2010.60.9.7","Article","BIOSCIENCE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Carbon sequestration: Methods, modeling and impacts","Carbon plays an important role in supporting life and all living organisms are based on the carbon atom. Among the common elements of the earth's surface, the carbon atom is one of few that can form long organic chains and rings: this ability is the foundation of organic chemistry. In this book, the role of the plant residues in the carbon sequestration is discussed throughout plant tissue stabilization in soil, giving a new approach and understanding of the plant residue conservation in soil. This book also evaluates the changes of properties in olivine generated by mechanical activation, its adsorption properties for carbon dioxide and mechanical carbonation of olivine by dry and wet mode. Furthermore, forestry based carbon emissions offset projects have potential to both mitigate climate change and foster sustainable forest management. While experts generally agree that increased concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere will result in changes in the earth's climate, there is considerable attention to the possibility of using forests as a means of sequestering and reducing emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This book provides an understanding of the role that Kakamega forest as well as agro forestry in adjacent farms can play in the mitigation of climate change through carbon sequestration. ¬© 2010 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",2010,"Hoch, E.; <br>Grunwald, S.",null,null,"BOOK","Carbon Sequestration: Methods, Model. and Impacts","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The role of biochar in modifying the environmental fate, bioavailability, and efficacy of pesticides in soils: a review","The role of biochar in sequestration of carbon, reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, and improving the soil fertility is increasingly being recognised and is leading to the recommendations of biochar amendment of soils. However, the implications of such amendments to the environmental fate and efficacy of pesticides are not well understood. The published work on the role of black carbon (which includes charcoal, soot, and other pyrolytic carbon materials) in the environmental fate and effect of organic contaminants is reviewed here, together with the studies on bioavailability and efficacy of some herbicides in soils amended with freshly produced biochars. Biochars, due to their unique properties especially their highly carbonaceous and aromatic nature and high specific surface area, have been reported to be up to >2000 times more effective than soil in sorbing pesticides. The incorporation of relatively small amounts of fresh biochars in soil (0.05% by wt) has also been shown to inhibit the microbial degradation of organic compounds including pesticides as well as reduce their plant availability and efficacy. Based on limited published research on biochars and related research on black carbon reviewed here, biochar amendments to soils are likely to reduce the bioavailability and efficacy of pesticides. Furthermore, these amendments can influence the potential accumulation and ecotoxicological impact of pesticides and other organic contaminants in the soil environment. The implications of heterogeneity and ageing of biochars applied to soils for sorption and desorption processes and in turn for other environmental fate processes need to be understood to seek the appropriate balance between carbon sequestration and pesticide efficacy. While biochar amendment of soil holds appeal from a carbon accounting and soil conditioning perspective, further research is urgently required to determine how biochar influences the efficacy and environmental fate of agrochemicals such as pesticides.",2010,"Kookana, RS; <br>Kookana, RS","biochar; black carbon; pesticides; efficacy; carbon sequestration; ecosystem health","http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/SR10007","Article; Proceedings Paper","AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL RESEARCH","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["A REVIEW OF BIOCHAR AND ITS USE AND FUNCTION IN SOIL","Agricultural activities and soils release greenhouse gases, and additional emissions occur in the conversion of land from other uses. Unlike natural lands, active management offers the possibility to increase terrestrial stores of carbon in various forms in soil. The potential to sequester carbon as thermally stabilized (charred) biomass using existing organic resource is estimated to be at least 1 Gt yr(-1) and \"biochar,\" defined by its useful application to soil, is expected to provide a benefit from enduring physical and chemical properties. Studies of charcoal tend to suggest stability in the order of 1000 years in the natural environment, and various analytical techniques inform quantification and an understanding of turnover processes. Other types of biochar, such as those produced under zero-oxygen conditions have been studied less, but costs associated with logistics and opportunity costs from diversion from energy or an active form in soil demand certainty and predictability of the agronomic return, especially until eligibility for carbon credits has been established. The mechanisms of biochar function in soil, which appear to be sensitive to the conditions prevailing during its formation or manufacture, are also affected by the material from which it is produced. Proposed mechanisms and some experimental evidence point to added environmental function in the mitigation of diffuse pollution and emissions of trace gases from soil; precluding the possibility of contaminants accumulating in soil from the incorporation of biochar is important to ensure safety and regulatory compliance.",2010,"Sohi, SP; <br>Sohi, SP; <br>Krull, E; <br>Lopez-Capel, E; <br>Bol, R",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(10)05002-9","Book Chapter","ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 105","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Greenhouse gases and ammonia emissions from organic mixed crop-dairy systems: a critical review of mitigation options","Dairy production systems represent a significant source of air pollutants such as greenhouse gases (GHG), that increase global warming, and ammonia (NH3), that leads to eutrophication and acidification of natural ecosystems. Greenhouse gases and ammonia are emitted both by conventional and organic dairy systems. Several studies have already been conducted to design practices that reduce greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from dairy systems. However, those studies did not consider options specifically applied to organic farming, as well as the multiple trade-offs occurring between these air pollutants. This article reviews agricultural practices that mitigate greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions. Those practices can be applied to the most common organic dairy systems in northern Europe such as organic mixed crop-dairy systems. The following major points of mitigation options for animal production, crop production and grasslands are discussed. Animal production: the most promising options for reducing greenhouse gas emissions at the livestock management level involve either the improvement of animal production through dietary changes and genetic improvement or the reduction of the replacement rate. The control of the protein intake of animals is an effective means to reduce gaseous emissions of nitrogen, but it is difficult to implement in organic dairy farming systems. Considering the manure handling chain, mitigation options involve housing, storage and application. For housing, an increase in the amounts of straw used for bedding reduces NH3 emissions, while the limitation of CH4 emissions from deep litter is achieved by avoiding anaerobic conditions. During the storage of solid manure, composting could be an efficient mitigation option, depending on its management. Addition of straw to solid manure was shown to reduce CH4 and N2O emissions from the manure heaps. During the storage of liquid manure, emptying the slurry store before late spring is an efficient mitigation option to limit both CH4 and NH3 emissions. Addition of a wooden cover also reduces these emissions more efficiently than a natural surface crust alone, but may increase N2O emissions. Anaerobic digestion is the most promising way to reduce the overall greenhouse gas emissions from storage and land spreading, without increasing NH3 emissions. At the application stage, NH3 emissions may be reduced by spreading manure during the coolest part of the day, incorporating it quickly and in narrow bands. Crop production: the mitigation options for crop production focus on limiting CO2 and N2O emissions. The introduction of perennial crops or temporary leys of longer duration are promising options to limit CO2 emissions by storing carbon in plants or soils. Reduced tillage or no tillage as well as the incorporation of crop residues also favour carbon sequestration in soils, but these practices may enhance N2O emissions. Besides, the improvement of crop N-use efficiency through effective management of manure and slurry, by growing catch crops or by delaying the ploughing of leys, is of prime importance to reduce N2O emissions. Grassland: concerning grassland and grazing management, permanent conversion from arable to grassland provides high soil carbon sequestration while increasing or decreasing the livestock density seems not to be an appropriate mitigation option. From the study of the multiple interrelations btween gases and between farm compartments, the following mitigation options are advised for organic mixed crop-dairy systems: (1) actions for increasing energy efficiency or fuel savings because they are beneficial in any case, (2) techniques improving efficiency of N management at field and farm levels because they affect not only N2O and NH3 emissions, but also nitrate leaching, and (3) biogas production through anaerobic digestion of manure because it is a promising efficient method to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, even if the profitability of this expensive investment needs to be carefully studied. Finally, the way the farmer implements the mitigation options, i.e. his practices, will be a determining factor in the reduction of greenhouse gas and NH3 emissions.",2010,"Novak, SM; <br>Novak, SM; <br>Fiorelli, JL","agriculture; greenhouse gas; ammonia; abatement; mixed crop-dairy systems; organic; livestock; manure; grassland; carbon storage; soil carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro/2009031","Review","AGRONOMY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Overview of the pyrolysis platform for producing bio-oil and biochar","Pyrolysis is a simple, inexpensive, and robust technology for transforming biomass into bio-oil, biochar, and syngas. Bio-oil can be used as a fuel in existing industrial boilers. Biochar can be used with existing infrastructure as a replacement for pulverized coal; however, use of biochar as a soil amendment results in significant environmental and agronomic benefits. Soil biochar applications have been shown to increase soil productivity by increasing nutrient and water use efficiency. Application of biochar to soils is a highly effective means of sequestering carbon because of the high stability of biochar carbon. Biochar adsorbs both nutrients and organic contaminants; hence the presence of biochar in soils is hypothesized to improve water quality. The robust nature of the pyrolysis combined with a distributed network of small pyrolysis plants is compatible with existing agriculture and forestry infrastructure.",2010,"Laird, D.A.",null,null,"CONF","ACS Natl. Meet. Book Abstr.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["A synthesis of the science on forests and carbon for U.S. Forests","Forests play an important role in the U.S. and global carbon cycle, and carbon sequestered by U.S. forest growth and harvested wood products currently offsets 12-19% of U.S. fossil fuel emissions. The cycle of forest growth, death, and regeneration and the use of wood removed from the forest complicate efforts to understand and measure forest carbon pools and flows. Our report explains these processes and examines the science behind mechanisms proposed for increasing the amount of carbon stored in forests and using wood to offset fossil fuel use. We also examine the tradeoffs, costs, and benefits associated with each mechanism and explain how forest carbon is measured. Current forests are recovering from past land use as agriculture, pasture, or harvest, and because this period of recovery will eventually end, the resulting forest carbon sink will not continue indefinitely. Increased fertilization from atmospheric nitrogen deposition and increased atmospheric carbon dioxide may also be contributing to forest growth. Both the magnitude of this growth and the future of the carbon sink over the next hundred years are uncertain. Several strategies can increase forest carbon storage, prevent its loss, and reduce fossil fuel consumption (listed in order of increasing uncertainty or risk): ‚Ä¢ Avoiding deforestation retains forest carbon and has many co-benefits and few risks. ‚Ä¢ Afforestation increases forest carbon and has many co-benefits. Afforesting ecosystems that do not naturally support forests can decrease streamflow and biodiversity. ‚Ä¢ Decreasing harvests can increase species and structural diversity, with the risk of products being harvested elsewhere and carbon loss in disturbance. ‚Ä¢ Increasing the growth rate of existing forests through intensive silviculture can increase both forest carbon storage and wood production, but may reduce stream flow and biodiversity. ‚Ä¢ Use of biomass energy from forests can reduce carbon emissions but will require expansion of forest management and will likely reduce carbon stored in forests. ‚Ä¢ Using wood products for construction in place of concrete or steel releases less fossil fuel in manufacturing. Expansion of this use mostly lies in the non-residential building sector and expansion may reduce forest carbon stores. ‚Ä¢ Urban forestry has a small role in sequestering carbon but may improve energy efficiency of structures. ‚Ä¢ Fuel treatments trade current carbon storage for the potential of avoiding larger carbon losses in wildfire. The carbon savings are highly uncertain. Each strategy has risks, uncertainties, and, importantly, tradeoffs. For example, avoiding deforestation or decreasing harvests in the U.S. may increase wood imports and lower forest carbon elsewhere. Increasing the use of wood or forest biomass energy will likely reduce carbon stores in the forest and require expansion of the area of active forest management. Recognizing these tradeoffs will be vital to any effort to promote forest carbon storage. Climate change may increase disturbance and forest carbon loss, potentially reducing the effectiveness of management intended to increase forest carbon stocks. Finally, most of these strategies currently do not pay enough to make them viable. Forests offer many benefits besides carbon, and these benefits should be considered along with carbon storage potential. ¬© The Ecological Society of America.",2010,"Ryan, M.G.; <br>Harmon, M.E.; <br>Birdsey, R.A.; <br>Giardina, C.P.; <br>Heath, L.S.; <br>Houghton, R.A.; <br>Jackson, R.B.; <br>McKinley, D.C.; <br>Morrison, J.F.; <br>Murray, B.C.; <br>Pataki, D.E.; <br>Skog, K.E.","anthropogenic effect; carbon cycle; carbon dioxide; carbon sequestration; climate change; cost-benefit analysis; deforestation; emission control; forest cover; forest management; silviculture; wood; United States",null,"Article","Issues Ecol.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Climate change mitigation via afforestation, reforestation and deforestation avoidance: and what about adaptation to environmental change?","Climate change is affecting the world's ecosystems and threatening the economic system, livelihoods and availability of natural resources. Forest ecosystems can be carbon sources or sinks and are therefore integrated in international climate policy. Forest-related carbon mitigation projects are threatened by climate change through altered environmental conditions and forest processes, as well as through synergistic effects of climate change impacts with already existing socioeconomic and environmental stressors. Data on risk management and adaptation strategies were collected by a survey of 28 current forest projects targeting climate change mitigation. Ten of these represent the officially implemented afforestation (A) and reforestation (R) activities under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto protocol. Additionally, the official methodologies for AR activities under the CDM (Scope 14) were examined for potential climate change adaptation requirements. As a result, the adaptation of forest mitigation projects to climate change is found to be insufficient. A systematic approach for the inclusion of climate change risk management and adaptation is developed and guidelines for the design of \"climate-change-proof\" afforestation, reforestation and deforestation avoidance projects are proposed. A broader mainstreaming of the issue is required and clear policy regulations are necessary, especially for the post-Kyoto process.",2009,"Reyer, C; <br>Guericke, M; <br>Ibisch, PL","Climate change; Mitigation; Adaptation; Afforestation; Reforestation; Deforestation avoidance","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11056-008-9129-0","Article","NEW FORESTS","Surveys & interviews"]
["The permanence challenge: An economic analysis of temporary credits","Carbon sequestered in biomass or soils may be released accidentally because of fire, windstorms, or other natural hazards or because of conversion of the land to agriculture or pasture. The so-called nonpermanence risk constitutes a fundamental difference between biological sequestration projects and projects that reduce the emission of carbon into the atmosphere. The risk of nonpermanence matters because sequestering carbon temporarily does not have the same effect on global warming as avoiding emissions permanently. Copyright ¬© 2008 Royal Institute of International Affairs. All rights reserved.",2009,"Lecocq, F.; <br>Couture, S.",null,null,"CHAP","Climate Change and Forests: Emerg. Plcy. and Mkt. Opportunities","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Climate change: Is there a Plan B?","According to the UK's Royal Society (RS), the world may have to fall back on little-understood and potentially dangerous \"geoengineering\" techniques to stem global warming if December 2009's climate-change talks fail. An RS study, Geoengineering the climate: Science, governance and uncertainty, says unless future measures to cut greenhouse-gas emissions are much more successful than those taken so far, some little-tested forms of more radical intervention may be needed in the longer term. The most promising of these are Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) and Solar Radiation Management. CDR could take 3 main forms, i.e., capturing CO2 from the ambient air; enhanced weathering, which uses chemical reactions involved in rock weathering to reduce CO2 levels in the air; and increased afforestation to enable more CO2 to be absorbed by vegetation. However, the first two techniques have yet to be shown to be practical or cost effective, while afforestation would create land-use conflicts. The society also investigated ideas such as shields in space to deflect the sun's rays, but said they would be prohibitively expensive at the moment. Meanwhile, China and other developing nations remain reluctant to agree to pay for big cuts in their own emissions to deal with a problem they regard as having been caused mainly by the West.",2009,"None",null,null,"Note","Pet. Econ.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Greenhouse gases and ammonia emissions from organic mixed crop-dairy systems: A critical review of mitigation options","Dairy production systems represent a significant source of air pollutants such as greenhouse gases (GHG), that increase global warming, and ammonia (NH 3 ), that leads to eutrophication and acidification of natural ecosystems. Greenhouse gases and ammonia are emitted both by conventional and organic dairy systems. Several studies have already been conducted to design practices that reduce greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from dairy systems. However, those studies did not consider options specifically applied to organic farming, as well as the multiple trade-offs occurring between these air pollutants. This article reviews agricultural practices that mitigate greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions. Those practices can be applied to the most common organic dairy systems in northern Europe such as organic mixed crop-dairy systems. The following major points of mitigation options for animal production, crop production and grasslands are discussed. Animal production: the most promising options for reducing greenhouse gas emissions at the livestock management level involve either the improvement of animal production through dietary changes and genetic improvement or the reduction of the replacement rate. The control of the protein intake of animals is an effective means to reduce gaseous emissions of nitrogen, but it is difficult to implement in organic dairy farming systems. Considering the manure handling chain, mitigation options involve housing, storage and application. For housing, an increase in the amounts of straw used for bedding reduces NH 3 emissions, while the limitation of CH 4 emissions from deep litter is achieved by avoiding anaerobic conditions. During the storage of solid manure, composting could be an efficient mitigation option, depending on its management. Addition of straw to solid manure was shown to reduce CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from the manure heaps. During the storage of liquid manure, emptying the slurry store before late spring is an efficient mitigation option to limit both CH 4 and NH 3 emissions. Addition of a wooden cover also reduces these emissions more efficiently than a natural surface crust alone, but may increase N 2 O emissions. Anaerobic digestion is the most promising way to reduce the overall greenhouse gas emissions from storage and land spreading, without increasing NH 3 emissions. At the application stage, NH 3 emissions may be reduced by spreading manure during the coolest part of the day, incorporating it quickly and in narrow bands. Crop production: the mitigation options for crop production focus on limiting CO 2 and N 2 O emissions. The introduction of perennial crops or temporary leys of longer duration are promising options to limit CO 2 emissions by storing carbon in plants or soils. Reduced tillage or no tillage as well as the incorporation of crop residues also favour carbon sequestration in soils, but these practices may enhance N 2 O emissions. Besides, the improvement of crop N-use efficiency through effective management of manure and slurry, by growing catch crops or by delaying the ploughing of leys, is of prime importance to reduce N 2 O emissions. Grassland: concerning grassland and grazing management, permanent conversion from arable to grassland provides high soil carbon sequestration while increasing or decreasing the livestock density seems not to be an appropriate mitigation option. From the study of the multiple interrelations between gases and between farm compartments, the following mitigation options are advised for organic mixed crop-dairy systems: (1) actions for increasing energy efficiency or fuel savings because they are beneficial in any case, (2) techniques improving efficiency of N management at field and farm levels because they affect not only N 2 O and NH 3 emissions, but also nitrate leaching, and (3) biogas production through anaerobic digestion of manure because it is a promising efficient method to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, even if the profitability of this expensive investment needs to be carefully studied. Finally, the way the farmer implements the mitigation options, i.e. his practices, will be a determining factor in the reduction of greenhouse gas and NH 3 emissions. ¬© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.",2009,"Novak, S.M.; <br>Fiorelli, J.L.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0394-0_24","Book Chapter","Sustainable Agric.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Incorporating biodiversity in climate change mitigation initiatives","Climate change mitigation initiatives based on biological sequestration of carbon have paid little attention to biodiversity, with important implications both for climate change mitigation and for ecosystem services that depend on biodiversity. Here the chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical evidence for forest biodiversity effects on carbon sequestration. This chapter suggests that protection of primary forests is the most effective option for maximizing carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems, and should be included in future international agreements. Because carbon sequestration is a long term goal, this chapter presents the case that avoidance of losses should be emphasized over short term uptake, and that maintenance of mixtures of dominant and subdominant species and genotypes are the safest option for carbon sequestration in plantations and agroforestry systems. Biodiversity conservation should be included in the development of policy for climate change mitigation initiatives based on carbon sequestration in forested systems, including those related to the Kyoto Protocol. ¬© Oxford University Press 2009. All rights reserved.",2009,"D√≠az, S.; <br>Wardle, D.A.; <br>Hector, A.","Afforestation; Carbon sequestration; CDMs; Forest; Functional diversity; Kyoto protocol; Plant functional traits","http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547951.003.0011","Book Chapter","Biodivers., Ecosyst. Funct., and Hum. Wellbeing: An Ecol. and Econ. Perspect.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Mitigating climate change through food and land use","L and makes up a quarter of Earth's surface, and its soil and plants hold three times as much carbon as the atmosphere. More than 30 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions arise from the land use sector. Thus, no strategy for mitigating global climate change can be complete or successful without reducing emissions from agriculture, forestry, and other land uses. Moreover, only land-based or \"terrestrial\" carbon sequestration offers the possibility today of large-scale removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, through plant photosynthesis. Five major strategies for reducing and sequestering terrestrial greenhouse gas emissions are: ‚Ä¢ Enriching soil carbon. Soil is the third largest carbon pool on Earth's surface. Agricultural soils can be managed to reduce emissions by minimizing tillage, reducing use of nitrogen fertilizers, and preventing erosion. Soils can store the carbon captured by plants from the atmosphere by building up soil organic matter, which also has benefits for crop production. Adding biochar (biomass burned in a low-oxygen environment) can further enhance carbon storage in soil. ‚Ä¢ Farming with perennials. Perennial crops, grasses, palms, and trees constantly maintain and develop their root and woody biomass and associated carbon, while providing vegetative cover for soils. There is large potential to substitute annual tilled crops with perennials, particularly for animal feed and vegetable oils, as well as to incorporate woody perennials into annual cropping systems in agroforestry systems. ‚Ä¢ Climate-friendly livestock production. Rapid growth in demand for livestock products has triggered a huge rise in the number of animals, the concentration of wastes in feedlots and dairies, and the clearing of natural grasslands and forests for grazing. Livestock- related emissions of carbon and methane now account for 14.5 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions-more than the transport sector. A reduction in livestock numbers may be needed but production innovations can help, including rotational grazing systems, manure management, methane capture for biogas production, and improved feeds and feed additives. ‚Ä¢ Protecting natural habitat. The planet's 4 billion hectares of forests and 5 billion hectares of natural grasslands are a massive reservoir of carbon-both in vegetation above ground and in root systems below ground. As forests and grasslands grow, they remove carbon from the atmosphere. Deforestation, land clearing, and forest and grassland fires are major sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Incentives are needed to encourage farmers and land users to maintain natural vegetation through product certification, payments for climate services, securing tenure rights, and community fire control. The conservation of natural habitat will benefit biodiversity in the face of climate change. ‚Ä¢ Restoring degraded watersheds and rangelands. Extensive areas of the world have been denuded of vegetation through land clearing for crops or grazing and from overuse and poor management. Degradation has not only generated a huge amount of greenhouse gas emissions, but local people have lost a valuable livelihood asset as well as essential watershed functions. Restoring vegetative cover on degraded lands can be a win-win-win strategy for addressing climate change, rural poverty, and water scarcity. Agricultural communities can play a central role in fighting climate change. Even at a relatively low price for mitigating carbon emissions, improved land management could offset a quarter of global emissions from fossil fuel use in a year. In contrast, solutions for reducing emissions by carbon capture in the energy sector are unlikely to be widely utilized for decades and do not remove the greenhouse gases already in the atmosphere. To tackle the climate challenge, we need to pursue land use solutions in addition to efforts to improve energy efficiency and speed the transition to renewable energy. Yet so far, the international science and policy communities have been slow to embrace terrestrial climate action. Some fear that investments in land use will not produce \"real\" climate benefits, or that land use action would distract attention from investment in energy alternatives. There is also a concern that land management changes cannot be implemented quickly enough and at a scale that would make a difference to the climate. But most of these concerns are misplaced or can be addressed effectively now. While many land-use activities are not strictly \"permanent,\" there are numerous ways to ensure that commitments to reduce or offset emissions are strictly met, such as by using large-area programs and investing in reserve areas for insurance. Carbon sequestration through interventions such as agroforestry do not present any \"leakage\" problems, and the risks of leakage from avoided deforestation can be addressed through large-scale monitoring and project screening. Investments to overcome major barriers to farmer adoption of climate-friendly land use systems (such as lack of technical assistance, credit, or planting materials) are clearly \"additional,\" even when the interventions are themselves profitable to land users, and land uses with long-term profitability are far more permanent. Great strides have been made in devising methods for monitoring land-use carbon at field scales for many diverse practices and components of the landscape (soils, grasses, trees, animal wastes, etc.), and methods for integrated landscape-wide carbon assessment will soon be available. While there are institutional challenges to rapidly scaling up climate-friendly practices in diverse rural areas of the world, expertise can be tapped to overcome them-in rural development agencies, farmers' organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and private agricultural businesses. Institutional platforms exist in many countries to promote sustainable land management on a large scale. Community land use planning and action models are widely implemented and can be strngthened and adapted to address climate change mitigation as well as adaptation. The food industry is beginning to mobilize investments for climate action in its agricultural supply chains, in response to anticipated consumer demand and regulation. National policies can re-shape public investments and subsidies to support climate-friendly agriculture and land use. Indeed, the benefits for food security, rural livelihoods, and watershed and biodiversity protection that accompany wise, locally appropriate investments in land use will expand political support and new coalitions for climate action generally. They will be an attraction, not a distraction. To tap the full potential of land use mitigation, six principles for action are recommended: 1. Include the full range of terrestrial emission reduction, storage, and sequestration options in climate policy and investment; 2. Incorporate farming and land use investments in cap-and-trade systems; 3. Link terrestrial climate mitigation with adaptation, rural development, and conservation strategies; 4. Encourage large, area-based programs; 5. Encourage voluntary markets for greenhouse gas emission offsets from agriculture and land use; 6.Mobilize a worldwide, networked movement for climate-friendly food, forest, and other land-based production. ¬© Worldwatch Institute, 2010.",2009,"Scherr, S.J.; <br>Sthapit, S.","action plan; climate change; emission control; environmental monitoring; environmental policy; food; greenhouse gas; land management; land use planning; mitigation; national planning; profitability; soil emission; sustainable development; Animalia; Poaceae",null,"Article","Worldwatch Pap.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The albedo effect and forest carbon offset design","Forestry and land-use change are often considered in the context of a greenhouse gas cap-and-trade program, in recognition of their influence on net carbon flux and their ability to mitigate climate change via increased carbon sequestration. The climatic impacts of forests are not limited to atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, however, and a growing body of research suggests that albedo-related climatic changes stemming from land-use change may diminish or counteract the climatic benefits of sequestration. Because forests are generally darker than bare or agricultural land they absorb relatively more solar radiation, which may exert a local warming influence. This phenomenon is known as the \"albedo effect.\" Thus, a \"carbon-only\" accounting approach that ignores albedo impacts can significantly overestimate the climatic benefit of offsets, in particular, afforestation. In the worst case this could result in a forest offset actually contributing to warming and, in general, may reduce the environmental effectiveness of some forest offsets. Therefore a cap-and-trade system design question is whether to recognize the albedo effect into forest offset accounting frameworks. We propose that forest offset design moves toward a \"carbon-equivalent\" accounting approach that aggregates the climatic impacts of sequestration and of surface albedo when evaluating forest offset projects. This change would result in climate mitigation efforts taking a more targeted geographic approach that emphasizes maintaining or increasing forest cover in the tropics, and that avoids afforestation in boreal and high-latitude temperate regions. Currently developing regional cap-and-trade systems in North America, however, give afforestation projects priority for offset consideration. By staying on the current path, efforts in these initiatives directed toward forest offsets may be inefficient or ineffective and, at worst, counterproductive, in large parts of the area they cover. Incorporating both carbon and albedo effects into policymaking will lead to more informed and effective forest offset design. ¬© 2009 by the Society of American Foresters.",2009,"Thompson, M.; <br>Adams, D.; <br>Johnson, K.N.",null,null,"Article","J. For.","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Sensitivity of ocean acidification to geoengineered climate stabilization","Climate engineering has been proposed as a possible response to anthropogenic climate change. While climate engineering may be able to stabilize temperatures, it is generally assumed that this will not prevent continued ocean acidification. However, due to the strong coupling between climate and the carbon cycle, climate engineering could indirectly affect ocean chemistry. We used a global Earth-system model to investigate how climate engineering may affect surface ocean pH and the degree of aragonite saturation. Climate engineering could significantly re-distribute carbon emissions among atmosphere, land and ocean reservoirs. This could slow pH decreases somewhat relative to the non-engineered case, but would not affect the level of aragonite saturation due to opposing responses of pH and aragonite saturation to temperature change. However, these effects are dependent on enhanced carbon accumulation in the land biosphere; without this, climate engineering has little effect on pH, and leads to accelerated declines in aragonite saturation. Citation: Matthews, H. D., L. Cao, and K. Caldeira (2009), Sensitivity of ocean acidification to geoengineered climate stabilization, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L10706, doi: 10.1029/2009GL037488.",2009,"Matthews, HD; <br>Cao, L; <br>Caldeira, K",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL037488","Article","GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Irrigated afforestation of the Sahara and Australian Outback to end global warming","Each year, irrigated Saharan- and Australian-desert forests could sequester amounts of atmospheric CO2 at least equal to that from burning fossil fuels. Without any rain, to capture CO2 produced from gasoline requires adding about $1 to the per-gallon pump-price to cover irrigation costs, using reverse osmosis (RO), desalinated, sea water. Such mature technology is economically competitive with the currently favored, untested, power-plant Carbon Capture (and deep underground, or under-ocean) Sequestration (CCS). Afforestation sequesters CO2, mostly as easily stored wood, both from distributed sources (automotive, aviation, etc., that CCS cannot address) and from power plants. Climatological feasibility and sustainability of such irrigated forests, and their potential global impacts are explored using a general circulation model (GCM). Biogeophysical feedback is shown to stimulate considerable rainfall over these forests, reducing desalination and irrigation costs; economic value of marketed, renewable, forest biomass, further reduces costs; and separately, energy conservation also reduces the size of the required forests and therefore their total capital and operating costs. The few negative climate impacts outside of the forests are discussed, with caveats. If confirmed with other GCMs, such irrigated, subtropical afforestation probably provides the best, near-term route to complete control of green-house-gas-induced, global warming.",2009,"Ornstein, L; <br>Aleinov, I; <br>Aleinov, I; <br>Rind, D; <br>Rind, D",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9626-y","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Sequestering Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide","The abrupt climate change, attributed to increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, has necessitated identification of technological options to sequester CO2 into other long-lived pools. Other viable pools for C sequestration include geologic, oceanic, and the terrestrial. There is also a potential to convert CO2 into stable minerals. There are geoengineering techniques of CO2 capture and storage into old oil wells to enhance oil recovery (EOR) and access coalbed methane (CBM), store in saline aquifers and sedimentary rocks, and combine it with basalt where it goes through chemical transformations. Geoengineering techniques have relatively high sink capacity and also high costs. Further, geoengineering techniques require measurement, monitoring, and verification (MMV) protocols. In contrast, C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems (soil and biota) is based on the natural process of photosynthesis, and humification of biosolids applied to the soil. Terrestrial pools have relatively lower sink capacity, but are cost-effective and have numerous ancillary benefits. Total CO2 drawdown is estimated at reduction in 50 ppm of atmospheric concentration over 5 decades. Increasing C pool in agricultural soils is essential to advancing food security, and that in degraded/desertified soils to improve the environment. Rather than either/or scenarios, both strategies of C sequestration via geoengineering and terrestrial strategies have specific niches which need to be carefully and objectively identified and implemented. The terrestrial C sequestration is a win-win strategy because of its numerous benefits, especially its positive impact on food security while mitigating climate change and improving the environment.",2009,"Lal, R; <br>Lal, R","greenhouse gases; global warming; soil carbon dynamics; geologic sequestration; oceanic sequestration; terrestrial sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352680902782711","Review","CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["From the petroeconomy to the bioeconomy: Integrating bioenergy production with agricultural demands","Production of biomass for bioenergy generation, and in particular production of biologically derived liquid fuels, is attracting great interest as an alternative to the fossil fuel economy. Biofuels represent as yet only 1% of world agricultural output, but this small extension has triggered widespread fears, many now shown to be groundless, such as the fear that it was biofuels that drove up food prices in 2008. This perspective reviews the literature on the extent to which biofuel production can be integrated into agricultural production, taking a global view of the potential for land, water and other resources to be extended beyond current food, feed and fiber applications. As opposed to the focus on negative impacts, there are beneficial practices in biofuels that could be expected to propagate to agriculture more generally and have a positive impact on yields and practices. These include (1) promoting a shift from wasteful annual crops to perennials, particularly low-input high-diversity (LIHD) crops; (2) sequestering carbon in soil both organically and as biochar; (3) improving conservative water management practices; and (4) recycling resources. The possibilities of encouraging biofuel production (and biomass for bioenergy generally) in the tropical South, for consumption in the temperate North, based on certification of such sustainable practices in the South, could be expanded if global trade in biofuels were liberalized. (C) 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd",2009,"Mathews, JA; <br>Mathews, JA; <br>Mathews, JA","petroeconomy; bioeconomy; bioenergy; perennial crops; biochar; agricultural yields","http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbb.181","Article","BIOFUELS BIOPRODUCTS & BIOREFINING-BIOFPR","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Modelling effects of geoengineering options in response to climate change and global warming: Implications for coral reefs","Climate change will have serious effects on the planet and on its ecosystems. Currently, mitigation efforts are proving ineffectual in reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Coral reefs are the most sensitive ecosystems on the planet to climate change, and here we review modelling a number of geoengineering options. and their potential influence on coral reefs. There are two categories of geoengineering, short-wave solar radiation management and longwave carbon dioxide removal. The first set of techniques only reduce some, but not all, effects of climate change. while possibly creating other problems. They also do not affect CO2 levels and therefore fail to address the wider effects of rising CO2, including ocean acidification, important for coral reefs. Solar radiation is important to coral growth and survival, and solar radiation management is no in general appropriate for this ecosystem. Longwave carbon dioxide removal techniques address the root cause of climate change, rising CO2 concentrations. they have relatively low uncertainties and risks. They are worthy of further research and potential implementation, particularly carbon capture and storage, biochar, and afforestation methods. alongside increased mitigation of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2009,"Crabbe, MJC; <br>Crabbe, MJC","SST; Satellite; Bleaching; IPCC; Weather; El nino; Great Barrier Reef; Caribbean; Scleractinian; Interdecadal; Symbiosis; Coral growth; Ecosystems; Small islands; Tropics; Aerosols; Albedo; Afforestation; Biochar; Carbon capture and storage; CCS; Downwelling","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2009.09.004","Review","COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Conservation of soil organic carbon, biodiversity and the provision of other ecosystem services along climatic gradients in West Africa","Terrestrial carbon resources are major drivers of development in West Africa. The distribution of these resources co-varies with ecosystem type and rainfall along a strong Northeast-Southwest climatic gradient. Soil organic carbon, a strong indicator of soil quality, has been severely depleted in some areas by human activities, which leads to issues of soil erosion and desertification, but this trend can be altered with appropriate management. There is significant potential to enhance existing soil carbon stores in West Africa, with benefits at the global and local scale, for atmospheric CO2 mitigation as well as supporting and provisioning ecosystem services. Three key factors impacting carbon stocks are addressed in this review: climate, biotic factors, and human activities. Climate risks must be considered in a framework of global change, especially in West Africa, where landscape managers have few resources available to adapt to climatic perturbations. Among biotic factors, biodiversity conservation paired with carbon conservation may provide a pathway to sustainable development, and biodiversity conservation is also a global priority with local benefits for ecosystem resilience, biomass productivity, and provisioning services such as foodstuffs. Finally, human management has largely been responsible for reduced carbon stocks, but this trend can be reversed through the implementation of appropriate carbon conservation strategies in the agricultural sector, as shown by multiple studies. Owing to the strong regional climatic gradient, country-level initiatives will need to consider carbon sequestration approaches for multiple ecosystem types. Given the diversity of environments, global policies must be adapted and strategies developed at the national or sub-national levels to improve carbon storage above and below-ground. Initiatives of this sort must act locally at farmer scale, and focus on ecosystem services rather than on carbon sequestration solely.",2009,"Marks, E; <br>Aflakpui, GKS; <br>Nkem, J; <br>Poch, RM; <br>Khouma, M; <br>Kokou, K; <br>Sagoe, R; <br>Sebastia, MT",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1825-2009","Article","BIOGEOSCIENCES","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Agricultural bio-char production, renewable energy generation and farm carbon sequestration in Western Australia: Certainty, uncertainty and risk","Reducing the vulnerability of agriculture to climate change while increasing primary productivity requires mitigation and adaptation activities to generate profitable co-benefits to farms. The conversion of woody-wastes by pyrolysis to produce bio-char (biologically derived charcoal) is one potential option that can enhance natural rates of carbon sequestration in soils, reduce farm waste, and substitute renewable energy sources for fossil-derived fuel inputs. Bio-char has the potential to increase conventional agricultural productivity and enhance the ability of farmers to participate in carbon markets beyond traditional approach by directly applying carbon into soil. This paper provides an overview of the pyrolysis process and products and quantifies the amount of renewable energy generation and net carbon sequestration possible when using farm bio-waste to produce bio-char as a primary product. While this research provides approximate bio-char and energy production yields, costs, uses and risks, there is a need for additional research on the value of bio-char in conventional crop yields and adaptation and mitigation options. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2009,"McHenry, MP; <br>McHenry, MP","Bio-char; Charcoal; Soil; Carbon; Renewable; Biomass; Western Australia","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.08.006","Review","AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Biological Approaches to Global Environment Change Mitigation and Remediation","One of the most pressing and globally recognized challenges is how to mitigate the effects of global environment change brought about by increasing emissions of greenhouse gases, especially CO2. In this review we evaluate the potential contribution of four biological approaches to mitigating global environment change: reducing atmospheric CO2 concentrations through soil carbon sequestration and afforestation; reducing predicted increases in global surface temperatures through increasing the albedo of crop plants; and fertilizing the oceans to increase primary productivity and CO2 drawdown. We conclude that none of these biological approaches are 'magic bullets' capable of reversing environmental changes brought about by increasing emissions of greenhouse gases. However, it is possible that increasing crop albedo and soil carbon sequestration might contribute towards mitigation on a regional scale. In the absence of legally binding international agreements to reduce CO2 emissions, we propose that: increased efforts are made to identify novel biological mitigatory strategies; further research is conducted to minimise the uncertainties present in all four of the biological approaches described; and pilot-level field work is conducted to examine the feasibility of the most promising strategies. Finally, it is essential to engage with the public concerning strategies for mitigating the effects of climate change because the majority of the biological approaches have effects, quite possibly of a negative nature, on ecosystem services and land usage.",2009,"Woodward, FI; <br>Bardgett, RD; <br>Raven, JA; <br>Hetherington, AM",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.06.012","Review","CURRENT BIOLOGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["A global meta-analysis of soil exchangeable cations, pH, carbon, and nitrogen with afforestation","Afforestation, the conversion of non-forested lands to forest plantations, can sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide, but the rapid growth and harvesting of biomass may deplete nutrients and degrade soils if managed improperly. The goal of this study is to evaluate how afforestation affects mineral soil quality, including pH, sodium, exchangeable cations, organic carbon, and nitrogen, and to examine the magnitude of these changes regionally where afforestation rates are high. We also examine potential mechanisms to reduce the impacts of afforestation on soils and to maintain long-term productivity. Across diverse plantation types (153 sites) to a depth of 30 cm of mineral soil, we observed significant decreases in nutrient cations (Ca, K, Mg), increases in sodium (Na), or both with afforestation. Across the data set, afforestation reduced soil concentrations of the macronutrient Ca by 29% on average (P < 0.05). Afforestation by Pinus alone decreased soil K by 23% (P < 0.05). Overall, plantations of all genera also led to a mean 71% increase of soil Na (P < 0.05). Mean pH decreased 0.3 units (P < 0.05) with afforestation. Afforestation caused a 6.7% and 15% (P < 0.05) decrease in soil C and N content respectively, though the effect was driven principally by Pinus plantations (15% and 20% decrease, P < 0.05). Carbon to nitrogen ratios in soils under plantations were 5.7-11.6% higher (P < 0.05). In several regions with high rates of afforestation, cumulative losses of N, Ca, and Mg are likely in the range of tens of millions of metric tons. The decreases indicate that trees take up considerable amounts of nutrients from soils; harvesting this biomass repeatedly could impair long-term soil fertility and productivity in some locations. Based on this study and a review of other literature, we suggest that proper site preparation and sustainable harvest practices, such as avoiding the removal or burning of harvest residue, could minimize the impact of afforestation on soils. These sustainable practices would in turn slow soil compaction, erosion, and organic matter loss, maintaining soil fertility to the greatest extent possible.",2009,"Berthrong, ST; <br>Jobbagy, EG; <br>Jobbagy, EG; <br>Jobbagy, EG; <br>Jobbagy, EG; <br>Jackson, RB; <br>Jackson, RB; <br>Jackson, RB","acidification; afforestation; base cations; salinity; soil carbon; soil nutrients; sustainable harvest","http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/08-1730.1","Article","ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Soil carbon sequestration with continuous no-till management of grain cropping systems in the Virginia coastal plain","Carbon sequestration in agroecosystems represents a significant opportunity to offset a portion of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Climatic conditions in the Virginia coastal plain and modern production practices make it possible for high annual photosynthetic CO2 fixation. There is potential to sequester a substantial amount of C, and concomitantly improve soil quality, with the elimination of tillage for crop production in this region. The objectives of our research were to: (1) measure C sequestration rate with continuous no-till management of grain cropping systems of the Virginia middle coastal plain; (2) determine the influence of biosolids application history on C content and its interaction with tillage management; and (3) evaluate the impact of continuous no-till C stratification as an indicator of soil quality. Samples were collected from 63 sites in production fields using a rotation of corn (Zea mays L.)wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)/soybean double-crop (Glysine max L.) across three soil series [Bojac (coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults), Altavista (fine-loamy, mixed semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults), and Kempsville (fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults)] with a history of continuous no-till management ranging from 0 to 14 years. Thirty-two of the sites had a history of biosolids application. Five soil cores were collected at each site from 0-2.5,2.5-7.5 and 7.5-15 cm and analyzed for bulk density and soil C. Bulk density in the 0-2.5 cm layer decreased and C stratification ratio (0-2.5 cm:7.5-15 cm) increased with increasing duration of continuous no-till due to the accumulation of organic matter at the soil surface. A history of biosolids application resulted in an increase of 4.19 +/- 1.93 Mg C ha(-1) (0-15 cm). Continuous no-till resulted in the sequestration of 0.308 +/- 0.280 Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1) (0-15 cm). Our results provide quantitative validation of the C sequestration rate and improved soil quality with continuous no-till management in the region using on-farm observations. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2008,"Spargo, JT; <br>Alley, MM; <br>Follett, RF; <br>Wallace, JV","no-till; carbon sequestration; soil quality; biosolids","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2008.05.010","Article","SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH","Field experiments"]
["EFFECT OF LOW-TEMPERATURE PYROLYSIS CONDITIONS ON BIOCHAR FOR AGRICULTURAL USE","The removal of crop residues for bio-energy production reduces the formation of soil organic carbon (SOC) and there re can have negative impacts on soil fertility. Pyrolysis (thermoconversion of biomass under anaerobic conditions) generates liquid or gaseous fuels and a char (biochar) recalcitrant against decomposition. Biochar can be used to increase SOC and cycle nutrients back into agricultural fields. In this case, crop residues can be used as a potential energy source as well as to sequester carbon (C) and improve soil quality. To evaluate the agronomic potential of biochar, we analyzed biochar produced from poultry litter; peanut hulls, and pine chips produced at 400 degrees C and 500 degrees C with or without steam activation. The C content of the biochar ranged from 40% in the poultry litter (PL) biochar to 78% in the pine chip (PC) biochar. The total and Mehlich I extractable nutrient concentrations in the biochar were strongly influenced by feedstock. Feedstock nutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg) were concentrated in the biochar and were significantly higher in the biochars produced at 500 degrees C. A large proportion of N was conserved in the biochar; ranging from 27.4% in the PL biochar to 89.6% in the PC biochar The amount of N conserved was inversely proportional to the feedstock N concentration. The cation exchange capacity was significantly higher in biochar produced at lower temperature. The results indicate that, depending oil feedstock, some biochars have potential to serve as nutrient sources as well as sequester C.",2008,"Gaskin, JW; <br>Steiner, C; <br>Harris, K; <br>Das, KC; <br>Bibens, B","Agricultural residues; Biochar; Bioenergy; Black carbon; Carbon sequestration; Charcoal; Plant nutrition; Pyrolysis; Soil fertility; Soil organic carbon",null,"Article","TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE","Field experiments"]
["Impact of nitrogenous fertilizers on carbonate dissolution in small agricultural catchments: Implications for weathering CO2 uptake at regional and global scales","The goal of this study was to highlight the occurrence of an additional proton-promoted weathering pathway of carbonate rocks in agricultural areas where N-fertilizers are extensively spread, and to estimate its consequences on riverine alkalinity and uptake of CO2 by weathering. We surveyed 25 small streams in the calcareous molassic Gascogne area located in the Garonne river basin (south-western France) that drain cultivated or forested catchments for their major element compositions during different hydrologic periods. Among these catchments, the Hay and the Montousse, two experimental catchments, were monitored on a weekly basis. Studies in the literature from other small carbonate catchments in Europe were dissected in the same way. In areas of intensive agriculture, the molar ratio (Ca + Mg)/HCO3 in surface waters is significantly higher (0.7 on average) than in areas of low anthropogenic pressure (0.5). This corresponds to a decrease in riverine alkalinity, which can reach 80% during storm events. This relative loss of alkalinity correlates well with the NO3- content in surface waters. In cultivated areas, the contribution of atmospheric/soil CO2 to the total riverine alkalinity (CO2 ATM-SOIL/HCO3) is less than 50% (expected value for carbonate basins), and it decreases when the nitrate concentration increases. This loss of alkalinity can be attributed to the substitution of carbonic acid (natural weathering pathway) by protons produced by nitrification of N-fertilizers (anthropogenic weathering pathway) occurring in soils during carbonate dissolution. As a consequence of these processes, the alkalinity over the last 30 years shows a decreasing trend in the Save river (one of the main Garonne river tributaries, draining an agricultural catchment), while the nitrate and calcium plus magnesium contents are increasing. We estimated that the contribution of atmospheric/soil CO2 to riverine alkalinity decreased by about 7-17% on average for all the studied catchments. Using these values, the deficit of CO2 uptake can be estimated as up to 0.22-0.53 and 12-29 Tg(1) yr(-1) CO2 on a country scale (France) and a global scale, respectively. These losses represent up to 5.7-13.4% and only 1.6-3.8% of the total CO2 flux naturally consumed by carbonate dissolution, for France and on a global scale, respectively. Nevertheless, this loss of alkalinity relative to the Ca + Mg content relates to carbonate weathering by protons from N-fertilizers nitrification, which is a net source of CO2 for the atmosphere. This anthropogenic CO2 source is not negligible since it could reach 6-15% of CO2 uptake by natural silicate weathering and could consequently partly counterbalance this natural CO2 sink. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2008,"Perrin, AS; <br>Perrin, AS; <br>Probst, A; <br>Probst, A; <br>Probst, JL",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.011","Article","GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA","Field experiments"]
["Quantification of dissolved nitrous oxide loss as influenced by tillage","A movement towards more sustainable agriculture in Canada has resulted in the adoption of beneficial management practices, such as zero-tillage. The drive to implement zero-tillage is based on a desire to improve and protect soil and water quality, while contributing to the reduction of carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. However, net greenhouse gas impacts of converting to zero-tillage in eastern Canada are unclear, as there is a potential for increased nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions offsetting possible soil carbon storage. Discussion on the fate of nitrogen in soil assumes that N2O is lost to the atmosphere from the soil surface as a gas. However, the degassing of N2O dissolved in soil solution from agricultural drainage water is believed to contribute to N2O accumulation in the atmosphere. Here we examine the impact of tillage practices on soil hydrology, and its influence on the dissolution and transport of N 2O in tile drainage water. Through measurements of N2O in tile drainage water it has been revealed that tillage practice does not have a significant impact on the amount of dissolved N2O released through tile drainage water.",2008,"Roper, J.D.; <br>Stratton, G.W.; <br>Burton, D.L.; <br>Madani, A.; <br>Stratton, G.W.",null,null,"CONF","Am. Soc. Agric. Biol. Eng. Annu. Int. Meet.","Field experiments"]
["Responding to the Kyoto Protocol through forestry: A comparison of opportunities for several countries in Europe","Climate change has become an important environmental policy issue. Numerous carbon sequestration policy initiatives, potential benefits of which in environmental, economic and social terms could be substantial, are directed toward both woodland expansion and using of wood as a substitute for fossil fuels. There is a great deal of uncertainty, however, on how to define sustainability of such policies in a broadly acceptable and efficient way; how to translate sustainability requirements into policy guidelines; how to overcome market limitations and where to place biomass production in the general context of land use where contemporary agricultural change will likely be influential. On the basis of several countries from Europe (the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Slovakia, and Ukraine) this paper highlights social and economic problems of moderating carbon emissions through afforestation. It provides an indication of whether forestry can offer a socially acceptable and a low-cost opportunity for carbon uptake. The conclusion is that along with carbon sequestration potential, the level of land use integration and the stage of institutional development play important roles for effective implementation of climate policies. The necessity is then to link these policies with regional developments, and to back them up with adequate economic incentives, appropriate institutions and with public engagement in environmental decision-making. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2008,"Nijnik, M; <br>Bizikova, L; <br>Bizikova, L","forestry; policy; climate change; carbon sequestration; sustainable development; Europe; the United Kingdom; the Netherlands; Slovakia; Ukraine","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2007.11.004","Article","FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Climate change mitigation for agriculture: water quality benefits and costs","New Zealand is unique in that half of its national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory derives from agriculture - predominantly as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), in a 2:1 ratio. The remaining GHG emissions predominantly comprise carbon dioxide (CO2) deriving from energy and industry sources. Proposed strategies to mitigate emissions of CH4 and N2O from pastoral agriculture in New Zealand are: (1) utilising extensive and riparian afforestation of pasture to achieve CO2 uptake (carbon sequestration); (2) management of nitrogen through budgeting and/or the use of nitrification inhibitors, and minimizing soil anoxia to reduce N2O emissions; and (3) utilisation of alternative waste treatment technologies to minimise emissions of CH4. These mitigation measures have associated co-benefits and co-costs (disadvantages) for rivers, streams and lakes because they affect land use, runoff loads, and receiving water and habitat quality. Extensive afforestation results in lower specific yields (exports) of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), suspended sediment (SS) and faecal matter and also has benefits for stream habitat quality by improving stream temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH regimes through greater shading, and the supply of woody debris and terrestrial food resources. Riparian afforestation does not achieve the same reductions in exports as extensive afforestation but can achieve reductions in concentrations of N, P, SS and faecal organisms. Extensive afforestation of pasture leads to reduced water yields and stream flows. Both afforestation measures produce intermittent disturbances to waterways during forestry operations (logging and thinning), resulting in sediment release from channel re-stabilisation and localised flooding, including formation of debris dams at culverts. Soil and fertiliser management benefits aquatic ecosystems by reducing N exports but the use of nitrification inhibitors, viz. dicyandiamide (DCD), to achieve this may under some circumstances impair wetland function to intercept and remove nitrate from drainage water, or even add to the overall N loading to waterways. DCD is water soluble and degrades rapidly in warm soil conditions. The recommended application rate of 10 kg DCD/ha corresponds to 6 kg N/ha and may be exceeded in warm climates. Of the N2O produced by agricultural systems, approximately 30% is emitted from indirect sources, which are waterways draining agriculture. It is important therefore to focus strategies for managing N inputs to agricultural systems generally to reduce inputs to wetlands and streams where these might be reduced to N2O. Waste management options include utilizing the CH4 resource produced in farm waste treatment ponds as a source of energy, with conversion to CO2 via combustion achieving a 21-fold reduction in GHG emissions. Both of these have co-benefits for waterways as a result of reduced loadings. A conceptual model derived showing the linkages between key land management practices for greenhouse gas mitigation and key waterway values and ecosystem attributes is derived to aid resource managers making decisions affecting waterways and atmospheric GHG emissions.",2008,"Wilcock, R; <br>Elliott, S; <br>Hudson, N; <br>Parkyn, S; <br>Quinn, J","agriculture; CH4; CO2; greenhouse gas; N2O; water quality","http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.906","Article","WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Energy balance and emissions associated with biochar sequestration and pyrolysis bioenergy production","The implications for greenhouse gas emissions of optimizing a slow pyrolysis-based bioenergy system for biochar and energy production rather than solely for energy production were assessed. Scenarios for feedstock production were examined using a life-cycle approach. We considered both purpose grown bioenergy crops (BEC) and the use of crop wastes (CW) as feedstocks. The BEC scenarios involved a change from growing winter wheat to purpose grown miscanthus, switchgrass, and corn as bioenergy crops. The CW scenarios consider both corn stover and winter wheat straw as feedstocks. Our findings show that the avoided emissions are between 2 and 5 times greater when biochar is applied to agricultural land (2-19 Mg CO2 ha(-1) y(-1)) than used solely for fossil energy offsets. 41-64% of these emission reductions are related to the retention of C in biochar, the rest to offsetting fossil fuel use for energy, fertilizer savings, and avoided soil emissions other than CO2. Despite a reduction in energy output of approximately 30% where the slow pyrolysis technology is optimized to produce biochar for land application, the energy produced per unit energy input at 2-7 MJ/MJ is greater than that of comparable technologies such as ethanol from corn. The C emissions per MWh of electricity production range from 91-360 kg CO2 MWh(-1), before accounting for C offset due to the use of biochar are considerably below the lifecycle emissions associated with fossil fuel use for electricity generation (600-900 kg CO2 MWh(-1)). Low-temperature slow pyrolysis offers an energetically efficient strategy for bioenergy production, and the land application of biochar reduces greenhouse emissions to a greater extent than when the biochar is used to offset fossil fuel emissions.",2008,"Gaunt, JL; <br>Lehmann, J",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es071361i","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Protecting climate with forests","Policies for climate mitigation on land rarely acknowledge biophysical factors, such as reflectivity, evaporation, and surface roughness. Yet such factors can alter temperatures much more than carbon sequestration does, and often in a conflicting way. We outline a framework for examining biophysical factors in mitigation policies and provide some best-practice recommendations based on that framework. Tropical projects-avoided deforestation, forest restoration, and afforestation-provide the greatest climate value, because carbon storage and biophysics align to cool the Earth. In contrast, the climate benefits of carbon storage are often counteracted in boreal and other snow-covered regions, where darker trees trap more heat than snow does. Managers can increase the climate benefit of some forest projects by using more reflective and deciduous species and through urban forestry projects that reduce energy use. Ignoring biophysical interactions could result in millions of dollars being invested in some mitigation projects that provide little climate benefit or, worse, are counter-productive.",2008,"Jackson, RB; <br>Jackson, RB; <br>Randerson, JT; <br>Canadell, JG; <br>Anderson, RG; <br>Avissar, R; <br>Baldocchi, DD; <br>Bonan, GB; <br>Caldeira, K; <br>Diffenbaugh, NS; <br>Field, CB; <br>Hungate, BA; <br>Hungate, BA; <br>Jobbagy, EG; <br>Jobbagy, EG; <br>Kueppers, LM; <br>Nosetto, MD; <br>Nosetto, MD; <br>Pataki, DE","afforestation; albedo; avoided deforestation; biophysics; carbon sequestration; climate change; climate policy; forest restoration; global warming; tropical; temperate and boreal forests","http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/3/4/044006","Article","ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Energy and environmental issues in organic and conventional agriculture","Humanity is facing possibly the greatest challenge in its history. Population is expected to reach 9 billion in 2030. At the same time agricultural land is becoming scarcer and poorer in quality. Furthermore, the environmental impact of intensive agriculture and the effects of climate change are threatening food security in many regions of the globe. Further, shortage of fossil fuels will have dramatic effects on the performance of intensive agriculture. There is an urge to develop more ecological agricultural practices both to meet the need to preserve agroecosystems health and to deal with the reduced availability of cheap energy from fossil fuels. This paper reviews a number of studies comparing the performances of conventional and organic agriculture in light of energy use, CO2 emission and other environmental issues. Organic agriculture, along with other low input agriculture practices, results in less energy demand compared to intensive agriculture and could represent a means to improve energy savings and CO2 abatement if adopted on a large scale. At the same time it can provide a number of important environmental and social services, such as preserving and improving soil quality, increasing carbon sink, minimizing water use, preserving biodiversity, halting the use of harmful chemicals, thereby guaranteeing healthy food to consumers. We claim that more work should be done in terms of research and investment to explore the potential of organic farming for reducing environmental impact of agricultural practices. However, in the case of organic agriculture, the implications of a reduced productivity for the socioeconomic system should be considered and suitable agricultural policies worked out.",2008,"Gomiero, T; <br>Paoletti, MG; <br>Pimentel, D","organic agriculture; conventional agriculture; sustainable agriculture; energy use; GHGs emissions; soil ecology; biodiversity","http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352680802225456","Review","CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Geoengineering: could we or should we make it work?","Schemes to modify large-scale environment systems or control climate have been proposed for over 50 years to (i) increase temperatures in high latitudes, (ii) increase precipitation, (iii) decrease sea ice, (iv) create irrigation opportunities, or (v) offset potential global warming by injecting iron in the oceans or sea-salt aerosol in the marine boundary layer or spreading dust in the stratosphere to reflect away an amount of solar energy equivalent to the amount of heat trapped by increased greenhouse gases from human activities. These and other proposed geoengineering schemes are briefly reviewed. Recent schemes to intentionally modify climate have been proposed as either cheaper methods to counteract inadvertent climatic modi. cations than conventional mitigation techniques such as carbon taxes or pollutant emissions regulations or as a counter to rising emissions as governments delay policy action. Whereas proponents argue cost-effectiveness or the need to be prepared if mitigation and adaptation policies are not strong enough or enacted quickly enough to avoid the worst widespread impacts, critics point to the uncertainty that (i) any geoengineering scheme would work as planned or (ii) that the many centuries of international political stability and cooperation needed for the continuous maintenance of such schemes to offset century-long inadvertent effects is socially feasible. Moreover, the potential exists for transboundary conflicts should negative climatic events occur during geoengineering activities.",2008,"Schneider, SH; <br>Schneider, SH","geoengineering; climate modification; global warming; climate policy","http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0145","Review","PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Carbon sequestration in soil.","Carbon (C) sequestration in soil implies transfer and secure storage of atmospheric CO2 into the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool as recalcitrant humus/biochar and into the soil inorganic carbon (SIC) pool as secondary carbonates. Its importance lies in the urgent need to offset increases in atmospheric enrichment of CO2 (from 280 ppm in 1750 to 385 ppm in 2008) and its benefits to agronomic yield and soil quality. The soil C sink capacity, created by historic land use and soil degradation, is estimated at 78¬±12 Pg or 10-60 Mg/ha (Lal, 1999). Principal strategies of SOC sequestration involve: (i) restoration of degraded/desertified soils through conversion to a perennial land use, and (ii) adoption of recommended management practices including no-till farming, manuring, agroforestry and use of biochar as a soil amendment. The mean rate of C sequestration is 300-500 kg/ha/yr for SOC and 2-10 kg/ha/yr for SIC. Accelerated soil erosion is a net source of atmospheric CO2 and must be effectively controlled. Soil C sequestration is also enhanced by adoption of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and trading of C credits. Avoidance of deforestation, and afforestation of degraded/desertified soils are cost-effective and have a large potential to offset emissions, influence the global C cycle and stabilize the atmospheric CO2. Soil C sequestration is a win-win-win strategy because it advances food security, improves the environment and mitigates global warming. ¬© CAB International 2008.",2008,"Lal, R.","Biochar; Erosion and C cycle; Global C cycle; Global warming; Soil quality; Soil restoration; Trading of C credits","http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR20083030","Review","CAB Rev. Perspect. Agric. Vet. Sci. Nutr. Nat. Resour.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Agricultural practices that reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) and generate co-benefits","Human activities are increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, and increasing temperature. The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) increased from a pre-industrial level of 280 ppm to 379 ppm in 2005, methane (CH4) increased form 715 ppb to 1774 ppb, and nitrous oxide (N2O) increased from 270 ppb to 319 ppb, and globally averaged surface temperatures increased 0.6 0.2¬∞ C over the 20th century (Alley 2007 Climate Change 2007: the Physical Science Basis. Summary for Policymakers. In IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, pp. 1-18). Stabilizing atmospheric GHG concentrations will require effort in every sector of the economy, including agriculture, forestry, manufacturing, minerals, and oil and gas. Agriculture, however, has a particularly important role to play in terms of carbon sequestration (Pew Center on Global Climate Change 1999 Agricultures role in addressing climate change. http://www.pewclimate.org/policycenter/ policyreportsandanalysis/ briefagricultures. February 8, 2005; and McNaughton 2001 A Workbook on Greenhouse Gas Mitigation for Agricultural Managers. Alberta Environmental Sustainable Agriculture). Agricultural practices that offset or reduce GHGs (e.g. store carbon in plants and soil, or decrease methane and nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural lands and livestock) may also have a positive impact on the quality of air, soil, water, wildlife habitats, and indeed the broader environment (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2004 Environmental co-benefits of sequestration practices. http://www.epa.gov/sequestration/co-benefits.html. March 1, 2005). This paper therefore identifies agricultural practices that reduce GHGs and generate environmental and economic co-benefits. ¬© 2008 WIT Press.",2008,"Duncan, K.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ETOX080071","JOUR","WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Soil carbon and nitrogen stores and storage potential as affected by land-use in an agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China","Equilibrium carbon stock is the result of a balance between inputs and outflows to the pool. Changes in land-use are likely to alter such balance, resulting in different carbon stores under different land-use types in addition to the impacts of global climate change. In an agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia, northern China, we investigated productivity and belowground carbon and nitrogen stores under six different types of land-uses, namely free grazing (FG), grazing exclusion (GE), mowing (MW), corn plantation (CP), fallow (FL), and alfalfa pasture (AP), and their impacts on litter and fine roots in semiarid grassland ecosystems. We found that there were great variations in aboveground net primary production (ANPP) across the six land-use types, with CP having markedly high ANPP; the FG had significantly reduced soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen stores (SON) to 100 cm depth compared with all other types of land uses, while very little litter accumulation was found on sites of the FG and CP. The top 20 cm of soils accounted for about 80% of the root carbon and nitrogen, with very little roots being found below 50 cm. About 60% of SOC and SON were stored in the top 30 cm layer. Land-use change altered the inputs of organic matters, thus affecting SOC and SON stores accordingly; the MW and GE sites had 59 and 56% more SOC and 61% more SON than the FG. Our estimation suggested that restoring severely degraded and overgrazed grasslands could potentially increase SOC and SON stores by more than 55%; conversion from the native grasses to alfalfa could potentially double the aboveground biomass production, and further increase SOC and SON stores by more than 20%. Our study demonstrated significant carbon and nitrogen storage potential of the agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China through land-use changes and improved management in the context of mitigating global climate change.",2007,"Zhou, ZY; <br>Zhou, ZY; <br>Sun, OJ; <br>Huang, JH; <br>Sun, OJ; <br>Huang, JH; <br>Li, LH; <br>Liu, P; <br>Li, LH; <br>Liu, P; <br>Han, XG; <br>Han, XG","agro-pastoral ecotone; grassland; land-use; productivity; SOC; SON","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-006-9058-y","Article","BIOGEOCHEMISTRY","Field experiments"]
["The effects of afforestation and cultivation on water yield in the Andean p√°ramo","Over the last decades, the Andean highlands of Ecuador have been characterised by intense afforestation efforts, in order to increase the economic return of less viable agricultural areas, reduce erosion and, more recently, to sequestrate atmospheric carbon. Afforestation with Pinus species is widespread in the high altitudinal grasslands known as p√°ramos. The impact of Pinus patula afforestation on the water yield is studied and compared to the more common practice of intensive grazing and potato cultivation in four microcatchments in the Paute river basin in south Ecuador. Two catchments are covered with natural grassland vegetation, one is converted to pine forest, and one is drained, partly intensively grazed, and partly cultivated with potatoes. The results indicate that afforestation with P. patula reduces the water yield by about 50%, or an average of 242 mm year-1. The water yield of the cultivated catchment is very similar to that of the natural catchments, but analysis of the flow duration curves suggests a faster response and a loss of base flow. These effects may have important implications for a sustainable management of the p√°ramo ecosystem, given that the p√°ramo is the major water supplier for the Andean highlands. ¬© 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2007,"Buytaert, W.; <br>I√±iguez, V.; <br>Bi√®vre, B.D.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.035","Article","For. Ecol. Manage.","Field experiments"]
["Carbon sequestration from common property resources: Lessons from community-based sustainable pasture management in north-central Mali","Carbon sequestration in soils has been presented as it potential mechanism to enhance productivity in semi-arid lands ill Africa while contributing to the mitigation of greenhouse emissions. Most of the literature, however, focuses Oil assessing the capacity of existing technology to sequester carbon in soils. There is much less discussion in the literature oil the social and institutional elements that need to be in place to realize the potential benefits of carbon sequestration. This paper contributes Insights in this direction by analyzing it case of community-based pasture management in north-central Mali. The case study challenges common assumptions in carbon sequestration efforts, namely that land resources are devoted to it single use by resident users; have distinct boundaries and fall within identifiable territorial and administrative jurisdictions, and are subject to widely recognized claims and free of conflict. We suggest that this is not always the case. Findings indicate that carbon sequestration projects centered oil rangelands need to allow for flexibility in livestock movements and resource availability and to account for the diverging interest of multiple stakeholders, including different types of pastoralists and farmers. We conclude that social capital formation and conflict management are key elements of it carbon sequestration strategy in supports of sustainable and equitable development in the Sahelian region. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2007,"Roncoli, C; <br>Roncoli, C; <br>Jost, C; <br>Jost, C; <br>Perez, C; <br>Perez, C; <br>Moore, K; <br>Moore, K; <br>Ballo, A; <br>Cisse, S; <br>Ballo, A; <br>Ouattara, K; <br>Cisse, S; <br>Ouattara, K","carbon sequestration; natural resource management; conflict resolution; decentralization; pastoralists; Mali","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.10.010","Article; Proceedings Paper","AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Bio-energy in the black","At best, common renewable energy strategies can only offset fossil fuel emissions of CO2- they cannot reverse climate change. One promising approach to lowering CO2 in the atmosphere while producing energy is biochar bio-energy, based on low-temperature pyrolysis. This technology relies on capturing the off-gases from thermal decomposition of wood or grasses to produce heat, electricity, or biofuels. Biochar is a major by-product of this pyrolysis, and has remarkable environmental properties. In soil, biochar was shown to persist longer and to retain cations better than other forms of soil organic matter. The precise half-life of biochar is still disputed, however, and this will have important implications for the value of the technology, particularly in carbon trading. Furthermore, the cation retention of fresh biochar is relatively low compared to aged biochar in soil, and it is not clear under what conditions, and over what period of time, biochar develops its adsorbing properties. Research is still needed to maximize the favorable attributes of biochar and to fully evaluate environmental risks, but this technology has the potential to provide an important carbon sink and to reduce environmental pollution by fertilizers.",2007,"Lehmann, J; <br>Lehmann, J",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[381:BITB]2.0.CO;2","Article","FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Challenges and trade-offs in environmental and financial approaches of the afforestation of degraded lands","Significant areas of unproductive and marginal lands create important economic and environmental imbalances at local, regional and national level, in many Eastern Europe countries. Despite available scientific and technological solutions for their enhancement, existing large degraded areas require major financing. Afforestation of degraded lands is acknowledged as an activity where environmental and financial synergies occur, as it generates a real carbon sequestration potential, besides other associated benefits at local, regional and global level. An opportunity to value carbon sequestration potential is represented by the flexible mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, Joint Implementation and Clean Development Mechanism (JI/CDM). An afforestation project includes several steps, that should ensure the integration of the project outcomes with social and environmental priorities at local, regional and global level, in the short, medium and long term, such as: preparation, implementation (afforestation technology and plantation maintaining frame), plantation management (administration, planning, management); forest sustainability (local & regional integration); and project's carbon commercial aspects (baseline, carbon projections and validation, monitoring plan, reporting, transfer of carbon units). Carbon accumulation performance of the plantations influences potential revenues. Afforestation projects oriented toward carbon sequestration are exposed to multiple risks due to their long run, like vulnerability to illegal cutting, risks associated with unsustainable management practices or those related to climate change itself, biodiversity loss or social pressure.",2007,"Blujdea, V",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72438-4_22","Article","CLIMATE AND LAND DEGRADATION","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Biogeophysical effects of land use on climate: Model simulations of radiative forcing and large-scale temperature change","Changes in land cover affect climate through the surface energy and moisture budgets. Here we assess the importance of these biogeophysical effects for present-day climate, and quantify the radiative forcing of historical climate change by land use change for comparison with radiative forcings due to anthropogenic changes in greenhouse gases and aerosols. We also discuss the implications of biogeophysical effects for the use of forestry as a tool for mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration. Our model results suggest that since most historical deforestation has taken place in temperate regions where the main climatic effect is an increase in surface albedo, the dominant biogeophysical effect of past land cover change has been a cooling. The northern mid-latitude agricultural regions are simulated to be approximately 1-2 K cooler in winter and spring in comparison with their previously forested state. This conflicts with the suggestion that land use change is responsible for the warming observed over the 20th century. The increase in albedo by 1750 is simulated to exert a negative radiative forcing of approximately -2 W m(-2) locally over Europe, China and India, suggesting a potential anthropogenic influence on climate before fossil fuel burning began. The present-day global mean radiative forcing by anthropogenic surface albedo change relative to the natural state is simulated to be -0.2 W m(-2), which is comparable with the estimated forcings relative to pre-industrial times by stratospheric and tropospheric ozone, N2O, the halocarbons, and the direct effect of anthropogenic aerosols. In cold regions, afforestation or reforestation would decrease the surface albedo and induce a positive radiative forcing (warming) which could partly or completely offset the negative forcing (cooling) due to carbon sequestration. This suggests that carbon sink plantations could be less effective than expected at reducing warming, and could even cause further warming. However, we note that reforestation (or avoided deforestation) in tropical regions could exert a double cooling effect through carbon sequestration and increased evaporation and cloud cover. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.",2007,"Betts, RA; <br>Betts, RA; <br>Falloon, PD; <br>Falloon, PD; <br>Goldewijk, KK; <br>Goldewijk, KK; <br>Ramankutty, N; <br>Ramankutty, N","land use; climate change; biogeophysical effects; radiative forcing; surface albedo","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.021","Article; Proceedings Paper","AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["The potential of greenhouse sinks to underwrite improved land management","The current agricultural systems of broad areas of Australia are unsustainable, with large projected increases in salinization, decreases in water quality, wind erosion, and losses of biodiversity. It is well known that these problems can be partially resolved by farmland reforestation; however, a major issue is financing the scale of activity required. The international response to global warming, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol, includes provisions that enable greenhouse sinks (sequestration of carbon in soils and vegetation) to be used by parties to fulfil their obligations. The Kyoto Protocol also allows for trading in emission reductions, and this opens the possibility that investment in carbon sinks may help underwrite broader natural resource management objectives. This paper examines the possibilities for improved land management in Western Australia arising from the development of carbon sinks by considering: (a) the likelihood of a carbon market developing and the likely depth of that market as a result of current national and international policies, (b) the data available to provide estimates on different types of sinks, and (c) the likely benefits of wide-scale sink investment. It was estimated that the total amount of carbon that could be sequestered by reforesting 16.8 Mha of cleared farmland is 2200 Mt CO2 -e, and between 290 and 1170 Mt CO2-e by destocking 94.8 Mha of rangelands. There were insufficient data to produce estimates of sequestration following changes in tillage practice in cropping systems or the revegetation of already salinized land. We conclude that carbon sinks are only likely to become profitable as a broad-scale stand-alone enterprise when carbon prices reach AUD$15/t CO2-e, with this threshold value varying with carbon yield and project costs. Below this price, their value can be significant as an adjunct to reforestation schemes that are aimed at providing other products (wood, pulp, bioenergy) and land and water conservation benefits. Irrespective of this, carbon sinks provide an opportunity to both sequester carbon in a least-cost fashion and improve soil and watershed management. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2007,"Harper, RJ; <br>Harper, RJ; <br>Beck, AC; <br>Ritson, P; <br>Beck, AC; <br>Hill, MJ; <br>Ritson, P; <br>Hill, MJ; <br>Mitchell, CD; <br>Barrett, DJ; <br>Mitchell, CD; <br>Barrett, DJ; <br>Smettem, KRJ; <br>Smettem, KRJ; <br>Mann, SS; <br>Mann, SS","carbon sequestration; modelling; desertification; reforestation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.09.025","Article","ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Global potential for carbon sequestration: Geographical distribution, country risk and policy implications","we have provided a framework for identifying least-cost sites for afforestation and reforestation and deriving carbon sequestration cost curves at a global level in a scenario of limited information. Special attention is given to country risk in developing countries and the sensitivity to spatial datasets. Our model results suggest that within 20 years and considering a carbon price of US$50/tC, tree-planting activities could offset 1 year of global carbon emissions in the energy sector. However, if we account for country risk considerations-associated with political, economic and financial risks-carbon sequestration is reduced by approximately 60%. With respect to the geography of supply, illustrated by grid-scale maps, we find that most least-cost sites are located in regions of developing countries such as the Sub-Sahara, Southeast Brazil and Southeast Asia. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2007,"Benitez, PC; <br>Benitez, PC; <br>McCallum, I; <br>McCallum, I; <br>Obersteiner, M; <br>Obersteiner, M; <br>Yamagata, Y; <br>Yamagata, Y","climate change; carbon costs; country risk; afforestation; carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.12.015","Article","ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Enhancing forest carbon sequestration in China: Toward an integration of scientific and socio-economic perspectives","This article serves as an introduction to this special issue, \"China's Forest Carbon Sequestration\", representing major results of a project sponsored by the Canadian International Development Agency and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. China occupies a pivotal position globally as a principle emitter of carbon dioxide, as host to some of the world's largest reforestation efforts, and as a key player in international negotiations aimed at reducing global greenhouse gas emission. The goals of this project are to develop remote sensing approaches for quantifying forest carbon balance in China in a transparent manner, and information and tools to support land-use decisions for enhanced carbon sequestration (CS) that are science based and economically and socially viable. The project consists of three components: (i) remote sensing and carbon modeling, (ii) forest and soil assessment, and (iii) integrated assessment of the socioeconomic implications of CS via forest management. Articles included in this special issue are highlights of the results of each of these components. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2007,"Chen, JM; <br>Chen, JM; <br>Thomas, SC; <br>Thomas, SC; <br>Yin, Y; <br>Yin, Y; <br>Maclaren, V; <br>Liu, J; <br>Maclaren, V; <br>Liu, J; <br>Pan, J; <br>Liu, G; <br>Pan, J; <br>Tian, Q; <br>Liu, G; <br>Zhu, Q; <br>Tian, Q; <br>Zhu, Q; <br>Pan, JJ; <br>Shi, X; <br>Pan, JJ; <br>Shi, X; <br>Xue, J; <br>Xue, J; <br>Kang, E; <br>Kang, E","carbon sequestration; China's forests; integrated assessment; remote sensing","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.08.019","Article","JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Geographically explicit global modeling of land-use change, carbon sequestration, and biomass supply","This study aims to determine whether carbon sequestration policies could present a significant contribution to the global portfolio of climate change mitigation options. The objective is to model the effects of policies designed to induce landowners to change land use and management patterns with a view to sequester carbon or to reduce deforestation. The approach uses the spatially explicit Dynamic Integrated Model of Forestry and Alternative Land Use (DIMA) to quantify the economic potential of global forests. The model chooses which of the land-use processes (afforestation, reforestation, deforestation, or conservation and management options) would be applied in a specific location, based on land prices, cost of forest production and harvesting, site productivity, population density, and estimates of economic growth. The approach is relevant in that it (1) couples a revised and updated version of the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios with the dynamic development of climate policy implications through integration with the Model for Energy Supply Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental Impact (MESSAGE); (2) is spatially explicit on a 0.5 degrees grid; and (3) is constrained by guaranteeing food security and land for urban development. As outputs, DIMA produces 100-year forecasts of land-use change, carbon sequestration, impacts of carbon incentives (e.g., avoided deforestation), biomass for bioenergy, and climate policy impacts. Themodeling results indicate that carbon sequestration policies could contribute to a significant part of the global portfolio of efficient climate mitigation policies, dependent upon carbon prices. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",2007,"Rokityanskiy, D; <br>Rokityanskiy, D; <br>Beniez, PC; <br>Beniez, PC; <br>Kraxner, F; <br>McCallum, I; <br>Kraxner, F; <br>McCallum, I; <br>Obersteiner, M; <br>Obersteiner, M; <br>Rametsteiner, E; <br>Rametsteiner, E; <br>Yamagata, Y; <br>Yamagata, Y","land-use change; carbon sequestration; bioenergy; LULUCF; afforestation/reforestation/deforestation; global carbon supply; global spatial modeling","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2006.05.022","Article","TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["GIS-based integrated assessment and decision support system for land use planning in consideration of carbon sequestration benefits","As the major eligible land use activities in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), afforestation and reforestation offer opportunities and potential economic benefits for developing countries to participate in carbon-trade in the potential international carbon (C) sink markets. However, the design and selection of appropriate afforestation and reforestation locations in CDM are complex processes which need integrated assessment (IA) of C sequestration (CS) potential, environmental effects, and socio-economic impacts. This paper promotes the consideration of CS benefits in local land use planning and presents a GIS-based integrated assessment and spatial decision support system (IA-SDSS) to support decision-making on 'where' and 'how' to afforest. It integrates an Integrated Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Model (InTEC) and a GIS platform for modeling regional long-term CS potential and assessment of geo-referenced land use criteria including CS consequence, and produces ranking of plantation schemes with different tree species using the Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. Three land use scenarios are investigated: (i) traditional land use planning criteria without C benefits, (ii) land use for CS with low C price, and (iii) land use for CS with high price. Different scenarios and consequences will influence the weights of tree-species selection in the AHP decision process.",2007,"Wang, J.; <br>Chen, J.M.; <br>Li, M.; <br>Ju, W.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.765225","Conference Paper","Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Active amplification of the terrestrial albedo to mitigate climate change: An exploratory study","To date, international efforts to mitigate climate change have focussed on reducing emissions of greenhouse gases in the energy, transportation and agriculture sectors, and on sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide in forests. Here, the potential to complement these efforts by actions to enhance the reflectance of solar insolation by the human settlement and grassland components of the Earth's terrestrial surface is explored. Preliminary estimates derived using a static two dimensional radiative transfer model indicate that such efforts could amplify the overall planetary albedo enough to offset the current global annual average level of radiative forcing caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gases by as much as 30% or 0.76 Wm-2. Terrestrial albedo amplification may thus extend, by about 25 years, the time available to advance the development and use of low-emission energy conversion technologies which ultimately remain essential to mitigate long-term climate change. While a scoping analysis indicates the technical feasibility of sufficiently enhancing human settlement and grassland albedos to levels needed to achieve reductions in radiative forcing projected here, additional study is required on two fronts. Firstly, the modelled radiative forcing reductions are static estimates. As they would generate climate feedbacks, more detailed dynamic climate modelling would be needed to confirm the stationary value of the radiative forcing reduction that would result from land surface albedo amplification. Secondly, land surface albedo amplification schemes may have important economic and environmental impacts. Accurate ex ante impact assessments would be required to validate global implementation of related measures as a viable mitigation strategy. ¬© 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.",2007,"Hamwey, R.M.","Albedo; Atmosphere; Bioengineering; Climate change mitigation; Climate modelling; Geoengineering; Grasslands; Human settlements; Land use; albedo; amplification; anthropogenic effect; carbon sequestration; climate change; climate modeling; emission control; greenhouse gas; insolation; mitigation; radiative forcing; radiative transfer; two-dimensional modeling","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-005-9024-3","JOUR","Mitigation Adapt. Strateg. Global Change","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change and advance food security","World soils have been a source of atmospheric carbon dioxide since the dawn of settled agriculture, which began about 10 millennia ago. Most agricultural soils have lost 30% to 75% of their antecedent soil organic carbon (SOC) pool or 30 to 40 t C ha(-1). The magnitude of loss is often more in soils prone to accelerated erosion and other degradative processes. On a global scale, CO2-C emissions since 1850 are estimated at 270 +/- 30 giga ton (billion ton or Gt) from fossil fuel combustion compared with 78 +/- 12 Gt from soils. Consequently, the SOC pool in agricultural soils is much lower than their potential capacity. Furthermore, depletion of the SOC pool also leads to degradation in soil quality and declining agronomic/biomass productivity. Therefore, conversion to restorative land uses (e.g., afforestation, improved pastures) and adoption of recommended management practices (RMP) can enhance SOC and improve soil quality. Important RMP for enhancing SOC include conservation tillage, mulch farming, cover crops, integrated nutrient management including use of manure and compost, and agroforestry. Restoration of degraded/desertified soils and ecosystems is an important strategy. The rate of SOC sequestration, ranging from 100 to 1000 kg ha(-1) year(-1), depends on climate, soil type, and site-specific management. Total potential of SOC sequestration in the United States of 144 to 432 Mt year(-1) (288 Mt year(-1)) comprises 45 to 98 Mt in cropland, 13 to 70 Mt in grazing land, and 25 to 102 Mt in forestland. The global potential of SOC sequestration is estimated at 0.6 to 1.2 Gt C year(-1), comprising 0.4 to 0.8 Gt C year(-1) through adoption of RMP on cropland (1350 Mha), and 0.01 to 0.03 Gt C year(-1) on irrigated soils (275 Mha), and 0.01 to 0.3 Gt C year(-1) through improvements of rangelands and grasslands (3700 Mha). In addition, there is a large potential of C sequestration in biomass in forest plantations, short rotation woody perennials, and so on. The attendant improvement in soil quality with increase in SOC pool size has a strong positive impact on agronomic productivity and world food security. An increase in the SOC pool within the root zone by 1 t C ha(-1) year(-1) can enhance food production in developing countries by 30 to 50 Mt year including 24 to 40 Mt year(-1) of cereal and legumes, and 6 to 10 Mt year of roots and tubers. Despite the enormous challenge of SOC sequestration, especially in regions of warm and and climates and predominantly resource-poor farmers, it is a truly a win-win strategy. While improving ecosystem services and ensuring sustainable use of soil resources, SOC sequestration also mitigates global warming by offsetting fossil fuel emissions and improving water quality by reducing nonpoint source pollution.",2007,"Lal, R; <br>Follett, F; <br>Stewart, BA; <br>Kimble, JM","global warming; soil quality; soil degradation; conservation tillage; biofuel; nonpoint source pollution","http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ss.0b013e31815cc498","Review","SOIL SCIENCE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Cost-effectiveness of greenhouse gases mitigation measures in the European agro-forestry sector: a literature survey","Over the last 20 years, climate change has become an increasing concern for scientists, public opinions and policy makers. Due to the pervasive nature of its impacts for many important aspects of human life, climate change is likely to influence and be influenced by the most diverse policy or management choices. This is particularly true for those interventions affecting agriculture and forestry: they are strongly dependent on climate phenomena, but also contribute to climate evolution being sources of and sinks for greenhouse gases (GHG). This paper offers a survey of the existing literature assessing cost-effectiveness and efficiency of greenhouse gas mitigation strategies or the effects of broader economic reforms in the agricultural and forestry sectors. The focus is mainly on European countries. Different methodological approaches, research questions addressed and results are examined. The main findings are that agriculture can potentially provide emissions reduction at a competitive cost, mainly with methane abatement, while carbon sequestration seems more cost-effective with appropriate forest management measures. Afforestation, cropland management and bioenergy are less economically viable measures due to competition with other land use. Mitigation policies should be carefully designed either to balance costs with expected benefits in terms of social welfare. Regional variability is one of the main drawbacks to fully assess the cost-effectiveness of different measures. Integration of models to take into account both social welfare and spatial heterogeneity seems to be the frontier of the next model generation. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2007,"Povellato, A; <br>Bosello, F; <br>Povellato, A; <br>Bosello, F; <br>Giupponi, C; <br>Giupponi, C","agriculture; forestry; climate change; greenhouse gases; policy measures; cost-effectiveness","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2007.02.005","Review","ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Soil and environmental implications of using crop residues as biofuel feedstock","Production of biofuels is an important strategy in reducing the net rate of increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration. Bioethanol can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass such as residues of cereal crops (e.g. rice, wheat, corn, millet). The amount of crop resides produced in the world is estimated at about 4 Pg (1 Pg = petagram = 10(15)g = 1 billion metric tonnes), of which 2.8 Pg is from cereals. The ethanol yield of crop residues is 0.25 to 0.30 L Kg(-1). However, removal of crop residues can adversely impact soil quality with regards to agronomic productivity and numerous ecosystem services. Therefore, feedstock for biofuel production must be produced on specifically identified land (e.g. surplus/marginal croplands, degraded soils, wastelands) by establishing biofuel plantations of switch grass, poplar, willow, mesquite etc. Use of crop residue as mulch/amendment can restore degraded soils and ecosystems. In addition to sequestering carbon in soil and mitigating the climate change, restoration of SOC pool in degraded soils by 1 tonne C ha(-1) can increase food grain production in developing countries by 24 to 40 million tonnes yr(-1). Thus, biofuel feedstock must be produced through establishment of biofuel plantations rather than by removing crop residues.",2006,"Lal, R; <br>Lal, R",null,null,"Article","INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Land area for establishing biofuel plantations[1]","Traditional household fuels involving crop residue and animal dung have severe adverse impacts on soil quality, air quality, water quality, climate and human health. The use of crop residues for fuel and non-use of animal dung for manure have exacerbated the problem of soil and environmental degradation. The attendant decline in soil quality, reduction in agronomic productivity and environment moderation capacity are biophysical processes driven by socio-economic and political forces. The problem is widespread in developing countries where extractive farming practices of mining soil fertility are widely used by resource-poor farmers. Biomass productivity of these degraded soils/wasteland is too low and uneconomic. With rapid increase in population in Asia and Africa, the per capita arable land area is decreasing and is already 0.1 ha in several densely populated countries, and arable land cannot be converted to biofuel plantations. Establishing biofuel plantations (e.g., Jatropha, Pongamia) on degraded soils can be a win-win strategy provided that these soils are adequately restored and specific problems (e.g., nutrient and water imbalance, loss of topsoil, shallow rooting depth, drought stress, salinization, compaction, crusting) are alleviated. Another strategy is to adopt practices of land-saving technologies, such as agricultural intensification on prime agricultural lands to improve crop yields, so that surplus land can be converted to biofuel plantations. Production of biofuels can reduce net emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and advance food security, while achieving energy security, improving environment quality and sequestering carbon in biota and soil. The global potential for soil carbon sequestration is 0.7 to 1.5 Pg C/yr, which can offset 20 to 40 % of the annual increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2. Trading carbon credits under the CDM or World Bank funds can provide another source of income for resource-poor farmers. The sustainability of a biofuel production system must be assessed through evaluation of the ecosystem carbon budget, accounting for carbon-based inputs in all on-farm operations and industrial processes. ¬© 2006 International Energy Initiative, Inc.",2006,"Lal, R.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60533-5","Article","Energy Sustainable Dev.","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Temporary carbon sequestration cannot prevent climate change","Storing carbon in biosphere sinks can reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the short term. However, this lowers the concentration gradient between the atmosphere and the oceans and other potential carbon reservoirs, and consequently reduces the rate of CO2 removal from the atmosphere. If carbon is released again from that temporary storage, subsequent atmospheric CO2 concentrations will, therefore, be higher than without temporary carbon storage. It is thus important to analyse whether temporary carbon storage in biosphere sinks can mitigate climate-change impacts. To analyse that, climate-change impacts need to be quantified explicitly. Impacts can be quantified: [(1)] as the instantaneous effect of increased temperature [(2)] through the rate of temperature increase [(3)] as the cumulative effect of increased temperatures. The analysis presented here shows that temporary carbon storage only reduces climate-change impacts related to the cumulative effect of increased temperature and could even worsen impacts mediated via the instantaneous effect of temperature or the rate of temperature change. This applies under both high and low greenhouse-gas emission scenarios. Because temporary carbon storage improves some, but worsens other, climate-change impacts, it achieves very little on average. For greenhouse mitigation, it is, therefore, not warranted to provide policy incentives for temporary carbon storage. ¬© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.",2006,"Kirschbaum, M.U.F.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-9027-8","Article","Mitigation Adapt. Strateg. Global Change","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Can advances in science and technology prevent global warming? A critical review of limitations and challenges","The most stringent emission scenarios published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) would result in the stabilization of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) at concentrations of approximately 550 ppm which would produce a global temperature increase of at least 2 ^C by 2100. Given the large uncertainties regarding the potential risks associated with this degree of global warming, it would be more prudent to stabilize atmospheric CO2 concentrations at or below current levels which, in turn, would require more than 20-fold reduction (i.e., ‚â•95%) in per capita carbon emissions in industrialized nations within the next 50-100 years. Using the Kaya equation as a conceptual framework, this paper examines whether CO 2 mitigation approaches such as energy efficiency improvements, carbon sequestration, and the development of carbon-free energy sources would be sufficient to bring about the required reduction in per capita carbon emissions without creating unforeseen negative impacts elsewhere. In terms of energy efficiency, large improvements (‚â•5-fold) are in principle possible through aggressive investments in R&amp;D and the removal of market imperfections such as corporate subsidies. However, energy efficiency improvements per se will not result in a reduction in carbon emissions if, as predicted by the IPCC, the size of the global economy expands 12-26-fold by 2100. Terrestrial carbon sequestration via reforestation and improved agricultural soil management has many environmental advantages, but has only limited CO2 mitigation potential because the global terrestrial carbon sink (ca. 200 Gt C) is small relative to the size of fossil fuel deposits (‚â•4000 Gt C). By contrast, very large amounts of CO2 can potentially be removed from the atmosphere via sequestration in geologic formations and oceans, but carbon storage is not permanent and is likely to create many unpredictable environmental consequences. Renewable energy can in theory provide large amounts of carbon-free power. However, biomass and hydroelectric energy can only be marginally expanded, and large-scale solar energy installations (i.e., wind, photovoltaics, and direct thermal) are likely to have significant negative environmental impacts. Expansion of nuclear energy is highly unlikely due to concerns over reactor safety, radioactive waste management, weapons proliferation, and cost. In view of the serious limitations and liabilities of many proposed CO2 mitigation approaches, it appears that there remain only few no-regrets options such as drastic energy efficiency improvements, extensive terrestrial carbon sequestration, and cautious expansion of renewable energy generation. These promising CO2 mitigation technologies have the potential to bring about the required 20-fold reduction in per capita carbon emission only if population and economic growth are halted without delay. Therefore, addressing the problem of global warming requires not only technological research and development but also a reexamination of core values that equate material consumption and economic growth with happiness and well- being. ¬© Springer 2006.",2006,"Huesemann, M.H.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-2166-0","Review","Mitigation Adapt. Strateg. Global Change","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Reducing greenhouse warming potential by carbon sequestration in soils: Opportunities, limits, and tradeoffs","Carbon sequestration in soils is a land-based option to reduce the greenhouse warming potential (GWP) of the atmosphere. It has the additional benefits of improving soil quality and the sustainability of agriculture. This chapter discusses the potential for carbon sequestration in soils from a conceptual framework based on aggregation of soils as the primary process that protects organic matter from biological oxidation to form carbon dioxide. Tillage of soils breaks aggregates, and therefore leads to loss of organic carbon (OC); this process can only be prevented or reversed by stopping tillage. No-tillage crop production is already happening on a large scale in several countries, most notably the United States and Brazil. Conversion from conventional tillage (CT) to no tillage (NT) has several other GWP effects, however, in addition to increasing carbon sequestration, and these effects have been not been adequately analyzed. Consequently, it is unclear what the GWP outcome of promoting carbon sequestration through a switch to NT agriculture actually is. Given the current high level of interest in promoting carbon-trading schemes based on carbon sequestration in soil, it is surprising that neither scientists nor policymakers have recognized the need for a comprehensive evaluation of GWP effects of the change from CT to NT. This chapter extends the carbon dioxide-based analysis of West and Marland (2002) for grain production in the United States to include other greenhouse gases, showing how the timeframe of analysis can affect GWP outcome. ¬© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",2005,"Duxbury, J.M.",null,null,"Book Chapter","Climate Change and Global Food Security","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Soil carbon sequestration for sustaining agricultural production and improving the environment with particular reference to Brazil","Agricultural ecosystems generally contain less soil organic carbon (SOC) pool than their potential capacity because of the low return and high rate of mineralization of biosolids, and severe losses due to accelerated erosion and leaching. Conversion of natural to agricultural ecosystems usually causes depletion of 50 to 75 percent of the antecedent SOC pool, thereby creating a potential sink capacity of as much as 35 to 40 Mg C/ha. The depletion of SOC pool leads to decline in soil quality and resilience with attendant reduction in biomass productivity, decreased capacity to degrade and filter pollutants, increased risks of soil degradation by erosion and other processes, and increase in emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The magnitude of depletion of SOC pool is greater for soils of the tropics than temperate regions, and for farms which are resource-based and managed with low-input than those managed with science-based and judicious off-farm inputs. The SOC sequestration, increasing SOC pool through conversion to an appropriate land use and adoption of recommended management practices (RMPs), can reverse soil degradation trends, improve soil quality and resilience, increase biomass production and decrease emission of GHGs. A strong link exists between the labile fraction of SOC pool and soil biodiversitythe activity and species diversity of soil fauna (micro, meso and macro) and micro-organisms. Soil biodiversity is usually higher under pastures and planted fallow systems than under crops, and is likely to increase with adoption of conservation tillage and mulch farming, integrated nutrient management and manuring, mixed farming systems and integrated pest management (IPM) techniques. The gross rates of SOC sequestration through adoption of RMPs range from 400 to 800 kg/ha/y for cool and humid regions and 100 to 200 kg/ha/y for dry and warm climates. The potential of soil C sequestration in Brazil is estimated at about 50 Tg C/y. In addition, 60 Tg C/y emitted by erosion-induced mineralization can also be avoided through effective erosion control measures.",2005,"Lal, R; <br>Lal, R","greenhouse effect; global climate change; CO2; CH4; N2O; no-till; conservation tillage; crop rotations; cover crops; biodiversity","http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J064v26n04_04","Article; Proceedings Paper","JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Bio-energy with carbon storage (BECS): A sequential decision approach to the threat of abrupt climate change","Abrupt climate change (ACC) is an issue that 'haunts the climate change problem' but has so far been neglected by policy makers. This may have been because of an apparent lack of practicable measures for effective response, apart from risky geoengineering. If achieved on a sufficiently large scale, a portfolio of Bio-Energy with Carbon Storage (BECS) technologies, yielding a negative-emissions energy system, may be seen not only as benign geoengineering, free of the risks associated with other geoengineering, but also as one of the keys to being prepared for ACC. The nature of sequential future decisions is discussed; these will need to be taken in response to the evolution of future events, which is as yet unknown. The impact of such decisions on land-use change is related to a specific bio-energy conversion technology. The effects of a precautionary strategy, possibly leading to eventual land-use change on a large scale, is modeled using FLAMES (see Appendix A). Modeling shows that, using BECS, and under strong assumptions appropriate to imminent ACC, preindustrial CO2 levels can be restored by mid-century. Addressed to ACC rather than gradual climate change, a robust strategy related to Article 3.3 of the Convention may provide the basis for rapprochement between Kyoto Parties and other Annex 1 Parties. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2005,"Read, P; <br>Lermit, J; <br>Read, P; <br>Lermit, J",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2004.07.003","Article; Proceedings Paper","ENERGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Carbon sequestration in arable soils is likely to increase nitrous oxide emissions, offsetting reductions in climate radiative forcing","Strategies for mitigating the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere include sequestering carbon (C) in soils and vegetation of terrestrial ecosystems. Carbon and nitrogen (N) move through terrestrial ecosystems in coupled biogeochemical cycles, and increasing C stocks in soils and vegetation will have an impact on the N cycle. We conducted simulations with a biogeochemical model to evaluate the impact of different cropland management strategies on the coupled cycles of C and N, with special emphasis on C-sequestration and emission of the greenhouse gases methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Reduced tillage, enhanced crop residue incorporation, and farmyard manure application each increased soil C-sequestration, increased N2O emissions, and had little effect on CH4 uptake. Over 20 years, increases in N2O emissions, which were converted into CO2-equivalent emissions with 100-year global warming potential multipliers, offset 75-310% of the carbon sequestered, depending on the scenario. Quantification of these types of biogeochemical interactions must be incorporated into assessment frameworks and trading mechanisms to accurately evaluate the value of agricultural systems in strategies for climate protection.",2005,"Li, CS; <br>Frolking, S; <br>Li, CS; <br>Butterbach-Bahl, K; <br>Frolking, S; <br>Butterbach-Bahl, K",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-6791-5","Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Management strategies to sequester carbon in agricultural soils and to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions","Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils is frequently promoted as a practical solution for slowing down the rate of increase of CO2 in the atmosphere. Consequently, there is a need to improve our understanding of how land management practices may affect the net removal of greenhouse gases (GHG) from the atmosphere. In this paper we examine the role of agriculture in influencing the GHG budget and briefly discuss the potential for carbon mitigation by agriculture. We also examine the opportunities that exist for increasing soil C sequestration using management practices such as reduced tillage, reduced frequency of summer fallowing, introduction of forage crops into crop rotations, conversion of cropland to grassland and nutrient addition via fertilization. In order to provide information on the impact of such management practices on the net GHG budget we ran simulations using CENTURY (a C model) and DNDC (a N model) for five locations across Canada, for a 30-yr time period. These simulations provide information on the potential trade-off between C sequestration and increased N2O emissions. Our model output suggests that conversion of cropland to grassland will result in the largest reduction in net GHG emissions, while nutrient additions via fertilizers will result in a small increase in GHG emissions. Simulations with the CENTURY model also indicated that favorable growing conditions during the last 15 yr could account for an increase of 6% in the soil C at a site in Lethbridge, Alberta.",2005,"Desjardins, RL; <br>Smith, W; <br>Desjardins, RL; <br>Smith, W; <br>Grant, B; <br>Grant, B; <br>Campbell, C; <br>Riznek, R; <br>Campbell, C; <br>Riznek, R",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-5951-y","Book Chapter","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Effects of afforestation on water yield: a global synthesis with implications for policy","Carbon sequestration programs, including afforestation and reforestation, are gaining attention globally and will alter many ecosystem processes, including water yield. Some previous analyses have addressed deforestation and water yield, while the effects of afforestation on water yield have been considered for some regions. However, to our knowledge no systematic global analysis of the effects of afforestation on water yield has been undertaken. To assess and predict these effects globally, we analyzed 26 catchment data sets with 504 observations, including annual runoff and low flow. We examined changes in the context of several variables, including original vegetation type, plantation species, plantation age, and mean annual precipitation (MAP). All of these variables should be useful for understanding and modeling the effects of afforestation on water yield. We found that annual runoff was reduced on average by 44% (+/- 3%) and 31% (+/- 2%) when grasslands and shrublands were afforested, respectively. Eucalypts had a larger impact than other tree species in afforested grasslands (P=0.002), reducing runoff (90) by 75% (+/- 10%), compared with a 40% (+/- 3%) average decrease with pines. Runoff losses increased significantly with plantation age for at least 20 years after planting, whether expressed as absolute changes (mm) or as a proportion of predicted runoff (%) (P < 0.001). For grasslands, absolute reductions in annual runoff were greatest at wetter sites, but proportional reductions were significantly larger in drier sites (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Afforestation effects on low flow were similar to those on total annual flow, but proportional reductions were even larger for low flow (P < 0.001). These results clearly demonstrate that reductions in runoff can be expected following afforestation of grasslands and shrublands and may be most severe in drier regions. Our results suggest that, in a region where natural runoff is less than 10% of MAP, afforestation should result in a complete loss of runoff; where natural runoff is 30% of precipitation, it will likely be cut by half or more when trees are planted. The possibility that afforestation could cause or intensify water shortages in many locations is a tradeoff that should be explicitly addressed in carbon sequestration programs.",2005,"Farley, KA; <br>Farley, KA; <br>Jobbagy, EG; <br>Jackson, RB; <br>Jobbagy, EG; <br>Jackson, RB","afforestation; land-use change; plantation; runoff; water yield","http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01011.x","Article","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Quant. analyses & models"]
["A framework for poplar plantation risk assessments","The native poplar (Populus spp.) resources of Canada are the largest of any country. Of the 80 million hectares occupied by poplars worldwide, 28.3 million hectares (35 percent) are in Canada (FAO, 2004). Until recently, this bounty and the high quality of wood derived from native poplar species precluded the economic development of poplar plantation culture in Canada, but the area of planted poplars is likely to grow with increasing remoteness of native stands from mills and markets, pressures to protect native forests and afforestation opportunities for carbon sequestration in meeting Canada's commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. At present, committed poplar plantations and amenity plantings cover only 14 300 ha, generating some 43 000 m3 of forest products annually (van Oosten, 2004). Because of the limited area planted with poplars in Canada, experience with this culture is limited, and uncertainty about risks to plantations could frustrate potenial investors. A group of specialists therefore convened to develop a framework for identifying and addressing the uncertainties associated with disturbances and their impacts on fast-growing tree plantations of Populus or Salix cultivars, among other species, in Canada. The framework was based on the best information available for assessing losses that plantation ventures might incur from weather-related impacts (mainly drought), fire and pests (including insects, tree diseases and vertebrates). The effects of multiple risk agents were then assessed using Monte Carlo simulation, which involves running a model many times over, each time using values for random variables selected from their probability distributions. No attempt was made to model interactions among disturbances.",2005,"Mallett, K.I.; <br>Volney, W.J.A.; <br>Alfaro, R.I.; <br>Borthwell, P.; <br>Hogg, E.H.; <br>Hopkin, A.; <br>Laflamme, G.; <br>Hurley, J.E.; <br>Warren, G.; <br>Metsaranta, J.; <br>Mallett, K.I.",null,null,"JOUR","Unasylva","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Nitrogen pools and fluxes in grassland soils sequestering carbon","Carbon sequestration in agricultural, forest, and grassland soils has been promoted as a means by which substantial amounts of CO2 may be removed from the atmosphere, but few studies have evaluated the associated impacts on changes in soil N or net global warming potential (GWP). The purpose of this research was to ( 1) review the literature to examine how changes in grassland management that affect soil C also impact soil N, ( 2) assess the impact of different types of grassland management on changes in soil N and rates of change, and (3) evaluate changes in N2O fluxes from differently managed grassland ecosystems to assess net impacts on GWP. Soil C and N stocks either both increased or both decreased for most studies. Soil C and N sequestration were tightly linked, resulting in little change in C: N ratios with changes in management. Within grazing treatments N2O made a minor contribution to GWP (0.1-4%), but increases in N2O fluxes offset significant portions of C sequestration gains due to fertilization (10-125%) and conversion (average = 27%). Results from this work demonstrate that even when improved management practices result in considerable rates of C and N sequestration, changes in N2O fluxes can offset a substantial portion of gains by C sequestration. Even for cases in which C sequestration rates are not entirely offset by increases in N2O fluxes, small increases in N2O fluxes can substantially reduce C sequestration benefits. Conversely, reduction of N2O fluxes in grassland soils brought about by changes in management represents an opportunity to reduce the contribution of grasslands to net greenhouse gas forcing.",2005,"Conant, RT; <br>Paustian, K; <br>Conant, RT; <br>Paustian, K; <br>Del Grosso, SJ; <br>Parton, WJ; <br>Del Grosso, SJ; <br>Parton, WJ","grassland; grassland management; greenhouse gases; nitrous oxide; soil carbon","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-004-5085-z","Article","NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Carbon sequestration in European croplands.","The Marrakech Accords allow biospheric carbon sinks and sources to be included in attempts to meet emission reduction targets for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. Forest management, cropland management, grazing land management, and re-vegetation are allowable activities under Article 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol. Soil carbon sinks (and sources) can, therefore, be included under these activities. Croplands are estimated to be the largest biospheric source of carbon lost to the atmosphere in Europe each year, but the cropland estimate is the most uncertain among all land-use types. It is estimated that European croplands (for Europe as far east as the Urals) lose 300 Tg (C) per year, with the mean figure for the European Union estimated to be 78 Tg (C) per year (with one SD=37). National estimates for EU countries are of a similar order of magnitude on a per-area basis. There is significant potential within Europe to decrease the flux of carbon to the atmosphere from cropland, and for cropland management to sequester soil carbon, relative to the amount of carbon stored in cropland soils at present. The biological potential for carbon storage in European (EU 15) cropland is of the order of 90-120 Tg (C) per year, with a range of options available that include reduced and zero tillage, set-aside, perennial crops, deep rooting crops, more efficient use of organic amendments (animal manure, sewage sludge, cereal straw, compost), improved rotations, irrigation, bioenergy crops, extensification, organic farming, and conversion of arable land to grassland or woodland. The sequestration potential, considering only constraints on land use, amounts of raw materials and available land, is up to 45 Tg (C) per year. The realistic potential and the conservative achievable potentials may be considerably lower than the biological potential because of socioeconomic and other constraints, with a realistically achievable potential estimated to be about 20% of the biological potential. As with other carbon sequestration options, potential impacts of non-CO, trace gases also need to be factored in. If carbon sequestration in croplands is to be used in helping to meet emission reduction targets for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, the changes in soil carbon must be measurable and verifiable. Changes in soil carbon can be difficult to measure over a 5-year commitment period, and this has implications for Kyoto accounting and verification. Currently, most countries can hope to achieve only a low level of verifiability during the first commitment period, whereas those with the best-developed national carbon accounting systems will be able to deliver an intermediate level of verifiability. Very stringent definitions of verifiability would require verification that would be prohibitively expensive for any country. There is considerable potential in European croplands to reduce carbon fluxes to the atmosphere and to sequester carbon iri the soil, but carbon sequestration in soil has a finite potential and is non-permanent. Given that carbon sequestration may also be difficult to measure and verify, soil carbon sequestration is a riskier long-term strategy for climate mitigation than direct reduction of carbon emissions. However, improved agricultural management often has a range of other environmental and economic benefits in addition to climate mitigation potential, and this may make attempts to improve soil carbon storage attractive as part of integrated sustainability policies.",2005,"Smith, Pete; <br>Falloon, Pete",null,null,"JOUR","SEB experimental biology series","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Soils as carbon sinks: the global context","Soil carbon sequestration could meet at most about one-third of the current yearly increase in atmospheric CO2-carbon, but the duration of the effect would be limited, with significant impacts lasting only 20-50 years. Coupled with this limited duration, increases in population and per-capita energy demand mean that soil carbon sequestration could play only a minor role in closing the difference between predicted and target carbon emissions by 2100. However, if atmospheric CO2 concentrations are to be stabilized at reasonable levels (450-650 ppm), drastic reductions in carbon emissions will be required over the next 20-30 years. Given this, carbon sequestration should form a central role in any portfolio of measures to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations over this crucial period, while new energy technologies are developed and implemented. International agreements, such as the Kyoto Protocol, encourage soil carbon sequestration and could be used to formulate soil carbon sequestration polices. Such policies need to take account of other environmental impacts as well as political, economic and societal needs, so that they form part of a raft of measures encouraging sustainable development. Of the carbon sequestration options available, those of a 'win-win' nature, that is, those that increase carbon stocks at the same time as improving other aspects of the environment, and those that protect or enhance existing stocks ('no regrets' implementation) show the greatest promise in meeting these goals.",2004,"Smith, P; <br>Smith, P; <br>Smith, P","soils; global change; climate change; climate mitigation; carbon sequestration","http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/SUM2004233","Article","SOIL USE AND MANAGEMENT","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Agricultural activities and the global carbon cycle","The observed and projected increase in emission of greenhouse gases, with attendant effects on global warming and sea level rise, have raised interests in identifying mitigation options. Terrestrial C sequestration involves capture of atmospheric C through photosynthesis and storage in biota, soil and wetlands. Land use, vegetation and soil management have a strong impact on the biotic processes of C sequestration. Losses of C from the terrestrial ecosystems are exacerbated by deforestation, biomass burning, plowing, resource-based and subsistence agriculture, and practices that mine soil fertility and deplete the soil organic C (SOC) pool. Biomass burning may also produce charcoal, which is an inert carbon with long residence time. Practices that enhance C sequestration include afforestation and reforestation, conservation tillage and mulch farming, integrated nutrient management and adopting systems with high biodiversity. Net C sequestration within an ecosystem can be assessed by taking into account the hidden C costs of fertilizers, pesticides, tillage, irrigation and other input. Restoration of degraded soils and ecosystems has a vast potential of C sequestration. The Kyoto Protocol provides for C sequestration in terrestrial sinks and C trading through Clean Development Mechanisms. Terrestrial C sequestration, besides being a win-win strategy, offers a window of opportunity for the first few decades of the 21(st) century. It is a natural process of reducing the rates of gaseous emissions while alternatives to fossil fuel take effect.",2004,"Lal, R; <br>Lal, R","conservation tillage; soil carbon sequestration; soil organic matter dynamics; soil quality; terrestrial carbon pool","http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:FRES.0000048480.24274.0f","Article; Proceedings Paper","NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security","The carbon sink capacity of the world's agricultural and degraded soils is 50 to 66% of the historic carbon loss of 42 to 78 gigatons of carbon. The rate of soil organic carbon sequestration with adoption of recommended technologies depends on soil texture and structure, rainfall, temperature, farming system, and soil management. Strategies to increase the soil carbon pool include soil restoration and woodland regeneration, no-till farming, cover crops, nutrient management, manuring and sludge application, improved grazing, water conservation and harvesting, efficient irrigation, agroforestry practices, and growing energy crops on spare lands. An increase of 1 ton of soil carbon pool of degraded cropland soils may increase crop yield by 20 to 40 kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) for wheat, 10 to 20 kg/ha for maize, and 0.5 to 1 kg/ha for cowpeas. As well as enhancing food security, carbon sequestration has the potential to offset fossil-fuel emissions by 0.4 to 1.2 gigatons of carbon per year, or 5 to 15% of the global fossil-fuel emissions.",2004,"Lal, R; <br>Lal, R",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1097396","Article","SCIENCE","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and the kyoto protocol: Summary of implications","This paper discusses relationships between soil conservation, carbon sequestration, and the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol is the first attempt to use the flexibility of the global market place to stabilize and reduce GHG emissions, mitigate climate change, and promote sustainable development. The protocol emerged first as a framework agreement, but through international negotiations it is progressing into sets of legal articles. These impose obligations on all signatories, but they also identify opportunities for improved environmental land management at local, national and international levels. This is particularly true for soil conservation, where the sequestration of carbon above and below ground increases soil organic matter, enhances soil fertility, and improves production, while concomitantly reducing atmospheric CO2. It is a classic 'win-win' situation. Both the evolving opportunities and the obligations under the Kyoto Protocol are discussed in the paper.",2004,"Dumanski, J; <br>Dumanski, J",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000038210.66057.61","Conference Paper","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The costs of soil carbon sequestration: an economic analysis for small-scale farming systems in Senegal","Carbon sequestration in degraded agricultural soils in developing countries to mitigate atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations is increasingly promoted as a potential win win strategy, particularly for drylands. While considerable effort has been made to assess the benefits for local soils, regional ecosystems, as well as the global climate, few estimates exist regarding detailed costs and benefits for local smallholders, the ultimate actors and beneficiaries of carbon offset projects. This paper presents a farmer-centered ex-ante cost-benefit analysis of 15 management and land use options combined with a household budget model to assess what practices are most profitable and economically feasible for local farmers in the Old Peanut Basin of Senegal. The results show significant differences in anticipated net benefits for various management options, ranging from -$1400 to $9600 tC(-1). Given the differential resource-endowment of local smallholders, carefully designed cost-sharing mechanisms would be necessary to achieve equitable and efficient local participation in carbon sequestration schemes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",2004,"Tschakert, P; <br>Tschakert, P; <br>Tschakert, P","cost-benefit analysis; carbon sequestration; farming systems; drylands; systems analysis","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2003.11.004","Article","AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Belgium's CO2 mitigation potential under improved cropland management","Sequestration of carbon in soils and vegetation can contribute to meeting greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for individual countries under the Kyoto Protocol. In this paper, the carbon mitigation potential of a series of agricultural land-management practices that are relevant to Belgian agriculture is quantified. Reforestation of a part of the total agricultural area is also considered, and the sequestration potential is corrected for practices already in use before the 1990 baseline. Existing and future agro-environmental policies as well as regional policies aimed at reducing environmental side effects of spreading organic amendments were considered when calculating the areas for which sequestration measures could be applied. The results are brought together in a realistic scenario. The mean sequestration potential expressed in Gg C per year for Belgium is as follows: additional bio-energy crops (96.2), spreading farmyard manure formerly applied to grassland on arable land (84.4) woodland regeneration (31.7), adopting no-till farming on suitable soils over a period of 20 years (15.8), the use of cover crops following winter cereals (15.2, adopted over 20 years), improved management of farmed peat soils (13.4) and organic fanning (2.2). These figures suggest that, by 2010, Belgium can only expect a reduction in CO2 emissions ranging from 0.47 to 0.90% of the 1990 greenhouse gas emissions by improving agricultural management. These measures should not however be neglected as they will have other positive effects on soil properties, and they could offer a solution to reduce emissions from the agricultural sector by 4.7-9.0% of the 1990 values. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2004,"Dendoncker, N; <br>Van Wesemael, B; <br>Dendoncker, N; <br>Van Wesemael, B; <br>Rounsevell, MDA; <br>Rounsevell, MDA; <br>Roelandt, C; <br>Roelandt, C; <br>Lettens, S; <br>Lettens, S","carbon sequestration; agricultural management; agri-environmental policies; restrictions on spreading of animal wastes; Belgium","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2003.10.010","Article","AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Estimation of soil carbon gains upon improved management within croplands and grasslands of Africa","Many agro(eco)systems in Africa have been degraded as a result of past disturbances, including deforestation, overgrazing, and over exploitation. These systems can be managed to reduce carbon emissions and increase carbon sinks in vegetation and soil. The scope for soil organic carbon gains from improved management and restoration within degraded and non-degraded croplands and grasslands in Africa is estimated at 20-43 Tg C year-1, assuming that 'best' management practices can be introduced on 20% of croplands and 10% of grasslands. Under the assumption that new steady state levels will be reached after 25 years of sustained management, this would correspond with a mitigation potential of 4-9% of annual CO2 emissions in Africa. The mechanisms that are being put in place to implement the Kyoto Protocol - through C emission trading - and prevailing agricultural policies will largely determine whether farmers can engage in activities that enhance C sequestration in Africa. Mitigation of climate change by increased carbon sequestration in the soil appears particularly useful when addressed in combination with other pressing regional challenges that affect the livelihood of the people, such as combating land degradation and ensuring food security, while at the same time curtailing global anthropogenic emissions.",2004,"Batjes, N.H.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:ENVI.0000003633.14591.fd","Article","Environ. Dev. Sustainability","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe","In this review, technical and economically viable potentials for carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe by 2008-2012 are analysed against a business-as-usual scenario. We provide a quantitative estimation of the carbon absorption potential per hectare and the surface of agricultural land that is available and suitable for the implementation of those measures, their environmental effects as well as the effects on farm income. Realistically, agricultural soils in EU-15 can sequester up to 16-19 Mt C year(-1) during the first Kyoto commitment period (2008-2012), which is less than one fifth of the theoretical potential and equivalent to 2% of European anthropogenic emissions. We identified as most promising measures: the promotion of organic inputs on arable land instead of grassland, the introduction of perennials (grasses, trees) on arable set-aside land for conservation or biofuel purposes, to promote organic farming, to raise the water table in fanned peatland, and-with restrictions-zero tillage or conservation tillage. Many options have environmental benefits but some risk of increasing N2O emissions. For most measures it is impossible to determine the overall impact on farm profitability. Efficient carbon sequestration in agricultural soils demands a permanent management change and implementation concepts adjusted to local soil, climate and management features in order to allow selection of areas with high carbon sequestering potential. Some of the present agricultural policy schemes have probably helped to maintain carbon stocks in agricultural soils. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2004,"Freibauer, A; <br>Freibauer, A; <br>Rounsevell, MDA; <br>Rounsevell, MDA; <br>Smith, P; <br>Smith, P; <br>Verhagen, J; <br>Verhagen, J","carbon sequestration; Kyoto protocol; agriculture; carbon; management","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.021","Review","GEODERMA","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Carbon sequestration in croplands: the potential in Europe and the global context","Biospheric carbon sinks and sources can be included in attempts to meet emission reduction targets during the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. Forest management, cropland management, grazing land management and re-vegetation are allowable activities under Article 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol. Soil carbon sinks (and sources) can, therefore, be included under these activities. In this paper, the role of croplands in the European carbon budget and the potential for carbon sequestration in European croplands are reviewed. The global context is then considered. Croplands are estimated to be the largest biospheric source of carbon lost to the atmosphere in Europe each year, but the cropland estimate is the most uncertain among all land-use types. It is estimated that European croplands (for Europe as far east as the Urals) lose 300 Mt C per year. The mean figure for the European Union is estimated to be 78 (S.D. 37) Mt C per year. There is significant potential within Europe to decrease the flux of carbon to the atmosphere from cropland, and for cropland management to sequester soil carbon, relative to the amount of carbon stored in cropland soils at present. The biological potential for carbon storage in European (EU15) cropland is of the order of 90-120 Mt C per year with a range of options available including reduced and zero tillage, set-aside, perennial crops and deep rooting crops, more efficient use of organic amendments (animal manure, sewage sludge, cereal straw, compost), improved rotations, irrigation, bioenergy crops, extensification, organic farming, and conversion of arable land to grassland or woodland. The sequestration potential, considering only constraints on land-use, amounts of raw materials and available land, is up to 45 Mt C per year. The realistic potential and the conservative achievable; potentials may be considerably lower than the biological potential due to socioeconomic and other constraints, with a realistically achievable potential estimated to be about 20% of the biological potential. As with other carbon sequestration options, potential impacts on non-CO2 trace gases need to be factored in. If carbon sequestration in croplands is to be used in helping to meet emission reduction targets for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, the changes in soil carbon must be measurable and verifiable. Changes in soil carbon can be difficult to measure over a five-year commitment period and this has implications for Kyoto accounting and verification. Currently, most countries can hope to achieve only a low level of verifiability during the first commitment period, whilst those with the best-developed national carbon accounting systems will be able to deliver an intermediate level of verifiability. Very stringent definitions of verifiability would require verification that would be prohibitively expensive for any country. Carbon sequestration in soil has a finite potential and is non-permanent. Soil carbon sequestration is a riskier long-term strategy for climate mitigation than direct emission reduction and can play only a minor role in closing carbon emission gaps by 2100. However, if atmospheric CO2 concentrations are to be stabilised at reasonable levels (450-650 ppm), drastic reductions in carbon emissions will be required over the next 20-30 years. Given this, carbon sequestration should form a central role in any portfolio of measures to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the next 20-30 years, whilst new energy technologies are developed and implemented. Given that improved agricultural management often has a range of other environmental and economic benefits in addition to climate mitigation potential, such \"win-win\" strategies to improve soil carbon storage are attractive and should be implemented as part of integrated sustainability policies. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2004,"Smith, P; <br>Smith, P","carbon sequestration; climate mitigation; cropland; arable land; Europe; Kyoto Protocol Article 3.4; soil organic carbon; carbon mitigation; soil carbon flux","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2003.08.002","Review","EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change","The increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 by 31% since 1750 from fossil fuel combustion and land use change necessitates identification of strategies for mitigating the threat of the attendant global warming. Since the industrial revolution, global emissions of carbon (C) are estimated at 270 +/- 30 Pg (Pg = petagram = 10(15) g = 1 billion ton) due to fossil fuel combustion and 136 55 Pg due to land use change and soil cultivation. Emissions due to land use change include those by deforestation, biomass burning, conversion of natural to agricultural ecosystems, drainage of wetlands and soil cultivation. Depletion of soil organic C (SOC) pool have contributed 78 +/- 12 Pg of C to the atmosphere. Some cultivated soils have lost one-half to two-thirds of the original SOC pool with a cumulative loss of 30-40 Mg C/ha (Mg = megagram = 106 g = 1 ton). The depletion of soil C is accentuated by soil degradation and exacerbated by land misuse and soil mismanagement. Thus, adoption of a restorative land use and recommended management practices (RMPs) on agricultural soils can reduce the rate of enrichment of atmospheric CO2 while having positive impacts on food security, agro-industries, water quality and the environment. A considerable part of the depleted SOC pool can be restored through conversion of marginal lands into restorative land uses, adoption of conservation tillage with cover crops and crop residue mulch, nutrient cycling including the use of compost and manure, and other systems of sustainable management of soil and water resources. Measured rates of soil C sequestration through adoption of RMPs range from 50 to 1000 kg/ha/year. The global potential of SOC sequestration through these practices is 0.9 +/- 0.3 Pg C/year, which may offset one-fourth to one-third of the annual increase in atmospheric CO2 estimated at 3.3 Pg C/year. The cumulative potential of soil C sequestration over 25-50 years is 30-60 Pg. The soil C sequestration is a truly win-win strategy. It restores degraded soils, enhances biomass production, purifies surface and ground waters, and reduces the rate of enrichment of atmospheric CO2 by offsetting emissions due to fossil fuel. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2004,"Lal, R; <br>Lal, R","greenhouse effect; soil restoration; conservation tillage; mulch fanning; cover cropping; the global C cycle","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.032","Review","GEODERMA","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Patterns and mechanisms of soil acidification in the conversion of grasslands to forests","Grassland to forest conversions currently affect some of the world's most productive regions and have the potential to modify many soil properties. We used afforestation of native temperate humid grassland in the Pampas with eucalypts as an experimental system to 1) isolate forest and grassland imprints on soil acidity and base cation cycling and 2) evaluate the mechanisms of soil acidification. We characterized soil changes with afforestation using ten paired stands of native grasslands and Eucalyptus plantations (10-100 years of age). Compared to grasslands, afforested stands had lower soil pH (4.6 vs. 5.6, p < 0.0001) and similar to 40% lower exchangeable Ca (p < 0.001) in the top 20 cm of the soil. At three afforested stands where we further characterized soil changes to one meter depth, soil became increasingly acidic from 5 to 35 cm depth but more alkaline below similar to60 cm compared to adjacent grasslands, with few differences observed between 35 and 60 cm. These changes corresponded with gains of exchangeable acidity and Na in intermediate and deeper soil layers. Inferred ecosystem cation balances (biomass + forest floor + first meter of mineral soil) revealed substantial vertical redistributions of Ca and Mn and a tripling of Na pools within the mineral soil after afforestation. Soil exchangeable acidity increased 0.5-1.2 kmol(c).Ha(-1).yr(-1) across afforested stands, although no aboveground acidic inputs were detected in wet + dry deposition, throughfall and forest floor leachates. Our results suggest that cation cycling and redistribution by trees, rather than cation leaching by organic acids or enhanced carbonic acid production in the soil, is the dominant mechanism of acidification in this system. The magnitude of soil changes that we observed within half a century of tree establishment in the Pampas emphasizes the rapid influence of vegetation on soil formation and suggests that massive afforestation of grasslands for carbon sequestration could have important consequences for soil fertility and base cation cycles.",2003,"Jobbagy, EG; <br>Jackson, RB; <br>Jobbagy, EG; <br>Jackson, RB","afforestation; Argentina; eucalyptus; nutrient cycling; soil acidity; vegetation change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1024985629259","Article","BIOGEOCHEMISTRY","Field experiments"]
["Co-benefits from carbon sequestration in forests: Evaluating reductions in agricultural externalities from an afforestation policy in Wisconsin","Besides climate change mitigation, policies encouraging the conversion of agricultural land to forest may generate additional environmental benefits. We estimate the reductions in agricultural externalities (soil erosion, nitrogen, and atrazine pollution) from an afforestation program in Wisconsin. Existing benefits estimates are used to quantify the value of reduced soil erosion and some benefits from enhanced wildlife habitat. These values are the same order of magnitude as the costs of the carbon sequestration policy, indicating that the co-benefits of forest carbon sinks are an important factor for countries to consider in designing a portfolio of climate mitigation strategies.",2003,"Plantinga, AJ; <br>Plantinga, AJ; <br>Wu, JJ; <br>Wu, JJ",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3147106","Article","LAND ECONOMICS","Field experiments"]
["Conflicts between biodiversity and carbon sequestration programs: economic and legal implications","The economic and legal implications of the interrelationship between carbon sequestration programs and biodiversity are analyzed. Firstly, the current,treatment of this issue under the Framework Convention on Climate Change process is presented. Secondly, the implications of carbon incentives for existing forests are studied (basing the analysis on an extension of the Hartman model including carbon sequestration and biodiversity values). Then, the expected influence of this policy on decisions about which type of forest to use for afforestation and reforestation is discussed. An. optimal control model is used to analyze the choice between two types of forests: (i) one with high timber and carbon sequestration values but lower, or negative, biodiversity values; and (ii) one with lower timber and carbon sequestration benefits, but with high biodiversity values. Finally, the relationship between the Kyoto process and the Convention on Biological Diversity is investigated, to assess whether or not the latter is expected to have any influence on the outcomes obtained in the analysis above. Results show that creating economic incentives for carbon sequestration may have negative impacts on biodiversity, especially for afforestation and reforestation programs. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",2003,"Caparros, A; <br>Caparros, A; <br>Jacquemont, F; <br>Jacquemont, F","climate change; biodiversity; carbon sequestration; economics; law","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00138-1","Article","ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Offsetting global CO2 emissions by restoration of degraded soils and intensification of world agriculture and forestry","Increase in atmospheric concentration Of CO2 from 285 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in 1850 to 370ppm in 2000 is attributed to emissions of 270+/-30 Pg carbon (C) from fossil fuel combustion and 136+/-55 Pg C by land-use change. Present levels of anthropogenic emissions involve 6.3 Pg C by fossil fuel emissions and 1.8 Pg C by land-use change. Out of the historic loss of terrestrial C pool of 136+/-55 Pg, 78+/-12 Pg is due to depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC) pool comprising 26+/-9 Pg due to accelerated soil erosion. A large proportion of the historic SOC lost can be resequestered by enhancing the SOC pool through converting to an appropriate land use and adopting recommended management practices (RMPs). The strategy is to return biomass to the soil in excess of the mineralization capacity through restoration of degraded/desertified soils and intensification of agricultural and forestry lands. Technological options for agricultural intensification include conservation tillage and residue mulching, integrated nutrient management, crop rotations involving cover crops, practices which enhance the efficiency of water, plant nutrients and energy use, improved pasture and tree species, controlled grazing, and judicious use of inptus. The potential of SOC sequestration is estimated at 1-2 Pg C yr(-1) for the world, 0.3-0-6 Pg C yr(-1) for Asia, 0.2-0-5 Pg C yr(-1) for Africa and 0.1-0.3 Pg C yr(-1) for North and Central America and South America, 0.1-0.3 Pg C yr(-1) for Europe and 0.1-0.2 Po C yr(-1) for Oceania. Soil C sequestration is a win-win strategy; it enhances productivity, improves environment moderation capacity, and mitigates global warming. Copyright) (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.",2003,"Lal, R; <br>Lal, R","global climate change; soil carbon sequestration; soil rehabilitation","http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.562","Article","LAND DEGRADATION & DEVELOPMENT","Quant. analyses & models"]
["U.S. landowner behavior, land use and land cover changes, and climate change mitigation","Landowner behavior is a major determinant of land use and land cover changes, an important consideration for policy analysts concerned with global change. Study of landowner behavior aids in designing more effective incentives for inducing land use and land cover changes to help mitigate climate change by reducing net greenhouse gas emissions. Afforestation, deforestation, reforestation, and timber harvest are the most frequent land management practices that influence forest carbon stocks and flux. Research studies provide estimates of how private landowners respond to market signals and government programs and how they alter land management. For example, landowners have tended to retain subsidized afforested stands well beyond program life in the United States, suggesting that similar programs for climate change mitigation could result in high rates of retention. At the same time, policy makers need to be aware that unintended consequences of policies can lead to significantly different outcomes than envisioned, including leakage possibilities.",2003,"Alig, R.J.",null,null,"Review","Silva Fenn.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Environmental benefits and sustainable land-use options in the Jambi transect, Sumatra","Loss of environmental services provided by forests is a non-linear process in Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Intermediate-intensity land-use types in the form of complex agroforests have maintained global environmental benefits under a sustainable and profitable land use regime. Conversion to tree crop monocultures, however, poses a challenge to the environmental stakeholders and an opportunity from to stakeholders in the private economy. We quantified environmental indicators, as well as profitability and sustainability of a range of existing and possible production systems. Criteria and indicators were used at plot to landscape scales, taking into account local, national and global perspectives. Agronomic sustainability and profitability were assessed at plot level as they are of primarily local concern, while environmental services of forests, such as plant species and functional type richness, carbon stocks, greenhouse gas emissions, and trans-boundary haze, which are of national and global concern, were assessed at landscape level. Quantitative trade-offs and complementarities were analysed between global environmental benefits and local profitability. The current trend towards simplification of the complex agro-ecosystems and inherent loss of environmental services of forests is driven by profitability. The sequence in which environmental services of forests are lost is: standing carbon stocks, biodiversity, an low or negative greenhouse gas emissions.",2002,"Murdiyarso, D; <br>Murdiyarso, D; <br>Van Noordwijk, M; <br>Van Noordwijk, M; <br>Wasrin, UR; <br>Tomich, TP; <br>Wasrin, UR; <br>Tomich, TP; <br>Gillison, AN; <br>Gillison, AN","agronomic sustainability; biodiversity; carbon stock; emission; greenhouse gas; trade-off analysis","http://dx.doi.org/10.1658/1100-9233(2002)013[0429:EBASLU]2.0.CO;2","Article; Proceedings Paper","JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE","Field experiments"]
["Changes in the use and management of forests for abating carbon emissions: issues and challenges under the Kyoto Protocol","The global carbon cycle is significantly influenced by changes in the use and management of forests and agriculture. Humans have the potential through changes in land use and management to alter the magnitude of forest-carbon stocks and the direction of forest-carbon fluxes. However, controversy over the use of biological means to absorb or reduce emissions of CO2 (often referred to as carbon 'sinks') has arisen in the context of the Kyoto Protocol. The controversy is based primarily on two arguments: sinks may allow developed nations to delay or avoid actions to reduce fossil fuel emissions, and the technical and operational difficulties are too threatening to the successful implementation of land use and forestry projects for providing carbon offsets. Here we discuss the importance of including carbon sinks in efforts to address global warming and the consequent additional social, environmental and economic benefits to host countries. Activities in tropical forest lands provide the lowest cost methods both of reducing emissions and reducing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. We conclude that the various objections raised as to the inclusion of carbon sinks to ameliorate climate change can be addressed by existing techniques and technology. Carbon sinks provide a practical available method of achieving meaningful reductions in atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide while at the same time contribute to national sustainable development goals.",2002,"Brown, S; <br>Swingland, IR; <br>Brown, S; <br>Swingland, IR; <br>Hanbury-Tenison, R; <br>Prance, GT; <br>Hanbury-Tenison, R; <br>Prance, GT; <br>Myers, N; <br>Myers, N","Kyoto Protocol; carbon emissions; land-use change; forestry; deforestation; emissions reduction","http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2002.1021","Article","PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["The long way from Kyoto to Marrakesh: Implications of the Kyoto Protocol negotiations for global ecology","The Sixth and Seventh Conference of the Parties (COP 6 and 7) at The Hague, Bonn and Marrakesh came to a final Agreement on the Kyoto Protocol, which is thus ready for ratification by the individual nations. The Agreement was only achieved by allowing countries to offset their fossil fuel emission targets (on average 95% of the 1990 emissions) by increasing biological carbon sequestration, and by trading carbon credits. Activities that would count as increasing biological carbon sequestration include afforestation and reforestation, and changes in management of agriculture and forestry. According to the Agreement reached in Marrakesh, biological carbon sequestration may reach an offset of up to 80% of the required reduction in fossil fuel emissions (4% of the 5% reduction commitment). We explain why the allowable offset rose as high during the course of the negotiations. It is highlighted that major unintended consequences may be a result of the policy as it stands in the Marrakesh Accord. Major losses of biodiversity and primary forest are expected. We present scientific concerns regarding verification, which lead to scientific doubts that the practices encouraged by the Agreement can actually increase sequestration under a full carbon accounting scheme. We explain that there is a 'win-win' option that would protect high carbon pools and biodiversity in an economically efficient way. But, this is not supported by the Agreement. Despite the very positive signal that most nations of the United Nations will devote major efforts towards climate protection, there remains a most urgent need to develop additional rules to avoid unintended outcomes, and to promote the 'win-win' options that we explain.",2002,"Schulze, ED; <br>Schulze, ED; <br>Valentini, R; <br>Sanz, MJ; <br>Valentini, R; <br>Sanz, MJ","biodiversity; carbon accounting; carbon-cycle management; Kyoto protocol","http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00523.x","Editorial Material","GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Predicted impact of management changes on soil carbon storage for each cropland region of the conterminous United States","The exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere, biosphere and pedosphere is an important consideration when assessing agricultural and environmental management or policy decisions and their relationship to climate change. Field experimentation is the best way to gather data, but experimental data are specific to the management, soils and climate that represent the research site. Inadequate field data exist to address all management options across all soil types and climates. We have used the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change inventory approach to estimate changes in soil carbon storage resulting from various land use and management options. We generate a regional assessment of the relative impact of implementing changes in agricultural management on soil carbon storage. For each agricultural region of the United States, we present an estimated annual change in soil carbon storage for each management option. Results should prove especially useful in evaluating management options and tradeoffs.",2002,"Eve, MD; <br>Sperow, M; <br>Eve, MD; <br>Sperow, M; <br>Howerton, K; <br>Howerton, K; <br>Paustian, K; <br>Paustian, K; <br>Follett, RF; <br>Follett, RF","carbon dioxide; carbon sequestration; global warming; IPCC; soil organic carbon; soil quality",null,"Article","JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Economic, biological and policy constraints on the adoption of carbon farming in temperate regions","In this paper the issues surrounding the potential role for agriculture in temperate climates in the mitigation of greenhouse gases are examined, with a particular focus on the constraints and limitations on the adoption of practices contributing to carbon sequestration. Other land uses have come under close scrutiny for their potential to act as carbon sinks and it is likely that soil sequestration may become a legitimate part of the 'Land-use, land-use change and forestry' mechanism. However, for this to occur, further developments in our understanding of the biological processes involved in soil-carbon sequestration are required.",2002,"Renwick, A; <br>Ball, AS; <br>Renwick, A; <br>Ball, AS; <br>Pretty, JN; <br>Pretty, JN","carbon sequestration; soil microbiology; policy design","http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2002.1028","Book Chapter","PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Quantifying the impacts on biodiversity of policies for carbon sequestration in forests","There is currently a great deal of interest in the use of afforestation (conversion of non-forest land to forest) to reduce atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide. To date, economic analyses have focused on the costs of forest carbon sequestration policies related to foregone profits from agricultural production. No studies have examined additional costs or benefits associated with impacts on biodiversity. The main objective of this paper is to estimate the changes in farmland and forest bird populations that are likely to occur under an afforestation policy. Econometric models of land use are used to simulate the response of private landowners to subsidies for tree planting on agricultural land. We evaluate subsidies that achieve conversion of 10% of the total agricultural land in each of three U.S. states (South Carolina, Maine, and southern Wisconsin). Bird density estimates are derived for 615 species with data from the national Breeding Bird Survey. Percentage changes in agricultural and forest land for each county are applied to county-level estimates of bird densities for farmland and forest birds. Despite considerable spatial variation in agricultural land conversion rates and farmland bird distributions within these states, statewide losses of farmland birds were relatively uniform at 10.8-12.2%. Increases in forest bird populations, however. varied substantially between states: 0.3% in Maine, 2.5% in South Carolina, and 21.8% in southern Wisconsin. Surprisingly, a net loss in total bird populations results in all three states ( - 2.0% in Maine, - 2.3% in South Carolina, and - 1.1% in southern Wisconsin), despite the prevailing wisdom as to bird-rich forests. The loss is due to the coincidence of centers of high farmland bird richness and low forest bird richness with areas economically suited to conversion. Additional gains in forest species may result, however, if afforestation within the economically optimal counties is concentrated to fill in existing forest fragments presently suffering avian losses to edge predators. Our results thus show that assessments of the biological consequences of afforestation for carbon sequestration must consider both current land cover and the distributional patterns of organisms as well as the policy's conversion goal. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.",2002,"Matthews, S; <br>Matthews, S; <br>O'Connor, R; <br>O'Connor, R; <br>Plantinga, AJ; <br>Plantinga, AJ","carbon sequestration; avian abundance; econometric models; wildlife models; land-use change","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00269-5","Article","ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Global climate change and carbon management in multifunctional forests","Fossil-fuel burning and deforestation have emerged as principal anthropogenic sources of rising atmospheric CO2 and consequential global warming. Variability in temperature, precipitation, snow cover, sea level and extreme weather events provide collateral evidence of global climate change. I review recent advances on causes and consequences of global climate change and its impact on nature and society. I also examine options for climate change mitigation. Impact of climate change on ecology, economy and society the three pillars of sustainability - is increasing. Emission reduction, although most useful, is also politically sensitive for economic reasons. Proposals of the geoengineering for iron fertilization of oceans or manipulation of solar flux using stratospheric scatters are yet not feasible for scientific and environmental reasons. Forests as carbon sinks, therefore, are required to play a multifunctional role that includes, but is not limited to, biodiversity conservation and maintenance of ecosystem functions; yield of goods and services to the society; enhancing the carbon storage in trees, woody vegetation and soils; and providing social and economic well-being of people. This paper explores strategies in that direction and concludes that the management of multifunctional forests over landscape continuum, employing tools of conservation biology and restoration ecology, shall be the vital option for climate change mitigation in future.",2002,"Pandey, DN; <br>Pandey, DN; <br>Pandey, DN",null,null,"Review","CURRENT SCIENCE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Soil carbon sequestration and the CDM: Opportunities and challenges for Africa","This paper examines soil carbon sequestration in developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa as part of regional and global attempts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and the possibility that the development of greenhouse gas mitigation projects will offer local ancillary benefits. The paper documents the improvements in agricultural practices and land-use management in sub-Saharan Africa that could increase agricultural productivity and sequester soil carbon. During the first five-year commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, only afforestation and reforestation projects will be eligible for crediting under the Clean Development Mechanism, but soil carbon sequestration and broader sink activities could become eligible during subsequent commitment periods. However, very few cost estimates of soil carbon sequestration strategies exist, and available data are not readily comparable. It is uncertain how large amounts of carbon could be sequestered, and it is unclear how well site-specific studies represent wider areas. It is concluded that there presently is a need to launch long-term (10 years) field experiments and demonstration and pilot projects for soil carbon sequestration in Africa. It will be important to monitor all environmental effects and carbon 'costs' as well as estimate all economic benefits and costs of projects.",2002,"Ringius, L; <br>Ringius, L",null,null,"Article","CLIMATIC CHANGE","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Enhancing the carbon sink in European agricultural soils: including trace gas fluxes in estimates of carbon mitigation potential","The possibility that the carbon sink in agricultural soils can be enhanced has taken on great political significance since the Kyoto Protocol was finalised in December 1997. The Kyoto Protocol allows carbon emissions to be offset by demonstrable removal of carbon from the atmosphere. Thus, forestry activities (Article 3.3) and changes in the use of agricultural soils (Article 3.4) that are shown to reduce atmospheric CO(2)levels may be included in the Kyoto emission reduction targets. The European Union is committed to a reduction in CO2 emissions to 92% of baseline (1990) levels during the first commitment period (2008-2012). We have shown recently that there are a number of agricultural land-management changes that show some potential to increase the carbon sink in agricultural soils and others that allow alternative forms of carbon mitigation (i.e. through fossil fuel substitution), but the options differ greatly in their potential for carbon mitigation. The changes examined were, (a) switching all animal manure use to arable land, (b) applying all sewage sludge to arable land, (c) incorporating all surplus cereal straw, (d) conversion to no-till agriculture, (e) use of surplus arable land to de-intensify 1/3 of current intensive crop production (through use of 1/3 grass/arable rotations), (f) use of surplus arable land to allow natural woodland regeneration, and (g) use of surplus arable land for bioenergy crop production. In this paper, we attempt for the first time to assess other (non-CO2) effects of these land-management changes on (a) the emission of the other important agricultural greenhouse gases, methane and nitrous oxide, and (b) other aspects of the ecology of the agroecosystems. We find that the relative importance of trace gas fluxes varies enormously among the scenarios. In some such as the sewage sludge, woodland regeneration and bioenergy production scenarios, the inclusion of trace gases makes only a small (< 10%) difference to the CO2-C mitigation potential. In other cases, for example the no-till, animal manure and agricultural de-intensification scenarios, trace gases have a large impact, sometimes halving or more than doubling the CO2-C mitigation potential. The scenarios showing the greatest increase when including trace gases are those in which manure management changes significantly. In the one scenario (no-till) where the carbon mitigation potential was reduced greatly, a small increase in methane oxidation was outweighed by a sharp increase in N2O emissions. When these land-management options are combined to examine the whole agricultural land area of Europe, most of the changes in mitigation potential are small, but depending upon assumptions for the animal manure scenario, the total mitigation potential either increases by about 20% or decreases by about 10%, shifting the mitigation potential of the scenario from just above the EU's 8% Kyoto emission reduction target (98.9 Tg C y(-1)) to just below it. Our results suggest that (a) trace gas fluxes may change the mitigation potential of a land management option significantly and should always be considered alongside CO2-C mitigation potentials and (b) agricultural management options show considerable potential for carbon mitigation even after accounting for trace gas fluxes.",2001,"Smith, P; <br>Smith, P; <br>Goulding, KW; <br>Goulding, KW; <br>Smith, KA; <br>Smith, KA; <br>Powlson, DS; <br>Powlson, DS; <br>Smith, JU; <br>Smith, JU; <br>Falloon, P; <br>Coleman, K; <br>Falloon, P; <br>Coleman, K","agriculture; carbon mitigation; climate change; Europe; Kyoto Protocol Article 3.4; land management; methane; nitrous oxide; soil organic carbon; trace gas emissions","http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012617517839","Article","NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Carbon stock, afforestation and acidic deposition: An analysis of inter-relation with reference to arid areas","Recent advances in desert afforestation underlines its viability and importance in combating global warming and acidification. In this paper, the inter-relation between afforestation, global warming and acid rain has been analyzed. Numerical simulations indicate that afforestation of deserts has distinct advantage as carbon sink and as an important factor for changing microclimate of the region rather than a source of energy. Acidic deposition may well be utilised as fertiliser in nutrient deficit soil of tropical arid areas. However, past trends and projections of acidic deposition in arid areas adjacent to Thar deserts indicate an early efforts are required to cap the opportunity. Delays may contribute towards more incidences of failures.",2001,"Kumar, S; <br>Datta, R; <br>Kumar, S; <br>Sinha, S; <br>Datta, R; <br>Sinha, S; <br>Kojima, T; <br>Katoh, S; <br>Kojima, T; <br>Mohan, M; <br>Katoh, S; <br>Mohan, M","afforestation; acidification; carbon stock; deserts","http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013983823698","Article; Proceedings Paper","WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION","Quant. analyses & models"]
["Potential for carbon sequestration in Canadian forests and agroecosystems","The potential for carbon (C) sequestration was examined in selected Canadian forest settings and prairie agroecosystems under several management scenarios. A simple C budget model was developed to quantitatively examine C sequestration potential in living biomass of forest ecosystems, in associated forest-product C pools, and in displaced fossil-fuel C. A review of previous studies was conducted to examine C sequestration potential in prairie agroecosystems. In the forest settings examined, our work suggests that substantial C sequestration opportunities can be realized in the short term through the establishment of protected forest-C reserves. Where stands can be effectively protected from natural disturbance, peak levels of biomass C storage can exceed that under alternative management strategies for 200 years or more. In settings where it is not feasible to maintain protected forest-C reserves, C sequestration opportunities can be realized through maximum sustained yield management with harvested biomass put towards the displacement of fossil fuels. Because there is a finite capacity for C storage in protected forest-C reserves, harvesting forest biomass and using it to displace the use of fossil fuels, either directly through the production of biofuels or indirectly through the production of long-lived forest products that displace the use of energy-intensive materials such as steel or concrete, can provide the greatest opportunity to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in the long term. In Canadian prairie agroecosystems, modest C sequestration can be realized while enhancing soil fertility and improving the efficiency of crop production. This can be done in situations where soil organic C can be enhanced without reliance upon ongoing inputs of nitrogen fertilizer, or where the use of fossil fuels in agriculture can be reduced. More substantial C offsets can be generated through the production of dedicated energy crops to displace the use of fossil fuels. Where afforestation or reconstruction of native prairie ecosystems on previously cultivated land is possible, this represents the greatest opportunity to sequester C on a per unit-area basis. However, these last two strategies involve the removal of land from crop production, and so they are not applicable on as wide a scale as some other C sequestration options which only involve modifications to current agricultural practices.",2001,"Stinson, G.; <br>Freedman, B.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011396115488","Article","Mitigation Adapt. Strateg. Global Change","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Agricultural soil carbon accumulation in North America: Considerations for climate policy","The Kyoto Protocol introduces the possibility that changes in carbon stock on agricultural and forest land and soils may be counted against countries' commitments to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Including activities related to land use change and forestry in the international climate change agreement may stimulate new incentives for soil-conservation practices domestically. However, a primary criteria for their inclusion relates to the level of accuracy and transparency with which carbon stock changes can be assessed. Parties will also be concerned with the wider environmental impact of different sequestration practices, and the impact of offsets on overall emissions targets. This paper examines these issues for agricultural soils, considering recent research in North America. It is argued that incentives for carbon sequestration practices may need to be implemented independently of actual stock changes because farm-level soil monitoring would be very costly. In the USA, priority should be given to establishing incentives for cover crops and to expanding conservation tillage programs. These activities provide a range of ancillary environmental benefits. In contrast, improvements in biomass yield tend to rely on higher fertilizer inputs with their related environmental costs. Carbon accumulated through any of these activities is easily lost if the practices are discontinued, and so assessment procedures are needed that would avoid overestimating sequestration. Annual accumulation in agricultural soils could be equivalent to about 10% of Annex I carbon dioxide emissions, and therefore options for limiting sink credits from soils should be considered. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.",2000,"Subak, S.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0959-3780(00)00026-1","Article","Global Environ. Change","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Addressing global warming and biodiversity through forest restoration and coastal wetlands creation","The Climate Challenge is a partnership between the Department of Energy and the electric utility industry to reduce, avoid, and sequester greenhouse gases. A portion of the initiative, the sequestration of greenhouse gases, is the focus of this presentation. Over 4 million acres of bottomland hardwood forests were cleared for agriculture in the Mississippi River Valley in the 1970s. Reestablishing these forests would improve depleted wildlife habitats, serve as wildlife corridors, increase biodiversity, and decrease soil erosion. Also, Louisiana is losing coastal wetlands at a rate of approximately 25 square miles/year. This coastal erosion is due to a number of factors and many efforts are currently underway to address the matter. One such effort is the use of material generated in the dredging of navigational canals; however, this material is low in nutrient value, making the regeneration of marsh grasses more difficult. In addition, bottomland hardwood forests and coastal wetland grasses are excellent 'carbon sinks' because they take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and store it in living plant tissue. Entergy Services, Inc. is an electric utility with a service territory that comprises portions of both the Lower Mississippi River Valley and the Gulf of Mexico coastline. This provides an opportunity to positively address both habitat losses noted above while at the same time addressing global warming, forest fragmentation, and biodiversity. Entergy, through its affiliation with the UtiliTree Carbon Company, is participating in projects that will investigate the feasibility of using bottomland hardwood reforestation on cleared marginal farmlands now managed by the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries and the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Entergy has also begun a research project with the Environmental Protection Agency and the State of Louisiana. The research is a compost demonstration project that will utilize wood waste generated through our tree-trimming program as a compost material that will be mixed with low nutrient dredge material to create new coastal wetlands. Taken together, Entergy's initiatives will be able to address global warming through carbon sequestration, restore fragmented forest habitats, reduce coastal erosion and improve the quality of a vital coastal aquatic nursery habitat. Efforts will be made to manage the created habitats for biodiversity. Pulling all these ideas together creates an effect in which the whole is greater than the sum, of the parts. In such a synergy of ideas, there are no losers and the winners are both industry participants and the environment. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V, All rights reserved.",1999,"Williams, JR; <br>Williams, JR",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00322-8","Article","SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Mitigation of atmospheric CO(2) concentrations by increased carbon sequestration in the soil","The International Panel on Climate Change distinguished three main options for the mitigation of atmospheric CO(2) concentrations by the agricultural sector: (1) reduction of agriculture-related emissions, (2) creation and strengthening of C sinks in the soil, and (3) production of biofuels to replace fossil fuels. Options for sustained sequestration of C in the soil through adapted management of land resources are reviewed in the context of the ongoing discussion on the need to reduce greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Enhanced sequestration of atmospheric CO(2) in the soil, ultimately as stable humus, may well prove a more lasting solution than (temporarily) sequestering CO(2) in the standing biomass through reforestation and afforestation. Such actions will also help to reverse processes of land degradation, thus contributing to sustained food productivity and security for the people in the regions concerned.",1998,"Batjes, NH; <br>Batjes, NH","carbon dioxide; carbon sequestration; climate change; greenhouse gases; mitigation options","http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050425","Article","BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Geoengineering: Could - or should - we do it?","Schemes to modify large-scale environment systems or to control climate have been seriously proposed for over 50 years, some to (1) increase temperatures in high latitudes. (2) increase precipitation, (3) decrease sea ice, (4) create irrigation opportunities or to offset potential global warming by spreading dust in the stratosphere to reflect away an equivalent amount of solar energy. These and other proposed geoengineering schemes are briefly reviewed from a historical perspective. More recently, many such schemes to advertently modify climate have been proposed as cheaper methods to counteract inadvertent climatic modifications than conventional mitigation techniques such as carbon taxes or pollutant emissions regulations. Whereas proponents argue cost effectiveness, critics of geoengineering argue that there is too much uncertainty to either (1) be confident that any geoengineering scheme would work as planned, or (2) that the many decades of international political stability and cooperation needed for the continuous maintenance of such schemes to offset century long inadvertent efforts is problematic. Moreover, there is potential for transboundary conflicts should negative climatic events occur during geoengineering activities since, given all the large uncertainties, it could not be assured to victims of such events that the schemes were entirely unrelated to their damages. Nevertheless, although I believe it would be irresponsible to implement any large-scale geoengineering scheme until scientific, legal and management uncertainties are substantially narrowed, I do agree that, given the potential for large inadvertent climatic changes now being built into the earth system, more systematic study of the potential for geoengineering is probably needed.",1996,"S; <br>c; <br>h; <br>n; <br>e; <br>i; <br>d; <br>e; <br>r; <br>,; <br> ; <br>S; <br>.; <br>H; <br>.",null,null,"JOUR","CLIM. CHANGE","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Agroforestry, reforestry, and the carbon problem: The role of land and tree tenure","Large scale reforestation in the tropics has the potential to sequester large amounts of carbon and to help to mitigate the buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide. However, unless the causes of deforestation are addressed, reforestation efforts will be in vain. The link between deforestation and reforestation operates within the domain of human intervention on the landscape, and includes the patterns of land resource use and access. This review considers the role that land and tree tenure (resource use and access) of agroforestry can have in reducing both the rate of conversion of forest to agriculture ‚Äì the largest biotic emission of carbon ‚Äì and forest degradation; thereby allowing both natural forests and reforestation to participate in carbon uptake. The operational land use and tenure aspects of agroforestry, and the impacts of these on deforestation, and in overcoming the obstacles to large scale reforestation, are presented. Utilisation of marginal lands, and the adoption, growth, and spread of agroforestry systems in the carbon context, are also discussed. ¬© 1995 Interdisciplinary Science Reviews.",1995,"Unruh, J.D.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/ISR.1995.20.3.215","JOUR","Interdiscip. Sci. Rev.","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["IMPLICATIONS OF POLICIES TO PREVENT CLIMATE-CHANGE FOR FUTURE FOOD SECURITY","Measures to reduce the use of fossil fuels, suppression of on-farm emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), afforestation, and geoengineering 'fixes' have been proposed to mitigate or eliminate greenhouse-forced climate change. These measures will have impacts on agriculture and other sectors of the economy. Mandatory reductions in the use of carbon dioxide (CO2)-emitting fossil fuels and/or carbon taxes will make energy more expensive. Profitability in agriculture will be affected as costs rise for essential activities. Hydropower will compete more strongly with irrigation for available water than it does now. Water for agriculture will be in shorter supply and will be more costly. New technologies and higher levels of management will be needed to reduce agricultural emissions of CH4 and N2O. If not too costly, some of the technologies proposed could actually improve production efficiencies and profitability. Afforestation on a massive scale has been proposed as a means of reducing the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere. Afforestation on the requisite scale will create considerable competition with agriculture for good land. Afforesting waste lands and recently deforested lands in the tropics may relieve some pressure for afforestation in the temperate regions. Geoengineering has been proposed as a strategy to counteract inadvertent climate change. Not all of the geoengineering schemes proposed have obvious linkages to agriculture, but some may have. CO2 enrichment of the atmosphere is known to increase photosynthesis, decrease evapotranspiration and improve water-use efficiency. It is difficult to know how severe the effects of climate change will be (and where?) so that we cannot confidently state that they will (or will not) be offset by CO2 enrichment. In this paper we speculate about whether the mitigation measures described above alter comparative advantage of developed and developing country agricultures, how this might happen, and how these changes might affect regional food security. Those mitigation measures that increase demands for water and land make it more difficult for agriculture to compete for these resources pose the greatest threats to global food security.",1994,"ROSENBERG, NJ; <br>ROSENBERG, NJ; <br>SCOTT, MJ; <br>SCOTT, MJ",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-3780(94)90021-3","Article","GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["TREES AND BIOMASS ENERGY - CARBON STORAGE AND OR FOSSIL-FUEL SUBSTITUTION","Studies on climate change and energy production increasingly recognise the crucial role of biological systems. Carbon sinks in forests (above and below ground), CO2 emissions from deforestation, planting trees for carbon storage, and biomass as a substitute for fossil fuels are some of the key issues which arise. This paper assesses various forestry strategies and examines land availability, forest management, environmental sustainability, social and political factors, infrastructure and organisation, economic feasibility, and ancillary benefits associated with biomass for energy. Halting deforestation is of paramount importance and should have priority above all other options, although it will not be easy to implement for a variety of well known reasons. There is also great potential for reforestation of degraded lands, agroforestry and improved forest management. We conclude biomass energy plantations and other types of energy cropping could be a more effective strategy for carbon mitigation than simply growing trees as a carbon store, particularly on higher productivity lands. Use of the biomass produced as an energy source has the added advantage of a wide range of other environmental, social and economic benefits. The constraints to achieving environmentally-acceptable biomass production are not insurmountable. Rather they should be seen as scientific and entrepreneurial opportunities which will yield numerous advantages in the long term.",1994,"HALL, DO; <br>HALL, DO; <br>HOUSE, JI; <br>HOUSE, JI","BIOMASS ENERGY; CO2; PLANTATION MANAGEMENT; AGROFORESTRY; LAND AVAILABILITY; ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY; FOSSIL FUEL SUBSTITUTION; BIOMASS ENERGY","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0961-9534(94)90081-7","Article; Proceedings Paper","BIOMASS & BIOENERGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["BIOMASS ENERGY AND THE GLOBAL CARBON BALANCE","Studies on climate change and energy production increasingly recognise the crucial role of biological systems. Carbon sinks in forests (above and below ground), CO2 emissions from deforestation, planting trees for carbon storage, and biomass as a substitute for fossil fuels are some of the key issues which arise. Halting deforestation is of paramount importance, but there is also great potential for reforestation of degraded lands, agroforestry and improved forest management. We conclude biomass energy plantations and other types of energy cropping could be a more effective strategy for carbon mitigation than simply growing trees as a carbon store, particularly on higher productivity lands. Use of the biomass produced as an energy source has the added advantage of a wide range of other environmental, social and economic benefits. The constraints to achieving environmentally-acceptable biomass production are not insurmountable. Rather they should be seen as scientific and entrepreneurial opportunities which will yield numerous advantages in the long term.",1994,"HALL, DO; <br>HALL, DO; <br>HOUSE, JI; <br>HOUSE, JI","FOREST STRATEGIES; CO2; LAND AVAILABILITY; ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY; BIOMASS ENERGY; FOSSIL FUEL SUBSTITUTION","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1481(94)90354-9","Article; Proceedings Paper","RENEWABLE ENERGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["Paper 6. consequences of climate change for the mink economy: impacts and responses","The impacts of climate change on the agricultural, energy, forestry, and water sectors of MINK would reverberate negatively throughout the regional economy. Allowing for sectoral adjustments to the new climate, however, the decline in regional income and production would not likely exceed 1-2%. The largest economy-wide impacts would be by way of the agricultural and water sectors. The impacts by way of forestry and energy would be negligible, unless the nation adopts a program of massive reforestation to capture CO2, which would positively affect the regional economy. ¬© 1993 Kluwer Academic Publishers.",1993,"C; <br>r; <br>o; <br>s; <br>s; <br>o; <br>n; <br>,; <br> ; <br>P; <br>.; <br>R; <br>.",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01091480","JOUR","Clim. Change","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["LONG-TERM STRATEGIES FOR MITIGATING GLOBAL WARMING","This special issue reviews technological options for mitigating carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The options analyzed include efficiency improvements, renewable energies, clean fossil and zero-carbon energy technologies, carbon sequestration and disposal, enhancement of natural carbon sinks (halting deforestation, afforestation, and other sink enhancement options), and geo-engineering measures to compensate for increases in CO2 concentrations. Reduction potentials, costs, and the relative contribution of individual options, as well as their limiting factors and possible timing of introduction and diffusion, are discussed. The study concludes with a discussion of methodological issues and of trade-offs and constraints for implementation strategies to mitigate anthropogenic sources of change in the global carbon cycle.",1993,"NAKICENOVIC, N; <br>GRUBLER, A; <br>NAKICENOVIC, N; <br>INABA, A; <br>GRUBLER, A; <br>INABA, A; <br>MESSNER, S; <br>NILSSON, S; <br>MESSNER, S; <br>NILSSON, S; <br>NISHIMURA, Y; <br>ROGNER, HH; <br>NISHIMURA, Y; <br>ROGNER, HH; <br>SCHAFER, A; <br>SCHAFER, A; <br>SCHRATTENHOLZER, L; <br>SCHRATTENHOLZER, L; <br>STRUBEGGER, M; <br>STRUBEGGER, M; <br>SWISHER, J; <br>SWISHER, J; <br>VICTOR, D; <br>VICTOR, D; <br>WILSON, D; <br>WILSON, D",null,"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(93)90019-A","Review","ENERGY","Reviews & meta-studies"]
["CO2 REMOVAL - SOME CONCLUSIONS","In this article concluding remarks are made about the status and potential of CO2 removal as an option to reduce the man-made CO2 emissions. The remarks are based on the results of the first intemational conference on carbon dioxide removal, held in Amsterdam from 4 to 6 March 1992, where aspects like the technology, the costs, the attainable emission reduction, the environmental consequences and the competitiveness were discussed. It is concluded that CO2 removal can contribute substantially to a reduction of the CO2 emissions. However, a massive introduction requires further R & D to improve its performance and to demonstrate that it can be applied within the concepts of sustainable development.",1992,"TURKENBURG, WC; <br>TURKENBURG, WC","GREENHOUSE PROBLEM; CO2; CO2 REMOVAL; CO2 RECOVERY; CO2 UTILIZATION; CO2 STORAGE; CO2 DISPOSAL","http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-8904(92)90089-F","Article","ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT","Qual. analyses & concepts"]
["Forestry expansion - a study of technical, economic and ecological factors. Assessing the returns to the economy and to society from investments in forestry","Forestry is a multiple output activity. The planting of forests produces a number of joint outputs and services. Outputs can be positive, taking the form of benefits, or negative. Thus: an afforested area supplies trees as timber and as a source of recreational value; depending on the \"mix' of trees and the treatments applied to them, in-place biological diversity may be increased compared with the number of species and/or total species biomass in the displaced land use; landscape values may be increased or decreased; some watersheds may be protected by afforestation through the prevention of soil erosion. Others may suffer from soil erosion from ploughing and road building activity; water run-off may be reduced by interception to the point where surrounding areas suffer a diminution of water supply; microclimates may be affected by afforestation; afforestation may increase the deposition of airborne sulphur oxides and nitrogen dioxide in the forested area, but will reduce the transport of these pollutants to other areas; forests act as carbon sinks, and hence afforestation can reduce CO2 emissions stored in the atmosphere, reducing the \"greenhouse effect'; economic security for the nation may be advanced by afforestation because of reduced costs from interruptions in flows of imported timber; and the decline of rural communities may be lessened through afforestation. Other benefits widely attributed to afforestation include the creation or protection of rural employment and the saving of imports. These impacts are discussed separately because they generally will not qualify as allowable benefits in the sense used in this paper. Only some of these outputs or services are marketed. Typically, only timber values are reflected in the assessment of rates of return to plantations. Afforestation invariably appears to be \"uneconomic'. However, it is the whole range of outputs that is relevant to economic assessment. Henceforth, we distinguish between commercial rates of return and economic rates of return. -from Author",1991,"Pearce, D.",null,null,"Article",null,"Quant. analyses & models"]

{"sheet":"Suppl. Table 9. Taxonomy","index":5,"n_rows":461,"n_cols":5,"rows_kept":461}
["cdr_option","category_l0.1","category_l1","category_l2","category_l3"]
["AR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A1: Energy","A1.1: Energy demand"]
["AR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A1: Energy","A1.2: Energy production"]
["AR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.1: Food price"]
["AR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.3: Hunger"]
["AR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["AR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A3: Land use","A3.1: Land demand"]
["AR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A3: Land use","A3.2: Land use conflict"]
["AR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices","A4.1.1: Abatement cost"]
["AR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices","A4.1.5: Social cost of carbon"]
["AR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.2: Jobs & Livelihoods","A4.2.2: Livelihood impact"]
["AR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.2: Jobs & Livelihoods","A4.2.3: Source of income"]
["AR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.3: Prosperity","A4.3.2: Welfare"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.1: Air pressure"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality","B1.2.4: Unspecified pollution"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.3: Planetary boundary layer"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.4: Wind"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.1: Biosphere integrity"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.3: Microorganisms"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.4: Plants"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.5: Vertebrates"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.7: Fe","B3.7.1: Fe cycling"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.1: Agrochemicals","B4.1.2: Agrochemicals demand"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.1: N cycling"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.2: N demand"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.6: NH4+-N cycling"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.7: NO2-N cycling"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.9: NO3-N cycling"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.11: Na cycling"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds","B4.12.1: P cycling"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds","B4.12.2: P demand"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.13: S cycling"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.4: Ca cycling"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.8: K & compounds","B4.8.1: K cycling"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.8: K & compounds","B4.8.2: K demand"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.9: Mg","B4.9.1: Mg cycling"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B5: pH change","B5.3: Terrestrial pH"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.10: Soil water"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.2: Soil cation exchange capacity"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.3: Soil compaction"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.4: Soil composition"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.5: Soil electrical conductivity"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.8: Soil porosity"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.9: Soil temperature"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.1: Cloud formation"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.2: Drainage & runoff"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.3: Evapotranspiration"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.3: Evapotranspiration","B9.3.1: Evaporation"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.4: Flood"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.6: Precipitation"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.7: Water demand"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.8: Water quality"]
["AR","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.9: Water scarcity"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.1: Expert perception"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.2: Farmer perception"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.4: Public perception"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness","C2.1.1: Funding barrier"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness","C2.1.2: Knowledge gap"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness","C2.1.3: Logistics barrier"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness","C2.1.7: Technology trade-off"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage","C2.3.6: Unintended disturbance"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage","Extreme events "]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.5: Sequestration dynamics","C2.5.2: Biome production"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.5: Sequestration dynamics","C2.5.4: Climatic condition"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.5: Sequestration dynamics","C2.5.5: Sequestration efficiency"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.1: Burden sharing"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.2: Commodification of nature"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.3: Geopolitical interest"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.10: Surface radiation"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.11: Temperature outcome","C5.11.1: Air temperature"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.11: Temperature outcome","C5.11.3: Surface temperature"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.11: Temperature outcome","C5.11.4: Temperature range"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.2: Albedo","C5.2.1: Cloud albedo"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.2: Albedo","C5.2.2: Surface albedo"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.6: Emissivity"]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.6: Emissivity","Emissivity "]
["AR","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.7: Heat & Energy flux"]
["BECCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A1: Energy","A1.1: Energy demand"]
["BECCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A1: Energy","A1.2: Energy production"]
["BECCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.1: Food price"]
["BECCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.2: Food security"]
["BECCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.3: Hunger"]
["BECCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["BECCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A3: Land use","A3.1: Land demand"]
["BECCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A3: Land use","A3.2: Land use conflict"]
["BECCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices"]
["BECCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices","A4.1.1: Abatement cost"]
["BECCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices","A4.1.2: Carbon price"]
["BECCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices","A4.1.3: Commodity value"]
["BECCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices","A4.1.4: Electricity cost"]
["BECCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.2: Jobs & Livelihoods","A4.2.2: Livelihood impact"]
["BECCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.2: Jobs & Livelihoods","A4.2.3: Source of income"]
["BECCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.2: Jobs & Livelihoods","A4.2.4: Work conditions"]
["BECCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.3: Prosperity","A4.3.1: GDP"]
["BECCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.3: Prosperity","A4.3.2: Welfare"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality","B1.2.2: Ozone formation"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality","B1.2.3: Particulate matter"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality","B1.2.4: Unspecified pollution"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.1: Biosphere integrity"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.5: Vertebrates"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.6: Cu","B3.6.1: Cu cycling"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.6: Cu","B3.6.2: Cu demand"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.7: Fe","B3.7.2: Fe demand"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.1: Agrochemicals","B4.1.2: Agrochemicals demand"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.1: N cycling"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.2: N demand"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds","B4.12.1: P cycling"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds","B4.12.2: P demand"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds","B4.12.3: P2O5 demand"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds","B4.12.6: PO3-4 demand"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.2: Al","B4.2.2: Al demand"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.6: Eutrophication"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.6: Eutrophication","B4.6.1: Freshwater eutrophication"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.6: Eutrophication","B4.6.2: Marine eutrophication"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.8: K & compounds","B4.8.2: K demand"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.8: K & compounds","B4.8.3: K2O demand"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B5: pH change","B5.2: Ocean pH"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B5: pH change","B5.3: Terrestrial pH"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.12: Steel demand"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.2: Abiotic depletion"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.3: Biomass demand"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.4: Cement demand"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.6: Concrete demand"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.8: Fossil demand"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.1: Ecotoxicity","B8.1.1: Freshwater ecotoxicity"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.1: Ecotoxicity","B8.1.2: Marine ecotoxicity"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.1: Ecotoxicity","B8.1.3: Terrestrial ecotoxicity"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.2: Human toxicity"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.2: Human toxicity","B8.2.1: Carcinogenic effect"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.2: Human toxicity","B8.2.2: Non-carcinogenic effect"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.3: Ionising radiation"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.5: Stratospheric ozone depletion"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.2: Drainage & runoff"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.3: Evapotranspiration"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.3: Evapotranspiration","B9.3.1: Evaporation"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.3: Evapotranspiration","B9.3.2: Transpiration"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.4: Flood"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.6: Precipitation"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.7: Water demand"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.8: Water quality"]
["BECCS","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.9: Water scarcity"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.3: Landowner perception"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.4: Public perception"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.5: Stakeholder perception"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness","C2.1.1: Funding barrier"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness","C2.1.5: Technology competitiveness"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness","C2.1.7: Technology trade-off"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage","C2.3.6: Unintended disturbance"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage","Extreme events "]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.4: Production emissions"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.5: Sequestration dynamics","C2.5.1: Autotrophic respiration"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.5: Sequestration dynamics","C2.5.2: Biome production"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.5: Sequestration dynamics","C2.5.3: Carbon fertilization"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.1: Burden sharing"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.3: Geopolitical interest"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.4: Moral hazard","C4.4.3: Lock-in"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.4: Moral hazard","C4.4.4: Reduced action"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.5: Policy challenge","C4.5.1: Conflicting policies"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.1: Aerodynamic resistance"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.10: Surface radiation"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.2: Albedo","C5.2.2: Surface albedo"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.5: Atmospheric circulation"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.6: Emissivity"]
["BECCS","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.7: Heat & Energy flux"]
["Biochar","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A1: Energy","A1.1: Energy demand"]
["Biochar","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A1: Energy","A1.2: Energy production"]
["Biochar","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.1: Food price"]
["Biochar","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Biochar","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A3: Land use","A3.1: Land demand"]
["Biochar","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.2: Jobs & Livelihoods","A4.2.2: Livelihood impact"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality","B1.2.1: CO emissions"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality","B1.2.2: Ozone formation"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality","B1.2.3: Particulate matter"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality","B1.2.4: Unspecified pollution"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.1: Biosphere integrity"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.3: Microorganisms"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.4: Plants"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.5: Vertebrates"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.1: As cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.10: Mo cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.11: Ni cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.12: Pb cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.13: Sb demand"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.16: V cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.17: Zn cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.2: Ba cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.3: Cd cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.4: Co cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.5: Cr cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.6: Cu","B3.6.1: Cu cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.7: Fe","B3.7.1: Fe cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.8: Hg cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.9: Mn cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.1: Agrochemicals","B4.1.1: Agrochemicals cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.1: N cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.2: N demand"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.4: NH4-N cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.5: NH4+ cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.6: NH4+-N cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.8: NO3- cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.9: NO3-N cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.11: Na cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds","B4.12.1: P cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds","B4.12.2: P demand"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds","B4.12.4: PLFAs cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds","B4.12.5: PO3-4 cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.13: S cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.2: Al","B4.2.1: Al cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.3: B cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.4: Ca cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.5: CI- cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.6: Eutrophication"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.6: Eutrophication","B4.6.1: Freshwater eutrophication"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.6: Eutrophication","B4.6.2: Marine eutrophication"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.6: Eutrophication","B4.6.3: Terrestrial eutrophication"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.7: F- cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.8: K & compounds","B4.8.1: K cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.8: K & compounds","B4.8.2: K demand"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.9: Mg","B4.9.1: Mg cycling"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B5: pH change","B5.1: Freshwater pH"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B5: pH change","B5.3: Terrestrial pH"]
["Biochar","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.1: Rocks","B6.1.2: Sand demand"]
["Biochar","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.2: Abiotic depletion"]
["Biochar","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.3: Biomass demand"]
["Biochar","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.5: Clay demand"]
["Biochar","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.8: Fossil demand"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.1: Permanent wilting point"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.10: Soil water"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.2: Soil cation exchange capacity"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.3: Soil compaction"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.4: Soil composition"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.5: Soil electrical conductivity"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.6: Soil gas exchange"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.7: Soil macroaggregates"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.8: Soil porosity"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.9: Soil temperature"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.1: Ecotoxicity"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.1: Ecotoxicity","B8.1.1: Freshwater ecotoxicity"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.1: Ecotoxicity","B8.1.2: Marine ecotoxicity"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.1: Ecotoxicity","B8.1.3: Terrestrial ecotoxicity"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.2: Human toxicity"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.2: Human toxicity","B8.2.1: Carcinogenic effect"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.2: Human toxicity","B8.2.2: Non-carcinogenic effect"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.3: Ionising radiation"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.4: PAHs"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.5: Stratospheric ozone depletion"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.4: Flood"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.7: Water demand"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.8: Water quality"]
["Biochar","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.9: Water scarcity"]
["Biochar","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.1: Expert perception"]
["Biochar","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.2: Farmer perception"]
["Biochar","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.4: Public perception"]
["Biochar","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness","C2.1.5: Technology competitiveness"]
["Biochar","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage","C2.3.6: Unintended disturbance"]
["Biochar","C: Implementation challenges","C3: Non-CO2 GHGs","C3.1: CH4 emissions"]
["Biochar","C: Implementation challenges","C3: Non-CO2 GHGs","C3.2: N2O emissions"]
["Biochar","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.2: Albedo","C5.2.2: Surface albedo"]
["Biochar","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.8: Heat-island effect"]
["DACCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A1: Energy","A1.1: Energy demand"]
["DACCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A1: Energy","A1.3: Energy resource depletion"]
["DACCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.1: Food price"]
["DACCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A3: Land use","A3.1: Land demand"]
["DACCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A3: Land use","A3.2: Land use conflict"]
["DACCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices","A4.1.1: Abatement cost"]
["DACCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices","A4.1.2: Carbon price"]
["DACCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices","A4.1.3: Commodity value"]
["DACCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.2: Jobs & Livelihoods","A4.2.2: Livelihood impact"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality","B1.2.2: Ozone formation"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality","B1.2.3: Particulate matter"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality","B1.2.4: Unspecified pollution"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.1: Biosphere integrity"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.13: Sb demand"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.6: Cu","B3.6.1: Cu cycling"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.7: Fe","B3.7.2: Fe demand"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.1: N cycling"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.2: N demand"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.3: NH3 cycling"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds","B4.12.1: P cycling"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds","B4.12.2: P demand"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.2: Al","B4.2.2: Al demand"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.6: Eutrophication","B4.6.1: Freshwater eutrophication"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.6: Eutrophication","B4.6.2: Marine eutrophication"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.6: Eutrophication","B4.6.3: Terrestrial eutrophication"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.8: K & compounds","B4.8.2: K demand"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B5: pH change","B5.2: Ocean pH"]
["DACCS","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.11: Sorbent demand"]
["DACCS","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.4: Cement demand"]
["DACCS","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.7: Ethylene demand"]
["DACCS","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.8: Fossil demand"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.1: Ecotoxicity","B8.1.1: Freshwater ecotoxicity"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.2: Human toxicity"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.2: Human toxicity","B8.2.1: Carcinogenic effect"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.2: Human toxicity","B8.2.2: Non-carcinogenic effect"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.3: Ionising radiation"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.5: Stratospheric ozone depletion"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.7: Water demand"]
["DACCS","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.9: Water scarcity"]
["DACCS","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.1: Expert perception"]
["DACCS","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.4: Public perception"]
["DACCS","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.5: Stakeholder perception"]
["DACCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness","C2.1.4: Removal market"]
["DACCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness","C2.1.5: Technology competitiveness"]
["DACCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness","C2.1.6: Technology maturity"]
["DACCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness","C2.1.7: Technology trade-off"]
["DACCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage","C2.3.4: Ocean outgassing"]
["DACCS","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.1: Burden sharing"]
["DACCS","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.3: Geopolitical interest"]
["DACCS","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.2: Albedo","C5.2.2: Surface albedo"]
["EW","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A1: Energy","A1.1: Energy demand"]
["EW","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["EW","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A3: Land use","A3.1: Land demand"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality","B1.2.3: Particulate matter"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality","B1.2.4: Unspecified pollution"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.1: Biosphere integrity"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.1: As cycling"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.11: Ni cycling"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.12: Pb cycling"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.14: Si cycling"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.15: Sr cycling"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.3: Cd cycling"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.5: Cr cycling"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.6: Cu","B3.6.1: Cu cycling"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.2: N demand"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds","B4.12.1: P cycling"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds","B4.12.2: P demand"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.4: Ca cycling"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.8: K & compounds","B4.8.1: K cycling"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.8: K & compounds","B4.8.2: K demand"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.9: Mg","B4.9.1: Mg cycling"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.9: Mg","B4.9.2: Mg demand"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B5: pH change","B5.3: Terrestrial pH"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B6: Raw materials","B6.1: Rocks","B6.1.1: Silicate demand"]
["EW","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.1: Rocks","B6.1.1: Silicate demand"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.4: Soil composition"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.7: Water demand"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.8: Water quality"]
["EW","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.9: Water scarcity"]
["EW","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.4: Public perception"]
["EW","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.5: Stakeholder perception"]
["EW","C: Implementation challenges","C3: Non-CO2 GHGs","C3.2: N2O emissions"]
["EW","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.1: Burden sharing"]
["EW","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.2: Albedo","C5.2.2: Surface albedo"]
["SCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A1: Energy","A1.1: Energy demand"]
["SCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A1: Energy","A1.2: Energy production"]
["SCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.1: Food price"]
["SCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["SCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A3: Land use","A3.1: Land demand"]
["SCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A3: Land use","A3.2: Land use conflict"]
["SCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.2: Jobs & Livelihoods","A4.2.1: Lack of workforce"]
["SCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.2: Jobs & Livelihoods","A4.2.2: Livelihood impact"]
["SCS","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.2: Jobs & Livelihoods","A4.2.3: Source of income"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality","B1.2.4: Unspecified pollution"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.1: Biosphere integrity"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.3: Microorganisms"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.4: Plants"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.17: Zn cycling"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.6: Cu","B3.6.1: Cu cycling"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.7: Fe","B3.7.1: Fe cycling"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.9: Mn cycling"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.1: Agrochemicals","B4.1.2: Agrochemicals demand"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.1: N cycling"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.2: N demand"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.4: NH4-N cycling"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.6: NH4+-N cycling"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.9: NO3-N cycling"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds","B4.12.1: P cycling"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds","B4.12.2: P demand"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.13: S cycling"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.3: B cycling"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.4: Ca cycling"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.8: K & compounds","B4.8.1: K cycling"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.8: K & compounds","B4.8.2: K demand"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.9: Mg","B4.9.1: Mg cycling"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B5: pH change","B5.3: Terrestrial pH"]
["SCS","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.10: Manure demand"]
["SCS","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.3: Biomass demand"]
["SCS","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.5: Clay demand"]
["SCS","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.9: Glyphosate demand"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.10: Soil water"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.2: Soil cation exchange capacity"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.3: Soil compaction"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.7: Soil macroaggregates"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.9: Soil temperature"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.2: Drainage & runoff"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.3: Evapotranspiration"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.5: Groundwater"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.7: Water demand"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.8: Water quality"]
["SCS","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.9: Water scarcity"]
["SCS","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.2: Farmer perception"]
["SCS","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.4: Public perception"]
["SCS","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.5: Stakeholder perception"]
["SCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness","C2.1.1: Funding barrier"]
["SCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness","C2.1.2: Knowledge gap"]
["SCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness","C2.1.3: Logistics barrier"]
["SCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness","C2.1.5: Technology competitiveness"]
["SCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage","C2.3.2: ILUC emissions"]
["SCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage","C2.3.3: Microbe-mediated mineralization"]
["SCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.5: Sequestration dynamics","C2.5.4: Climatic condition"]
["SCS","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.5: Sequestration dynamics","C2.5.6: Sink saturation"]
["SCS","C: Implementation challenges","C3: Non-CO2 GHGs","C3.1: CH4 emissions"]
["SCS","C: Implementation challenges","C3: Non-CO2 GHGs","C3.2: N2O emissions"]
["SCS","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.5: Policy challenge","C4.5.1: Conflicting policies"]
["SCS","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.2: Albedo","C5.2.2: Surface albedo"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A1: Energy","A1.1: Energy demand"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A1: Energy","A1.2: Energy production"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.1: Food price"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.2: Food security"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.3: Hunger"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A3: Land use","A3.1: Land demand"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A3: Land use","A3.2: Land use conflict"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices","A4.1.2: Carbon price"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.3: Prosperity","A4.3.1: GDP"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality","B1.2.3: Particulate matter"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality","B1.2.4: Unspecified pollution"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.1: Biosphere integrity"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.5: Vertebrates"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds","B4.10.1: N cycling"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds","B4.12.1: P cycling"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","B: Environmental & human health","B5: pH change","B5.2: Ocean pH"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.3: Biomass demand"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.2: Human toxicity"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.5: Stratospheric ozone depletion"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.7: Water demand"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.8: Water quality"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.1: Expert perception"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.3: Landowner perception"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.4: Public perception"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception","C1.1.5: Stakeholder perception"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness","C2.1.5: Technology competitiveness"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness","C2.1.6: Technology maturity"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness","C2.1.7: Technology trade-off"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.2: Excess ocean heat"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage","C2.3.5: Sabotage leakage"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage","C2.3.6: Unintended disturbance"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage","Extreme events "]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.5: Sequestration dynamics","C2.5.4: Climatic condition"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.5: Sequestration dynamics","C2.5.6: Sink saturation"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.1: Burden sharing"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.3: Geopolitical interest"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.3: Geopolitical interest","C4.3.1: Resource conflict"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.4: Moral hazard","C4.4.1: Delayed action"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.4: Moral hazard","C4.4.2: Failure acknowledgement"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.4: Moral hazard","C4.4.3: Lock-in"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.4: Moral hazard","C4.4.4: Reduced action"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.5: Policy challenge","C4.5.1: Conflicting policies"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.5: Policy challenge","C4.5.2: Regulation challenge"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.6: Safety vs urgency"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.11: Temperature outcome","C5.11.1: Air temperature"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.11: Temperature outcome","C5.11.2: Ocean temperature"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.3: Atlantic meridional overturning circulation"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.4: Arctic summer ice"]
["Unspecified/multiple CDR","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.9: Permafrost"]

{"sheet":"Suppl. Table 10. All effects","index":6,"n_rows":396,"n_cols":4,"rows_kept":396}
["individual_effects","category_l0.1","category_l1","category_l2"]
[" Abiotic depletion","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.2: Abiotic depletion"]
[" Aerodynamic resistance","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.1: Aerodynamic resistance"]
[" Air pressure","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.1: Air pressure"]
[" Air quality","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality"]
[" Air temperature","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.11: Temperature outcome"]
[" AMOC","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.3: AMOC"]
[" Arctic summer ice","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.4: Arctic summer ice"]
[" Atmospheric circulation","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.5: Atmospheric circulation"]
[" Autotrophic respiration","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.5: Sequestration dynamics"]
[" Biomass demand","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.3: Biomass demand"]
[" Biosphere integrity","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.1: Biosphere integrity"]
[" Burden sharing","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.1: Burden sharing"]
[" Carbon fertilization","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.5: Sequestration dynamics"]
[" Carcinogenic effect","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.2: Human toxicity"]
[" Cement demand","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.4: Cement demand"]
[" Clay demand","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.5: Clay demand"]
[" Climatic condition","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.5: Sequestration dynamics"]
[" Cloud albedo","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.2: Albedo"]
[" Cloud formation","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.1: Cloud formation"]
[" CO emissions","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality"]
[" Commodification of nature","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.2: Commodification of nature"]
[" Concrete demand","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.6: Concrete demand"]
[" Delayed action","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.4: Moral hazard"]
[" Ecotoxicity","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.1: Ecotoxicity"]
[" Electricity cost","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices"]
[" Emissivity","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.6: Emissivity"]
[" Energy demand","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A1: Energy","A1.1: Energy demand"]
[" Energy production","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A1: Energy","A1.2: Energy production"]
[" Energy resource depletion","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A1: Energy","A1.3: Energy resource depletion"]
[" Ethylene demand","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.7: Ethylene demand"]
[" Eutrophication","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.6: Eutrophication"]
[" Evaporation","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.3: Evapotranspiration"]
[" Evapotranspiration","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.3: Evapotranspiration"]
[" Excess ocean heat","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.2: Excess ocean heat"]
[" Expert perception","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception"]
[" Extreme events","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage"]
[" Failure acknowledgement","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.4: Moral hazard"]
[" Farmer perception","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception"]
[" Food price","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.1: Food price"]
[" Food security","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.2: Food security"]
[" Fossil demand","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.8: Fossil demand"]
[" Freshwater ecotoxicity","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.1: Ecotoxicity"]
[" Freshwater eutrophication","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.6: Eutrophication"]
[" GDP","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.3: Prosperity"]
[" Geopolitical interest","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.3: Geopolitical interest"]
[" Glyphosate demand","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.9: Glyphosate demand"]
[" Groundwater","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.5: Groundwater"]
[" Heat-island effect","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.8: Heat-island effect"]
[" Human toxicity","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.2: Human toxicity"]
[" Hunger","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.3: Hunger"]
[" Ionising radiation","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.3: Ionising radiation"]
[" Land demand","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A3: Land use","A3.1: Land demand"]
[" Land use conflict","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A3: Land use","A3.2: Land use conflict"]
[" Landowner perception","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception"]
[" Leakage","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage"]
[" Livelihood impact","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.2: Jobs & Livelihoods"]
[" Lock-in","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.4: Moral hazard"]
[" Manure demand","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.10: Manure demand"]
[" Marine ecotoxicity","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.1: Ecotoxicity"]
[" Marine eutrophication","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.6: Eutrophication"]
[" Microbe-mediated mineralization","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage"]
[" Non-carcinogenic effect","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.2: Human toxicity"]
[" Ocean outgassing","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage"]
[" Ocean pH","B: Environmental & human health","B5: pH change","B5: pH change"]
[" Ocean temperature","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.11: Temperature outcome"]
[" Ozone formation","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality"]
[" PAHs","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.4: PAHs"]
[" Particulate matter","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality"]
[" Permafrost","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.9: Permafrost"]
[" Permanent wilting point","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.1: Permanent wilting point"]
[" Plants","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.4: Plants"]
[" Precipitation","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.6: Precipitation"]
[" Production emissions","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.4: Production emissions"]
[" Reduced action","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.4: Moral hazard"]
[" Regulation challenge","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.5: Policy challenge"]
[" Resource conflict","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.3: Geopolitical interest"]
[" Safety vs urgency","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.6: Safety vs urgency"]
[" Sand demand","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.1: Rocks"]
[" Silicate demand","B: Environmental & human health","B6: Raw materials","B6.1: Rocks"]
[" Soil cation exchange capacity","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.2: Soil cation exchange capacity"]
[" Soil electrical conductivity","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.5: Soil electrical conductivity"]
[" Soil macroaggregates","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.7: Soil macroaggregates"]
[" Soil porosity","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.8: Soil porosity"]
[" Soil temperature","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.9: Soil temperature"]
[" Sorbent demand","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.11: Sorbent demand"]
[" Source of income","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.2: Jobs & Livelihoods"]
[" Stakeholder perception","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception"]
[" Steel demand","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.12: Steel demand"]
[" Stratospheric ozone depletion","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.5: Stratospheric ozone depletion"]
[" Surface albedo","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.2: Albedo"]
[" Surface temperature","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.11: Temperature outcome"]
[" Technology competitiveness","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness"]
[" Technology trade-off","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness"]
[" Temperature range","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.11: Temperature outcome"]
[" Terrestrial ecotoxicity","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.1: Ecotoxicity"]
[" Terrestrial eutrophication","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.6: Eutrophication"]
[" Transpiration","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.3: Evapotranspiration"]
[" Water demand","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.7: Water demand"]
[" Water quality","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.8: Water quality"]
[" Water scarcity","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.9: Water scarcity"]
[" Wind","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.4: Wind"]
[" Work conditions","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.2: Jobs & Livelihoods"]
["1.5C vs no CDR ","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.5: Policy challenge"]
["Acidification","B: Environmental & human health","B5: pH change","B5: pH change"]
["Additional removal","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.5: Sequestration dynamics"]
["Agricultural output","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Agricultural prices","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.1: Food price"]
["Agricultural productivity","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Air pollution deaths","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality"]
["Alfalfa yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Algae yield ","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Aluminium demand","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.2: Al"]
["Aluminium in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.2: Al"]
["Ammonia in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds"]
["Ammonia nitrogen in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds"]
["Ammonium in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds"]
["Ammonium leaching","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds"]
["Antimony demand","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.13: Sb demand"]
["Arsenic in sorghum","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.1: As cycling"]
["Arsenic leaching","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.1: As cycling"]
["Available soil water","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.10: Soil water"]
["Bacterial abundance in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.3: Microorganisms"]
["Bacterial diversity in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.3: Microorganisms"]
["Bacterivore abundance","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["Barium leaching","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.2: Ba cycling"]
["Barley yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Basalt demand","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.1: Rocks"]
["Bean yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Biogeophysical impact","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5: Thermal impact"]
["Biomass yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Biome productivity","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.5: Sequestration dynamics"]
["Biophysical cooling","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5: Thermal impact"]
["Biophysical forcing","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5: Thermal impact"]
["Biophysical warming","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5: Thermal impact"]
["Bird abundance","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.5: Vertebrates"]
["Bird diversity","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.5: Vertebrates"]
["Bird nest predation","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.5: Vertebrates"]
["Boron in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.3: B cycling"]
["Business disruption","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.2: Jobs & Livelihoods"]
["Cadmium in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.3: Cd cycling"]
["Cadmium in sorghum","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.3: Cd cycling"]
["Cadmium leaching","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.3: Cd cycling"]
["Calcimetry","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.4: Soil composition"]
["Calcium carbonate in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.4: Ca cycling"]
["Calcium in plants","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.4: Ca cycling"]
["Calcium in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.4: Ca cycling"]
["Calcium supply","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.4: Ca cycling"]
["Canopy heating","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.7: Heat & Energy flux"]
["Carbon at risk","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness"]
["Carbon price impact","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices"]
["Chloride in water","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.5: CI- cycling"]
["Chromium in rice","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.5: Cr cycling"]
["Chromium in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.5: Cr cycling"]
["Chromium in sorghum","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.5: Cr cycling"]
["Chromium leaching","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.5: Cr cycling"]
["Citizen perception","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception"]
["Clay availability","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.5: Clay demand"]
["Climate impact","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage"]
["Cobalt leaching","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.4: Co cycling"]
["Coffee yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Coleoptera abundance","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["Coleoptera diversity","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["Collembola abundance","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["Commodity value change","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices"]
["Competition over labour","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.2: Jobs & Livelihoods"]
["Coordination challenge","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness"]
["Copper demand","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.6: Cu"]
["Copper in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.6: Cu"]
["Copper in sorghum","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.6: Cu"]
["Copper leaching","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.6: Cu"]
["Coral reefs","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["Cost of avoided CO2","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices"]
["Cost of CCS ","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices"]
["Crop residues demand","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.3: Biomass demand"]
["Cucumber yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["DALYs","B: Environmental & human health","B8: Toxicity & Radiation","B8.2: Human toxicity"]
["Deer browse","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage"]
["Desertification","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.9: Water scarcity"]
["Different development visions","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.5: Policy challenge"]
["Drainage water pH","B: Environmental & human health","B5: pH change","B5: pH change"]
["Drought","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.9: Water scarcity"]
["Dry matter content","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.4: Soil composition"]
["Earth system health","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.1: Biosphere integrity"]
["Earthworm abundance","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["Earthworm behaviour","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["Earthworm density","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["Earthworm moisture","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["Earthworm size","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["Earthworm survival","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["Ecosystem production","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.5: Sequestration dynamics"]
["Eucalyptus yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Farm economics impact","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.2: Jobs & Livelihoods"]
["Fertilizer demand","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.1: Agrochemicals"]
["Fertilizer leaching","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.1: Agrochemicals"]
["Fertilizer subsidy","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.1: Agrochemicals"]
["Flood protection","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.4: Flood"]
["Fluoride in water","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.7: F- cycling"]
["Food production","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Forage crop yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Fossil scarcity","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.8: Fossil demand"]
["Funding gap","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness"]
["Fungal diversity","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.3: Microorganisms"]
["Fungivore abundance","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["Garden waste","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.3: Biomass demand"]
["Gas exchange","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.6: Soil gas exchange"]
["General biodiversity","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.1: Biosphere integrity"]
["General public perception","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception"]
["Grain yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Ground heat flux","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.7: Heat & Energy flux"]
["Habitats","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.1: Biosphere integrity"]
["Herbicide demand","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.1: Agrochemicals"]
["Herbivore abundance","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["Herbs diversity","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.4: Plants"]
["Hydraulic conductivity","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.10: Soil water"]
["Impact on native species","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.1: Biosphere integrity"]
["Impacts on social systems","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.1: Burden sharing"]
["Incomplete combustion products","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality"]
["Insufficient planting stocks","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness"]
["Invasive species","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage"]
["Investment risk","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness"]
["Iron demand","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.7: Fe"]
["Iron in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.7: Fe"]
["Irrigated bioenergy","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.3: Biomass demand"]
["Irrigated food crops","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Kale yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Knowledge barrier","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness"]
["Lack of Workforce","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.2: Jobs & Livelihoods"]
["Land use impact on biodiversity","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.1: Biosphere integrity"]
["Latent heat flux","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.7: Heat & Energy flux"]
["Lead in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.12: Pb cycling"]
["Lead in sorghum","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.12: Pb cycling"]
["Lepidoptera abundance","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["Lepidoptera diversity","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["Life-support systems","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.1: Biosphere integrity"]
["Longwave radiation","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.10: Surface radiation"]
["Longwave radiative emissivity of air","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.6: Emissivity"]
["Magnesium demand","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.9: Mg"]
["Magnesium in plants","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.9: Mg"]
["Magnesium in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.9: Mg"]
["Maintenance costs","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness"]
["Maize yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Manganese in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.9: Mn cycling"]
["Marginal abatement cost","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices"]
["Market cost ","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices"]
["Maturity index","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["Mercury leaching","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.8: Hg cycling"]
["Methane emissions","C: Implementation challenges","C3: Non-CO2 GHGs","C3.1: CH4 emissions"]
["Microbial activity","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.3: Microorganisms"]
["Microbial biomass","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.3: Microorganisms"]
["Microbial utilization of Amines","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.3: Microorganisms"]
["Microbial utilization of Amino acids","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.3: Microorganisms"]
["Microbial utilization of Carbohydrates","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.3: Microorganisms"]
["Microbial utilization of Carboxylic acid","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.3: Microorganisms"]
["Microbial utilization of Phenolic acid","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.3: Microorganisms"]
["Microbial utilization of Polymers","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.3: Microorganisms"]
["Millet grain yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Mineral & metal demand","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4: Nutrients & Minerals"]
["Mite abundance","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["Molybdenum leaching","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.10: Mo cycling"]
["Monocultures","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.4: Plants"]
["Multi-crop yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Mustard yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Natural sink disturbance","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage"]
["Nematode abundance","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.2: Invertebrates"]
["Net radiation","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.10: Surface radiation"]
["Nickel in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.11: Ni cycling"]
["Nickel in sorghum","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.11: Ni cycling"]
["Nickel leaching","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.11: Ni cycling"]
["Nitrate in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds"]
["Nitrate nitrogen in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds"]
["Nitrite nitrogen in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds"]
["Nitrogen demand","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds"]
["Nitrogen flow","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds"]
["Nitrogen in plants","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds"]
["Nitrogen in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds"]
["Nitrogen leaching","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds"]
["Nitrogen loss","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.10: N & compounds"]
["Nocturnal cooling","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.7: Heat & Energy flux"]
["Non-CO2 emissions","C: Implementation challenges","C3: Non-CO2 GHGs","C3: Non-CO2 GHGs"]
["Ocean acidification","B: Environmental & human health","B5: pH change","B5: pH change"]
["Ocean oxygen","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.8: Water quality"]
["Omnivore abundance","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.5: Vertebrates"]
["Peanut pod yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Peat demand","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.3: Biomass demand"]
["Penetration resistance","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.3: Soil compaction"]
["Pesticide demand","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.1: Agrochemicals"]
["Phosphate demand","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds"]
["Phosphate in water","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds"]
["Phosphate leaching","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds"]
["Phospholipid fatty acids in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds"]
["Phosphorus demand","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds"]
["Phosphorus flow","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds"]
["Phosphorus in plant","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds"]
["Phosphorus in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds"]
["Phosphorus leaching","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds"]
["Phosphorus pentoxide demand","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds"]
["Phosphorus supply","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.12: P & compounds"]
["Planetary boundary layer depth","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.3: Planetary boundary layer"]
["Plant dry biomass","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Policy compatibility","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.5: Policy challenge"]
["Policy cost","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices"]
["Pollution impact on biodiversity","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.1: Biosphere integrity"]
["Potassium demand","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.8: K & compounds"]
["Potassium in plants","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.8: K & compounds"]
["Potassium in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.8: K & compounds"]
["Potassium oxide demand","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.8: K & compounds"]
["Potassium supply","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.8: K & compounds"]
["Potato yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Predator abundance","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.5: Vertebrates"]
["Prestige","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception"]
["Public awareness","C: Implementation challenges","C1: Acceptance","C1.1: Technology perception"]
["Rainfall dependency","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.5: Sequestration dynamics"]
["Rainfed bioenergy","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6.3: Biomass demand"]
["Rainfed food crops","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Rebound emissions","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage"]
["Recreational value","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.3: Prosperity"]
["Removal market size","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness"]
["Resource use impact on biodiversity","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.1: Biosphere integrity"]
["Respiratory effect, inorganics","B: Environmental & human health","B1: Air quality & condition","B1.2: Air quality"]
["Revenue","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.2: Jobs & Livelihoods"]
["Rice yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Runoff","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.2: Drainage & runoff"]
["Sabotage","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage"]
["Salmon","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.5: Vertebrates"]
["SDGs","C: Implementation challenges","C4: Policy response","C4.5: Policy challenge"]
["Sea surface pH","B: Environmental & human health","B5: pH change","B5: pH change"]
["Sequestration maintenance","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.5: Sequestration dynamics"]
["Sequestration potential","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.5: Sequestration dynamics"]
["Shortwave radiation","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.10: Surface radiation"]
["Silicon in plants","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.14: Si cycling"]
["Social cost of carbon","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices"]
["Sodium in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.11: Na cycling"]
["Soil biological quality index","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7: Soil condition"]
["Soil bulk density","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.3: Soil compaction"]
["Soil carbon value","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.1: Costs & Prices"]
["Soil clay content","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.4: Soil composition"]
["Soil diversity","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.1: Biosphere integrity"]
["Soil field capacity","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.10: Soil water"]
["Soil lime content","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.4: Soil composition"]
["Soil matrix","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.4: Soil composition"]
["Soil metabolic quotient","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.6: Soil gas exchange"]
["Soil methane emissions","C: Implementation challenges","C3: Non-CO2 GHGs","C3.1: CH4 emissions"]
["Soil microbial respiration","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.6: Soil gas exchange"]
["Soil moisture","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.10: Soil water"]
["Soil nitrous oxide emissions","C: Implementation challenges","C3: Non-CO2 GHGs","C3.2: N2O emissions"]
["Soil particle density","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.3: Soil compaction"]
["Soil pH","B: Environmental & human health","B5: pH change","B5: pH change"]
["Soil pressure head","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.10: Soil water"]
["Soil sand content","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.4: Soil composition"]
["Soil saturation","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.5: Sequestration dynamics"]
["Soil silt content","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.4: Soil composition"]
["Soil structure","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.4: Soil composition"]
["Soil water content","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.10: Soil water"]
["Soil water holding capacity","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.10: Soil water"]
["Soil water retention capacity","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.10: Soil water"]
["Soil water storage","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.10: Soil water"]
["Sorghum yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Soybean yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Species abundance","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.1: Biosphere integrity"]
["Species diversity","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.1: Biosphere integrity"]
["Stakeholder impact","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.2: Jobs & Livelihoods"]
["Storm water","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.4: Flood"]
["Straw yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Strontium in plants","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.15: Sr cycling"]
["Sulfur in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4.13: S cycling"]
["Sunflower yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Surface air temperature","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.11: Temperature outcome"]
["Surface downstream shortwave radiation","C: Implementation challenges","C5: Thermal impact","C5.10: Surface radiation"]
["Sweet corn yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Target failure","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.1: CDR readiness"]
["Terrestrial acidification","B: Environmental & human health","B5: pH change","B5: pH change"]
["Terrestrial and freshwater acidification","B: Environmental & human health","B5: pH change","B5: pH change"]
["Tobacco yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Tomato yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Tree diversity","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.4: Plants"]
["Unspecified crop yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Unspecified leakage","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage"]
["Unspecified nutrient","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4: Nutrients & Minerals"]
["Unspecified resources","C: Implementation challenges","B6: Raw materials","B6: Raw materials"]
["Unspecified soil effect","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7: Soil condition"]
["Unspecified trace elements","B: Environmental & human health","B4: Nutrients & Minerals","B4: Nutrients & Minerals"]
["Urbanization","C: Implementation challenges","C2: Efficacy threats","C2.3: Leakage"]
["Valuation of ecosystem services","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.1: Biosphere integrity"]
["Vanadium leaching","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.16: V cycling"]
["Vegetation index","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.4: Plants"]
["Vertebrate loss","B: Environmental & human health","B2: Biodiversity","B2.5: Vertebrates"]
["Water availability","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.9: Water scarcity"]
["Water drainage","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.2: Drainage & runoff"]
["Water filled pore space","B: Environmental & human health","B7: Soil condition","B7.10: Soil water"]
["Water stress","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.9: Water scarcity"]
["Water use efficiency","B: Environmental & human health","B9: Water cycle","B9.7: Water demand"]
["Welfare value","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A4: Markets & Prices","A4.3: Prosperity"]
["Woody crop yield","A: Economic prosperity & well-being","A2: Food & Yield","A2.4: Yields"]
["Zinc in soil","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.17: Zn cycling"]
["Zinc leaching","B: Environmental & human health","B3: Heavy metals","B3.17: Zn cycling"]