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["Table 2. Overview of articles included in data extraction that contained valuable survey questions and instruments."]
["Title","Author","Year","Article Type (Primary, secondary, Commentary, Abstract)","Country of Study","Study Design","Population","Instrumment or Questionnaire"]
["A quality improvement project to reduce events of visitor escalation in the intensive care nursery","Schwoebel A.; Quigley E.; Deeley A.; Deluca J.; Hollister S.; Ruggiero J.; Gephart S.; Newnam K.",2021,"Primary research","United States","Quality Improvement","Intensive Care Nursery (ICN)","A variation of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Culture of Safety Survey was created with the following items:  (1) What is your role on the unit? Physician/FLC/nurse/PCT or UC/other  (2) I feel safe in my work environment (3) Hospital leadership does enough to keep the staff safe. (4) My colleagues do enough to keep the staff safe. (5) Hospital leadership does enough to keep patients, families, and visitors safe (6) My colleagues do enough to keep patients, families, and visitors safe (7) Potential issues with visitors and/or families are proactively addressed on the unit (8) Family and visitor behaviors are handled consistently on my unit (9) I feel supported in my decisions when dealing with “difficult” families. (10) I have the tools/training to manage “difficult” families/situations. (11) When situations arise with families or visitors, they are managed consistently as an interprofessional team\n"]
["Incidence and prevalence of violence toward health care workers in emergency departments: a multicenter cross-sectional survey","Alshahrani M., Alfaisal R., Alshahrani K., Alotaibi L., Alghoraibi H., Alghamdi E., Almusallam L., Saffarini Z., Alessa S., Alwayel F., Saffarini L., Alrawdhan A., Mapusao C., Asonto L.P., Alsulaibikh A., Aljumaan M.",2021,"Primary research","Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates","Cross-sectional study using a survey","Emergency department healthcare workers","A variation of a validated questionnaire from UNISON that assessed respondent’s workplace violence and/or abuse encounters, protective measures, available work place policies, and actions implemented to detect and deal with violence and abuse against healthcare providers."]
["Mediating role of coping styles on anxiety in healthcare workers victim of violence: A cross-sectional survey in China hospitals","Ma Y.; Wang Y.; Shi Y.; Shi L.; Wang L.; Li Z.; Li G.; Zhang Y.; Fan L.; Ni X.",2021,"Primary research","China","Survey","HCW in China","Chinese Self-rating Anxiety Scale to measure health- care workers’ anxiety, Trait Coping Style Scale, Workplace Violence Scale"]
["The Management of Aggression and Violence Attitude Scale (MAVAS): A cross-national comparative study","Duxbury J., Hahn S., Needham I., Pulsford D.",2008,"Secondary research","United Kingdom and Switzerland","Cross-national comparative study","Psychiatric nursing staff","Management of Aggression and Violence Attitude Scale (MAVAS)"]
["Effects of Integrated Workplace Violence Management Intervention on Occupational Coping Self-Efficacy, Goal Commitment, Attitudes, and Confidence in Emergency Department Nurses: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial","Chang Y.-C., Hsu M.-C., Ouyang W.-C.",2022,"Primary research","Taiwan","Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial","Emergency department nurses","Attitudes Toward Aggressive Behavior Questionnaire (ATABQ), Confidence in Managing Aggressive Behavior, Attitudes Toward Aggression in Emergency Room, Occupational Coping Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Nurses, Goal Commitment Scale"]
["Frequency of alternative to restraints and seclusion and uses of agitation reduction techniques in the emergency department.","Downey, L. A.. Zun, L. S., Gonzales, S. J.",2007,"Primary research","United States","Survey","Emergency departments and psychiatric emergency departments","(1) What is the number of psychiatric patients seen per month? (2) What is the number of patients placed in restraints per month? (3) Does your institution use any alternatives prior to restraining patients? (4) What is your institution's definition of restraints? (5) What types of restraints are used and percentage use of each? (6) What percentage of times are alternatives to restraints used? (7) Does your institution have a management protocol for the use of alternatives prior to restraints? (8) Do you educate the staff in the use of alternatives to restraining patients? (9) Do you train staff on prevention and management of agitated and violent behaviours? (10) Which of the following does your institution use prior to restraining a patient and what is the percent of time used? (Options include one-to-one observation, verbal interventions by staff, time-out (includes use of quiet room), decrease in stimulation, physical activity, diversionary activity, food, unclear). (11) Using a scale of 1 to 5, with one being highest, please rate the effectiveness of these interventions in reducing the need for restraints in your facility. (Options include one-to-one observation, verbal interventions by staff, time-out (includes use of quiet room), decrease in stimulation, physical activity, diversionary activity, food, use TV, other)"]
["Relationships between aggression management training, perceived self-efficacy and rural general hospital nurses' experiences of patient aggression.","Hills, D.",2008,"Primary research","United Kingdom","Questionnaire","General hospital nurses","Efficacy in Dealing with Challenging Behaviours (EDCB) scale to measure self-efficacy"]
["Workplace violence.","Howard, Patricia Kunz; Gilboy, Nicki",2009,"Primary research","United States","Survey","ED Staff and Principal Investigators at ED Sites","(1) Staff feeling of safety in ED (2) Staff satisfied with security presence and availability (3) number attacks reported by staff in survey"]
["Patients' aggressive behaviours towards nurses: development and psychometric properties of the hospital aggressive behaviour scale- users.","Kathrin Waschgler, Jose ÃÅAntonio Ruiz-Herna ÃÅndez, Bartolome ÃÅLlor-Esteban &Mariano Garcƒ± ÃÅa-Izquierdo",2012,"Primary research","Spain","Mixed qualitative and quantitative methodology - validity for tool","Nurses","(1) The General Health Questionnaire – GHQ-28 (Goldberg & Hillier 1979) comprises four sub-scales with seven items each: (a) Somatic Symptoms of psychological origin; (b) Anxiety and Insomnia; (c) Social Dysfunction; and (d) Depressive Symptomatology. (2) The Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey of Schaufeli et al. (1996) has 16 items grouped into three dimensions: Emotional Exhaustion, Cynicism, and Professional Efficacy. (3) The Overall Job Satisfaction of Warr et al. (1979), includes 15 items divided into two subscales: Intrinsic Satisfaction and Extrinsic Satisfaction. (4) Hospital Aggressive Behaviour Scale 1. Users get angry with me because of delay  2. Users get angry with me because of the lack of information 3. Users accuse me unfairly of not fulfilling my obligations, committing errors, or complications 4. Users give me dirty or contemptuous looks 5. Users question my decisions 6. Users exaggeratedly make me responsible for any trifle 7. Users make ironic comments to me 8. Users have even shoved, shook, or spit at me. 9. Users have even grabbed me or touched me in a hostile way 10. Users show their anger at me by breaking doors, windows, walls, etc."]
["Deriving a Framework for a Systems Approach to Agitated Patient Care in the Emergency Department.","Ambrose H. Wong, Halley Ruppel, Lauren J. Crispino, Alana Rosenberg, Joanne D. Iennaco, Federico E. Vaca",2018,"Primary research","United States","Mixed Methods","ED staff","MAVAS was used to determine attitudes toward three constructs of factors contributing to aggression"]
["Using a Potentially Aggressive/Violent Patient Huddle to Improve Health Care Safety.","Larson, Lori A; Finley, Janet L; Gross, Tera L; McKay, Ann K; Moenck, Julie M; Severson, Mary A; Clements, Casey M",2019,"Primary research","United States","Quality Improvement","Nursing (ED and medical unit)","The QI team surveyed inpatient and ED nursing staff regarding their (1) baseline perception of staff safety and violence (2) potential barriers (3) possible improvements"]
["Chart It to Stop It: Failure Modes and Effect Analysis for the Reporting of Workplace Aggression.","Gillespie, G. L., Leming-Lee, T.",2019,"Primary research","United States","Quality Improvement","Paediatric emergency department employees","(1) What are the steps of the process for WPA reporting? (2) What could go wrong in the process? [failure modes] (3) Why would the failure happen? [failure causes] (4) What are the potential consequences of failures? [failure effects]"]
["The effect of waiting on aggressive tendencies toward emergency department staff: Providing information can help but may also backfire.","Efrat-Treister, D., Moriah, H., Rafaeli, A.",2020,"Primary research","Israel","Mixed methods including surveys and interviews","Emergency department staff and care receivers","Patient evaluation of the following statements: (1) The ED functions in a proper manner (2) There is a method in the way the ED functions I understand the order in which people are served I understand why I am waiting (3) The order in which people are served is determined justly (4) The order in which people are served is determined fairly (5) The duration of the wait in the ED is determined in a just manner Aggressive Tendencies: I would like to . . .  (6) use an aggressive tone of voice toward a staff member (7) yell (8) barge into the office (i.e., go in without being called) (9) curse  (10) bang on a table (11) slam a door (12) interrupt a staff member"]
["Effect of an education program, risk assessment checklist and prevention protocol on violence against emergency department nurses: A single center before and after study.","Sharifi, Salar; Shahoei, Roonak; Nouri, Bijan; Almvik, Roger; Valiee, Sina",2020,"Primary research","United Kingdom","Quasi-experimental study","ED Nurses","(1) The Staff Observation Aggression Scale-Revised (SOAS-R) (2) national questionnaire for analyzing workplace violence (17 items"]
["Monitoring risk assessment on an acute psychiatric ward: Effects on aggression, seclusion and nurse behaviour.","Florisse, E. J.R., Delespaul, P. A. E. G.",2020,"Primary research","Netherlands","Mixed methods study","Nurses of psychiatric ward and administrative data of psychiatric wards","Study used Psymate to check in with staff at random times of the day, (1) staff were asked what were they doing (Administration, In contact with patient, Having a meeting, Communication, Other work related, Other private time) (2) whom were they with (Alone, Patient (alone), Patient (group), Close relatives, Colleagues team, Colleagues Mondriaan, Colleagues Extern) (3) where (Nursing post (counter), Consulting room, Communal spaces ward, Other rooms at ward, Room patient, ICU / Sep block, Other, Outside the ward) (4) how did they feel (relaxed, safe, stressed, in control, anxious, tired, cheerful, lonely, pressure, disturbed by beep)"]
["Personal safety and the abuse of staff in a Scottish NHS Trust","Alexander D.A., Gray N.M., Klein S., Hall G., Kettles A.",2000,"Primary research","Scotland ","Survey by questionnaire and semi structured interviews","NHS Staff","(1) satisfaction with the general level of hospital security (2) Has staff members faced bullying, discrimination, harassment, gender differences, and victimization among NHS Trust staff over the previous 12 months (3) Whether or not staff had reported incidents of bullying discrimination, harassment, and victimization. (4) If so, were they satisfied with the outcome?"]
["Frequency of alternative to restraints and seclusion and uses of agitation reduction techniques in the emergency department.","Downey, L. A.. Zun, L. S., Gonzales, S. J.",2007,"Primary research","United States","Survey","Emergency departments and psychiatric emergency departments","The survey included questions on (1) the use of agitation reduction techniques (2) what are those methods (chemical, physical, non-physical) (3) what methods are most effective for ED doctors (4) has staff received training in how and when to use those methods (5) reasons why they do or do not use them in the ED"]
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["ED: emergency department; ER: emergency room; HCW: healthcare worker; NHS: National Health Service; ICU: intensive care unit; WPV: workplace violence; Bold text represents table column subheadings."]