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["Table 1. Overview of articles included in data extraction for quality indicators"]
["Covidence #","Study ID","Title","Author","Year","Article Type (Primary, secondary, Commentary, Abstract)","Country of Study","Study Design","Population","# of Quality Indicators","Structural Quality Indicators","Process Quality Indicators","Outcome Quality Indicators"]
[1228,"Haefner 2021","A Quality Improvement Project Using Verbal De-Escalation to Reduce Seclusion and Patient Aggression in an Inpatient Psychiatric Unit","Haefner J., Dunn I., McFarland M.",2021,"Primary research","United States","Quality Improvement","Inpatient Psychiatric Unit",2,null,"(1) the rate of seclusion events ","(2) percentage of patient charts that noted aggressive behaviour"]
[1224,"Schwoebel 2021","A quality improvement project to reduce events of visitor escalation in the intensive care nursery","Schwoebel A.; Quigley E.; Deeley A.; Deluca J.; Hollister S.; Ruggiero J.; Gephart S.; Newnam K.",2021,"Primary research","United States","Quality Improvement","Intensive Care Nursery (ICN)",1,null,"(1) frequency of escalating aggressive visitor behaviour events from the prior 12 months"]
[1223,"Campbell 2021","Development and Implementation of an Emergent Documentation Aggression Rating Tool: Quality Improvement","Campbell E., Jessee D., Whitney J., Vupputuri S., Carpenter J.",2021,"Primary research","United States","Quality Improvement","Emergency Department",4,null,"(2) percentage of patients that escalated while in the emergency department  (3) The percentage of total discharge de-escalations per quarter (4) restraint usage per quarter  ","(1) Frequency of patient charts that described behaviors and characteristics exhibited by aggressive and/or violent patients and patients who required restraints to inform intervention development"]
[1101,"Love 1996","Violence in Public Sector Psychiatric Hospitals: Benchmarking Nursing Staff Injury Rates","Love C.C.; Hunter M.E.",1996,"Secondary research","United States","Meta-analysis","Public Sector Hospitals",2,null,null,"(1) number of injuries to staff (2) total injury rate per 100 employees"]
[1093,"Alshahrani 2021","Incidence and prevalence of violence toward health care workers in emergency departments: a multicenter cross-sectional survey","Alshahrani M., Alfaisal R., Alshahrani K., Alotaibi L., Alghoraibi H., Alghamdi E., Almusallam L., Saffarini Z., Alessa S., Alwayel F., Saffarini L., Alrawdhan A., Mapusao C., Asonto L.P., Alsulaibikh A., Aljumaan M.",2021,"Primary research","Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates","Cross-sectional study using a survey","Emergency department healthcare workers",2,"(1) Percentage of staff aware of workplace violence related policies (2) Percentage of staff aware of changes that have taken place regarding WPV "]
[1089,"Ma 2021","Mediating role of coping styles on anxiety in healthcare workers victim of violence: A cross-sectional survey in China hospitals","Ma Y.; Wang Y.; Shi Y.; Shi L.; Wang L.; Li Z.; Li G.; Zhang Y.; Fan L.; Ni X.",2021,"Primary research","China","Survey","HCW in China",3,null,"(1) Percentage of healthcare workers that experienced WPV in the previous 12 months (2) percentage of healthcare workers that experienced verbal violence in the previous 12 months (3) Percentage of healthcare workers that experienced physical violence in the previous 12 months"]
[992,"Gupta 2023","Trends in the role of security services in the delivery of emergency department care","Gupta S., Williams K., Matile J., Milne N., Smith O., Snider C., Vaillancourt S.",2023,"Primary research","Canada","Database analysis","Emergency department database",8,null,"Number of security calls related to Code White, Number of security calls related to medication, Number of security calls related to restraint, Number of security calls related to discharge, Number of security calls related to patient transfer, Number of security calls related to assist-standby, total logged calls, calls per 1000 visits"]
[864,"Saillant 2018","The code white protocol","Saillant S.; Della Santa V.; Golay P.; Amirat M.",2018,"Primary research","Switzerland","Database analysis","Emergency Department ",2,"(1) median time before being admitted into an acute emergency care booth for acutely agitated patients (2) median treatment duration in the emergency department for agitated patients "]
[834,"Hallett 2016","Care planning for aggression management in a specialist secure mental health service: An audit of user involvement","Hallett N., Huber J.W., Sixsmith J., Dickens G.L.",2016,"Primary research","United Kingdom","Audit of data","patients in men‚Äôs and women‚Äôs adult mental health care pathways at St Andrews Healthcare who were involved in aggressive incident",5,"(1)  percentage of staff that completed a care plan ","(2) percentage of  patients that contributed to their care plan (3) percentage of patients that agree with their care plan (4) frequency of an intervention (de-escalation, monitoring/onservation, distraction, staff actions, support/reassurance/encouragement, staff presentation, modification of patient behaviour, knowledge of patient, staffing, early intervention and risky items) listed in care plan (5) percentage of workplace violence incidents when a patient had a care plan and the de-escalation methods described were utilized"]
[826,"Tavares 2016","Effectiveness of programs to prevent violence to health professionals in the emergency department: A systematic review","Tavares G., Ribeiro O.",2016,"Abstract","Portugal","Systematic review","N/A",2,null,"Rate of Wokplace violence incidences by type of workplace violence (2) Number of workplace violence incidencessby type of workplace violence"]
[811,"Stene 2015","Workplace violence in the emergency department: giving staff the tools and support to report","Stene J., Larson E.,  Levy M., Dohlman M.",2015,"Primary research","United States","Quality Improvement","ED Nurses",2,"(1) Percentage of staff reporting verbal and physical abuse (2) percentage of staff that were instructed to report physical or verbal abuse regardless of severity"]
[796,"Morphet 2014","At the crossroads of violence and aggression in the emergency department: Perspectives of Australian emergency nurses","Morphet J.; Griffiths D.; Plummer V.; Innes K.; Fairhall R.; Beattie J.",2014,"Primary research","Australia","Delphi method","ER nurses",9,"(1) median time from ED arrival to healthcare provider contact","(2) frequency of physical assault in the last 12 months (3) frequency of verbal abuse in the last 12 months (4) frequency of Threat of physical violence the last 12 months (5)  frequency of spitting the last 12 months (7)  frequency of Property damage the last 12 months (8)  frequency of Threat or assault with bodily fluids\n(e.g. flicking exudate and/or blood from wounds) the last 12 months (9)  frequency of Threat of physical assault to occur outside the workplace the last 12 months\n "]
[722,"Hankin 2010","Estimated united states incidence and cost of emergency department staff assaults perpetrated by agitated adult patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder","Hankin C.S., Norris M.M., Bronstone A.",2010,"Abstract","United States","Systematic review","Emergency Services, Hospitals ",4,"(1) number of unreported assaults upon staff according to staff survey","(2) average number of reported assault within the last 12 months (2) number of reported physical assaults perpetrated by patients within the last 12 months","(4) Average number of work days lost by staff following patient assault"]
[696,"Duxbury 2008","The Management of Aggression and Violence Attitude Scale (MAVAS): A cross-national comparative study","Duxbury J., Hahn S., Needham I., Pulsford D.",2008,"Secondary research","United Kingdom and Switzerland","Cross-national comparative study","Psychiatric nursing staff",0]
[673,"Bisconer 2006","Managing aggression in a psychiatric hospital using a behaviour plan: A case study","Bisconer S.W., Green M., Mallon-Czajka J., Johnson J.S.\n",2006,"Primary research","United States","Case Study","Psychiatric patient",3,null,"(1) frequency of incidents of aggression towards others and self (2) use of restrictive interventions to manage aggression (i.e. restraints, pro re nata medication, 1:1 special observation)","(3) frequency of staff injury. "]
[636,"Lyneham 2000","Violence in New South Wales emergency departments","Lyneham, J.",2000,"Primary research","New South Whales","Mixed Methods","Emergency Department Nurses",22,"(1) nurses level of fear at work (2) frequency of long wait time being a factor (3) frequency of alcohol being a factor (4) frequency of drugs being a factor (5) frequency of socioeconomic status being a factor (6) frequency of psychiatric conditions being a factor (7) percentage of incidences reported (8) Staff Satisfaction with administration's response (9) percentage of staff that are satisfied with policy on violence in ED (10) percentage of staff that believe current policies on violence are adequate (11) percentage of staff that completed WPV training","(12) number of verbal abuse incidents per day (13) percentage of events where aggressor was under influence of drugs and/or alcohol (14) frequency of verbal abuse (15) frequency of verbal abuse by phone (16) frequency of physical intimidation/assault (17) frequency of threats both IN and OUT of the ED (18) number incidents involving a weapon by type of weapon (19) percentage of workplace violence events that were performed by either patients or relatives (20) response times of security (21) response times of police (22) Amount of time taken to be offered support for most significant incident"]
[633,"Alexander 2000","Personal safety and the abuse of staff in a Scottish NHS Trust","Alexander D.A., Gray N.M., Klein S., Hall G., Kettles A.",2000,"Primary research","Scotland ","Survey by questionnaire and semi structured interviews","NHS Staff",1,null,"(1) Frequency of exposure to physical assault and its source"]
[632,"Grindlay 2000","Hospital in the home: nurse safety--exposure to risk and evaluation of organisational policy","Grindlay A., Santamaria N., Kitt S.",2000,"Primary research","Australia","Survey","Hospital in the Home nurses",6,"(1) percentage of staff aware of their organisations' policies and procedures relating to staff safety (2) percentage of staff that had received education in the area of safety (3) number of WPV incidents by location (4) number of WPV incidents by time","(5) amount of WPV incidents by type","(6) percentage of nurses who reported a WPV incident to the police"]
[539,"Gustafson 1993","Measuring quality of care in psychiatric emergencies: construction and evaluation of a Bayesian index.","Gustafson, D. H., Sainfort, F., Johnson, S. W., Sateia, M.\n",1993,"Primary research","United States","Validating model","emergency psychiatric patients treated in the emergency departments",2,"(1) median waiting time prior to first physician or nurse contact after triage","(2) percentage of WPV incidents where restraints were used"]
[516,"Sarnese 1996","Continuous quality improvement to manage emergency department violence and security-related incidents.","Sarnese P. M.",1996,"Primary research","United States","Quality Improvement","Emergency Department",6,null,"(1) number of WPV incidents per year (2) number incidents involving disorderly persons (3) number incidents involving assault (4) number of incidents involving property damage (5) percentage of physical assaults that were on staff (6) percentage of incidents involving a weapon "]
[438,"Hart 2005","Using a risk assessment matrix with mental health patients in emergency departments.","Hart, C., Colley, R., Harrison, A.",2005,"Primary research","United Kingdom","Validating Instrument","Emergency Department staff",5,"(1) number of patients fast-tracked to mental health services (2) number of mental health patients seen and discharged within 4 hours (3) average wait time for mental health patients to be seen by ED doctor (4) average wait time for mental health patients to be referred to mental health services (5) average wait time for mental health patients to be seen by mental health services"]
[380,"Downey 2007","Frequency of alternative to restraints and seclusion and uses of agitation reduction techniques in the emergency department.","Downey, L. A.. Zun, L. S., Gonzales, S. J.",2007,"Primary research","United States","Survey","Emergency departments and psychiatric emergency departments",2,"(1) percentage of staff that has received WPV training (2) mean number of patients in restraints per month"]
[357,"Hills 2008","Relationships between aggression management training, perceived self-efficacy and rural general hospital nurses' experiences of patient aggression.","Hills, D.",2008,"Primary research","United Kingdom","Questionnaire","General hospital nurses",5,"(1) percentage of nurses having participated in aggression management training or updates in the previous five years (2) percentage of staff that experienced patient aggression (3) median number of times trained in the last five years","(4) frequency and type of patient aggression experienced in the previous three months","(5) number of days taken off work following a WPV incident in the previous 3 months"]
[342,"Howard 2009","Workplace violence.","Howard, Patricia Kunz; Gilboy, Nicki",2009,"Primary research","United States","Survey","ED Staff and Principal Investigators at ED Sites",4,"(1) percentage of visitors and patients are screened with metal detectors prior to entering the ED (2) percentage of hours in a day that the ED has in-hospital security available (3) percentage of ED doctors and nurses that are trained in techniques for managing violent patients (4) rate of patients or visitors that are found to have unauthorized guns or knives in their possession in the ED per 1000 patient visits in the ED"]
[327,"Waghorn 2010","The impact of basing mental health liaison nurses in an emergency department at night.","Liam Clarke",2010,"Commentary","United Kingdom","commentary","NHS",2,null,null,"(1) Rate of admision to acute mental health unit (2)  rate of inappropriate admission to acute mental health unit"]
[296,"Martini 2012","Risk assessment of aggression toward emergency health care workers.","Martini, A; Fantini, S; D'Ovidio, M C; Ceracchi, A; De Santis, A",2012,"Secondary research","Italy","Risk Assessment","emergency health care workers employed by the Regional\nEmergency Healthcare Service",4,null,"(1) Number of calls for assistance by staff within the last 12 months (2) number of episodes of violence within the last 12 months","(3) the number of injuries reported by the workers (4) number of days off work due to WPV"]
[279,"Waschgler 2013","Patients' aggressive behaviours towards nurses: development and psychometric properties of the hospital aggressive behaviour scale- users.","Kathrin Waschgler, Jose ÃÅAntonio Ruiz-Herna ÃÅndez, Bartolome ÃÅLlor-Esteban &Mariano Garcƒ± ÃÅa-Izquierdo",2012,"Primary research","Spain","Mixed qualitative and quantitative methodology - validity for tool","Nurses",0]
[203,"Balfour 2016","Crisis Reliability Indicators Supporting Emergency Services (CRISES): A Framework for Developing Performance Measures for Behavioral Health Crisis and Psychiatric Emergency Programs.","Balfour, Margaret E, Tanner, Kathleen, Jurica, Paul J, Rhoads, Richard, Carson, Chris A\n",2016,"Primary study","United States ","Validating Instrument","Emergency Department Staff",25,"(1) Median time (in minutes) from ED arrival to provider contact  (2) Number of patients who leave the ED without being evaluated by qualified personnel divided by the total number of ED visits  (3) Time (in minutes) from ED arrival to ED departure for patients admitted to the facility from the emergency department (4) Time (in minutes) from ED arrival to ED departure for patients discharged from the emergency department (5) Time (in minutes) from ED arrival to ED departure for patients transferred to an outside facility from the emergency department (6) Median time (in minutes) from admit decision time to time of departure from the emergency department for patients admitted to the facility from the emergency department (7) Median time (in minutes) from admit decision time to time of departure from the emergency department for patients transferred to an outside facility from the emergency department (8) Percent of referrals denied admission to the crisis program for any reason other than overcapacity (9) Percentage of Consumer/Patient that were Satisfied (10) Percentage of hours the crisis center was unable to accept transfers from medical EDs due to overcapacity (11) Time (in minutes) from initial contact from the referring ED to notification that the patient has been accepted for transfer to the crisis program (12) Percentage of discharges in which the continuing care plan was transmitted to the next level of care provider (13) Percentage of discharges in which the continuing care plan was transmitted to the primary care provider","(14) Percentage of individuals for whom there is either a documented attempt to contact family/other supports or documentation that the individual was asked and declined consent to contact family/other supports (15) Number of incidents of violence to other persons receiving care with moderate or severe injury per 1000 visits (16) Total number of incidents of workplace violence to staff resulting in injury divided by the total number of hours worked (17) Percentage of involuntary arrivals requiring admission/transfer to inpatient care that are admitted/transferred under voluntary status (18) The total number of hours that all patients were maintained in physical restraint per 1000 patient hours (19) The total number of hours that all patients were maintained in seclusion per 1000 patient hours (20) Total number of restraint episodes per 1000 visits (21) Number of incidents of self directed violence with moderate or severe injury per 1000 visits","(22) Percentage of visits resulting in discharge to community-based setting (23) Percentage of discharges that resulted in an unscheduled return visit (24) Percentage of discharges that resulted in an unscheduled return visit in which the return visit did not result in admission or transfer to an inpatient psychiatric facility  (25) Percentage of discharges that resulted in an unscheduled return visit in which the return visit resulted in admission or transfer to an inpatient psychiatric facility"]
[174,"Hvidhjelm 2016","Aggression in Psychiatric Wards: Effect of the Use of a Structured Risk Assessment.","Hvidhjelm, Jacob; Sestoft, Dorte; Skovgaard, Lene Theil; Rasmussen, Kirsten; Almvik, Roger; Bue Bjorner, Jakob",2016,"Primary study","United Kingdom","Quasi-experimental study","Denmark",5,null,"(1) Number of aggressive or violent incidents (2) number of incidents featuring verbal aggression (3) number of incidents featuring threatening behaviour (4) number of incidents featuring physical behaviour that causes harm (5) frequency and type of preventative measures (talking to patient, setting limits, isolate patients, offering medication, isolate patient in own room, psychiatrist, physical activity, medication by force, belt fixation, other, increased observation, no intervention)"]
[133,"Yakov 2018","Sensory Reduction on the General Milieu of a High-Acuity Inpatient Psychiatric Unit to Prevent Use of Physical Restraints: A Successful Open Quality Improvement Trial.","Svetlana Yakov, Badari Birur, Melissa F. Bearden, Barbara Aguilar, Kinjal J. Ghelani, and Rachel E. Fargason",2018,"Primary research","United States","Quality Improvement","Psychiatry PICU inpatients",4,null,"(1) Mean percentages of patient time in restraints in the PICU (2) rate of assaults per 1,000 patient hours in the PICU during this time period (3) percentage of patient hours on the PICU during the 4:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. time period in restraints per 1,000 patient hours (4)  total episodes of restraints"]
[115,"Wong 2018","Deriving a Framework for a Systems Approach to Agitated Patient Care in the Emergency Department.","Ambrose H. Wong, Halley Ruppel, Lauren J. Crispino, Alana Rosenberg, Joanne D. Iennaco, Federico E. Vaca",2018,"Primary research","United States","Mixed Methods","ED staff",4,"(1) percentage of staff exposed to verbal harassment (2) percentage of staff exposed to physical threat (3) percentage of staff exposed to sexual harassment (4) percentage of staff exposed to physical assault"]
[84,"Larson 2019","Using a Potentially Aggressive/Violent Patient Huddle to Improve Health Care Safety.","Larson, Lori A; Finley, Janet L; Gross, Tera L; McKay, Ann K; Moenck, Julie M; Severson, Mary A; Clements, Casey M",2019,"Primary research","United States","Quality Improvement","Nursing (ED and medical unit)",2,"(1) Average time for potentially violent patient transfer (2) average adimission time for potentially violent patient"]
[82,"Gillespie 2019","Chart It to Stop It: Failure Modes and Effect Analysis for the Reporting of Workplace Aggression.","Gillespie, G. L., Leming-Lee, T.",2019,"Primary research","United States","Quality Improvement","Paediatric emergency department employees",4,null,"(1) number of occurrences of verbal abuse (2) number of occurrences of sexual abuse (3) number of occurrences of physical threats (4) number of occurrences of assaults"]
[81,"Virani 2019","Management of Severe Agitation in the Emergency Department of a Community Hospital in Brooklyn, New York: Establishing \"Code White\".","Virani, S., Bona, A., Bodic, M., Albuquerque de Brito Gomes, C., Strayer, R.",2019,"Letter to the Editor","United States","Literature Review and Survey","Emergency Department healthcare workers",4,"(1) Percentage of occasions when rapid access to calming medications was available\n(2) Percentage of staff in the general ED with adequate training of when to\ndeploy verbal de-escalation techniques versus medications\n(3) Percentage of adequate space for application of physical and chemical restraints\n(4) Median time from triage to transfer to an enclosed safe space in the Psychiatric ED"]
[55,"Efrat-Treister 2020","The effect of waiting on aggressive tendencies toward emergency department staff: Providing information can help but may also backfire.","Efrat-Treister, D., Moriah, H., Rafaeli, A.",2020,"Primary research","Israel","Mixed methods including surveys and interviews","Emergency department staff and care receivers",2,"(1) Wait time from arrival at ED to time of check in with patient","(2) Number of medical interventions served to patient by medical personnel"]
[54,"Sharifi 2020","Effect of an education program, risk assessment checklist and prevention protocol on violence against emergency department nurses: A single center before and after study.","Sharifi, Salar; Shahoei, Roonak; Nouri, Bijan; Almvik, Roger; Valiee, Sina",2020,"Primary research","United Kingdom","Quasi-experimental study","ED Nurses",5,"(1) percentage of staff that experienced physical violence  (2) percentage of staff that experienced verbal abuse (3) percentage of staff that experienced racial violence (4) percentage of staff that experienced sexual violence (5) percentage of staff that had been trained in preventing and dealing with violent behaviour"]
[32,"Florisse 2020","Monitoring risk assessment on an acute psychiatric ward: Effects on aggression, seclusion and nurse behaviour.","Florisse, E. J.R., Delespaul, P. A. E. G.",2020,"Primary research","Netherlands","Mixed methods study","Nurses of psychiatric ward and administrative data of psychiatric wards",11,null,"(1) number of aggression incidents (2) mean number of verbal aggression incidents (3) mean number of physical aggression incidents (4) mean number of auto-aggression incidents (5) mean number of psychological precursors (6) Mean severity score of WPV incidents (7) mean hours spent in seclusion (8) number of seclusion incidents (9) number of involuntary medication (10) number of specific one-to-one treatment interventions (11) the average duration of one-to-one treatment intervention in hours"]
[29,"Okundolor 2021","Zero Staff Assaults in the Psychiatric Emergency Room: Impact of a Multifaceted Performance Improvement Project.","Okundolor, Sonny I; Ahenkorah, Florence; Sarff, Laura; Carson, Nora; Olmedo, Alirio; Canamar, Catherine; Mallett, Sheila",2021,"Primary research","United States","Quality Improvement","PSYCH ER nurses",3,null,"(1) frequency of harm scores greater than or equal to 5 according to the Datix Safety Intelligence Harm Score nomenclature.  The classification system ranges in score from 1 to 9 (1 = Unsafe condition; 2 = Near miss; 3 = No harm evident, physical or other- wise; 4 = Emotional distress or inconvenience; 5 = Reached individual and may require additional treat- ment; 6 = Temporary harm; 7 = Permanent harm; 8 = Severe permanent harm; 9 = Death) (2) number of assaults per month (3) number of days days between assaults"]
[21,"Legambi 2021","A Quality Improvement Project on Agitation Management in the Emergency Department.","Legambi, Tabitha F; Doede, Megan; Michael, Kathleen; Zaleski, Mary",2021,"Primary research","United States","Quality Improvement","ED Nurses",7,"(1) number of patient charts where agitation was documented","(2) Number of restaint interventions (3) number of de-escaltion interventions (4) number of diversional activity interventions (5) number of medication interventions (6) number of combinations of interventions (7) time (in days) spent in restraints"]
[8,"Hoffmann 2022","Development of Quality Measures for Pediatric Agitation Management in the Emergency Department.","Hoffmann, Jennifer A; Johnson, Julie K; Pergjika, Alba; Alpern, Elizabeth R; Corboy, Jacqueline B",2022,"Primary study","United States","Delphi method","Pediatric ER",18,"(1) No. of patients with a mental health chief complaint screened upon arrival for risk for agitation with discussion of known effective mitigation strategies (2)  Percent of patients at risk for agitation placed in a specialized ED room designed for safety (3) No. of agitated patients who have a complete set of vital signs documented within 30 minutes of ED arrival (4) Proportion of ED staff (including providers, nurses, security, sitters, and child life) who have completed a formal day-long training program in verbal deescalation techniques and crisis intervention (5) Percentage of ED staff (including providers, nurses, security, sitters, and child life) who have participated in a brief didactic training followed by simulation training on verbal deescalation techniques and crisis intervention ","(6) No. of verbal deescalation strategies (as measured by nursing documentation) prior to administration of medication for agitation  (7) Percentage of patients with a mental health chief complaint who receive a medication for agitation (8) Time from onset of agitation to time first medication is given for agitation (9) Time from physician order of medication to nursing administration of medication for agitation (10) No. of ED patients who receive physical restraints (manual holds and mechanical devices) per 1,000 hours of ED patient care (11) Median time in physical restraints per patient in minutes (12) Percent of patients who receive a medication for agitation who receive child life services, during times when the ED is staffed by a child life specialist. (13) Percentage of patients who receive medications or restraints who have a documented plan for prevention or treatment of reescalation (14) Length of stay in the ED for patients with agitation","(15) Frequency of serious adverse events related to administration of medication for agitation (e.g. low blood pressure, low oxygen level, ECG changes that may predispose to a potentially life-threatening abnormal heartbeat) (16) Patient/family and staff injuries per month related to episodes of patient agitation (17) Number of return visits by patients with agitation who return to the ED within 7 days after discharge (18) percentage of patients or family members who felt that care providers treated them with courtesy and respect"]
[1,"Im 2022","A Quality Measurement Framework for Emergency Department Care of Psychiatric Emergencies.","Im, Dana D; Scott, Kirstin W; Venkatesh, Arjun K; Lobon, Luis F; Kroll, David S; Samuels, Elizabeth A; Wilson, Michael P; Zeller, Scott; Zun, Leslie S; Clifford, Kathleen C; Zachrison, Kori S",2022,"Primary research","United States","Mixed Methods","N/A",18,"(1) Percentage of ED staff with deescalation training (2) Median time from ED arrival to departure for discharged ED patients (3) Median time from ED arrival to departure for admitted ED patients (4) Median admit decision time to ED departure time for admitted psychiatric patients (5) Median time from ED arrival to ED departure for discharged psychiatric patients (6) Median admit decision time to ED departure time for admitted psychiatric patients (7) number of Patients who had a follow-up visit for mental illness within: (1) 30 days of the ED visit and (2) 7 days of the ED visit divided by the number of ED patients with a principal diagnosis of mental illness or intentional self-harm (8) number of ED patients with a suicide risk assessment completed during the visit in which a new diagnosis or recurrent episode was identified divided by All patients aged 18 years and older with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (9) Percentage of patients at risk for suicide with a current or newly created safety plan ","(10) Hours of physical restraint use  (11) Percentage of patients requiring involuntary medication upon ED arrival (12) Percentage of patients requiring physical restraints upon ED arrival  (13) Percentage of Agitated patients requiring chemical sedation or physical restraint after the first hour of ED stay (14) Proportion of patients requiring involuntary medications (15) Unscheduled ED visit within 72 hours for acute psychiatric emergencies ","(16) Percentage of patient care plans transmitted to next level of care provider or primary care upon discharge (17) Patient injury during restraint (18) Number of incidence of workplace violence with injury related to care of psychiatric patients "]
["Grey","PHSA","Quality Indicators of Emergency Response to Workplace Violence (Code White)","Ontario Public Services Health and Safety Association",2021,"Policy Document","Canada","Best Evidence Practice Review","N/A",9,"(1) Percentage of workers who completed annual Code White training. (2) Percentage of workers who completed refresher training. (3) Workers' perceptions of Code White training. (4) Number of mock Code Whites and percentage of workers who participated. (5) Percentage of Code Whites that were followed by an immediate debrief. (6) Percentage of immediate debrief reports that are completed fully and accurately. (7) Percentage of injured workers who were offered support. ","(8)Types of interventions used during Code White and percentage use of each.","(9)Types of interventions implemented after Code White and percentage use of each."]
["Total Indicators",{"$nulls":8},229,84,121,24]
[]
["ECG: electrocardiogram; ED: emergency department; ER: emergency room; HCW: healthcare worker; NHS: National Health Service; PHSA: Provincial Health Services Authority; PICU: pediatric intensive care unit; WPV: workplace violence; Bold text represents table column subheadings."]