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["Table 1.  Patient characteristics and intensity and frequency of cough"]
[null,"IIPs (n=70)","CTD-ILD (n=49)","CHP (n=10)","p-value"]
["Age, years, mean ± SD","69.4 ± 8.9","66.5 ± 11.4","71.3 ± 7.5",0.185]
["Male sex, n (%)","56 (80)*","13 (27)","7 (70)","<0.001"]
["Current smoker, n (%)","9 (13)","1 (2)","0 (0)",0.082]
["Pack-years of smoking, median (IQR)","40 (16–52)","0 (0–15)†","16 (4–35)","<0.001"]
["Body mass indexa, mean ± SD","24.1 ± 3.3","23.1 ± 3.6","23.2 ± 2.0",0.279]
["FSSG score, median (IQR)","3 (1–7)","6 (2–12)†","4 (1–4)",{"v":0.01,"d":"0.010"}]
["MRC chronic dyspnoea scale, median (IQR)b","1 (1–2)","1 (1–2)","1 (1–3)",0.824]
["Pulmonary function tests, % predicted, median (IQR)c"]
["FEV1","82.9 (74.3–94.4)","94.2 (85.6–107.8)†","87.6 (78.8–90.1)",0.012]
["FVC","85.2 (74.2–97.3)","93.6 (80.2–106.1)","73.6 (68.8–93.3)",{"v":0.09,"d":"0.090"}]
["TLC","70.1 (64.3–85.8)","97.1 (79.8–104.1)†‡","68.5 (54.4–72.1)","<0.001"]
["DLCO","49.2 (38.8–58.9)","55.2 (48.1–66.6)†","56.0 (37.2–62.9)",0.024]
["Composite Physiologic Index, median (IQR)c","43.2 (30.5–52.8)","34.8 (31.1–47.5)","43.5 (34.5–51.2)",0.157]
["Glucocorticoid medication, n (%)","9 (13)*","30 (61)","4 (40)","<0.001"]
["VAS score for cough, mm, median (IQR)"]
["Intensity","31 (17–55)§","24 (8–46)","18 (6–20)",0.048]
["Frequency","24 (10–46)","13 (5–30)","10 (3–18)",{"v":0.06,"d":"0.060"}]
["Leicester Cough Questionnaire score, median (IQR)"]
["Physical","6.1 (5.5–6.4)","6.0 (5.0–6.5)","6.3 (6.0–6.6)",0.311]
["Psychological","6.6 (5.9–7.0)","6.3 (5.3–7.0)","6.8 (6.1–7.0)",0.378]
["Social","6.8 (6.0–7.0)","6.5 (5.3–7.0)","6.9 (6.0–7.0)",0.539]
["Total"," 19.3 (17.5–20.4)"," 18.7 (15.4–20.5)"," 19.6 (18.3–20.6)",0.447]
["The p-values are shown for across-group comparisons using one-way analysis of variance, the Kruskal-Wallis test, the chi-square test, or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. Using a nominal 5% level of statistical significance, multiple comparisons were made using a Bonferroni-corrected significance level of 1.6% (p<0.016). CHP, chronic hypersensitivity pneumonia; CTD-ILD, connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease; DLco, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FSSG, frequency scale for symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; FVC, forced vital capacity; IIPs, idiopathic interstitial pneumonias; IQR, interquartile range; MRC, Medical Research Council; SD, standard deviation; TLC, total lung capacity; VAS, visual analogue scale. aIIPs (n=70), CTD-ILD (n=49), CHP (n=9); bIIPs (n=69), CTD-ILD (n=49), CHP (n=10); cIIPs (n=66), CTD-ILD (n=48), CHP (n=9). *p<0.016 vs CTD-ILD or CHP; †p<0.016 vs IIPs; ‡p<0.016 vs CHP; §p=0.067 vs CTD-ILD, p=0.043 vs CHP. "]

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["Table 2. Unadjusted analysis of factors associated with cough intensity in patients with interstitial lung disease"]
["Variable","IIPs (n=70)",null,null,"CTD-ILD (n=49)",null,null,"CHP (n=10)",null,null,"Combined"]
[null,"ρ","p-value",null,"ρ","p-value",null,"ρ","p-value",null,"ρ","p-value"]
["Age, years","−0.065",0.595,null,0.063,0.669,null,0.339,0.337,null,"−0.003",0.973]
["Male sex","–",0.644,null,"–",0.658,null,"–",0.833,null,"–",0.737]
["Current smoker","–",0.598,null,"–",{"v":0.49,"d":"0.490"},null,"–","–",null,"–",0.156]
["Pack-years of smoking","−0.128",0.293,null,"−0.144",0.323,null,"−0.174",{"v":0.63,"d":"0.630"},null,"−0.031",0.728]
["Body mass indexa","−0.297",0.013,null,"−0.133",0.362,null,"−0.025",0.949,null,"−0.166",0.061]
["FSSG score",0.146,0.229,null,0.342,0.016,null,0.366,0.298,null,0.207,0.019]
["MRC chronic dyspnoea scaleb",0.154,0.208,null,0.325,0.023,null,0.007,0.986,null,0.208,0.018]
["Pulmonary function tests, % predictedc"]
["FEV1","−0.118",0.344,null,0.021,0.887,null,0.097,0.805,null,"−0.091",0.316]
["FVC","−0.206",0.097,null,"−0.068",0.647,null,0.084,0.831,null,"−0.123",0.175]
["TLC","−0.212",0.088,null,"−0.011",0.943,null,"−0.109",0.781,null,"−0.186",{"v":0.04,"d":"0.040"}]
["DLCO","−0.316",{"v":0.01,"d":"0.010"},null,"−0.223",0.128,null,"−0.310",0.417,null,"−0.311","<0.001"]
["Composite Physiologic Indexc",{"v":0.37,"d":"0.370"},0.002,null,0.209,0.154,null,0.142,0.715,null,0.295,0.001]
["Glucocorticoid medication ","–",0.986,null,"–",0.681,null,"–",0.114,null,"–",0.168]
["The Spearman rank correlation was used to assess correlations between the data. The p-values for binary variables were determined using the Mann-Whitney U test. CHP, chronic hypersensitivity pneumonia; CTD-ILD, connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease; DLco, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FSSG, frequency scale for the symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; FVC, forced vital capacity; IIPs, idiopathic interstitial pneumonias; IQR, interquartile range; MRC, Medical Research Council; TLC, total lung capacity. aIIPs (n=70), CTD-ILD (n=49), CHP (n=9); bIIPs (n=69), CTD-ILD (n=49), CHP (n=10); cIIPs (n=66), CTD-ILD (n=48), CHP (n=9). "]

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["Table 3. Unadjusted analysis of factors associated with cough frequency in patients with interstitial lung disease"]
["Variable","IIPs (n=70)",null,null,"CTD-ILD (n=49)",null,null,"CHP (n=10)",null,null,"Combined"]
[null,"ρ","p-value",null,"ρ","p-value",null,"ρ","p-value",null,"ρ","p-value"]
["Age, years",0.017,{"v":0.89,"d":"0.890"},null,0.222,0.125,null,"−0.031",0.933,null,{"v":0.1,"d":"0.100"},{"v":0.26,"d":"0.260"}]
["Male sex","–",0.174,null,"–",0.441,null,"–",0.667,null,"–",0.415]
["Current smoker","–",0.079,null,"–",0.857,null,"–","–",null,"–",0.037]
["Pack-years of smoking","−0.013",0.916,null,"−0.192",0.186,null,"−0.107",0.769,null,"−0.011",0.898]
["Body mass indexa","−0.251",0.036,null,"−0.174",0.232,null,0.326,0.391,null,"−0.166",0.061]
["FSSG score",0.019,0.878,null,{"v":0.35,"d":"0.350"},0.014,null,0.342,0.334,null,0.174,0.049]
["MRC chronic dyspnoea scaleb",0.071,0.561,null,0.291,0.042,null,0.356,0.312,null,0.173,0.051]
["Pulmonary function tests, % predictedc"]
["FEV1","−0.083",0.508,null,"−0.040",0.786,null,0.038,0.923,null,"−0.098",0.279]
["FVC","−0.160",0.201,null,"−0.114",0.439,null,0.017,0.966,null,"−0.120",0.187]
["TLC","−0.236",0.056,null,0.028,0.849,null,"−0.126",0.748,null,"−0.172",0.057]
["DLCO","−0.307",0.012,null,"−0.287",0.048,null,"−0.510",{"v":0.16,"d":"0.160"},null,"−0.328","<0.001"]
["Composite Physiologic Indexc",0.334,0.006,null,0.322,0.026,null,0.259,{"v":0.5,"d":"0.500"},null,0.319,"<0.001"]
["Glucocorticoid medication ","–",0.642,null,"–",0.096,null,"–",0.257,null,"–",0.012]
["The Spearman rank correlation was used to assess correlations between the data. The p-values for binary variables were determined using the Mann-Whitney U test. CHP, chronic hypersensitivity pneumonia; CTD-ILD, connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease; DLco, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FSSG, frequency scale for the symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; FVC, forced vital capacity; IIPs, idiopathic interstitial pneumonias; IQR, interquartile range; MRC, Medical Research Council; TLC, total lung capacity. aIIPs (n=70), CTD-ILD (n=49), CHP (n=9); bIIPs (n=69), CTD-ILD (n=49), CHP (n=10); cIIPs (n=66), CTD-ILD (n=48), CHP (n=9). "]

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["Table 4. Multivariable analysis of factors associated with cough intensity and frequency in interstitial lung disease"]
[null,"Variable","Intensityc",{"$nulls":4},"Frequencyc"]
[null,null,"AORa","95% CI",null,"p-value",null,"AORa","95% CI",null,"p-value"]
[{"$nulls":3},"Lower","Upper",{"$nulls":3},"Lower","Upper"]
["Model  (n=122)a"]
[null,"IIPsb ",3.727,1.689,8.223,0.001,null,3.166,1.422,{"v":7.05,"d":"7.050"},0.005]
[null,"FSSG score",1.083,1.013,1.157,{"v":0.02,"d":"0.020"},null,1.086,1.014,1.162,0.018]
[null,"Composite Physiologic Index","–","–","–","–",null,1.029,{"v":1,"d":"1.000"},{"v":1.06,"d":"1.060"},0.052]
["AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; FSSG, frequency scale for symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; IIPs, idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. aHosmer and Lemeshow test for cough intensity and frequency, p=0.792 and p=0.189, respectively. bConnective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease or chronic hypersensitivity pneumonia as reference category. cThe data for intensity and frequency of cough were divided at the median to create categorical variables."]

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["Table 5. Features of differences between cough intensity and frequency"]
[null," Cough frequency-dominant \ngroup","Equal cough severity \ngroup"," Cough intensity-dominant group ","p-value"]
[null,"(n=12)"," (n=79)","(n=38)"]
["Type of interstitial lung disease, n (%)",{"$nulls":3},0.858]
["IIPs ","7 (58)","41 (52)","22 (58)"]
["CTD-ILD","5 (42)","30 (38)","14 (37)"]
["CHP",0," 8 (10)","2 (5)"]
["Age, years, median (IQR)","73 (67–79)","70 (65–75)","65 (59–74)",0.048]
["Male sex, n (%)","7 (58)","47 (56)","22 (58)",0.986]
["Current smoker, n (%)","3 (25)","4 (5)","3 (8)",0.091]
["Pack-years of smoking, median (IQR)","13 (0–53)","22 (0–44)","20 (2–40)",0.925]
["Body mass indexa, mean ± SD","22.7 ± 3.8","24.1 ± 3.3","23.1 ± 3.2",0.162]
["FSSG score, median (IQR)"," 8 (0–10)","3 (1–6)"," 5 (2–12)",0.158]
["MRC chronic dyspnoea scale, median (IQR)a"," 2 (2–3)","1 (1–2)"," 1 (1–3)",0.036]
["Pulmonary function tests, % predicted, mean ± SDb"]
["FEV1","87.2 ± 20.6","89.2 ± 19.1","87.7 ± 21.5",0.903]
["FVC","88.0 ± 24.3","89.8 ± 20.4","86.0 ± 20.4",0.664]
["TLC","85.0 ± 24.0","83.2 ± 21.8","78.1 ± 22.8",0.476]
["DLCO","50.9 ± 13.7","54.3 ± 15.5","50.7 ± 15.7",0.464]
["Composite Physiologic Index, mean ± SDb","40.9 ± 16.2","38.8 ± 13.6","42.3 ± 13.1",0.454]
["Glucocorticoid medication, n (%)","1 (8)","27 (34)","15 (40)",0.132]
["VAS score for cough, mm, median (IQR)"]
["Intensity","38 (26–45)*","15 (7–30)","54 (32–64)*","<0.001"]
["Frequency","67 (64–82)*†","14 (5–30)","21 (10–32)","<0.001"]
["Leicester Cough Questionnaire score, median (IQR)"]
["Physical","4.8 (3.4–5.7)*†","6.3 (5.9–6.6)","5.9 (5.3–6.4)*","<0.001"]
["Psychological","4.9 (3.9–6.4)*","6.7 (6.0–7.0)","6.3 (5.7–6.9)",0.002]
["Social","4.9 (3.9–6.1)*†","7.0 (6.0–7.0)","6.6 (5.5–7.0)",0.001]
["Total"," 13.9 (11.1–18.2)*†"," 19.6 (18.0–20.6)"," 18.7 (17.1–20.1)","<0.001"]
["To explore the features associated with a differences between the VAS score for cough intensity and that for cough frequency, we stratified patients into three categories using the following formula: (cough intensity) − (cough frequency), defining a cough frequency-dominant group, ≤10 mm; an equal cough severity group, −9 mm to 9 mm; and a cough intensity-dominant group, ≥10 mm. p-values are shown for across-group comparisons using one-way analysis of variance, the Kruskal-Wallis test, chi-square test, or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. Using a nominal 5% level of statistical significance, multiple comparisons were made using a Bonferroni-corrected significance level of 1.6% (p<0.016). CHP, chronic hypersensitivity pneumonia; CTD-ILD, connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease; DLco, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FSSG, frequency scale for symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; FVC, forced vital capacity; IIPs, idiopathic interstitial pneumonias; IQR, interquartile range; MRC, Medical Research Council; SD, standard deviation; TLC, total lung capacity; VAS, visual analogue scale. aCough frequency-dominant group (n=12), equal cough severity group (n=78), cough intensity-dominant group (n=38); bCough frequency-dominant group (n=11), equal cough severity group (n=77), cough intensity-dominant group (n=35). *p<0.016 vs equal cough severity group; †p<0.016 vs cough intensity-dominant group."]