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\begin{document}

\hypertarget{application-of-gis-in-solid-waste-management-in-gara-garayev-avenue-nizami-district-baku-city-azerbaijan.}{%
\section{Application of GIS in Solid Waste Management in Gara Garayev
Avenue, Nizami district, Baku city,
Azerbaijan.}\label{application-of-gis-in-solid-waste-management-in-gara-garayev-avenue-nizami-district-baku-city-azerbaijan.}}

Etibar Gahramanov \footnote{}

Baku Engineering University, Dept. of Industrial Engineering, Khirdalan,
Azerbaijan

Corresponding email address:
\href{mailto:etqahramanov@beu.edu.az}{\nolinkurl{etqahramanov@beu.edu.az}}

prof. Aytaj Badalova\footnote{}

\textsuperscript{2}National Aviation Academy, Department of Aerospace
Monitoring of the Environment, Baku, Azerbaijan

\textbf{Abstract}

Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is one of the major
environmental problems in urban cities in Azerbaijan today. In this
article was discussed information about total amounts of collected
wastes, existing collection system and daily collection time schedules
in case study area. Case study area is Gara Garayev Avenue, Nizami
district, Baku city. This article will be contribute to developing a
decision support tool for solid waste management in Nizami District
Executive Power Area of Azerbaijan Republic using Geo-information
Technology. A database was created using ArcGIS 10.4 software. Surveys
and analysis of results were accomplished. Besides, the study will help
local Executive Power for choosing the best effective method of MSWM.

\textbf{Key words:} \emph{Municipal solid waste management, waste
collection, route optimization, Geographical Information System}

\textbf{Introduction}

Management of solid waste is one of the most critical issues facing
urban cities globally. Because overpopulation and consumption growth
impacts waste amount (Chalkias et al. 2011; Tavares et al. 2009).
Challenges in this field are collection, transportation and disposal of
wastes-generally, these processes in developed countries are managed by
local municipalities. However, the garbage of most urban areas is
collected either by a governmental agency or by a private contractor
(for example Tamiz Shahar JSC in Baku). The issue is mainly severe in
majority of developing state cities where increased urbanization, low
planning, and lack of available resources play a role in the poor polity
of municipal solid waste management (Sule et al. 2014; Oyinloye 2007).
In general, since the first census of 1897 up to date, the population of
Azerbaijan has grown by over 5.5 times from 1.8 million to 10 million
persons (The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan,
2022). The majority of the population lives in Baku city (approx.
2,293,047 -- statistical information, but according to non-statistical
information, this indicator is approx. 4 million.). In Baku, rapid urban
growth has put pressure on land resources within the areas surrounding
cities and has led to increased generation of waste. The problem is
strained by the open dumping of disposing of waste, especially in the
Balakhani, Garadag and many areas in the city. However, in the next
year, administrations of the country abandoned uncontrolled dumping in
these areas, because these areas contributed to sanitary landfills,
causing huge health problems.

The main functional elements of Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM)
are waste generation, storage, collection, transportation, processing,
recycling and disposal in a suitable landfill (Figure 1).

\textbf{Figure 1}. The main functional elements of MSWM.

The Geographical Information System (GIS) contribute to measure the
relationship between the demands and supply of suitable land for waste
disposal over time and plays a significant role in decision-making for
planning and management of solid wastes (Karsauliya, 2013; Alavi et al.
2009; Leao, 2001). In addition, optimization of the MSW collection
system using GIS involves the planning of bins, vehicles and optimal
routing that can reduce the effective cost of management and impacts on
the environment (Persson, 2011; Ghose et al. 2006). The transfer and
transport component involves two steps: (a) moving garbage from the
smaller collection vehicle to the bigger transport equipment; and (b)
moving the waste from the larger transport equipment to the processing
or disposal site, typically over a significant distance. The vehicle
types and the road networks are taken as the basis for finding the
optimal route for collection of wastes. The order in which the bins are
visited is calculated based on the proximity of the bins and the optimal
path generated for each vehicle (Ghose et al. 2006).

\textbf{Study Area}

Baku, the capital of the Republic of Azerbaijan is the largest
commercial, cultural and scientific center in the Caucasus region, and
the biggest port on the Caspian Sea. Baku is situated in the South of
Absheron peninsula, on the 40 ° parallel with its history, size, and
population, Baku is one of the major cities in the East. Its current
territory measures 150 square kilometers and extends for about 20
kilometers along the sea bay. The population of capital is about 3
million.

Case study area is Gara Garayev Avenue, Nizami district, Baku city
(Figure 2). Nizami district is a municipal district of the city of Baku.
Its population is 201,239 and the district's area is 19.6
km\textsuperscript{2}. The district is named after poet Nizami Ganjavi.
Local self-government in the district is carried out by Nizami and
Keshla municipalities. Nizami district is covered by the administrative
territories of Narimanov, Sabunchu, Surakhani and Khatai districts.
There are 22 secondary schools, 20 kindergartens, 1 orphanage, 2
republican boarding schools for deaf children, 3 vocational schools, 2
colleges and 1 university in the district. Also, there are 9 hospitals
and 13 outpatient clinics in the region.

\includegraphics[width=3.20833in,height=2.0625in]{vertopal_7e495760421c407ca4e703cc61338afc/media/image1.jpeg}\includegraphics[width=3.20802in,height=2.08333in]{vertopal_7e495760421c407ca4e703cc61338afc/media/image2.jpeg}

\includegraphics[width=5.41806in,height=2.77083in]{vertopal_7e495760421c407ca4e703cc61338afc/media/image3.jpg}

\textbf{Figure 2}. Case study area.

\textbf{Methodology}

During the survey, the location of existing waste bins in the study area
was identified. Waste containers are placed base on population density
and number of households by the Nizami District Executive Power.

And waste collection process managed by the Nizami District Executive
Power. The final disposal site is located in Balakhani (Balakhani
Landfill) that is 13.3 km away from Nizami District.

The using satellite images in the research are taken on the basis of
various projects. Information about the area (number of waste bins, area
of waste dumps, existing collection system, etc.) was obtained from the
Nizami District Executive Power.

The next step was to prepare digital database of the area. The map
layers created from the ArcCatalog were Major road, Minor road, Waste
disposal units, Open space, Administrative buildings, Commercial area,
and Residential areas. Some of these layers were created as points,
lines and polygons layers (Figure 4).

\textbf{Result and discussion}

The database was created on ArcMap 10.4 based on collected data. The
database included the type and volume of waste containers, the number of
the waste collection route, the image of waste containers, etc. such as
information. This information allows you to get an initial idea of the
waste disposal area and waste bins. Also, the creation of a database of
waste containers facilitates the optimization of the number of waste
containers, disposal sites, and the route line in the area. The most of
the waste disposals are close to main roads (Figure 3). It is more
convenient to observe and analyze this process in a digital database. At
the same time, it is possible to see the latest situation by entering
new information into the database.

Table 1 demonstrates the amount of waste discharged from various sources
over the last 10 years and the amount of waste per capita. When we look
at the indicators in recent years, the amount of waste is higher than in
previous years. At the same time, the amount of waste per capita has
increased in the last two years. While the amount of waste per capita in
2017 and 2018 years was approximately 280-290 kg, this figure was
326-345 kg in 2019 and 2020 years. The results of recent years show that
the amount of waste per capita increases by 5-10\% every year. The main
sources of the generated waste are households and manufacturing fields.
Only, household waste consists of roughly 67\% of the total generated
waste in 2020. On the other hand, 20\% of the total waste is
manufacturing waste and 13\% of waste is from other areas. In 2020,
3486,0 thsd. ton or compared to previous year more for 6,4 \% wastes
were generated in households, enterprises and organizations. The
increase in the amount of waste over the years is influenced by such
factors as population growth, living standards, the development of
production technologies, and the diversity of products. In 2020, 74,59\%
of 2350,0 thousand tons of solid household waste generated was
transported to landfills for disposal, 25,0\% was used for energy
generation, and 0,5\% was sold within the country. 200,6 million kWh of
electricity was generated due to the use of household waste (The State
Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan, 2022).

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllllllllll@{}}
\toprule
~ & \textbf{2010} & \textbf{2011} & \textbf{2012} & \textbf{2013} &
\textbf{2014} & \textbf{2015} & \textbf{2016} & \textbf{2017} &
\textbf{2018} & \textbf{2019} & \textbf{2020} \\
\midrule
\endhead
\textbf{Total waste generation} & \textbf{2257,1} & \textbf{2789,7} &
\textbf{3096,7} & \textbf{2575,5} & \textbf{2386,0} & \textbf{2421,3} &
\textbf{3019,7} & \textbf{2754,5} & \textbf{2896,1} & \textbf{3276,5} &
\textbf{3486,0} \\
including by activity types: & & & & & & & & & & & \\
Agriculture, forestry and fishing & 2,6 & 9,2 & 12,3 & 18,7 & 18,4 &
20,0 & 25,9 & 21,2 & 24,2 & 33,2 & 31,5 \\
Mining and quarrying & 246,6 & 409,5 & 542,9 & 334,3 & 550 & 196,7 &
644,5 & 186,6 & 204,8 & 208,2 & 206,3 \\
Manufacturing & 391 & 529,3 & 868,6 & 482,3 & 394,4 & 576,6 & 650,5 &
710,6 & 743,2 & 765,4 & 692,6 \\
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply & 1,6 & 4,6 & 11,2 &
5,6 & 3,3 & 4,6 & 6,2 & 6,2 & 4,6 & 5,7 & 7,6 \\
Construction & 0,6 & 0,6 & 0,7 & 1,2 & 1,1 & 3,3 & 1,6 & 1,6 & 3,7 & 2,9
& 3,1 \\
\vtop{\hbox{\strut Other economic activities}\hbox{\strut excluding}} &
5,4 & 56 & 13,9 & 62,5 & 63,9 & 85,4 & 100,9 & 252,1 & 159,5 & 239,5 &
194,9 \\
Households & 1609,3 & 1780,5 & 1647,1 & 1670,9 & 1354,9 & 1534,7 &
1590,1 & 1576,2 & 1756,1 & 2021,6 & 2350,0 \\
\textbf{Waste from economic activities\\
per unit of GDP*\textsuperscript{)}, kq/thsd. \$} & \textbf{17,6} &
\textbf{21,9} & \textbf{23,8} & \textbf{18,7} & \textbf{16,8} &
\textbf{16,9} & \textbf{21,7} & \textbf{19,8} & \textbf{20,5} &
\textbf{22,6} & \textbf{25,2} \\
\textbf{Quantity of wastes per capita,\\
kg} & \textbf{252,0} & \textbf{304,1} & \textbf{333,1} & \textbf{273,5}
& \textbf{250,2} & \textbf{250,9} & \textbf{309,5} & \textbf{279,5} &
\textbf{291,4} & \textbf{326,9} & \textbf{345,4} \\
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textbf{Table 1.} Waste Generation (thsd. ton),

(The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan, 2022).

Table 2 illustrate amount of collected wastes per year in Gara Garayev
Avenue. The amount of collected waste varies yearly, monthly, and
seasonal. So, population growth, intense urbanization, lifestyle
changes, new shopping centers and catering facilities increase the
amount of waste every year. These factors also affect the composition of
the waste. If it is compared to the amount of waste dumped in the last
two years, it can see that the amount of waste dumped in 2019 has
increased by 25\% compared to the amount of waste dumped in 2018. At the
same time, the amount of waste is higher in the summer months and the
first half of autumn. Since most of these months cover leisure and
tourism periods, the amount of waste generated is also high. These
months can include January (New Year).

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllll@{}}
\toprule
№ & Months & Amount of collected wastes (ton) & & & \\
\midrule
\endhead
& & per year & & & \\
& & \textbf{2016} & \textbf{2017} & \textbf{2018} & \textbf{2019} \\
1 & January & 4774,00 & 4612,80 & 4436,48 & 5200,15 \\
2 & February & 3061,40 & 2911,64 & 3717,58 & 5300,54 \\
3 & March & 3557,82 & 3495,04 & 3530,14 & 5350,45 \\
4 & April & 3688,02 & 3543,60 & 4216,22 & 5400,56 \\
5 & May & 3825,01 & 3730,50 & 4189,60 & 5450,14 \\
6 & June & 3972,16 & 3950,28 & 4323,12 & 5500,36 \\
7 & Jule & 4872,66 & 5085,90 & 4975,58 & 5600,45 \\
8 & August & 4688,40 & 4993,16 & 4884,16 & 5750,12 \\
9 & September & 4671,50 & 4692,06 & 4994,16 & 5500,25 \\
10 & October & 4093,68 & 4366,96 & 4468,18 & 5450,55 \\
11 & November & 3645,46 & 4209,24 & 4670,24 & 5260,52 \\
12 & December & 2313,66 & 2775,16 & 3768,32 & 5330,28 \\
~ & \textbf{Total:} & 47163,77 & 48366,34 & 52173,78 & 65094,37 \\
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textbf{Table 2.} Amount of collected wastes per year in Gara Garayev
Avenue, Nizami District (Nizami District Executive Power Area of
Azerbaijan Republic, 2021).

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllll@{}}
\toprule
№ & Housing Association NO. & Metal Waste bins (Capacity- 1000L) & Metal
Waste bins (Capacity- 417L) & Number of dumping areas & Area of Dumping
Zones (ha) \\
\midrule
\endhead
1 & 26 & 110 & 20 & 17 & 0,0174 \\
2 & 28 & 207 & 13 & 61 & 0,0560 \\
3 & 34 & 133 & - & 19 & 0,0197 \\
4 & 50 & 84 & - & 18 & 0,0202 \\
5 & 57 & 94 & - & 11 & 0,0156 \\
6 & 67 & 271 & 30 & 17 & 0,0206 \\
7 & 76 & 135 & 5 & 20 & 0,0208 \\
8 & 84 & 133 & 14 & 17 & 0,0174 \\
9 & 88 & 132 & 8 & 20 & 0,0207 \\
\textbf{Total}: & 1299 & 90 & 200 & 0,2081 & \\
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textbf{Table 3}. Number and capacity of waste bins in case study area
(Nizami District Executive Power Area of Azerbaijan Republic, 2021).

There are 200 dumping areas in the case study area. There are a total of
1389 metal waste bins on the balance of Nizami district executive power
in the dumping area. These waste bins are metal waste bins. In addition,
there are 147 waste bins in the area under the "Institution of Communal
Services" LLC. 20 waste bins of them are metal containers (1000 litres)
and 127 waste bins are plastic containers (1100 litres). The total area
of dumping zones is approximately 0.21 ha. There are 9 housing
associations in the case study area (Table 3).

\includegraphics[width=4.99174in,height=3.53023in]{vertopal_7e495760421c407ca4e703cc61338afc/media/image4.jpeg}

\textbf{Figure 3. The waste bins in Nizami District.}

\includegraphics[width=6.49653in,height=3.39583in]{vertopal_7e495760421c407ca4e703cc61338afc/media/image5.png}

\textbf{Figure 4. Attribute table of waste bins on ArcMap 10.4}

\hypertarget{conclusion}{%
\section{Conclusion}\label{conclusion}}

GIS contributes to the optimisation of MSWM. This situation provides an
efficient context for data capture and optimisation of the route
schedule. In the first stage, GIS is utilized to select waste disposal
sites on Gara Garayev Avenue.

In the second stage, applications for waste management enabled by GIS
are concerned with waste collection.. The purpose of the implementation
of software is to reduce the collection distance and/or time of the
collection vehicle fleet.

\hypertarget{section}{%
\section{}\label{section}}

\hypertarget{references}{%
\section{References}\label{references}}

\begin{quote}
Alavi, M.M.R., Mokhtarani, N., Mokhtarani, B., 2009. Municipal solid
waste management in Rasht City, Iran. \emph{Waste Management}. 29,
485--489.

Chalkias, C., Lasaridi, K., (2011).Benefits from GIS based Modelling for
Municipal Solid Waste Management. INTECH.

Ghose MK, Dikshit AK and Sharma SK (2006). A GIS based transportation
model for solid waste disposal. A case study on Asansol municipality.
Waste Manag 26(11): 1287--1293.

Karsauliya, A., Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Solid Waste
Management: A Case Study of Surroundings of River Yamuna, India.
\emph{International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Management.
ISSN 2231-1319, Vol. 4}, number 6 (2013), pp.593-604.

Khan, D., Samadder, S. R., Municipal solid waste management using
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\emph{Waste Management \& Research} 2014, Vol. 32(11) 1049--1062.

Leao S, Bishop I and Evans D (2001). Assessing the demand of solid waste
disposal in urban region by urban dynamics modelling in a GIS
environment. Resour Conserv Recycl 33(4): 289-313.

Nizami District Executive Power Area of Azerbaijan Republic, (2021).

Oyinloye, M.A., (2007). Using GIS and Remote Sensing in Urban Waste
Disposal and Management: A Focus on Owo L.G.A, Ondo State, Nigeria.
\emph{European Journal of Science and Technology}, \emph{IISN:
2304-9693}.

Persson, P.O., 2011. Cleaner Production-Strategies and Technology for
Environmental Protection, Stockholm. Chapter I.

Sule, J. O., Aliyu, Y. A., Umar, M. S., (2014).Application of GIS in
Solid Waste Management in Chanchaga Local Government Area of Niger
State, Nigeria Cambridge,

Tavares G, Zsigraiova Z, Semiao V, et al. (2009) Optimisation of MSW
collection routes for minimum fuel consumption using 3D GIS modelling.
\emph{Waste Manag} 29(3): 1176-1185.

The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan, (2022).
\end{quote}

Used link: \url{https://www.stat.gov.az/source/environment/?lang=en}

\textbf{Ethical Approval~~}

Not applicable

\textbf{Consent to Participate}

Informed consent was obtained from the Nizami District Executive Power
Area of the Azerbaijan Republic.

\textbf{Consent to Publish}

The authors affirm that it was given permission to print all the data
obtained (Table 1, 2, 3). Also, the authors assume all responsibility.

\textbf{Declaration}

\textbf{Funding}

``The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were
received during the preparation of this manuscript.''

\textbf{Competing Interests}

``The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to
disclose.''

\textbf{Author Contributions}

``The conceptualization and design of the study involved input from all
authors. Etibar Gahramanov and Aytaj Badalova prepared the materials and
collected and analyzed the data. Etibar Gahramanov wrote the first
version of the manuscript, and other author provided feedback on earlier
versions. The final manuscript was read and approved by all authors.''

\textbf{Availability of data and materials}

Not applicable

\end{document}
