ONLINE RESOURCE 1 — SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Article title: Assessing the reliability of settlement-centered landscape monitoring under spatial dependence in the Yellow River Delta
Journal: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Authors: Peng Yue; Jia Hou; Xiao Zhang
Corresponding author: Peng Yue
Affiliation: Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
Email: yp6253344@163.com

Caption
Online Resource 1. Supplementary tables, figures, model-output tables, analysis scripts, spatial diagnostics, sensitivity analyses, and reproducibility materials supporting the monitoring assessment.

Purpose
The supplementary analyses document the spatial checks reported in the manuscript: temporal restriction of predictors, shared-support auditing, blocked spatial cross-validation, geographic baselines, mathematical-coupling sensitivities, low-overlap thinning, regional checks, and residual spatial diagnostics. These are established methods used to determine which conclusions are supported by each landscape-change metric; they are not presented as a new statistical algorithm.

Contents
- Supplementary_Tables.xlsx: statistical tables, model diagnostics, dataset inventory, outcome descriptives, and submission map.
- Monitoring_Use_Matrix.csv: evidence summary and recommended monitoring role for each landscape-change metric.
- Figure_S1–S7: supplementary figures cited in the manuscript.
- CSV files: fold metrics, sensitivity analyses, spatial diagnostics, regional checks, and thinning outputs.
- Block_and_Permutation_Sensitivity.py, Spatial_Robustness_Analysis.py, and SRSI_Incremental_Analysis.py: analysis scripts for the reported sensitivity and robustness checks.
- Spatial_Robustness_Analysis_Protocol.txt: definitions used for the additional spatial checks.
- Historical_Source_Bibliography_Verified.csv: verified historical-source bibliography used in cohort reconstruction.

Repository access during peer review
A private repository link will be supplied through the submission system. The repository will be made public with a permanent DOI upon acceptance. Copyrighted gazetteer scans or page images are not redistributed.

Reproducibility note
The scripts retain archived source-input filenames so that they match the deposited reproducibility archive. Publication-facing filenames in this supplementary package have been normalized for clarity.

Supplementary Table S12: Monitoring roles, restrictions, and operational actions (moved from the main manuscript solely to meet the Scientific Reports display-item limit; scientific content unchanged).
