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<article dtd-version="1.2d1" article-type="Research paper">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">binv</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="email">yashwanth.vk@springernature.com</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Biological Invasions</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">1387-3547</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1573-1464</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">BINV-D-26-00808</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">BINV-D-26-00808</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="global-manuscript-id">EM_BINV_18073</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="internal-id">18073</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="Article Type">
          <subject>Research paper</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="Classification">
          <subject>Biological Invasions</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Exotic species</subject>
          </subj-group>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Populations</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="Classification">
          <subject>Ecology</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Density-dependence of comparative functional responses in two globally invasive fish species</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <role content-type="1" />
          <name>
            <surname>Massey</surname>
            <given-names>Melanie  Duc Bo</given-names>
            <prefix>Dr.</prefix>
          </name>
          <degrees>PhD</degrees>
          <email>melanie.massey@utoronto.ca</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1" />
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <role content-type="2" />
          <name>
            <surname>Hu</surname>
            <given-names>Shangzhi</given-names>
            <prefix>Mr.</prefix>
          </name>
          <degrees>B. Sc.</degrees>
          <email>shangzhi.hu@mail.utoronto.ca</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2" />
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <role content-type="3" />
          <name>
            <surname>Mandrak</surname>
            <given-names>Nicholas  E.</given-names>
            <prefix>Dr.</prefix>
          </name>
          <degrees>PhD</degrees>
          <email>nicholas.mandrak@utoronto.ca</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3" />
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution-wrap>
            <institution>University of Toronto</institution>
            <institution-id institution-id-type="Ringgold">7938</institution-id>
          </institution-wrap>
          <institution content-type="position">Postdoctoral Fellow</institution>
          <institution content-type="dept">Biological Sciences</institution>
          <addr-line content-type="addrline1">University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail</addr-line>
          <country>CANADA</country>
          <addr-line content-type="city">Scarborough</addr-line>
          <addr-line content-type="state">Ontario</addr-line>
          <addr-line content-type="zipcode">M1C 1A4</addr-line>
          <phone content-type="primary">1-647-887-9626</phone>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution-wrap>
            <institution>University of Toronto</institution>
            <institution-id institution-id-type="Ringgold">7938</institution-id>
          </institution-wrap>
          <country>CANADA</country>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <institution-wrap>
            <institution>University of Toronto</institution>
            <institution-id institution-id-type="Ringgold">7938</institution-id>
          </institution-wrap>
          <country>CANADA</country>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <ext-link xlink:href="Massey_et_al_Biol_Invasions_2026_Main_Text.docx" xlink:title="Full text manuscript file" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" />
      <ext-link xlink:href="Cover_Letter_Biol_Invasions.pdf" xlink:title="Cover Letter" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" />
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <abstract>
        <p>Characterising the trophic interactions of invasive species is critical to understanding and predicting their ecological impacts. The comparative functional response metric, which quantifies predator-prey interaction strength, is increasingly used as a tool to predict impacts and prioritize the management of high-impact invasive species. However, functional responses are not consistent across populations nor individuals of a species and, like other physiological metrics, functional responses exhibit intra-individual variation (e.g., plasticity), in response to external conditions. Here, we experimentally examine the potential for plasticity in functional responses in response to conspecific population density, an environmental variable that exerts effects on both individual-level physiology and population-level numeric processes. Using wild populations of two high-impact globally invasive freshwater fish species (Goldfish, Carassius auratus, and Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio), we experimentally applied a 10-week long acclimation to low vs. high conspecific density, then examined comparative functional responses. We found that both species had significantly lower maximum feeding rates after acclimation to high density, although species-level variation persisted, with Goldfish consistently outperforming Carp in feeding trials. Our results suggest that variation in conspecific density can cause considerable variation in per-capita functional responses, consequently affecting impact predictions across gradients of invasion intensity.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Acclimation</kwd>
        <kwd>Common Carp</kwd>
        <kwd>Comparative Functional Response</kwd>
        <kwd>Feeding Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Functional Response</kwd>
        <kwd>Goldfish</kwd>
        <kwd>Invasive</kwd>
        <kwd>Plasticity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group id="ID0EGEAC22742">
          <funding-source>Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada<named-content content-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000038</named-content></funding-source>
          <award-id>Discovery</award-id>
          <principal-award-recipient>Nicholas E. Mandrak</principal-award-recipient>
        </award-group>
        <award-group id="ID0E1FAC22743">
          <funding-source>Liber Ero Foundation<named-content content-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100021261</named-content></funding-source>
          <principal-award-recipient>Melanie Duc Bo Massey</principal-award-recipient>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0" />
      </counts>
      <custom-meta-group>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>Does this manuscript belong to a special issue?</meta-name>
          <meta-value>No;</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>Black and White Image Count</meta-name>
          <meta-value>0</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>Color Image Count</meta-name>
          <meta-value>0</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
        <custom-meta>
          <meta-name>&lt;b&gt;Please Note:&lt;/b&gt;</meta-name>
          <meta-value>This Manuscript Screening Report is based upon a defined list of best-practice criteria for publishing ethics. Certain disciplines or submissions may require specific attention not covered by our checks. It is important that you verify your decision for this manuscript in accordance with discipline practices and the editorial policy of the journal.</meta-value>
        </custom-meta>
      </custom-meta-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig>
      <label>Figure 1</label>
      <graphic xlink:href="Figure1_updated.pdf" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" />
    </fig>
    <supplementary-material xlink:href="Supplementary Material for Massey et al.docx" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
      <label>Supplementary Material</label>
    </supplementary-material>
    <fig>
      <label>Cover Photo Submission (1)</label>
      <graphic xlink:href="Goldfish-Yap-Edit.png" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" />
    </fig>
    <fig>
      <label>Cover Photo Submission (2)</label>
      <graphic xlink:href="Goldfish-3.png" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" />
    </fig>
  </body>
</article>