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A. WHY 44 OPERATIONS LEFT THE SOURCE POPULATION
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                                                                                        failed criteria  operations
                                                               no lactate result in the exposure window          35
                                                                       died before the 24-hour landmark           7
                                                                    no preoperative baseline creatinine           1
died before the 24-hour landmark; no lactate result in the exposure window; no postoperative creatinine           1

  source population 2512, excluded 44, eligible 2468

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B. HOW CONDITIONING ON THE LANDMARK RESHAPES THE STRATA
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Lactate stratum  Primary cohort, n Concurrent AKI, n (%) Entering the risk set, n (%)
           ≤1.9                815            101 (12.4)                   714 (87.6)
        2.1–3.0                570             94 (16.5)                   476 (83.5)
        3.8–5.9                765            224 (29.3)                   541 (70.7)
   8.6 (capped)                215            112 (52.1)                   103 (47.9)
            All               2365            531 (22.5)                  1834 (77.5)

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C. BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LANDMARK RISK SET
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                                  Characteristic             ≤1.9          2.1–3.0          3.8–5.9     8.6 (capped)          Overall Missing Max SMD
                                        Patients              714              476              541              103             1834                
                                      Age, years       65 (55–70)       65 (55–70)       65 (50–70)       60 (38–70)       65 (55–70)       0    0.59
                               Female sex, n (%)       224 (31.4)       200 (42.0)       242 (44.7)        45 (43.7)       711 (38.8)       0    0.28
                   ASA physical status ≥3, n (%)       470 (66.3)       315 (66.5)       361 (67.7)        71 (70.3)      1217 (67.0)      17    0.09
                      Emergency operation, n (%)         70 (9.8)         35 (7.4)        59 (10.9)          9 (8.7)        173 (9.4)       0    0.12
                               CPB duration, min    185 (140–225)    185 (140–235)    190 (150–245)    205 (178–248)    190 (145–235)       0    0.57
                  Preoperative creatinine, mg/dL 0.88 (0.74–1.05) 0.88 (0.74–1.05) 0.88 (0.74–1.05) 0.92 (0.77–1.05) 0.88 (0.74–1.05)       0    0.05
Lactate results in the 0–24 h exposure window, n          3 (1–7)          6 (3–9)         8 (6–10)        10 (8–13)          7 (2–9)       0    1.68
        Creatinine results after the landmark, n          6 (5–8)          6 (4–8)         7 (4–10)         7 (4–11)          6 (5–9)       3    0.37

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D. RISK-SET PATIENTS WITH NO POST-LANDMARK OBSERVATION
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Lactate stratum  Patients with no post-landmark creatinine
           ≤1.9                                          2
        2.1–3.0                                          0
        3.8–5.9                                          1
   8.6 (capped)                                          0
            All                                          3

written to results\manuscript_v5
