# Codebook

Variable codes follow the PISA 2022 international database and technical
report (OECD, 2024). Derived indices are standardized across OECD countries
(M = 0, SD = 1). Suffixes added during processing: `_c` = group-mean (school)
centered; `_g` = grand-mean centered within system.

## Outcome

| Code | Label | Source |
|---|---|---|
| ICTEFFIC | Self-efficacy in digital competencies (WLE index; 14 items, battery IC183) | PISA 2022 ICT familiarity questionnaire (optional) |

## Student level

| Code | Label | Source |
|---|---|---|
| ESCS | Index of economic, social and cultural status | Student questionnaire (derived) |
| ST004D01T | Student gender; recoded `girl` = 1 if female | Student questionnaire |
| IMMIG | Immigrant background; recoded `immig` = 1 if first or second generation | Student questionnaire (derived) |
| ICTQUAL | Quality of access to ICT | ICT familiarity questionnaire |
| ICTHOME | ICT availability outside of school | ICT familiarity questionnaire |
| ICTWKDY | Frequency of ICT activity, weekdays | ICT familiarity questionnaire |
| ICTWKEND | Frequency of ICT activity, weekend | ICT familiarity questionnaire |
| ICTOUT | Use of ICT for school activities outside of the classroom | ICT familiarity questionnaire |
| AGE | Student age in years | Student questionnaire (derived) |
| GRADE | Grade relative to the modal grade in the country | Student questionnaire (derived) |
| W_FSTUWT | Final student weight; `w1` = rescaled within system (mean 1) | PISA design |
| W_FSTURWT1–80 | Balanced repeated replication weights (Fay = 0.5) | PISA design |

## School level

| Code | Label | Source |
|---|---|---|
| sch_escs | School mean of ESCS (computed on the analytic sample) | Derived |
| RATCMP1 | Ratio of computers available to students in the modal grade to the number of those students | School questionnaire (derived) |
| EDUSHORT | Shortage of educational material, including digital resources | School questionnaire (derived) |
| DIGPREP | Preparedness for digital learning — not administered in Panama; excluded from models | School questionnaire (derived) |
| SCHLTYPE | School type; recoded `private` = 1 if private (independent or government-dependent) | School questionnaire (derived) |
| SC001Q01TA | Community location; recoded `rural` = 1 if village/rural area (< 3,000 people) | School questionnaire |
| SCHSIZE | Total school enrollment | School questionnaire (derived) |

## System level (descriptive)

| Code | Label | Source |
|---|---|---|
| gdppc | GDP per capita, PPP (current international $, 2022) | World Bank WDI, NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD |
| broadband | Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 people (2022) | World Bank WDI, IT.NET.BBND.P2 |
| one2one | National one-to-one / connectivity program (name, years, status) | Author coding from policy documents |

## Sample

Seven LAC systems administered the ICT familiarity questionnaire (ARG, BRA,
CHL, CRI, DOM, PAN, URY). Costa Rica is excluded because ESCS is unavailable
in the international database. Complete-case analytic sample: 18,761 students
in 1,377 schools in six systems.
