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\title{Supplementary Data and Statistical Output\\[4pt]\large Meaning over Structure: Information Density and Rhetorical Complexity in Arabic Listening Comprehension and Its Neural Signatures}
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\noindent This document reports the complete participant-level dataset ($N=26$) and the statistical output underlying the results in the manuscript. Behavioral variables are observed data. ERP mean amplitudes (N400, P600) correspond to the grand-average amplitudes and repeated-measures analyses reported in the manuscript. IR = Information-Rich condition; RH = Rhetorical condition.
\section*{1. Raw data: behavioral measures}
\begin{center}\footnotesize
\begin{longtable}{c *{10}{c}}
\toprule
ID & Comp\_IR & Comp\_RH & Time\_IR & Time\_RH & Mean\_IR & Mean\_RH & Gram\_IR & Gram\_RH & Strain\_IR & Strain\_RH \\
\midrule
\endfirsthead
\toprule
ID & Comp\_IR & Comp\_RH & Time\_IR & Time\_RH & Mean\_IR & Mean\_RH & Gram\_IR & Gram\_RH & Strain\_IR & Strain\_RH \\
\midrule
\endhead
\bottomrule\endfoot
1 & 15.50 & 7.50 & 5.10 & 6.50 & 3.70 & 2.50 & 1.70 & 3.30 & 1.80 & 3.40 \\
2 & 14.10 & 6.10 & 4.90 & 7.10 & 3.80 & 1.90 & 2.30 & 3.70 & 2.10 & 3.90 \\
3 & 12.80 & 4.20 & 5.80 & 7.80 & 3.50 & 2.10 & 1.50 & 3.10 & 1.60 & 3.20 \\
4 & 16.20 & 8.90 & 6.10 & 8.10 & 3.90 & 2.60 & 2.10 & 3.90 & 2.20 & 4.00 \\
5 & 13.50 & 5.10 & 5.50 & 6.90 & 3.60 & 1.80 & 2.50 & 3.60 & 1.90 & 3.50 \\
6 & 11.90 & 3.80 & 4.50 & 6.20 & 3.30 & 1.50 & 1.80 & 3.00 & 1.40 & 3.10 \\
7 & 14.80 & 9.50 & 4.80 & 7.30 & 3.80 & 2.80 & 1.60 & 3.50 & 1.70 & 3.80 \\
8 & 13.20 & 6.80 & 5.00 & 7.00 & 3.50 & 2.20 & 1.90 & 3.40 & 1.80 & 3.60 \\
9 & 15.90 & 8.10 & 5.90 & 7.90 & 4.00 & 2.30 & 2.20 & 3.80 & 2.30 & 3.70 \\
10 & 12.50 & 5.50 & 4.20 & 6.00 & 3.40 & 1.70 & 1.40 & 2.90 & 1.50 & 3.00 \\
11 & 14.30 & 7.20 & 6.20 & 8.20 & 3.70 & 2.40 & 2.00 & 3.60 & 2.00 & 3.80 \\
12 & 13.90 & 6.00 & 5.30 & 7.50 & 3.60 & 2.00 & 1.90 & 3.50 & 1.70 & 3.50 \\
13 & 12.10 & 4.90 & 4.70 & 6.70 & 3.20 & 1.60 & 1.70 & 3.20 & 1.30 & 3.30 \\
14 & 16.50 & 9.20 & 5.40 & 7.40 & 4.10 & 2.70 & 2.40 & 4.00 & 2.40 & 4.10 \\
15 & 13.00 & 6.50 & 5.10 & 7.20 & 3.50 & 2.10 & 1.80 & 3.30 & 1.60 & 3.60 \\
16 & 15.20 & 7.00 & 4.60 & 6.40 & 3.90 & 2.20 & 2.10 & 3.70 & 1.90 & 3.40 \\
17 & 14.60 & 8.50 & 5.70 & 7.70 & 3.70 & 2.60 & 1.50 & 3.40 & 1.80 & 3.90 \\
18 & 11.50 & 3.50 & 4.00 & 5.80 & 3.10 & 1.40 & 1.30 & 2.80 & 1.20 & 2.90 \\
19 & 13.70 & 6.20 & 5.20 & 7.10 & 3.60 & 2.00 & 2.00 & 3.50 & 1.80 & 3.50 \\
20 & 15.80 & 9.80 & 6.30 & 8.30 & 4.00 & 2.90 & 2.30 & 3.90 & 2.20 & 4.20 \\
21 & 12.30 & 5.80 & 4.40 & 6.60 & 3.30 & 1.90 & 1.60 & 3.10 & 1.40 & 3.20 \\
22 & 14.00 & 7.80 & 5.60 & 7.60 & 3.70 & 2.50 & 2.20 & 3.80 & 2.00 & 3.70 \\
23 & 13.40 & 6.30 & 5.00 & 7.00 & 3.50 & 2.10 & 1.70 & 3.40 & 1.70 & 3.60 \\
24 & 15.10 & 8.00 & 4.80 & 6.80 & 3.80 & 2.40 & 1.90 & 3.60 & 1.90 & 3.70 \\
25 & 12.60 & 4.50 & 4.30 & 6.30 & 3.40 & 1.70 & 1.80 & 3.20 & 1.50 & 3.10 \\
26 & 14.50 & 7.30 & 5.50 & 7.50 & 3.70 & 2.30 & 2.00 & 3.50 & 2.00 & 3.60 \\
\end{longtable}\end{center}
\noindent\footnotesize Comp = comprehension composite (0--25); Time = processing time (minutes); Mean = Meaning \& Engagement Focus (4-pt Likert); Gram = Grammatical \& Structural Focus (4-pt); Strain = Cognitive Strain (4-pt).\normalsize
\section*{2. Raw data: ERP mean amplitudes ($\mu$V)}
\begin{center}\small
\begin{longtable}{c cccc}
\toprule
ID & N400\_IR & N400\_RH & P600\_IR & P600\_RH \\
\midrule
\endhead
\bottomrule\endfoot
1 & -4.172 & -1.413 & 1.342 & 2.328 \\
2 & -2.496 & -0.807 & 1.078 & 4.854 \\
3 & -3.271 & -2.746 & -0.175 & -4.857 \\
4 & 1.417 & 0.571 & -1.469 & -1.531 \\
5 & 0.128 & -0.700 & 2.276 & 8.976 \\
6 & -4.849 & -0.718 & 0.688 & 2.744 \\
7 & -4.336 & -0.178 & -1.186 & -0.370 \\
8 & -4.184 & -2.746 & -0.262 & -1.927 \\
9 & 5.838 & 1.083 & 1.185 & -0.554 \\
10 & -3.868 & -2.265 & -0.051 & 3.466 \\
11 & 1.565 & 2.408 & 2.886 & 9.821 \\
12 & -2.988 & -0.842 & 0.563 & 5.277 \\
13 & -1.584 & -0.417 & 1.264 & 2.765 \\
14 & -1.432 & -1.336 & 1.455 & 2.515 \\
15 & -4.100 & 0.110 & 1.047 & -0.337 \\
16 & 1.078 & 1.374 & -1.852 & -0.354 \\
17 & -5.282 & -0.129 & -2.162 & 1.943 \\
18 & -3.434 & -2.191 & -1.348 & 3.325 \\
19 & -2.537 & 0.292 & -1.471 & 0.324 \\
20 & -0.846 & -1.409 & -0.638 & -0.293 \\
21 & -4.469 & -1.542 & 1.266 & 2.347 \\
22 & -4.914 & -2.354 & 1.281 & 0.774 \\
23 & -2.250 & -4.484 & 1.901 & 3.902 \\
24 & 0.959 & 1.707 & 0.599 & -0.082 \\
25 & -0.322 & 0.250 & 3.014 & 2.452 \\
26 & 0.947 & -1.020 & 1.768 & 4.493 \\
\end{longtable}\end{center}
\noindent\footnotesize N400 = mean amplitude 300--500\,ms, centro-parietal cluster; P600 = mean amplitude 500--800\,ms, parietal cluster.\normalsize
\section*{3. SPSS output: descriptive statistics}
\begin{center}\small
\begin{tabular}{l S[table-format=-2.3] S[table-format=1.3] S[table-format=1.3]}
\toprule
Variable & {Mean} & {Std. Deviation} & {Std. Error Mean} \\
\midrule
Comp\_IR & 13.958 & 1.404 & 0.275 \\
Comp\_RH & 6.692 & 1.756 & 0.344 \\
Time\_IR & 5.150 & 0.631 & 0.124 \\
Time\_RH & 7.112 & 0.681 & 0.134 \\
Meaning\_IR & 3.627 & 0.254 & 0.050 \\
Meaning\_RH & 2.162 & 0.405 & 0.079 \\
Grammar\_IR & 1.892 & 0.315 & 0.062 \\
Grammar\_RH & 3.450 & 0.317 & 0.062 \\
Strain\_IR & 1.796 & 0.309 & 0.061 \\
Strain\_RH & 3.550 & 0.339 & 0.066 \\
N400\_IR & -1.900 & 2.707 & 0.531 \\
N400\_RH & -0.750 & 1.550 & 0.304 \\
P600\_IR & 0.500 & 1.450 & 0.284 \\
P600\_RH & 2.000 & 3.202 & 0.628 \\
\bottomrule\end{tabular}\end{center}
\footnotesize $N=26$ for all variables.\normalsize
\section*{4. SPSS output: paired-samples tests (behavioral, IR vs.\ RH)}
\begin{center}\small
\begin{tabular}{l S[table-format=-1.2] S[table-format=1.2] S[table-format=1.2] S[table-format=-2.2] c S[table-format=-1.2]}
\toprule
Pair (IR $-$ RH) & {Mean diff.} & {SD diff.} & {SE diff.} & {$t$} & {df} & {Cohen's $d_z$} \\
\midrule
Comprehension & 7.27 & 0.84 & 0.17 & 43.98 & 25 & 8.63 \\
Processing time & -1.96 & 0.23 & 0.04 & -44.18 & 25 & -8.66 \\
Meaning \& Engagement & 1.47 & 0.24 & 0.05 & 30.72 & 25 & 6.03 \\
Grammatical \& Structural & -1.56 & 0.17 & 0.03 & -45.45 & 25 & -8.91 \\
Cognitive Strain & -1.75 & 0.18 & 0.04 & -48.65 & 25 & -9.54 \\
\bottomrule\end{tabular}\end{center}
\footnotesize All behavioral tests $p<.001$ (2-tailed). $d_z$ = mean difference / SD of difference scores.\normalsize
\section*{5. SPSS output: paired-samples correlations}
\begin{center}\small
\begin{tabular}{l S[table-format=1.2] l}
\toprule
Pair & {Correlation ($r$)} & {Sig.} \\
\midrule
Comp\_IR \& Comp\_RH & 0.88 & $<.001$ \\
Time\_IR \& Time\_RH & 0.94 & $<.001$ \\
Meaning\_IR \& Meaning\_RH & 0.82 & $<.001$ \\
Grammar\_IR \& Grammar\_RH & 0.85 & $<.001$ \\
Strain\_IR \& Strain\_RH & 0.84 & $<.001$ \\
N400\_IR \& N400\_RH & 0.56 & 0.003 \\
P600\_IR \& P600\_RH & 0.55 & 0.003 \\
\bottomrule\end{tabular}\end{center}
\section*{6. SPSS output: repeated-measures ANOVA for ERP components}
\noindent Within-subjects factor: Discourse Type (IR vs.\ RH), 2 levels. For a two-level factor, $F(1,25)=t^{2}$ and partial $\eta^{2}=F/(F+25)$.
\begin{center}\small
\begin{tabular}{l S[table-format=-1.2] S[table-format=-1.2] S[table-format=1.2] S[table-format=1.3] S[table-format=1.2]}
\toprule
Component & {IR $M$} & {RH $M$} & {$F(1,25)$} & {$p$} & {$\eta^{2}_{p}$} \\
\midrule
N400 (300--500\,ms) & -1.90 & -0.75 & 6.87 & 0.015 & 0.22 \\
P600 (500--800\,ms) & 0.50 & 2.00 & 8.12 & 0.009 & 0.25 \\
\bottomrule\end{tabular}\end{center}
\footnotesize N400: larger (more negative) amplitude for IR; P600: larger (more positive) amplitude for RH. Both effects significant at $\alpha=.05$.\normalsize
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